BEEBasic Electrical

Chapter
1 Transformers
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
Objective Practice Solutions If flux density is high, then required cross
sectional area of core will be less.
01. Ans: (b)
 1
V  B  
Sol:  Bmax   A
f
Therefore transformer weight will be
Here V constant, f  decreased to half
decreased, the transformer should have less
 Bmax increased to double, which will
specific weight.
drive the core in to deep saturation and also
I is very high to create double the rated 05. Ans: (b)
flux. R R 02
Sol: cossc = 
02. Ans: (d) Z 5  R 02
V 1
Sol: As ratio is not equal cossc =
f 5
V11.6
(i) Wh  ; as frequency increases, the
f 0.6 06. Ans: (d)
hysteresis loss will decreases. Sol: In ideal transformer, resistance of windings
(ii) We  V12 (Independent on frequency) and magnetic leakage flux are zero.
 Eddy current loss will be constant.

07. Ans: (d)
03. Ans: (a) Sol: As leakage flux is more, coefficient of
Sol: Lenz’s Law: coupling of transformer will decrease and
The direction of statically induced emf is also the inductive reactance drop will be
such that the current due to this emf will increased.
flow through a closed circuit in such a
direction that it will in turn produce some 08. Ans: (a)
flux according to Electro Magnetic Theory Sol: V = constant and f > frated
and this flux must opposes the changes in V
 Ratio is not constant
main field flux which is the cause for f
production of emf as well as current. V11.6
Wh   Wh  & We= Const
f 0.6 
04. Ans: (a)
But “Wh” is due to core loss component of
weight of transformer
Sol: Specific weight = current Iw
kVA rating

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 As f  , Wh   Iw . 13. Ans: (c)

V Sol:  For a given kVA rating of transformer,
Similarly  I   Bmax 
f more the design frequency, lesser the
 f   Bmax  I 
cross sectional area of the core and
09. Ans: (b) lesser will be the size and weight of
Sol: Deviation from first approximation is transformer.
occurred by neglecting primary impedance  For a given kVA rating and designed
drop, i.e I0Z1. frequency of transformer, superior the
magnetic material used for transformer
10. Ans: (d)
core, higher will be the flux density and
Sol: If the leakage impedance parameters for
lesser will be the size and weight of the
both primary and secondary are required
transformer.
separately, then it is usual to take
 Copper loss is directly proportional to
1
X1 = X2 = Xe refer to the same side and square of the current and resistance.
2
Xm>>X1(or)X2 14. Ans: (a)
11. Ans: (c) Sol: Distribution transformer: Cu-losses take
Sol: Copper loss  I2 i.e depends on load current place based on load cycle of Consumer and
called variable losses. Iron losses takes place throughout 24 hrs.
Iron loss (Wh + We)  V2 (applied voltage), Iron losses are kept minimum while
called constant losses. designing
Power transformer: Cu-losses and Iron
12. Ans: (a) losses takes place steadily throughout
Sol: Wi = 100 W at 40 Hz. 24 hrs. Copper losses are kept minimum
= 72 W at 30 Hz. while designing.
At 40 Hz, Wi = Af + Bf2. Both assertion and reason are correct,
100 = A×40 + B×402 ……. (1) reason is correct explanation to assertion.
At 30 Hz, 72 = A×30 + B×302 ……. (2)
By solving above two equations, 15. Ans: (a)
B = 1/100 and A = 2.1 Sol: At 230 V, 50 Hz  WI = 1050 W
Hysteresis loss, Wh = A×f At 138 V, 30 Hz  WI = 500 W
= 2.1×50  105 W. V11 230
Eddy current loss We = B×f 2 V11 = 230 V   4.6
f1 50
50  50
= V12 138
100 f1 = 50 Hz   4.6
= 25 W. f2 30

4 Basic Electrical Engineering
V12 = 138 V 17. Ans: (b)

V1 Sol: P = V Iw
f2 = 30 Hz  constant
f 5  10 3
v1  Loss component Iw = = 22.7 A
at  constant 220
f
WI = Af + Bf2
18. Ans: (d)
at 50 Hz  1050 = A (50) + B (50)2 ....... (i)
Sol: Given that, no load loss components are
at 30 Hz  500 = A (30) + B (30)2 ....... (ii) equivally divided,
by solving equation (1) & (2), we get Wh = We = 10W
A = 10.1667 Initially test is conducted on LV side
B = 0.2167
v 100
Then at 230V, 50 Hz Now ratio is =2
f 50
Wh = Af = 10.1667  50 = 508.33 W In HV side, applied voltage is 160V; this
We = Bf2 = 0.2167  (50)2 = 541.75 W voltage on LV side is equal to 80V.
V
Now ratio is constant, W h  f and
16. Ans: (b) f
Sol: Open circuit test is convenient to conduct We  f2.
on LV side by opening H.V winding due to f2
Wh 2  Wh1 
the following reasons: f1
1. If the test is conducted on LV side, LV 40

10  =8W
source sufficient to conduct the test to 50
2
maintain rated flux. f 
We 2  We1   2 
2. If the test is conducted on LV side, low  f1 
range meters are sufficient to conduct  40 
2
 10    = 6.4W
the test.  50 
3. As magnitude of no-load current is more Therefore,
on LV side, this high no-load current W1 = Wh2+ We2
can be accurately measured on LV side
 8 + 6.4 = 14.4W
when compared to HV side.
In SC test,
Short circuit Test: As rated current is less
I(HV side) = 5A
on HV side, it is convenient to conduct this
I( LV side) =10A
test on HV side by short circuiting LV
As the SC tests were conducted at rated
terminals. By doing so low range of meters
current on both sides, the copper losses are
can be used for conducting this test.
same.

19. Ans: (a) Vsc  const

 I sc 
Sol: 1. O.C. Test ----------- Iron loss Z 01 
2. S.C. Test ------------ Copper loss R 01  const
3. Sumpner’s test-- Copper loss and iron loss  cos  sc 
Z 01 
4. Load Test ---------- Total losses
23. Ans: (c)
Sol: The Condition for maximum efficiency
20. Ans: (a)
= 2Wi
Sol: It is equivalent circuit of the Transformer
under S.C condition when referred to  At maximum efficiency
primary side. Wtotal = (150 + 150) W
= 300 W
21. Ans: (b)
Sol: Open circuit test is convenient to conduct 24. Ans: (b)
on LV side by opening H.V winding due to Iron loss
Sol: kVA at max = F.L k VA 
the following reasons: F.L culoss
1. If the test is conducted on LV side, LV
PC
source sufficient to conduct the test to = F.L k VA 
PSC
maintain rated flux.
2. If the test is conducted on LV side, low
range meters are sufficient to conduct 25. Ans: (d)
the test. Sol: Methods to reduce Eddy current loss:
3. As magnitude of no-load current is more The eddy current loss can be reduced by
reducing conductivity of core. The
on LV side, this high no-load current
conductivity of core can be reduced without
can be accurately measured on LV side
affecting its magnetic properties by using
when compared to HV side.
following methods.
Short circuit Test: As rated current is less (i) By adding silica content up to an extent of 4
on HV side, it is convenient to conduct this to 5 % to steel.
test on HV side by short circuiting LV (ii) By using laminated core instead of solid core
terminals. By doing so low range of meters Eddy current loss we =KBm2 f 2t2
can be used for conducting this test. 2
Where, K= ;
6
22. Ans: (d) Bmax = Maximum flux density.
Sol: By keeping Vsc is constant, if supply f = frequency of eddy current (supply
frequency is increased. frequency).
t = Thickness of lamination
X01 increases; Z01 increases

Observations: 28. Ans: (a)

we  t2 Sol: % Reg = (%R) cos 2  (%X) sin 2
The eddy current loss can be effectively For lagging power for
reduced by reducing thickness of % V.R = (2) (0.8) + (4) (0.6)
laminations. = 4%
Higher the design frequency of transformer,
For leading power factor
thinner will be the thickness of lamination
% V.R = (2)(0.8) – (4) (0.6)
required.
= – 0.8%
26. Ans: (c) 29. Ans: (a)
Sol: Core losses = 150 W (Constant) Sol: Given %R = 1%, %X = 5% and cos = 0.8
Copper loss at full load = 220 W % Reg = (%R)cos + (%X)sin ( lag pf)
 Copper loss at halt full load = (1)(0.8) + (5)(0.6)
2
1 = 3.8%
=   220W = 55 W
2 30. Ans: (a)
Sol: V.R = (%R) cos 2 – (%X) sin 2 [at leading
 Total losses at half full load
p.f]
= 150 + 55
At leading power factor, Resistive drop and
= 205 W
reactive drop are opposing (cancelled out)
Efficiency at half full load each other
1  Total drop = zero  V.R is zero.
 10 3  1
= 2  100 31. Ans: (c)
1
 10  10  205
3
Sol: 3, 4, 5 condition’s are necessary conditions
2
1 & 2 are desirable conditions for parallel
= 96.06%
operations.
27. Ans: (c) 32. Ans: (d)

(x)(VI) cos  Sol: If impedance decreases, current will increase
Sol: % =  100
x(VI) cos   WC  Wcu and therefore sharing of load will increase.
x = 1 ( full load)
VI = 200 kVA; cos = 0.9 lag; Wc = 1.8 kW 33. Ans: (d)
 1.1  Sol:
Wcu =    200  10 = 2200 watts
3
 100  12V
1  200  10   0.9 
3
132V
% =  100
 200 10 3
 0.9   1.8  103   2200
120V 120V
= 97.82%

For series additive polarity of winding, Conventional Practice Solutions

voltage =132 V.
For series subtractive polarity of winding, 01.
voltage = 108 V. Sol: Given,
Rated low voltage V1  230V
34. Ans: (c) Rated frequency, f1 = 50Hz
Sol: 240/120 V, 12 kVA Applied frequency, f2 = 25Hz
 = 96.2% Let,
Applied voltage to LV winding = V 2
12000 1
=  0.962 We know that in a transformer
12000  1  losses
V
 12000 + losses = 12474 Im-  
f
Losses = 474 W Given that magnetizing current (Im) is
When connected across 360V, constant
 Im1 = Im2
12 12
The rating becomes= =  36 kVA V1 V 2
1 k 1 2 
f1 f2
3
230 V 2
36000  0.85 
 Efficiency = 50 25
36000  0.85  losses
V 2 = 115V
30,600
= = 98.5%
30,600  474  Voltage applied to low voltage winding
so that magnetizing current is same is 115V.
35. Ans: (c)
Sol: In auto transformer, power is not only
transferred by induction process but also by 02.
Sol: Given, number of turns in the primary
conduction process.
winding, N1 = 100
Number of turns in the secondary winding,
N2 = 400
Cross sectional area of the core,
A = 250 cm2
Voltage applied to primary winding,
V1 = 230V
Frequency of applied voltage, f = 50Hz
Let,
V2 = Voltage induced in the secondary
winding
Bm = Maximum value of flux density in
the core

We know that in a transformer, expression (VA) = 150103 VA

for voltage transformation is given by,
Full load copper losses, Pcu = 1600W
V1 N1
 Iron losses, Pc = 1400W
V2 N 2
230 100 Power factor Pf = 1
 Let,
V2 400
V2 = 920 x = fraction of full loading
In a transformer, expression for induced emf (i) Loading = 25% of full load
is given by  x= 0.25
E = 4.44BmAfN volts
V1 = 4.44 Bm AfN1 Efficiency of transformer
230 = 4.44 Bm 250 10–4 50 100 x (VA)pf
Bm = 0.4144 Wb/m2  ------- (1)
x (VA)pf  Pc  x 2 Pcu
Induced EMF in the secondary winding
= 920V (0.25)(150 103 )(1)

Maximum value of flux density in the core (0.25)(150 103 )(1)  1400  (0.25) 2 1600
= 0.4144 Wb/m2
37500

03. 37500  1400  100
Sol: Given,  = 96.15%
Applied voltage, V0 = 2300V
No load current drawn, I0 = 0.3A
Power consumed P0 = 200W (ii) Loading = 33% of full Load
Let, x = 0.33
No load power factor = cos0
From (1)
We know that,
P0 = V0I0 cos0 (0.33)(150103 )(1)

200 = 2300 0.3cos0  
(0.33) 150103 (1)  1400  (0.33)2 1600
cos0 = 0.289
No load power factor = 0.289  = 96.9%
Primary resistance r1 = 3.5
 Primary Copper losses Pcu = I 02 r1 (iii) Loading = 100% of full Load  x = 1
= (0.3)2 3.5 From (1)
Pcu= 0.315W
(1)(150  103 )(1)
Core losses, Pc = Po – Pcu 
= 200 – 0.315 (1)150  103 (1)  1400  (1) 2  1600
= 199.685W
 = 98.04%
Core losses = 199.685W
04. 05.
Sol: Given, Sol: Given,
Power rating of the transformer, Maximum efficiency, max = 98%

Loading at which maximum efficiency, (ii) Loading = 100% of full load

3 x=1
xm = = 0.75
4 From (1)
xm = 0.75
Power factor, pf = 1 (1) (41029.3)(1)

