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Lecture - 1 E: Matrix Product Continued.... : M, N N, P
Lecture - 1 E: Matrix Product Continued.... : M, N N, P
2 3
A[1, :]
6 . 7 h i
4. Write A = 6
4
.. 7 and B = B[:, 1] · · · B[:, p] then
5
A[m, :]
2 3
A[1, :]B[:, 1] A[1, :]B[:, 2] · · · A[1, :]B[:, p]
6 7
6 A[2, :]B[:, 1] A[2, :]B[:, 2] · · · A[2, :]B[:, p] 7
6 7
AB = 6 .. .. .. 7.
6 . . ··· . 7
4 5
A[m, :]B[:, 1] A[m, :]B[:, 2] · · · A[m, :]B[:, p]
2 3
B[1, :]
h i 6 . 7
5. Write A = A[:, 1] · · · A[:, n] and B = 6 . 7
4 . 5. Then
B[n, :]
AB = A[:, 1]B[1, :] + A[:, 2]B[2, :] + · · · + A[:, n]B[n, :].
2
They look very di↵erent but during the study of eigenvalues and eigenvectors it will be shown
that they have similar structures.
8. If m = n = p, then the orders of AB and BA are same. Even then AB may NOT equal BA
as the following
" example
# shows:
" # " # " #
1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0
Let A = and B = . Then AB = whereas BA = .
1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0
Definition 1.2. Two square matrices A and B are said to commute if AB = BA.
Remark 1.3. Note that if A is a square matrix of order n and if B = ↵In , a scalar matrix then
AB = BA. In general, the matrix product is NOT commutative as has been shown in the previous
remark. Therefore
A2 + AB + BA + B 2 = (A + B)2 6= A2 + 2AB + B 2 .
" # " # " # " #
1 1 1 0 2 0 1 1
Also, consider A = and B = . Then AB = 6= = BA.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
We now prove some of the properties of matrix multiplication.
Theorem 1.4. Let A 2 Mm,n (C), B 2 Mn,p (C) and C 2 Mp,q (C).
1. Then (AB)C = A(BC), i.e., the matrix multiplication is associative.