(1)(41029.3)(1)  314  1 (558.2)
2
Iron losses, Pc = 314W
Let,  = 97.92%
VA = power rating of the transformer
Pcu = copper losses at full load 06.
At maximum efficiency Sol: Given, Power rating of the transformer (VA)
Pc = x 2m Pcu = 25103VA
314 = (0.75)2 Pcu Iron losses, Pc = 350W
Pcu = 558.2W Full load copper losses, Pcu = 400W
Given that max = 98% Power factor pf =1
x (VA)pf At maximum efficiency
 ------(1)
x (VA)pf  Pc  x 2 Pcu Core losses = copper losses
x m (VA)pf Pc = x2Pcu
max  350 = x2(400)
x m (VA)pf  Pc  x 2m Pcu
X = 0.9354
(0.75)(VA)(1)
0.98  Maximum efficiency occurs at 93.54% at of
(0.75)(VA)(1)  314  314 full load
VA = 41029.3VA
We know that, in a transformer
(i) Loading =50% of full load
x (VA)pf
 x = 0.5 Efficiency  
From (1) (0.9354)(25103 )(1)

(0.9354)(25103 )(1)  350  350
(0.5)(41029.3)(1)
  = 97.1%
(0.5)(41029.3)(1)  314  (0.5) 2  (558.2)
Maximum efficiency, max = 97.1%
 = 97.8%
07.
Sol: Given,
Power rating of the transformer,
VA = 40103 VA
Maximum efficiency, max = 97%
Maximum efficiency occurs at 80% of full load
Xm = 0.8
Power factor, pf = 1

Let Pcu = full load copper loss

Pc = core loss
At maximum efficiency,
Core losses = Copper losses
Pc  x 2m Pcu ------- (1)
For a transformer,
x (VA)pf
Efficiency   ----- (2)
x m (VA)pf
max 
x m (VA)pf  PC  x 2m Pcu
(0.8)(VA)(1)
0.97  [from (1)]
(0.8)(VA)(1)  Pc  Pc
Pc = 494.8W
From (1),
Pc
Pcu   773.2W
x 2m
Pcu = 773.2W
Time t(hrs) Load (P0) kW Pf P0 Pc(W) Ec = Pc(kn)

x
(VA)pf
9 6 0.6 6 494.8 4.453

x  0.25
40  0.6
8 25 0.8 x = 0.781 494.8 3.958
7 30 0.9 x = 0.833 494.8 3.463
Ect = 11.87kWh
E0 = P0 t (kWh) Pcu,x = x2Pcu (W) Ecu,x = Pcu,x t (kWh)

54 (0.25)2 773 = 48.3 0.434
200 470.4 3.76
210 536.5 3.75
Eot = 464 kWh Ecu,t = 7.94 kWh

All day efficiency of a transformer is

total energy output
all day 
total energy output  total energy losses
464

464  11.87  7.94
all day  95.9%
08. pf = 0.8 lag

Sol: Given power rating of the transformer (VA) from (2),
= 50103 VA (0.8)(50  10 3 )(1)

(0.8)(50  10 3 )(1)  (600.6)  (1) 2 (741.5)
Loading at which maximum efficiency   96.75%
occurs = 90% of full load
(b) loading = half load
xm = 0.9 x = 0.5
pf = 0.9
Maximum efficiency, max = 97.4%
(0.9)(50103 )(1/ 2)

(0.9)(50 103 )(0.5)  (600.6)  (1/ 2)2 (741.5)
Let Pcu = full load copper losses
Pc = core losses   96.6%
At maximum efficiency, 09.

Core losses = copper losses and pf = 1 Sol: Given,
Pc = x2 Pcu ------- (1) Initial frequency, f1 = 50Hz
For a transformer Core loss at 50Hz frequency, Pc1  2000W
Efficiency, Final frequency, f2 = 75Hz
x (VA)pf Core loss at 75Hz, frequency, Pc 2  3200W
 ----- (2)
x m (VA)pf Also it is given that flux density, B is
max  Constant
x m (VA)pf  Pc  x 2m Pcu Hysteresis loss, Ph = knBxf
(0.9)  50  103 (1) Ph = C1f -----(1)
0.974 
(0.9)50  103 (1)  Pc  Pc [ B = constant and C1 = kn Bx]
Pc = 600.6W Eddy current losses, Pe = ke B2f2
From (1), Pe = C2 f2 -------(2) [ B = constant and
600.6 = (0.9)2 Pcu C2 = keB2
Pcu = 741.5W
Core loss Pc = Ph + Pe
(a) Given loading = full load
x=1 Pc= C1f + C2f2 ------(3)

From (3),    100 

Pc1 = C1f1 + C2 f12 Wh2  Wh1  f 2  = 700  
 f   50 
 1
2000 = 50C1 + 502 C2 = 1400 watt
40 = C1+50C2 -----(4)
From (3) We f2
Pc2 = C1f2 + C2 f 22 ------(3) 2 2
   100 
3200 = C1(75) + C2(75)2 We2 = We1  f 2  = 300  
 f   50 
42.67 = C1 + 75C2 -------(5)  1
(4) – (5) = 1200 watt
25C2 = 2.67 New core loss Wi = Wh2 + We2
C2 = 0.1067 W/Hz2 -------(6) = 1400 +1200
= 2600 watt
Substituting (6) in (4) we get
40 = C1+5.333 11.
C1 = 34.67 W/Hz ------(7) Sol: Given,
At 50Hz: Power rating of the transformer,
Ph1  C1f1 (VA)B = 20103
Ph1  1733.3W Primary voltage rating, V1B = 2500V
Pe1  C f 2 Secondary voltage rating, V2B = 500V
2 1
r1 = 8 x1 = 17
Pe1  266.75W r2 = 0.3 x2 = 0.7
2
N 
At 75kHz: re1  r1  r2  1 
Ph 2  C1f 2  N2 
2
Ph 2  2600.25W  2500 
= 8 + 0.3  
 500 
Pe 2  C 2f 22 = 8+7.5
Pe 2  600.18 W re1 = 15.5 
2 2
N   2500 
x e1  x1  x 2  1  = 17  0.7 
10. Ans: 2600 watt  N2   500 
= 17+17.5
Sol: Given V1 = 1000V, f1 = 50Hz x e1 = 34.5
V2 = 2000V, f2 = 100Hz Base impedance w.r.t primary side,

V12B
Wh1 = 700W, We1 = 300 W Z1B 
(VA) B
V
= constant Z1B 
25002
f 20  103
Z1B = 312.5
Therefore, Wh  f
Per unit resistance

re1 15.5 x
(r) =   4.96% pf = , lead [ –sign]
Z1B 312.5    2x
2
r
r = 4.96% ------(1)
x 34.5 Condition for zero voltage regulation is
Per unit reactance  x   e1  x
Z1B 312.5 pf = , lead
 x = 11.04%  r   2r
2
from (1)
(a) pf = 0.9lag
cos2 = 0.9lag for maximum regulation
Voltage regulation (R) dR
0
= rcos2 + xsin2 [lag] d2
 R = (4.96) (0.9) +(11.04) (0.436)    r sin 2   x cos 2  0
R = 9.27%  r sin 2   x cos 2

tan 2  x
(b) pf = 0.9lead r
cos2 = 0.9lead x
Voltage regulation (R) sin 2 
= r cos2 – x sin2 [lead]  2x   2r
R = (4.96) (0.9) – (11.04) (0.436) --------(2)
R = –0.35% r
cos 2 
 r   2x
2
12.
Sol: Substituting (2) in (1)
(a) Expression for voltage regulation is Max R =  r cos 2   x sin 2
R = r cos2 + x sin2 ------ (1)
 r   x 
= r    
For zero voltage regulation    2
2  x
   2
2 
R = 0,  r cos2 + x sin2 = 0  r x   r x 
 r cos2 = – x sin2 =  2r   2x
 r = z
 tan2 =
x = Per unit impedance
   Maximum voltage regulation = per unit
 2  tan 1   r  impedance.
 x 
  (b) Power rating of the transformer,
 2   tan 1  r 
(VA)B = 20103 VA
 x 
Primary rated voltage, V1B = 2000V
Power factor pf = cos2
Secondary rated voltage, V2B = 200V
     r1 = 3 x1 = 5.3
pf = cos  tan 1  r  
  x   r2 = 0.05 x2 = 0.1

N 
2
13.
req  r1  r2  1  Sol: 1-, 25 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50Hz distribution
 N2 
2
transformer,
 2000 
req  3  0.05  = 3+ 0.05(100) Given, core losses at full voltage = 250 W
 200  Copper losses at half load = 300 W
req = 8 2
N 
2
1
x eq  x1  x 2  1  Wcu ½ load =   Wcu full load
2
 N2 
2  Wcu full load = (2)2 Wcu at half load
 2000 
x eq  5.3  0.1  = 22  300 = 1200 W
 200  Now copper losses at full load = 300  4
xeq= 15.3 = 1200 W
Base is impedance w.r.t primary is
(i) Rated load at 0.86 power factor lagging
V12B (2000)(2000)
Z1B   Pout = 25  103  0.866 = 21650 W
VA B 20  1000
Z1B = 200 Plosses at rated load
r = Wcu full load+Wcore losses
Per unit resistance,  r  e1
Z1B = 1200 + 250 = 1450 W
8 Pout Pout
r   
200 Pin Pout  Plosses
 r = 4%
21650
x % =  100  93.72%
Per unit reactance  x  e1 21650  1200  250
Z1B
% efficiency = 93.72 %
15.3
x  (ii) All day efficiency:
200
 x  7.65% Since core losses remains same for 24
hours Wcore loss = 250 W
(i) pf = 0.8lag
Copper losses values depends on load:
Voltage regulation (R) =  r cos 2   x sin 2 1
[ lagging] full load for 4 hour at 0.8 pf
4
2
R = 4(0.8) + 7.65(0.6) 1
Wcu =    1200  800 W
R = 7.79% 4
(ii) pf = 1 1
Eout =  25  10 3  0.8  4  20 kWh
Voltage regulation (R) =  r cos 2   x sin 2 4
R = 4(1)  7.65(0) 1
full load for 10 hours at 0.8 pf
R = 4% 2
2
(iii) pf = 0.707 leading 1
Eout =    1200  25  103  0.8  10
Voltage regulation (R) =  r cos 2   x sin 2 2
R = –2.58% = 100 kWh

3 4.4 =  r (0.6)   x (0.8)

full load for 6 hours wcu
4 22  3 r  4 x -------(5)
2
3 Solving (4) and (5) we get
Wcu =    1200  6 = 4050 W
4
 r  2%
3 ------(6)
Eout =  25  103  0.8  6 = 90 kWh
4  x  4%
Full load for 4 hours at 0.9 pf (i) from (1)
Wcu = 1200  4 = 4800 W For maximum regulation,
dR
Eout = 25  103  0.9  4 = 90 kWh 0
d2
 Total output for 24 hours Eout
  r sin 2   x cos 2  0
= 20kWh+100kWh + 90 kWh + 90 kWh 
= 300 kWh tan 2  x
r
Total copper losses for 24 hours Wcu 4
tan 2   2
= 800 W + 3000 W + 4050 W + 4800 W 2
= 12.650 kW tan 2  2
Total core losses for 24 hours Eloss 2 = 63.430
Pf = cos2 = 0.447
= 250  24 = 6 kWh
Pf for maximum regulation = 0.447 lag
E out
 All day efficiency = Pcu P
E out  E losses (ii)  x   0.02 = cu
VA VA
300  Pcu = 0.02VA
=
300  12.650  6
Pcu = full load copper loss
= 94.147%
VA = Power rating of the transformer
 All day efficiency, % = 94.147%
x (VA)pf
Efficiency,  
14. x (VA)pf  Pc  x 2 Pcu
Sol: Voltage regulation for lagging pf is Pc = core loss
R =  r cos 2   x sin 2 -----(1) Given Pc = Pcu
 r  perunit resis tan e Pc = 0.02VA
 x  perunit reac tan ce Power factor, pf = 1 and x=1 [full load ]
Given,
(1)(VA)(1)
R1 = 4% ; cos21 = 0.8 ----(2)  
R2 = 4.4% ; cos22 = 0.6 -----(3) (1)(VA)(1)  0.02VA  0.02VA
Substituting (2) in (1) 1


4   r 0 .8   x 0 .6 1.04
20  4 r  3 x -------(4)   96.1%
Substituting (3) in (1)

15. Power factor, pf = 1

Sol: Given, Independence drop,  z = 10%
Maximum possible voltage regulation, max Let, Pcu = full load copper loss
R= 6% Pc = core loss
power factor at which regulation is
maximum = 0.3 We know that, at maximum efficiency
Core loss = copper loss
We know that,
Pc = x 2m Pcu ------ (1)
Maximum regulation
= Per unit impedance ( z ) PC = (0.75)2 Pcu
z = 6% ------(1) Efficiency of a transformer,

x m (VA)pf
max 
Power factor at which regulation is x m (VA)pf  Pc  x 2m Pcu
maximum is (0.75)(500  103 )(1)
r 0.97 
pf   0.3 (0.75)(500  103 )(1)  Pc  Pc
 2r   2x Pc = 5.799kW
r Pcu = 10.31kW
 0.3
z We know that,
 r  1.8% ------(2) P 10.31
 r  cu   2.06%
VA 500
Substituting (2) in (1) we get  r  2.06%
 2r   2x  6%
 z   2r   2x  10%
1.8 2
  2x  6  x  9.78%
 x  5.72%
Power factor (pf) = 0.8pf lagging
Given, cos2 = 0.8
Pf = 0.8 lead sin2 = 0.6
Voltage regulation R Regulation, R =  r cos 2   x sin 2
=  r cos 2   x sin 2 [ lead] [ lagging]
R = 2.06(0.8) + 9.78(0.6)
R = 1.8 (0.8) – 5.72(0.6)
R = 7.52%
R = –2%
16.
Sol: Given,
Maximum efficiency of the transformer,
max = 97%
Loading at which efficiency is maximum,
3
x   0.75
4
Power rating of the transformer, VA =
500103 VA


2

Chapter DC Machines

Objective Practice Solutions 250

I sh   5A
50
01. Ans: (c) I a  I L  I sh  195  5  200A
Sol: Current in armature conductor of dc
machine is AC and commutator is used for E = V+IaRa
converting AC to DC and vice-versa
= 250+ (200)(0.05)
02. Ans: (c)
Sol: For generator, E = 260 V
E = V + IaRa
06. Ans: (b)
E = 200 + (50) (0.5) = 225V
Sol: E  N
For motors,
V = Eb+IaRa E1 = K1N1 = 136.8V
200 = Eb+ (50) (0.5) E2 = K(21) (0.75N1) = 1.5 E1
Eb = 175 V  E2 = 1.5136.8 = 205.2V
03. Ans: (d) 07. Ans: (d)

Sol: For constant power output, Sol: Under maximum power developed
EbIa = constant V
VIa = constant (neglecting armature losses) conditions E b 
2
V1 I a1  V2 I a 2 At no load, speed (No) = 1200 rpm
V1 No load voltage V = Eb
V2  N 2 E b2
2 
 I a 2  I a1 2  N 0 E b0
Ia2 = 100 A N2 V/2

1200 V
04. Ans: (d) N2 = 600 rpm (speed under maximum power
Sol: By short circuiting of series field winding developed condition)
the net flux developed by the generator
decreases, then the emf generated also 08. Ans: (b)
decreases. Sol: P = 4, N = 1500 rpm
05. Ans: (c) f=?

Sol: 5A 195 A 120f
+ N=
200A P
L
120  f
O 250V 1500 =
A 4
D
 f = 50 Hz

09. Ans: (c) V 200

Ish    4A ;
Sol: The armature MMF waveform of a dc R sh 50
machine is triangular Input, V.IL = 20 kW = 20000W
200. IL = 20000  IL=100A
10. Ans: (b)
For shunt motor, Ia= IL– Ish
Sol: Compensating winding are connected in = 100 – 4 = 96A
series with armature. In eqn (2), Copper losses = Ia2Ra
11. Ans: (d) = (96) 20.04= 368.64
Sol: I = 20A, V = 200V  Constant losses = total loss – copper loss
Eg1  (sn + se) N = 200V = 3000  368.68
If se= 0
= 2631.36W
Then Eg2  sh, N < 200V n
Eg2 decreases; it will become less than 200V From eq (1), Total armature copper loss
at max. Efficiency  2632 W
12. Ans: (a)
Sol: Emf generated due to clockwise rotation is
15. Ans: (d)
Eg  N = 200V
Sol: For series motor  IL = If = Ia
By reversing the direction of rotation, the
emf generated also get reversed but   If  Ia
Eg  (–N) = –200V Developed torque in series motor,
So, net voltage becomes zero.
T  .Ia  Ia2
13. Ans: (d)
200 T2  T1
Sol: I L  100 A , I sh   2A  % increased torque,
100 T1
I a  I sh  I L  2  100  102 A
Ia2 2  Ia1
2
144  100
E = V+ IaRa = 200+ (102)(0.01) = 2
 100
Ia1 100
E = 201.02 V
= 44%
14. Ans: (a) 16. Ans: (a)
Sol: Maximum efficiency will be obtained only
Sol: In DC machine
when, Variable losses = Constant losses
 ZN   P 
……………… (1) Generate emf, E g    
 60   A 
(i.e. copper loss)
From data;  E g  N
Total losses = Input – Output
 ZP   I a 
= 20 kW – 17 kW = 3000 W Torque developed, T    
 2   A 
But Total losses =
Copper losses+ Constant losses ……….. (2)  T  .I a 

Electrical power developed, P = Eb.Ia  = constant ( ∵   If)

Speed of the machine, V
If = = constant
R sh
E  A  E 
N  60. b     N   b   T  (. Ia) = constant irrespective of
    ZP     motor speed.
17. Ans: (c) 24. Ans: (b)

Sol: Due to reduction of armature reaction drop Sol: Speed
change in No load to Full load voltage is
reduces so as the regulation also reduces
18. Ans: (d) Saturation

Sol: When shunt field winding is interchanged by considered
series field winding. The operating flux of Saturation
the motor will be very low that motor could Torque Neglected
not start.
We know that torque, T  .Ia but flux,  
19. Ans: (b) Ish (for series motor, Ish = Ia)
Sol: If prime mover is failed then machine takes
 T  Ia2  T  Ia ………. (1)
supply from lines, generator operates as
motor. As changes in current direction in (when saturation and armature reaction are
series field winding then cummulative neglected)
compound generator becomes differentially
compounded motor. 1 1
Speed, N   ……….. (2)
 Ia
20. Ans: (c)
 From (1) and (2)
Sol: T  I a2
1
For series motor N  Rectangular Hyperbola
T
21. Ans: (a) Flux ‘  ’ is constant when saturation &
Sol: Condition for maximum efficiency in any
machine is Cu loss = iron loss armature reaction are considered  T  I a
1
22. Ans: (c)  Speed, N  = constant for any value of

Sol: When terminal voltage is halved, voltage
across field winding also get halved and Torque i.e, N Vs T characteristics
hence flux also halved approaches to straight line.
25. Ans: (c)

23. Ans: (b)
Sol: For differential compound motor,
Sol: From data  Ia is constant
r = sh – se
( Ia is supplied from constant current
source) As load  Ia se  r 
1
From data  as If is supplied from constant But  N  as r   N 
voltage source, 

26. Ans: (d) Conventional Practice Solutions

Sol: In DC series motor, Torque is directly
proportional to square of current (T Ia2 ). 01.
Therefore if AC supply accidentally Sol: Given,
connected to DC motor; this AC current Terminal voltage, VT = 230V
(either positive and negative of supply) Initial speed N1 = 750 rpm
through field and armature winding will Armature current (Icu) = 30A
always be in same direction (positive), External resistance (Rext) = 10
hence torque will be unidirectional but due Torque (T)  speed (N)
to AC nature of supply, torque will be Equivalent circuit of dc shunt machine
pulsating nature. Without external resistance:
27. Ans: (d) Ia1= 30A
Sol: In series motor
ra1= 0
T  I a2  T  I a Vt
1 1 1 Eb1
N  
 Ia T
1 From figure (1)
N
T Eb1 = Vt – Ia1 (ra)
Rectangular hyperbola Eb1 = 230 – 30 (ra)
Eb1 = 230 V
28. Ans: (c) With external resistance:
Sol: T  Ia
Ia2
29. Ans: (c)
Sol: Here in 4-point starter unlike 3-point starter Rext= 10
a separate path is being taken for holding Vt rf
coil. ra1= 0
Eb2
30. Ans: (c)
Sol: T  .Ia From figure (2)
For constant torque load, Eb2 = Vt – Ia2 (Rext + ra)
1Ia1 = 2Ia2 Eb2 = 230 – 10Ia2
Flux is constant as shunt field current is
In shunt machine
constant.
T  Ia
1 = 2 so Ia1 = Ia2
T I
 1  a1 …………(1)
31. Ans: (b) T2 I a 2
Sol: The speed control of dc shunt motor in both
directions can be obtained by Ward Leonard But it is given that
method TN
T N
 1  1 …………(2)
T2 N 2

We know that in a shunt machine (1200)

(230 – 0.3 Ia) Ia = (70)  2
Eb   N 60
E N 0.3I a2  230I a  8796.46  0
 b1  1 …………(3)
E b2 N 2 Ia1 = 40.37 A
 from (1), (2) and (3)
I a1
E b1 I a1 (b) I a 2 
 ………(4) 2
E b2 I a 2
Ia2 = 20.18 A
230 30 N2 = 2000 rpm

230  10I a 2 I a 2 Eb  N [in dc motors]
230I a 2  6900  300I a 2 E b1 1 N 1

I a 2  13.02A …………(5) E b2 2 N 2
Substituting (5) in (3) Vt  I a1 (ra  rf ) 1 1200

230 750 Vt  I a 2 (ra  rf )  2  2000

230  10I a 2 N2 230  40.37 (0.3) 1 (1.2)

 N2 = 325.5 rpm 230  20.18(0.3) 2 2
217.89 1 (1.2)

02. 223.95 2 2
Sol: Given, 2 = 0.6166 1
Vt = 230 V   2
ra = 0.2  % reduction in flux  1  100
1
rf = 0.1 
T = 70 Nm = 38.3 %
N1 = 1200 rpm  % reduction in flux = 38.3 %
N2 = 2000 rpm
Ia2 = Ia1/2 03.
Machine = dc series motor Sol: Given,
Vt = 125 V
(a) Equivalent circuit of a dc series motor is as P0 = 12.5 kW
follows rf = 25 
Ia rf ra = 0.1 
Vb = 3.5 V
ra Machine = dc shunt generator
Vt Equivalent circuit of a dc shunt generator
including brush voltage losses is as follows
Eb
Ia IL
From the above circuit,
Vb If
Eb = Vt – Ia(ra + rf)
Eb = 230 – Ia(0.1 + 0.2) ra Vt = 125V
Eb = 230 – 0.3Ia rf
Power developed Pdev = Eb Ia = T  Eg
Eb Ia = T

P0 = Vt IL E g  Vt
12. 5  103 = 125  IL % voltage regulation   100
Vt
IL = 100 A
238.672  230
V 125 
If  t  230
rf 25 = 3.77%
If = 5A % voltage regulation = 3.77%
Ia = IL + If
Ia = 105 A 05.
From the circuit, Sol: Given,
Eg = Vt + Vb + Ia ra ra = 0.04 
Eg = 125 + 3.5 + (105) (0.1) rf = 110 
Eg = 139 V Vf = 230 V
Vt = 230 V
04. Core and mechanical loss (Pc) = 960W
Sol: Given, Machine = separately excited generator
V 2 (230) 2
Vt = 230 V Field copper losses Pcuf   f 
P0 = 50 kW rf 110
(ra + rse) = 0.03 
rsh = 46  P   480.91W
cu , f
Vb = 2V
(a) In a dc separately excited generator,
Machine = long shunt compound generator
Constant losses are field copper losses and
Equivalent circuit is as follows mechanical losses
rsc Ia IL Variable losses are armature copper losses
 Constant losses = Pcuf + Pc
Vb If = 480.91 + 960
ra Vt = 1440.91 W
rsh At maximum efficiency,
Eg Constant losses = variable losses
1440.91  I a2 ra
3
 I a2 (0.04)  1440.91
P0 = Vt IL = 50  10
Ia = 189.8 A
 230 IL = 50  103 (b) Power output at max efficiency is
IL = 217.4 A P0  Vt I L
V 230 P0  230 189.8 [IL = Ia for a separately
If  t   5A
rsh 46 excited generator]
Ia = If + Ish = 222.4A P0 = 43653.22 W
Ia = 222.4 A Power output
Efficiency  
From the circuit, Power output  Losses
Eg = Vt + Vb + Ia (ra + rse) 43653.22
Eg = 230 + 2 + (222.4) (0.03) 
43653.22  1440.91  1440.91
Eg = 238.672  = 93.8 %

06. Torque: Torque on motor armature

Sol: A DC motor converts electrical energy (dc E I
power) into mechanical energy. We know T= b a

that a current carrying conductor when
placed in a magnetic field experience a 2N
Where,  =
mechanical force. This phenomenon is used 60
in electric motors. (Lorentz force law) ZN  P 
The force is given by, F = BIL Eb =  
60  A 
Where B = magnetic flux density, wb/m2
ZPI a
I = current in conductor, A T = 0.159. N-m
A
L = length of conductor, m
No. of conductors are arranged on the rotor. ZPI a
= 0.162 Kg – m
The magnetic field is provided by the stator A
poles. From the above relation we can write the
The supply to rotor winding (armature Torque equation
winding) is through commutator. Due to T = KIa
electromagnetic action between the rotor  0.159PZ 
and stator flux, the force is developed which Where, K =  
 A 
results in torque and rotation of the rotor.
Back EMF: The rotating conductors in a 07.
motor armature cut the flux from the poles Sol:
causing developed of an emf. By Lenz’s (i) Here generating voltage 230 less than
law, this end oppose the applied emf and is terminal voltage 240, so the machine work
known as the back emf Eb. It is given by as motor
ZN P
Eb =  volts (ii) Vt = Ea + Iara
60 A
240 = 230 + Iara
Where,  = flux per pole Ra = 0.25
Z = Total no. of conductors
P = No. of poles (iii) The electromagnetic Torque
A = No. of parallel paths in armature Ea Ia
Te =
N = speed of rotation m
Fundamental motor equation
Ea Ia 230  40  60
V = Eb + IaRa Te = =
2N s 2    1200
60
Where, Ra = armature resistance
V = terminal voltage Te = 73.21 N-m
Eb = back emf (iv) If the load is thrown off, the generated
voltage is equal to the terminal voltage
Mechanical power of a motor is given by i.e. 240 volts.
Pm = VIa  I a2 R a E 1a  K 1a N0

Ea N Vt
 m0 
1
Ea N0 Ka
230 1200 In case the effect of armature reaction
 (AR) is neglected, then the denominator
240 N0 is constant. As a consequence, speed
N0 = 1252 rpm drops faster with Ia fig.(a). Illustrates
speed-current characteristics of a shunt
08. motor with and without AR. The curve
Sol: D.C. Shunt motor: For constant supply marked speed is with AR included.
voltage, the field current is constant. At (ii) Torque-current characteristic: The
small values of armature current the expression Te = KaIa reveals that if the
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction is flux  is constant as in a shunt motor, the
almost negligible and therefore the air gap torque would increase linearly with
flux is unaffected. For larger values of armature current Ia. However, for larger
armature (or load) currents, the Ia, the net flux decreases due to the
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, demagnetizing effect of armature
decreases the air gap flux slightly. reaction. In view of this, the torque
The speed of a d.c. motor is given by current characteristic deviates from the
E straight line, as illustrated in. In case the
m  a effect of AR is neglected, Te versus Ia
Ka
characteristic would be a straight line as
E a  Vt  I a ra shown.
V  I a ra
But,  m  t m0
Ka Speed
(i) Speed-current characteristic. For Torque

constant supply voltage Vt and constant Speed, A.R.
Torque & speed
Neglected
field current If, the motor speed is Torque, A.R. Torque
affected by Ia ra drop and demagnetizing Neglected
effect of armature reaction. With the
increase of Ia, the demagnetizing effect
0
of armature reaction. Which reduces the Ia
field flux-therefore the motor speed
tends to increase. But with the increase (iii) Speed-torque characteristic: The
of Ia, voltage drop Iara increases and the speed-torque characteristic is also called
numerator (Vt Iara) decreases-therefore the mechanical characteristic and under
the motor speed tends to decrease. With steady state conditions, it can be
the increase of Ia, the numerator obtained as follows
decrement is more than the denominator V  I a ra
decrement; in view of this, the speed of From  m  t
Ka
d.c. shunt motor with increase of Ia drops
only slightly from its no-load speed m0. Te
But Te  K a I a or I a 
Since Ia at no-load is negligibly small, Ka
the shunt motor no-load speed m0 is Substituting this value of Ia in
given by

1  Te ra   T2 = T1
m  Vt  
Ka  Ka  2Ia2 = 1.Ia1
Vt T  (0.91) Ia2 = 1 Ia1
  ra 2 e 2 I 50
Ka Ka  Ia2 = a1   55.5A
T 0 .9 0 .9
 m  ra 2e 2 Back EMF, after weaken flux,
Ka
Eb2 = V  Ia2.Ra
It is seen from that with increase of Te,
= 200  (55.5  0.2) = 189.9V
the speed drops. Note that for larger Te,
larger Ia is required and this has the E
 But, speed of motor, N  b
effect of reducing the air gap flux , due 
to saturation and armature reaction. N 2 E b 2 1
Since with increase of Te  is reduced,   
N1 E b1  2
Te/2 increases at a faster rate and the
speed drops more rapidly with the 189.9 
increase of torque in a shunt motor as  N2 = 960   1
190 0.91
shown in figure.
m0
= 1066.105 rpm
 New motor speed, N2  1066 rpm
Speed A.R
neglected
Speed 10.
Sol: Given data: Vt = 500V,
Speed
output power = 25HP = 25  746 W

Rf = 650, Ra = 0.57, IL = 2.4A,
0
Ie IL Ia
2 +
If effect of AR is neglected, then (Ka)
If
remains constant. As a result, the speed 500V
+
drop with Te is slow as shown in figure. Ea

09. 
Sol: V = 200V, Rsh = 0.2
Before weaking the flux, N1 = 960 rpm, Vb = 2V (brush drop)
Ia1 = 50A 500
If = = 0.77A
 Back EMF, Eb1 = V  Ia1Ra = 200 650
 (50  0.2) = 190V ………….. (1) At no load, Ia0 = IL  If = 2.4  0.77= 1.63A
Find speed (N2), when flux reduced by 10%, Constant losses = VtIL  I a20 ra  Vb I a 0
i.e. 2 = 0.91
(Where Vb = brush drop)
We know, for shunt motor, Torque, T(
.Ia) = 5002.4  (1.63)20.572 1.63
As the total torque assumed constant = 1195.23W.

Near at full load, EbIa = 25  746 Vt  I1 ra 1 N 1


(power output) Vt  I 2 ra  2 N 2
Power input = power output + total losses. 250  0.2 (50) I 2 1
 
500(Ia + 0.77) 250  0.2 (I 2 ) 70 1.4
= 25  746 + VbIa + constant losses 240 I
 2
250  0.2I 2 98
+ I a2 (0.57)
23520  250I 2  0.2I 22
385 + 498Ia = 19845.23 + I a2 (0.57)
0.2I 22  250I 2  23520  0
(or) I a2  873Ia + 34140.75 = 0
I2 = 102.5 A
873  (873) 2  4  34140.75 1 I 2
Ia = 
2  2 70
Ia = 831.96A, 41.04A
1 102.5
Where Ia = 831.96A is a abnormal current. 
2 70
Input = Vt(Ia + If) = 500(41.04 + 0.77)
= 20905 W 2 = 0.683 1
output 25  746  2  1
Efficiency =  100 =  100  % change in flux =  100
input 20905 1
= 89.21% % change in flux = –31.7 %
11. 12.
Sol: Given, Sol: Given,
Ia1 = 50A Vt = 220 V
Vt = 250 V
ra + rse = 1
N2 = 1.4 N2
T2 = 1.4 T2 Ia1 = 15 A
ra = 0.2  N1 = 1000 rpm
T1 1 I1 Rext = 4.5 
 Ia2 = 10 A
T2  2 I 2
Machine = dc series motor
1  50 Equivalent circuit of the motor without
 1
1 .4  2 I 2 external resistance is as follows
1 1 1
 I2   rf
2 1.4 50 Ia1
1 I 2
 ra
 2 70 Vt
E b1 1 N 1 Eb1

E b2  2 N 2

Vt = Eb1 + Ia1 (ra + rf) With external resistance:

220 = Eb1 + 15 (1)
Eb1 = 205 V Ia2 Rext rf
With external resistance:
Rext rf ra
Vt
ra Eb2
Vt
Eb2 From figure (2)
Vt = Eb2 + Ia2 [(ra + rf) + Rext)
Vt = Eb2 + Ia2 (ra + rf + Rext) 200 = Eb2 + 15 (0.3 + 0.7 + 5)
220 = Eb2 + 10 (1 + 4.5) Eb2 = 110 V
Eb2 = 165 V
Eb  N in a dc machine
We know that,
Eb  Ia N in a dc series machine [∵   Ia ]
Eb  N1
E N I N E b1 I a1 N 1
 b1  1 1  a1 1  
E b2 2 N 2 I a 2 N 2 E b2 I a 2 N 2
[∵   Ia in series machine] 185 15  800
205 (15)  1000 
 110 15  N 2
165 10  N 2
N2 = 1207.3 rpm N2 = 475.7 rpm
13.
Sol: Given, 14.
ra = 0.7  Sol: Given,
rf = 0.3  P0 = 5 kW
Ia1 = 15 A Vt = 250 – 0.5 IL
Ia2 = 15 A Machine = dc shunt generator
Vt = 200 V
In a dc shunt generator,
N1 = 800 rpm
Rext = 5 P0 = Vt IL
Equivalent circuit of a dc series motor 5000 = (250 – 0.5 IL) IL
Without external resistance: 0.5 I 2L  250I L  5000  0
Ia1 rf 250  (250) 2  4  0.5  5000
IL 
2 (0.5)
ra
Vt IL = 20.87 A
Eb1 V = 250 – 0.5 IL = 250 – 0.5 (20.87)
 V = 239.56 V
From figure (1) V
Vt = Eb1 + Ia1 (ra + rf) RL = Load resistance =
IL
200 = Eb1 + 15 (1)
Eb1 = 185 V RL = 11.48 

15. Eg  Ia N [In series machine   Ia ]

Sol: Given, E g1 I a1 N 1
Vt1  100V 
E g 2 I a1 N 2
P01  5kW 125 50  1000
ra+ rse= 0.5 
Vt 2  0.5I a 2 I a 2  1500
N1 = 1000 rpm
Vt 2  3.25 I a 2 -------(1)
Vt 2  ?
But it is given that
P02  8kW
P02  Vt 2 I a 2
N2 = 1500rpm
8000  3.25 I a 2 I a 2
Machine = dc series generator
I a 2 = 49.61A
Equivalent circuit
With initial conditions: Substituting (2) in (1)
Vt 2  161.24V
rse Ia1
16.
ra
Sol: Given
Vt1 =100V Machine 1
Eg1 No load terminal voltage V01  = 270V
N1=1000rpm
Terminal voltage at 30A current (VL1)
= 220V
From the above circuit
E g1  Vt1  I a1 ra  rse  50
Terminal voltage (V1) = 270   I1
30
E g1  100  I a1 (0.5)
5 I1
rse Ia2
V1  270  -------(1)
With final conditions: 3
Machine 2
ra No load terminal voltage V02   280V
Vt2 Terminal voltage at 30A current
Eg2 VL 2   220V
60
N2=1500rpm  Terminal voltage (V2) = 280  I 2
From the above circuit 30
E g 2  Vt 2  I a 2 ra  rse  V2 = 280 – 2I2
E g 2  Vt 2  I a 2 0.5 (i) When both machines are operating in
But P01  Vt1 I a1 parallel. IL
5000 = 100 I a1 I1 I2
I a1 = 50A G1 G2 V
E g1  100  50(0.5) IL= I1+ I2

E g1 = 125V Given load current IL = 50A
I1 + I2 = IL = 50A
We know in a dc machine
I1+I2 = 50A ------- (1)
Eg  N
Make over V1 = V2 = V

5 If = 1A
270  I1  280  2I 2
3 Ia0= IL0 – If
I Ia0= 2A
2I 2  5 1  10
3
6I2 – 5I1 = 30 ----(2) Eb0 = Vt – Ia0 ra
Eb0 = 230 – 20.5
From (1) and (2)
Eb0 = 229V
I1 = 24.54 A
I2 = 25.45A
No load losses (rotational) Prot = Eb0 Ia0
V1 = V2 = V = 280 – 2 I2
Prot = 458W
V1 = V2 = V = 229.1V
(ii) Given load resistance RL = 10 At full load:
V = ILRL = 10IL = 10(I1 + I2) IL = 23A
V1 = V2 = V = 10 (I1 + I2)
280 – 2I2 = 10I1 +10I2 If = 1A
10I1 + 12I2 = 280 Ia = 22A
5I1 + 6I2 = 140 -----(3)
Eb = Vt – Iara
From (2) and (3)
I1 = 11A = 230 – 22(0.5)
I2 = 14.167A Eb = 219V
V1 = V2 = V = 280–2I2
V = 251.67A Power developed (Pdev) = EbIa
= (219)(22)
17. Pdev = 4818 W
Sol: Given, Load power (PO) = Pdev – Prot
Vt = 230V
= 4818 – 458
ra = 0.5
rf = 230 Po= 4360W
N0 = 1000 rpm
E b 0 1 N1
IL0 = 3A 
ILf = 23A E b 2 N 2
2 229   1000 
 2  1  1  0.981 [ 2% drop]  1
100 219 0.981  N 2
Machine = dc shunt motor
Equivalent circuit: N2 = 975.85rpm
IL Ia
N2  976 rpm
1A
ra=0.5 P0 = T0
Vt=230V rf=
230 Eb 4360
T0   42.60 Nm
ILo= 3A 976
 2
V 230 60
If  t   1A
rf 230 Torque output T0 = 42.60 Nm

18. The starting resistance is connected between

Sol: At the time of starting, the motor speed is contact studs 1, 2, 3…6. For starting the
zero. motor, the handle is rotated to come in
Therefore counter emf E a  K a m  is also contact with stud1. As soon as handle H
zero. touches stud1, the shunt field and holding
Consequently for the armature circuit, the coil HC get connected in series across the
voltage equation is Vt = 0+Ia ra for shunt supply, where as the armature gets
motor and Vt = 0+Ia (ra + rs) for both series connected in series with the entire starting
& compound motors with rated applied resistance. Since the current begin to flow in
voltage the starting armature current is both the field and armature windings. The
Vt motor starts rotating. After the armature has
Ia  shunt motor 
ra picked up sufficient speed, the handle H is
Vt moved to stud2, these by cutting out the
Ia  series and compound 
ra  rs  resistance between stud1 and stud2.
Movement of the handle is continued slowly
ra & rs Are much smaller, the motor draws
fill the soft iron keeper touches the holding
large starting armature current from the
magnet.
supply mains.
Starting
Resistors
Four-Point starter: Function of starter is to
limit the starting current.
1 2
The ‘4’ point starter is used when wide OFF 3
4
Soft iron5
range of speed by shunt field control is keeper 6
ON
H
required. Under normal running conditions
HC b
with starter handle in the ON Position, the
a
OR
holding coil HC is in series with the starting
resistance and an additional resistance R as
shown in figure.
R
The function of resistance R is to prevent
L F
L A
short circuit of the supply mains, in case the
overload release OR operates, when HC gets DC
Suppy A
short circuited by OR, the current through R
F
is limited by its over resistance and starting FF
AA
resistance. When the motor is at rest starter
handle H is kept in the OFF position. Fig. 4-point starter for dc shunt motor

19. b) Plugging or Reverse (shunt motor)

Sol: There are three kinds of electrical braking In this method, the armature terminals are
(a) Rheostatic or dynamic braking reversed to rotate the motor in reverse
(b) Plugging and direction and the applied voltage V and
(c) Regenerative braking the back emf Eb start acting in the same
direction. To limit the armature current, a
a) Rheostatic or Dynamic Braking (Shunt
resistance is inserted in series with the
motor)
armature during reversing the armature.
Figure shows the Rheostatic braking in
The kinetic energy of the system is
which armature of the shunt motor is
dissipated in the armature and braking
disconnected from the supply and it is
resistances.
connected across a variable resistance R.
+
The field winding is kept undisturbed and R
his braking is controlled by varying the

V
R1 E
series resistance R. This method uses the b
generator action in a motor to bring it to Ia


lest.
c) Regenerative Braking
In regenerative braking, Eb > V. Figure
Ia
+ R shows regenerative braking scheme.
Ea M
Eb V

The Ia direction and armature torque TB
are reversed. Most of the braking energy
is returned to the supply. Regenerative
Series Motor: braking is used for down grade motion of
an electric train. The kinetic energy of the
In this method the motor is disconnected
system is dissipated in armature and
form supply, the field connection is
braking resistor.
reversed and the motor is connected
+
through a variable resistor R. Ia
m Igh V
N M Eb
Ia

R
G
Eb

3 Synchronous Machines

Chapter

03. Ans: (c)
Objective Practice Solutions
Sol: As the ac supply given to the stator of
01. Ans: (c) synchronous motor, stator rotating magnetic
Sol: The phase sequence of alternator can be
reversed by changing the direction of rotor
poles are rotating at synchronous speed [say
rotation (whether field may be rotating or stator frequency = 50 Hz], means armature
armature rotating), but phase sequence is poles are interchanging their positions for
doesn’t depends on polarities or direction of
every 10msec. But due to large inertia of
field current.
Whether the machine may be acting as rotor, it couldn’t catch the quick reversal of
generator or motor the phase sequence is stator poles. At standstill the rotor of a
related to rotor rotation only. Phase synchronous motor is subjected to alternate
sequence is no way related with direction of
field current (i.e., field polarities) forces of repulsion and attraction, in other
words there exist relative motion between
02. Ans: (c)
stator field (poles) and rotor field (poles),
Sol: As the two alternators are mechanically
means two field’s are not stationary w.r.t
coupled, both rotors should run with same
each other.
speed.  Ns1 = Ns2
 The average torque is zero, hence
120f 1 120f 2
  synchronous motor is not self starting.
p1 p2
04. Ans: (d)
f p
 1  1 Sol: These are the properties of cylindrical rotor
f 2 p2 synchronous machines.
p1 50 5 10 05. Ans: (d)
   
p 2 60 6 12 p
Sol: For P – plate machine, cycles of e.m.f
 p1 : p2 = 10 : 12 2
will be generated in one revolution thus for a
Every individual magnet should contains p – pole machine
two poles, such that number of poles of any p
 elect   mech
magnet always even number. 2
G1: p = 10, f = 50 Hz 06. Ans: (d)
 Ns = 600 rpm Sol: Distribution winding eliminates “higher
order harmonics” and short pitch winding
(or) processor eliminates “particular dominant
G2: p = 12, f = 60 Hz harmonics” based on short pitch angle,
hence resultant EMF wave closer to sine
 Ns = 600 rpm wave form.

07. Ans: (d) Function of damper winding in Alternator:

Sol: Reason: When the rotor rotates at (i) To suppress Negative sequence field
synchronous speed, there is no relative (ii) To eliminate Hunting
motion between armature flux and damper Function of Damper winding in synchronous
winding (since damper winding placed on motor:
rotor).Therefore EMF induced in the damper (i) To eliminate hunting
bars is zero means current through the (ii) For starting purpose
damper bars equal to zero, hence damping
torque production is zero.
10. Ans: (b)
Sol: Distribution factor /belt factor/breadth
08. Ans: (a) factor/ spread factor (kd):
Sol: Distribution: The distribution of the
The e.m.f induced with Distri buted winding
armature winding along the air-gap kd =
The e.m.f induced with concentr ated winding
periphery tends to make the e.m.f. waveform The vector sum of induced e.m.f
kd =
sinusoidal. The arithmatic sum of induced e.m.f
Chording: With coil-span less than pole
pitch, the harmonics can be eliminated. 
sinm
Skewing: By skewing the armature slots, kd = 2

only tooth harmonics or slot harmonics can msin
2
be eliminated.
Fractional slot winding: With fractional
mn
slot winding slot harmonics can be sin
th
For n harmonic, kdn = 2
eliminated. 
msinn
2
For concentrated winding, kd = 1
09. Ans: (c)
kd1 = kd2= kd3 - - - - - = 1
Sol: Damper windings are provided on pole
For distributed winding, kd < 1
shoes with dampers in salient pole
synchronous machine and these dampers on Winding factor Kw = Kp × Kd
each pole are shorted by a “End ring”.
11. Ans: (a)
shaft 1
Sol: The speed of nth space harmonic is  F1
n
1
for 7th space harmonic is   F1
 7
120  50 1
F1   750   750  107.14
8 7
In forward direction
(6K  1) = ‘+’ for forward

12. Ans: (b)  To get O.C.C, the alternator has to be driven

Sol: Alternator working under at constant rated speed and the open circuit
(i) ZPF lag pf
terminal voltage is noted as field current is
E gradually increased from zero.
We know that, E = 4.44 kpkd  f T
E    If
m a Ia
E  If
m a  E vs If  linear  Before saturation
r = m – a  Non-linear  After saturation
fully de-magnetising
Ideal O.C.C (or) Air gap line

(ii) ZPF Lead pf
E
m E
r = m + a a b
Fully magnatising 400V c
a
m Ia a
(iii) UPFpf
E
10A If
Fully cross magnetizing Figure 3.34: O.C.C of an alternator.
Ia
m
a  When mmf (If) exceed a certain value the iron
a
m
parts require a good amount of mmf and the
saturation sets in.
(iv) For intermediate lagging load, effect of
armature reaction is partly cross- ab = mmf (or If ) for the air gap.
magnetizing and partly demagnetizing. bc = mmf for the iron parts.
13. Ans: (a)
Sol: Open circuit characteristics (O.C.C) 14. Ans: (b)
E Vs I f N  constant Sol:
Unsaturated
If =10 A saturated
A R
xs
If
V E = 400V
EOC
Zs ~ Xs =
I SC
y If = constant
Up to knee point both OCC & SCC are
B
Fiigure 3.33: Circuit diagram for O.C.C linear.

 Zs is constant for unsaturated position.  Pmax 

EV
But above knee OCC ic non linear & SCC is Xs
linear so Zs decreases during saturated  Pmax  E, V

 Pmax  If and V [ E  If]
condition.
20. Ans: (a)
15. Ans: (a) Sol: The ‘synchronous-impedance method’ of
finding the voltage regulation by a
Sol: Y-axis indicates armature current (Ia) & X-
cylindrical rotor alternator is generally
axis indicates field current (If). considered as a pessimistic method because
V-curve Indicates the variation of ‘Ia’ w.r.t saturation is not considered
the changes in Excitation (If).
21. Ans: (b)
1
16. Ans: (d) Sol: Airgap length under pole shoe 
cos 
1
Sol: S.C.R 
X s (adjusted saturation ) P.U

Pole shoe
17. Ans: (c)

Sol: Xs = Xa + Xl
Pole core
Note: Xs > Xa > Xl >Ra
18. Ans: (a) As    cos   airgaplength 

Sol: on d-axis
V 22. Ans: (d)
X d  max
I min Sol: To run two alternators in parallel, the dark
108 lamp test is preformed to ensure proper
=  10.8 phase sequence matching
10
on q-axis
V 23. Ans: (c)
X q  min Sol: Reason: The prime mover speed of parallel
I max
connecting alternators can be anything
96
  8 which is depends on number of poles but
12 frequency of an incoming alternator must be
same to that of already existing alternator.
19. Ans: (a) P.N
f= ; so, to get fixed frequency, if P 
Sol: Power developed in synchronous machine 120
EV  N should be reduce.
 P .sin 
Here P = number of poles of the machines
Xs
 P = Pmax.sin and N = speed of rotor.

24. Ans: (d) 27. Ans: (c)

Sol: Salient pole synchronous machine: Sol: 1. Open-circuit Characteristic------Eg Vs. If
EV V2  1 1  2. V curve ------------Ia Vs. If
P sin      sin 2
Xd 2  Xq Xd 
3. Internal Characteristic------------ Ea Vs. Ia
P = Pem + Prel
4. Inverted V-curve ------------- p.f. Vs. If
P
Pem 28. Ans: (d)
Sol: 1. The terminal voltage of incoming
Prel alternator must be same as that of the
existing system otherwise circulating
current flows between the two systems.
90 The terminal voltage can be adjusted
 
45 90 with the field excitation.
2. The frequency of incoming alternator
must be same as that of the existing
system otherwise circulating current
flows between the two systems. At a
P
particular instant there may be dead
motor Generator short circuit when the two voltages are
in adding polarity.
Figure : Power-Load angle Characteristic of a Salient pole The frequency can be adjusted by
synchronous machine varying the prime mover speed.
 Pmax is obtained for load angle  < 900 ( i.e in 3. The phase sequence of incoming
between 600 to 700) alternator must be same as that of the
existing system otherwise large
 P vs  curve is Non sinusoidal. circulating currents exist, because the
 Steady state stability is more for salient pole voltage across the two systems is equal
synchronous machine due to extra reluctance to 3 times of their rated voltage.
power. 4. The phase displacement between
existing system and alternator should be
25. Ans: (a) same.
Sol: Ia 5. Synchronization is possible with
different kVA rating alternators. Rating
is not a problem to synchronization.
 V – curve.
29. Ans: (c)
Sol: Power factor of alternator mainly depends
If (Excitation)
on reactive power, which is depends on field
excitation.
26. Ans: (c)
Sol: As the load on the synchronous motor is 30. Ans: (c)
suddenly increased, the motor becomes Sol: P  EV sin  , when  = 90
hunt i.e, rotor speed fluctuates around Xs
synchronous speed and finally reaches to EV
Pm 
synchronous speed. Xs

31. Ans: (b) Conventional Practice Solutions

Sol: When excitation of sailent pole synchronous
motor is removed. It will take reactive
power from bus bar and acts as a reluctance 01.
motor. Sol: Given,
For induction motor,
32. Ans: (b) VA = 1000 kVA = Si
Sol: During starting, the field winding is short pf = 0.8 lag = cosi
circuited with a low resistance to avoid for synchronous condenser,
damage of the field insulation and an (VA) = 750 kVA = Sc
induced voltage in the field winding will pf = 0.6 lead = cosc
drive the current which will develop
additional torque so that motor start with
Supply
increased torque.
750kVA 1000kVA
33. Ans: (a) 0.6lead 0.8lag
Sol: Synchronous motor maintains constant SC IM
speed called synchronous speed irrespective
of torque & it’s load magnitude, so we can For Induction motor:
say torque will vary at constant speed. Pi = Si cosi
= 1000  0.8
34. Ans: (a)
Pi = 800kW
Sol:
Ia i = Si sini
= 1000  0.6
 V – curve. i = 600 kVAR
For synchronous condenser:
If (Excitation) Pc = Sc cosc = 750  0.6
Pc = 450kW
35. Ans: (d) Qc = Sc sinc = 750  0.8 = 600kVAR
Sol: An over excited synchronous motor under Qc = 600kVAR
no-load condition behaves as a capacitor
which is used to improve the power factor.  Si = Pi + ji [∵lag]
This is called synchronous condenser. Si = (800 + j600)
But Sc = Pc – jQc [∵lead]
Sc = (450 – j600)
Apparent power from supply is
Ss = Si + Sc
= (800 + j600) + (450 – j600)
= (1250 + j0) kVA
P 1250
 Supply power factor  s  =1
Ss 1250
 Supply power factor = 1

02. V=1
Sol: Given, I=1 [rated kVA]
(VA) = 1600 kVA V sin   I a X q
VL = 11kV  VP = 6350.85V tan  
V cos   I a ra
Xs = 30 /phase
1(0)  (1)(1)
ra = 0 [∵negligible] tan  
1(1)  0
VL2  = 45 o
Base impedance Z B 
(VA) =+

1110  3 2   = 45 – 0
 = 45o
1600  103
= 75.625  Power angle = 45o
Xs 30 EV V2  1 1 
X s pu   P sin      sin 2
ZB 75.625 Xd 2  X q X d 
X s pu  0.3967 pu E(1) (1) 2 1 1 
1 sin 45o     sin( 2  45o )
Zero regulation is possible only in leading pf 1 .4 2 1 1.4 
case E 1  0 .4 
E f  Vt  jIa X s [for alternator neglecting ra] 1    (1)
2  1 .4 2  1 .4 
E f  1  j0  j1cos   jsin 0.3967  E = 1.697
E f  1  j 0.3967 cos   0.3967 sin  04.

Sol: Given,
E f  1  0.3967 sin   j 0.3967 cos  11000
VL = 11kV  Vp   6350.35V
3
E f  1  0.3967 sin   0.3967 cos 
2 2 2
ra = 0.3 /Phase
2 2

1  1  0.3967  sin   cos   20.3967 sin 
2 2
 Xs = 5/phase
(VA) = 2000 kVA
0.3967 (1)  20.3967sin 
2
Pf = 0.8lag
sin = 0.1983
(VA)
 = 11.44o Rated current (Ia) =
3VL
cos = 0.98, lead 2000  103

(ii) Insufficient data 3  11  103
= 104.97A
By taking terminal voltage as reference
03.
Sol: Given, Xd = 1.4 E f  Vt  Ia Zs
ra jXs Ia
Xq = 1
ra = 0
pf = 1 Ef Vt
 cos = 1
=0

 Vt  Vp 0o [∵ reference] 05.

Sol: Given
ISC = 250A
Ia  I a (0.8  j0.6) [∵pf = 0.8lag]
VDC = 1500V
V 1500
z s  (ra  jX s )  (0.3  j5)  Zs  OC 
ISC 250
 Ef  Vt  Ia Zs Zs  6
= 6350.85 + j0 + 104.97 (0.8 – j0.6) Given, ra = 2

(0.3 + j5) X s  Zs2  ra2  62  22 = 5.657
ra = 2; Xs = 5.657
= 6350.85 + 104.97 (3.24 + j3.82) Ia = 250A
= 6690.95 + j400.98 V
VL = 6.6kV  Vp  L  3810.5V
E f  6702.95V …………(1) 3
In the second case, pf = 0.8lag
Excitation is constant but, load pf is 0.8 Ef  Vt  Ia Zs
leading. Hence terminal voltage will change E f  3810.5  250(0.8  j0.6)(2  j5.657)
 E f  Vt  Ia Zs = 3810.5 + 250(5 + j3.326)
= 5060.5 + j831.5
E f  Vt 0  104.97(0.8  j0.6)(0.3  j5)
E f  5128.3V
E f  Vt  j0  104.97(2.76  j4.18)
E f LL  E f 3
E f  Vt  289.71  j438.77 
= 8882.57V
Ef  Vt  289.71  438.77 
2 2
 Voltage across the terminals when load is
switched off = 8882.57 V.
6702.952  Vt  289.712  438.77 2
Vt = 6978.3V
 VL  Vt 3
VL  6978.3  3
VL = 12086.7 V
 Terminal voltage = 12.0867 kV

4

Chapter Induction Machines

Objective Practice Solutions effects of any harmonic of the air-gap mmf,
slots must be skewed by 2 pole-pitches
01. Ans: (d) corresponding to that harmonic. The usual
practice is skew rotor slots by one stator
Sol: In slip ring induction motor, if stator and
slot-pitch.
rotor has different number of poles, the
A study of the torque–speed characteristics
motor doesn’t rotate. of an induction motor with skewing and
without skewing shows that, with skewing,
02. Ans: (c) 1) Maximum or pull–out torque decreases.
Sol: Induction motor rotates at slightly less than 2) Starting torque also decreases.
the synchronous speed.

05. Ans: (a)
120  50 Sol: Open type slot:
 Ns   1000rpm
6
Leakage flux
Nr = less than 1000 rpm
Useful flux
Stator
03. Ans: (c) Rotor

Sol: In an induction motor, if the air gap is
Figure: Open slots
increased
1. Its power factor will reduce Advantages:
2.Its magnetizing current increase (i) Windings can be placed into the slots very
easily.
04. Ans: (b) The winding which is formed before
Sol: Skewing of a slot is shown in fig.1 placed into the slots is called former
Slot with no skew
winding.
(ii) Leakage reactance is less in open type
slots. Therefore more amount of power
will be transferred from stator to rotor and
Slot with skew
Fig. 1 torque production is high.
Noise, vibrations, cogging, and crawling can 06. Ans: (b)

be considerably reduced by skewing either 1500  4
Sol: Supply frequency, f =  50Hz
the stator or the rotor. To eliminate the 120

120  50 11. Ans: (a)

Ns   1000rpm
6 Sol:
Breaking Motoring Generating
N  Nr mode mode
Slip, %S  s  100 mode
Ns
1000  960
Slip, %S   100
1000
%S = 4%
+1 0 1
07. Ans: (a) Slip Slip Slip
120  50
Sol: N s   1500rpm
4
N  N r 1500  1440 Torque-slip characteristics of a 3-phase Induction machine
Slip, S  s   0.04
Ns 1500
The frequency of emf induced in rotor, 12. Ans: (b)
Fr = SFs Sol: The no load current shown by the induction
Fr = 0.04  50 motor is usually more than that of
Fr = 2Hz transformer.
08. Ans: (c) 13. Ans: (b)

Sol: If an induction motor by some means is Tst 2s m
Sol: 
rotated at synchronous speed the slip is TFL 1  s 2m
equal to zero, therefore the emf induced in Ns  N r
Where sm =
the rotor is zero and the torque developed by Ns
the rotor is zero. 120f 120  50

Ns =  = 1500 rpm
P 4
09. Ans: (d) Nr = 1200 rpm
Sol: The induction motor is rotates at slightly 1500  1200

 sm = = 0.2 = 20%
1500
less than the synchronous speed, therefore
Tst 2(0.2)
synchronous speed is 300 rpm. Now,  = 0.384
TFL 1  (0.2) 2
120  50
300 
P
14. Ans: (c)
 P = 20
output shaft power
Sol: Efficiency () =
10. Ans: (c) input power
Sol: If any two leads of stator are interchanged in 120f 120  50
Ns =  = 1000 rpm
a 3-phase induction motor, the motor will P 6
run in a direction opposite to previous one. Nr = 975 rpm (Given)

N s  N r 1000  975 18. Ans: (*)

s=  = 0.025 Sol: Slip at maximum torque,
Ns 1000
r 0.21
Airgap power = Stator input  Stator losses STm = 2 = = 0.3
X2 0.7
= 40  1 = 39 kW The speed at maximum torque,
Gross mechanical power output NTm = Ns(1 – STm)
NTm = 1500 (1 – 0.3)
= (1  s)  Air gap power
NTm = 1050 rpm
= (1  0.025)  39 = 38.025 kW
Shaft power output 19. Ans: (d)
= Gross mechanical power output Sol: As load on an induction motor goes on
increasing, its power factor goes on
 Mechanical losses
increasing up to full load and then it falls
= 38.025  2 = 36.025 kW
again.
36.025
 %=  100
40 20. Ans: (b)
= 90.0625% Sol: The rotor bars of squirrel cage induction
15. Ans: (c) motor are short circuited at both ends by
Sol: Slip s = 5% = 0.05 end-rings of the same material, hence we
Rotor output/gross mechanical power unable to connect external resistance into
developed Pro = 20 kW rotor, so Rotor resistance control not
s
Rotor copper loss =  Pr0 applicable to cage induction motor.
1 s
0.05
=  20 k 21. Ans: (a)
1  0.05
= 1052 W Sol: Rotor current’s in an induction motor is due
to relative speed between stator RMF and
16. Ans: (c)
Sol: In an induction motor, if the air gap is physical rotor.
increased If Nr = Ns i.e. if rotor rotating with ‘NS’
1. Its power factor will reduce speed in the same direction of stator RMF
2. Its magnetizing current increase (Ns speed), then the relative speed between
them is zero.
17. Ans: (b)  EMF induced in the rotor winding is
180 SE 2 R zero.
Sol: Te   2 2 2 2
2N s R 2  SX 2   Current’s in rotor winding is zero.
Te  V2 Hence torque production is zero
T1 500  At N = NS ; rotor won’t rotate, hence
T2   = 125 Nm
4 4 called “Asynchronous machine”.

22. Ans: (d) 29. Ans: (c)

Sol: The main function of a starter in a 3- Sol: Magnitude of starting torque depends upon
induction motor is to limit high starting
value of capacitor used at the time of
current to reasonable values.
starting. Practically permanent split
23. Ans: (a) capacitor start consist high value of
Sol: The speed control of induction motor by pole
capacitor and shaded pole type produces low
changing is suitable for cage motors only
starting torque.
because the cage rotor automatically
develops numbers of poles equal to the poles 30. Ans: (d)
Sol: In a single phase capacitor motor the
of stator winding.
direction of rotation will be in the opposite
24. Ans: (a) direction to the original when Capacitor is
Sol: The rotor will start rotating in such a replaced by an inductor.
direction that it will oppose the cause, i.e.,
the relative speed between the rotating field 31. Ans: (d)
and stationary rotor conductors should Sol: The tendency of squirrel cage induction
decrease. motor to run at one seventh of the
25. Ans: (c) synchronous speed when connected to
Sol: A large capacity three-phase induction supply mains is called crawling. This is due
motor is started using a star delta starter
to the space harmonics in the air gap flux
instead of starting direct on line. The starting
current is reduced to one third its value. wave. The dominant harmonics of the air
gap flux wave are 5th and 7th harmonics.
26. Ans: (c)
The 5th harmonic flux rotates backwards
Sol: If the motor is started by an auto transformer
ns
with x% tapping, the starting line current with synchronous speed of and the
5
will be reduced by x2 times.
seventh harmonic flux rotates forward at
27. Ans: (a) ns
. These harmonic fluxes produce their
Sol: The star delta starting current of an 7
induction motor is 50 A. Its DOL starting own harmonic torques of the same general
current is 150 A. torque-slip shape as that of the fundamental
and will have stable operating regions
28. Ans: (a) ns n
2 around the rotor speeds of  and s
Tst I  5 7
Sol:  X 2  st   S
TFL  I FL  respectively. In the following figure, the
1 superimposition of the fundamental, fifth
 X 2 4  0.03
2
4 and seventh harmonic torque- slip curves are

 X = 72.2% shown.

increases the resistance of the rotor bars

Torque
Resultant TM and hence starting performance of the
Stable
induction machine.
5th harmonic
2. It makes the air gap flux distribution
TL
th
7 Harmonic
uniform thereby reduces harmonics
torque produced by the machine.
ns/5 0 ns/7 ns 3. As harmonic torque are reduced, the
Speed
phenomenon due to harmonic torque
In the motor operating mode of induction can also be reduced.
machine (i.e 0 < n < ns) there is a stable
ns
operating region around th speed of the
7
motor (see figure). If load torque curve
intersects the motor torque curve in this
stable region it results in stable operation of
the induction motor around this low speed
ns
(i.e. th speed). This phenomenon is
7
known as crawling. This phenomenon is less
prominent in slip ring induction machines as
these possess higher starting torque than
squirrel cage induction machines.
As the induction motor is working at low
speeds, the slip will be high so rotor copper
losses (s × Airgap power) will be more and
efficiency will be poor. The crawling is also
accompanied by much higher stator current
and sometimes noise and vibration are also
observed.
32. Ans: (b)

Sol: Functions of skewed rotor slots in induction
motor
1. The skewed rotor slot increases the
length of the copper bar thereby

Conventional Practice Solutions 02.

Sol: Given,
No load speed of induction motor,
01.
No = 1000 rpm.
Sol: Given,
Full load speed, Nf1 = 950 rpm
Number of poles, P = 4
Frequency f1= 50Hz
Frequency f1 = 50Hz
In an induction motor ,No Load speed is
Speed of the motor, N = 1450 rpm.
very close by to synchronous speed
120f1
Synchronous speed Ns  Ns = 1000 rpm
p
120  50 120f1
Ns  (a) We know synchronous speed, N S 
4 p
 Ns = 1500 rpm 120  50
 1000 
p
Ns  N
(a) Slip, s  p=6
Ns
 Number of poles, p = 6
1500  1450
s  0.0333
1500
NS  N
(b) Slip, s 
s = 3.33% NS
(b) Frequency of rotor currents f2 = sf1 N s  N f1

 s f1 
3.33 Ns
 f2   50
100 1000  950
f2 = 1.67Hz s f1 
1000
(c) Angular velocity of stator field w.r.t stator s f1  5%
= NS
= 1500 rpm (c) Frequency of rotor voltage f2=s f1
Angular velocity of stator field w.r.t rotor  f2 = 0.0550
= sNS
f2 = 500.05
3.33
  1500
100 f2 = 2.5Hz
 50 rpm (d) Speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor = sNS
= 0.051000
(d) Angular velocity of rotor field w.r.t rotor
= sNS = 50 rpm
= 50 rpm
(e) Speed of rotor field w.r.t stator = NS
Angular velocity of rotor field w.r.t stator
= NS = 1000rpm
= 1500rpm

03.
Sol: Given,
Power rating of the machine, P0 = 10kW
Number of poles, p = 6
Frequency, f1 = 50Hz
Full load slip, S = 0.04
At full load,
Power output = machine rating
P0= 10kW
Given,
Friction and windage losses, Pf&w = 4% of output
 Pf&w = 0.04P0
= 0.0410103
Pf&w= 400W
Power flow in an induction motor is as follows
Pag (1–S)Pag
Input Air gap Mechanical Power
power power Power output
Developed
Stator Rotor Rotational
losses Copper
Friction losses
loss
S Pag
(1) Mechanical power developed (pem) = power output (P0) + friction and windage losses (Pf&w)
 Pem= P0+ Pf&w
= 10000 + 400
Pem = 10400W
Rotor copper losses SPag S
 
Mechanical power develped p em  1  SPag 1  S
Rotor copper losses 0.04 1
 
10400 1  0.04 24
10400
Rotor copper losses   433.3W
24
Rotor copper losses = 433.3 W
Pem
(2) Full load electromagnetic torque, Tem 

10400 10400
Tem  
s 1  s  s 1  0.04

120f 120  50
Synchronous speed, N s    1000 rpm
P 6
N s  1000 rpm
N
s  S  2
60
s = 104.72 rad/s
10400
Tem 
104.721  0.04
Tem = 103.45 Nm
(3) Rotor efficiency, r = 1 – S
r = 1 – 0.04
r = 0.96
r = 96%
04.
Sol: Given,
Power, rating of the motor, P0= 30kW
Full load slip, Sf1= 0.03
Stator losses,(PsL) = 5% of input power
Mechanical losses (Prot)= 1.5% of output
Rotor currents per phase (Ir) = 45 A
Power flow in induction motor is as follows,
Pag (1–S)Pag
Power Air gap Mechanical Power
input power Power output
developed
Stator Rotor Mechanical
losses losses losses
S Pag
Mechanical losses, (Prot) = 1.5% of P0

1.5
  30000
100
= 450W
Mechanical power developed (Pem) = power output (P0) + Mechanical losses (Prot)
Pem= P0 + Prot
= 30000 + 450
Pem = 30450 W

Rotor copper losses SPag S

 
Mechanical power developed 1  SPag 1  S
Rotor copper losses 0.03 3
 
30450 1  0.03 97
3
Rotor copper losses   30450
97
Rotor copper losses = 941.75 W
Rotor copper losses = 3I 2r rr  941.75
rr = 0.155
05. N S  N 1000  935

Sol: Given, S   0.065
NS 1000
Poles, P = 6
S = 0.065
Frequency, (f1) = 50Hz
Speed of motor (N) = 935 rpm 3711.75
Pag 
Stator losses, (PSl) = 400W 1  0.065
Friction and windage losses (Pf&w) = 1% of
output Pag = 3969.8W
Rating of the motor (P0) = 5hP = 3675 W (a) Power input (Pin)
[1hp=735 W] = Air gap power (Pag) + stator losses (Psl)
P0 = 3675 W Pin = Pag + PSL
Pf&w = 1% of P0 = 3969.8 + 400
1 Pin= 4369.8W
  3675W  Input power = 4369.8W
100
Pf&w= 36.75W (b) Given,
Mechanical power developed (Pem) Speed at maximum torque, NmT= 800 rpm
= Power output (P0) N  N mT
 SmT  S
+ friction and windage losses (Pf&w) NS
Pem = P0 + Pfw 1000  800
= 3675 + 36.75 SmT 
1000
Pem = 3711.75 W
SmT = 0.2
Pem
Airgap power (Pag)  We know that
1 S
3711.75 Tfl 2
 
Tmax S S
1 S fl
 mT
SmT Sfl
120f1
Synchronous speed, N S   Tst 2S
p  2 mT
Tmax Smt  1
120  50
 Tf 2S S S2  1
6  1  2 mT f 21  mT
NS = 1000 rpm Tst Smt  Sfl 2SmT


Tf 1 S2mT  1 Sf 1
 2

.......1
(iv) Output power (P0) = Pem – Prot= 18350 – 500
Tst 
SmT  Sf21  P0 = 17850W
power output
P 3675 (v) Efficiency () 
Tf 1  0   37.5Nm power input
 935
 2 17850
60 
 Tf1 = 37.5Nm………(2) 20700
 From (1) and (2)  = 86.23%


37.5 0.2  1 0.065
2
 07.
Tst 0.22  0.0652 Sol: Given,
 Tst= 24.5Nm Poles, P = 4
 Starting torque = 24.5Nm Frequency, f = 50Hz
Starting torque (Tst)
= 160% of full load torque (Tf1)
06.  Tst = 1.6Tf1……….(1)
Sol: Given, Maximum torque (Tmax) = 200% of full load
Line voltage, VL = 230V torque (Tf1)
Line current, IL= 60A
 Tmax = 2Tf1……….(2)
Power factor, cos1= 0.866. lagging (i) From (1) and (2)
Stator copper losses, Pscu=850W TSt 1.6Tf 1
Core losses, PC = 450 W 
Rotor losses, Pcur = 1050W Tmax 2Tf 1
Rotational losses Prot = 500W TSt 4
 ........3
Power input (Pin)  3VL I L cos 1 Tmax 5
Pin= 20700 W But we know that
Total stator losses (PsL) = Pscu + Pc Tst 2SmT
= 850 + 450 
Tmax SmT 2  1
Psl = 1300W
[SmT = slip at maximum torque]
(i) Air gap power (Pag) 4 2SmT
= power input (Pin) – stator losses (Psl) 
5 SmT 2  1
= 20700 – 1300
= 19400W 2S2mT  5 SmT  2  0
Pag = 19.4 kW SmT=2, ½
SmT = 0.5 …….(4)
Rotor copper lossesPcur  [ for a motor  0 < s < 1]
(ii) Slip, S =
Air gap power Pag  120f
Synchronous speed N S 
1050 p

19400 120  50
S = 5.41% NS 
4
(iii) Mechanical power developed, NS = 1500 rpm
(Pem) = (1–s)Pag Speed at maximum torque, NmT = Ns(1–SmT)
 Pem = (1–0.0541) Pag NmT = 1500(1 – 0.5)
Pem = 18350 W NmT = 750 rpm

(ii) In induction motor we know that, (a) In induction motors we know that
T 2 R
 Torque (T) = 3I 22 2
Tmax SmT  S S
2
S SmT T I 
Tf 1 2  St   St  Sf 1......4
 Tf 1  I f 1 
Tmax SmT  Sf 1 T
Sf 1 SmT  st  6 2 0.05 [from (2) and (3)]
Tf 1
1 2
 from 2and 4 TSt
 1.8.......5
2 0.5  Sf 1
Tf 1
Sf 1 0.5
 Starling torque (Tst)
1 2Sf 1  0.5
 = 180% of full load torque (Tf1)
2 Sf21  0.25
Sf21  0.25  25f1 (b) We know that,
TSt 2S
4Sf21  8Sf 1  1  0  2 mT
Tmax SmT  1
Sf1 = 0.134, 1.866
Sf1= 0.134 [ for motor  0 < S < 1] Tf 1 2S S
 2 mT f21
 Speed at full load, Nf1= NS(1 – Sf1) Tmax SmT  Sf 1
Nf1 = 1500(1 – 0.134) TSt S2mT  Sf21 
 
Nf1 = 1299 rpm Tf 1 S2mT  1Sf 1
08.
1.8 
S 2
mT  0.05
2

Sol: Given,
Poles, P = 4
S 2
mT 
 1 0.05
Frequency, f = 60Hz S  0.0025  0.09S2mT  1
2
mT
Full load speed, Nf1 = 1710 rpm S (0.91)  0.0875
2
mT
120f SmT  0.31
 Synchronous speed, N S 
p Speed at maximum torque, NmT = NS(1–SmT)
120  60  NmT = 1800 (1 – 0.31)
NS   1800 rpm
4 NmT = 1242 rpm
NS = 1800 rpm ……..(1) T S  Sf21
2
(c) max  mT
NS  N f 1 Tf 1 2SmTSf 1
Full load slip Sf1 
NS

0.05  0.31
2 2
1800  1710 20.050.31

Sf 1  from 1 = 3.18
1800
Sf1= 0.05 ………(2)  Maximum toque
= 318% of full load torque
Given that
Starting current (Ist) = 6 full load current 09.
(If1) Sol: Given
I
 St  6......3 Slip at maximum torque, SmT = 0.2
If1 External resistance, Rext = 0.5 

Let, 120f
R2= Rotor resistance Synchronous speed N s 
P
X2 = Rotor reactance
120  50
We know that Ns 
4
R
SmT  2 Ns = 1500 rpm
X2
R (1) Let, E2 = stand still rotor voltage
0.2  2
X2 3 E2
 Tst  . 2 2 2 .R2
X2 = 5R2……..(1) s R 2  X 2
Equivalent rotor circuit resistance 3 E 22
85  . (4.5)
R1 = R2 + Rext 1500
 2 4.5 2
 8.5 2

 R1 = R2 + 0.5 60
Given that, after adding external resistance 3 E 22 (4.5)
85 
Starting torque = 75% of maximum torque 50 4.52  8.52 
Tst = 0.75 Tmax
 E2 = 302.46 V
T 2S1mT
 St  0.75 
Tmax S1mT 2  1 (2) External resistance added is Rext = 2
 3S2mT  8S1mT  3  0  Rotor circuit resistance R 12  R 2  R ext
S1mT  0.451  R 12  2  4.5 = 6.5
R 12  R 12 = 6.5
 S1mT  3 E 22 R 12
X2 Starting torque, Tst =
R  0.5 S R 12
2  x2
2
 0.451  2
X2
 TSt 
3 302.46 6.5 2
 0.451  2
R  0.5 1500
 2 6.5  8.5
2 2
 
5R 2 60
Tst = 99.2Nm
2.255R 2  R 2  0.5  R 2  0.4
X2 = 5R2
11.
= 5 (0.4)
Sol: Given,
X2 = 2
Rated frequency, f1 = 50Hz
Rotor reactance (X2) = 2 Applied frequency, f2 = 40Hz
Rotor resistance (R2) = 0.4 Rated voltage, = V1
Applied voltage, V2 = 1.5V1
10.
Sol: Given, (1) We know that
Poles, P = 4 V2
Frequency, f = 50Hz Starting torque Tst 
f3
Rotor resistance, R2 = 4.5 | phase 2 3
Stand still rotor reactance, X2 = 8.5|phase T V   f2 
 St1   1   
Starting Torque, Tst = 85Nm TSt 2  V2   f1 

TSt1  V1   40 
2 3 N S  N1
    Slip, S1 
TSt 2  1.5V1   50  NS
TSt1 1200  1140
 0.227 S1 
TSt 2 1200
S1 = 5%
V Let additional resistance to be added = Rx.
Starting torque TSt  Rotor resistance, R2=0.2| phase. It is given
f
that motor is driving a constant torque load
ISt1  V1  f 2  T1 = T2
    
ISt 2  V2  f1  3 E22  R2  3 E22  R12 
  
S     
s  R 2  1  S  R1

2
 S2 
ISt1  V1  40   2   X22  2   X22
    0.533  S1   S2 
ISt 2  1.5V1  50 
1
R R
V2  2  2 .......1
Maximum torque Tmax  2 S1 S2
f
T V 
2 2
 f 2   V1   40 
2 2 Given that final speed, N2 = 1000 rpm
 max1   1         N  N2
Tmax 2  V2   f1   1.5V1   50  S2  S
NS
Tmax1
 0.284 1200  1000
Tmax 2 S2 
1200
(ii) Given that starting torque are equal 1
 TSt1  TSt 2 S2 
6
V12 V22 From (1)
 3
f13 f2 R 2 R 12
2 3 3 
 V1   f1   50  S1 S2
       
 V2   f 2   40  R2 R2  Rx

V  S1 S2
  1   1.397 0.2 .2  R x
 V2  
0.05 1 / 6
0.2 + Rx = 0.667
12.
Rx = 0.467
Sol: Given,
Poles, P = 6
Frequency = 60Hz
13.
Speed of motor, N1=1140 rpm
Sol: Given,
Synchronous speed, NS  120f Poles, P = 6
P Frequency, f = 50Hz
120  60 Rotor resistance, R2 = 0.2
NS 
6 Initial speed, N1= 960rpm
NS = 1200rpm Final speed, N2 = 800rpm

120f Shaft torque at (s = 0.019) = developed

Synchronous speed, N S 
p torque (if mechanical losses are neglected) =
120  50
 NS   1000rpm 3V 2 0.25
6
NS = 1000rpm
T=

ss 0.25 / s   1.5 2
2

= 2400 N-m/r
………..(1)
N S  N1
Slip, S1 
NS V and s are not given. s (synchronous
1000  960 speed in mechanical rad/sec) can be

1000 calculated as follows:
S1= 0.04
N  N2 1000  800 T = 2400 N-m/r. output = 373 kW.
Slip, S2  S 
NS 1000 T r = torque  actual rotor speed = shaft
S2 = 0.2
power (since mechanical losses are
When load torque is constant, neglected)
T1=T2
= 373 kW. r
R R1
 2  2 = (373  103/2400)
S1 S 2
0.2 R 12 = 155.42 r/s (mech)
 
0.04 0.2 Hence s = 155.42/(1 – 0.019)
 R 12  1
= 158.43 r/s (mech)
But R 12  R 2  R ext  1
0.2 + Rext =1 Which gives P = 3.97 poles, which can be
Rext = 0.8 corrected to 4 poles. With 4 poles, s will be

157.08 r/s (mech).
14. Substituting in (1); V = 1294.2 Volts/ph.
Sol: 1. Using given data, equivalent circuit per
phase of the motor is as shown in fig.1. Full load current
I j1.5  
= 1294.2 0.25 / 0.019   1.5 2
2

+ = 97.7 A.
V 0.25

(Supply) s
2. Now external resistances of 2 /ph are
– inserted into the rotor. The current is
Data regarding Rc, Xn, r1 and x1 is not
given, so these are ignored given to be unchanged. It is assumed that
fig.1 the applied voltage/ph is also unchanged.

2.1 Finding the new slip: The torque initially is given to be

The new equivalent circuit/ph is shown in 2400 N-m/r. So after changing the rotor
fig.2. resistance also, the torque will be
I j1.5  2400 N-m/r.
+
New slip s2 = (r22/r21)s1
1294.20 2.25
(Supply)  = 0.171
s new
– New power output
fig.2 = 2400 (1 – 0.171)(157.08)

= 312.53 kW.
1294.2
I  97.7 …….(2)
2.25 / s new 
2
 1 .5 2
 15.
From eq (2), the new slip snew = 0.171.
Sol:
1. The problem specifies rotational losses
Finding the new power output:
as negligible. Hence the load torque is
The stator current is given to be unchanged.
the same as the developed (or
If r21 and r22 are the rotor resistances and s1
electromagnetic) torque.
and s2 are the slips before and after change,
we have 2. The full load speed is 1440 rpm and full
V V load shaft output is 20,000 W (from the


 r21 
2
 r22 
2 given ratings). Hence rated load torque
   x 2    x 2
 s1   s2  TR is given by
TR 1440  2
r r = 20,000 from which
From which 21  22 . 60
s1 s 2
TR = 132.6 N-m/r.
The torque before and after the change are,

3. There is another method of calculating
respectively,
the rated load torque, which should give
3V r21 / s1 
2
3V r22 / s 2  2
the same value as above. This method is
and .
 r  2
  r  2 
s  21   x 2  s  22   x 2  given below:
 s1    s 2   The problem specifies the frequency as
r21 r22 50 Hz, but does not specify the number
With  , these torques are the same.
s1 s 2 of poles. With a full load speed of

1440 rpm, the synchronous speed will be Full load torque

the nearest possible value greater than
T

3  400 / 3 0.4  2
1440 rpm. This is 1500 rpm, which will  0.4  2 

s 120    3.84
be obtained for 4 poles, at 50 Hz. Hence  s  
full load slip = 0.04. Irrespective of whichever value of torque we
Developed torque at this slip, use, slip comes out as a complex quantity
2 2 2
Td = (3V r2)/[ss {(r2/s) + x }] 2 which is not acceptable.
Substituting numerical values Slip for maximum torque = (0.4/3.84)
Td = 99.32 N-m/r = TR = 0.1042
Thus does not agree with earlier result.
Let the slip at 120 Hz, 400 V operation be s.
At 120 Hz, x2 becomes [(1.6120)/50]
= 3.84 .

5 Power Systems

Chapter
Objective Practice Solutions (or)

= 0.735 kW
Developed power,
01. Ans: (d)
735.5
Sol: Water used = 60  106 cubic meter/year P  Q  W  H   Watts
75
60 10 6
Q   1.9 m 3 / sec Here, Density of water W = 1000kg/m3
365  24  3600 Discharge of water (Q) = 1m3/s,
Head = 40 m efficiency () =100% and
735.5 Water head (H) = 1m
P QH kW
75 735.5
735.5  P  1000  1  1  9.80kW
 1.9  40  1 75
75
 745.3 kW 04. Ans: (d)
Sol: H = 102 m
Q = 30 m3/sec
02. Ans: (c)
 = 80%
Sol: Overall efficiency of the power station is
P = WQH  1000
 overall   thermal   elect  0.30  0.92  0.276
P = 0.8  30  102  9.81
Units generated / hour = (100  103) 1
P = 24,014.88
= 105 kWh P = 24,014.88  1000
Heat produced / hour, P = 24MW
Electrical output in heat units
H= 05. Ans: (b)
overall
Sol: H = 204m
10 5  860 Q = 8 m3/sec
 311.6  10 6 kcal
0.276  = 0.8
( 1kWh = 860 kcal) 0.736
P  WQH
H 75
Coal consumption/hour =
Calorific value 0.8  1000  8  204  0.736
P
311.6  106 75

6400 = 12812.288kW  12,800 kW
 48687kg
06. Ans: (a)
Sol: Weight of water
03. Ans: (c)
= volume of water is storeddensity
Sol: 1 Hp = 735. 5 W
= (10  105)  993 kg

= (10  105)  993  9.81 N 11. Ans: (c)

= 9741.33  106 N Sol: In general terms, the capacity of a
Energy produced = W  H  ηoverall cell/battery is the amount of charge available
by volume of water expressed in ampere-hour(Ah).
= 9741.33  106  50  1.00 watt-sec
(losses are neglected, overall efficiency is
100%) 12. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given data
9741.33  10 6  50 Four identical batteries is 1.5 V
= Whr
3600 Internal resistance 1
= 135.3 MWhr
Series feed load of 2
07. Ans: (d)
Sol: Ns = 300 rpm 2
f = 50 Hz 4
120 f 120 f 120  50
Ns  P   20 1.5V
P Ns 300 1.5V
P = 20. 1.5V
1.5V
08. Ans: (c)
Sol: In the fully charged state, the negative plate
consists of lead, and the positive 6
The current in the circuit =  1A
plate lead dioxide, with the electrolyte of 6
concentrated sulfuric acid. Overcharging 13. Ans: (c)
with high charging voltages generates Sol: The capacity of the battery is usually
oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of expressed as a number of ampere-hour. One
water, which is lost to the cell. A lead acid ampere-hour is the amount charge delivered
battery cell is fully charged with a specific when a current of one ampere is delivered
gravity of 1.265 at 80° F. For temperature for one hour. Ampere-hour efficiency
adjustments, get a specific gravity reading always greater than watt-hour efficiency.
and adjust to temperature by adding.
14. Ans: (c)
09. Ans: (b) Sol: Storage cell in an auto mobile has lead for
Sol: The state of discharge of a lead acid cell is negative, PbO4 for positive electrode and
determined by specific gravity of electrolyte sulphuric acid for electrolyte
10. Ans: (a)
15. Ans: (c)
Sol: The storage battery, which is generally used
Sol: A commonly used primary cell is dry ice
in electric power station is lead acid cell.

16. Ans: (c) 23. Ans: (c)

Sol: In lead acid battery, the density of acid Sol: Given data
indicates charge of battery. A battery is charged at 5A for 8 hours,
Discharged at 4A in 9 hours,
17. Ans: (a)
Output = 9  4 = 36
Sol: For the process of electrolysis, the supply
Input = 5 8 = 40
required is dc supply.
output 36
%= =  90%
18. Ans: (c) input 40
Sol: As each cell of voltage V of n are connected
in series the total voltage becomes = nV
and the capacity of each cell is same.
So capacity of battery is nothing but
capacity of each cell.
19. Ans: (c)

Sol: Cells (or) batteries connected in series have
the positive terminals of one cell (or) battery
connected in the negative terminals of
another cell (or) battery. This has the effect
of increasing the overall voltage but the
overall capacity remains the same.
20. Ans: (b)

Sol: Sulphation in a lead-acid battery occurs due
to incomplete charging.
21. Ans: (b)

Sol: Electrolyte of lead acid battery cell is a
solution of sulfuric acid and distilled water.
The specific gravity of pure sulfuric acid is
about 1.84.
22. Ans: (b)

Sol: Trickle charging means charging a fully
charged battery under no-load at a rate equal
to its self-discharge rate, thus enabling the
battery to remain at it’s fully charged level.

Conventional Practice Solutions 02.

Sol: u0 = Speed of free wind in unperturbed state
A = Area through which air column passing
01.
Sol: Given,  = Density of air
Mean head (H) = 50m

Then power available in wind
Catchment area (A) = 200 km2
1
Annual rainfall (h) = 420cm P0  .A.u 0 .u 02  1 2 A u 30 ……. (1)
2
Loss due to evaporation (eL) = 30%
P0 1 3
 u 0 ………… (2)
Turbine efficiency (t) = 85% A 2
Alternator efficiency (a) = 80%
Energy content of the wind per unit area for
Evaporation efficiency (e) = 1–eL = 70%
a specified period is
Let,
 
E0 P 1
P = Density of water = 1000kg/m3   0 .d    u 30 d
A 0A 2 0
Et = Total energy that can be generated by
the hydro power plant. Power Extraction from Wind:
Et = (MgH)tae  Wind turbine is used to harness useful
Et = ((PV)gH) t ae mechanical power from wind.
Et = P(Ah)gH t ae  The rotor of the turbine collets energy
= 10002001064.29.8500.850.80.7 from the whole area swept by the rotor.
= 1.9592161014J  The maximum power extraction can be
Et = 54422.67 MWh bound by the help of betz model.
Average power that can be generated

u0 u0
P0   E t A0
t (hrs)
Unperturbed Wind stream tube in absence of turbine
Et
P0  
365  24 u0 u1 u2
upstream downstream
54422.67 p0 p0 A0 A1
p2 p2
 Z0
Turbine A2
Z2
8760
Wind stream tube in presence of turbine
P0 = 6.21MW Betz model for expanding air-stream tube

Wind stream tube in presence of turbine So According to Betz Model 59.3% is the
Mass flow rate (incompressible fluid) maximum energy that can be extracted from
 =  A0u0 = A1u1 = A2 u2
m wind.
0.7
….. (3) 0.6
Force or thrust on Rotor 0.5

0.4
 u0  m
(F) = m  u 2 ……(4) CP
0.3
0.2
Power extracted by turbine
0.1
PT = F.u1 = m
 (u0 – u2) u1 …. (5) 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Power extraction can also be written like Variation of Power coefficient (CP)
difference in kinetic energy at the upstream with interference factor (a)
and downstream.
Note: Likewise we can also calculate Axial thrust
PT  1 m
2
 
 u 02  u 22 …….. (6)
on turbine and torque developed by the
(5) = (6)
 u  u2  turbine.
u1   0  …….. (7)
 2 
a = interference factor defined as 03.
a = u0 – u1 / u0 …….. (8) Sol: Given, power output, P0 = 500MW
u1 = (1 –a) u0
Efficiency of power plant,  = 33%
or a = (u0 – u2) / 2u0 ……. (9)
Energy output per fission, ef = 190Mev
Now by the help of equations 3, 5, 7, 8 Molecular weight of 4.235 (m) = 253g/mole
1  Enrichment (e) = 3%
PT = 4a (1 – a)2  A1 u 30  …… (10)
2 
1kg of fuel rods contain 30g of 4.235
Compare with equation (2)
(enrichment is 3%)
PT = CP P0 ….
30
(11) 30g of U-235 contain 6.023  1023 
235
CP = Fraction of available power in the wind atoms of 4.235
or power coefficient. 1 atoms of U-235 produces 190MeV of
2
CP = 4a(1 – a) ….. (12) energy
Maximum value of C can be
30
6.023  1023  atoms produces
CP,max = 0.593 235

= 1901061.610–19J 04.
30 Sol: r = 12 m
 6.0231023 of energy
235
v1 = 16 ms–1 (initial velocity)
= 233.741010 J of energy
v2 = 8 ms–1 (final velocity)
But efficiency is 33% P = 1.2 kgm–3
Electrical energy output/1kg of fuel rods is  velocity of the blades is
e0 = 0.332.33.741010 J v1  v 2
v=
2
e0 = 77.1351010 J/kg
16  8
(a) Total energy output of the plant is v=
2
E0 = P0t
v = 12 ms–1
6
= 50010 (8760)  (3600)
 Power generated by wind mill is
= 1.57681016 J
1
Total mass of fuel consumed in kg is P= C P PAV 3 [CP = 1 in ideal case]
2
E0 1
M  P =  1  1.2  (12)2  (12)3
e0 2
P = 469.03 kW
1.5768  1016
M
77.135  1010
M = 20442kg 05.
(b) Energy output of 1kg of fuel burn up is Sol: Given,
= 233.741010J Gross, power output (P0) = 1000MW

Internal power consumption (Paux) = 9%
Energy output for 1 tonne (1000kg) of fuel
Total mass of coal wxd /day (M)
burn up is
= 9800 tonnes per day
Ex0 = 233.741013 J Heating value of coal (Cc) = 26MJ/kg
= 2.3374107 MJ Total gross electrical output per day in terms
233.74  107 of energy is (Eg0) = Pct

 MWdays
3600  24 = 1000Mw 243600
Ex0 = 27053.24 MWd = 8641011J

Total Heat energy input (Ei) = M Cc 07.

Ei = 980010326106 Sol: Given,
Ei = 25481011J Annual load factor (Plf) = 0.75

Annual capacity factor (pcf) = 0.6
Eg0
Gross efficiency (g) = Plant use factor (puf) = 0.65
Ei
Maximum demand (Pm) = 60Mw
864  1011
 Let, C = plant capacity
2548  1011
Average demand
Gross efficiency = 33.9% (a) PLF 
Maximum demand
Net efficiency (n) = gaux Average demand

0.75 
60MW
= 33.9(1- 0.09)
 Average demand = 45MW
Net efficiency, n = 30.8%
Annual energy production (E0)
= Average demand  8760(hrs)
06.
 E0 = 458760 = 394200 MWh
Sol: Given,
E0 = 394.2106 KWh
Total volume of water (V)
= 1 million cubic meters Average load
3 (b) PCF 
Density of water (Pw) = 993 kg/m Plant capacity
Mean head (H) = 50m 45MW
0.6 
Losses = negligible C
 Efficiency = 100% C = 75Mw
Energy produced by the water is Plant capacity = 75Mw
E0 = mgH Reserve capacity

= Plant capacity – Peak load
E0 =  (PV) gH
 Reserve capacity = 75 – 60 = 15MW
= (1.0) (993106) 9.850
= 4.86571011J
Energy genrated per year
5 (c) PUF 
= 4.865710 MJ Plant capacity  hours in operation
= 135.16MWh average load  8760(hours)
0.65 
Energy output = 135.16 MWh C  (hours in operation)

45  8760 E 0  2.628  1011 Wh

Hours in operation =
75  0.65
= 2.628108 KWh
Hours in operation = 8086.15 Hours
E0 = 2.628105 MWh
Total hours plant is not operated
P1  P2  P3  P4
= 8760 - Total hours of operation (d) Diversity factor (Df) =
P
30  20  10  14
 Total hours plant is not in service 
60
= 674 hours Df = 1.233
1 1
(c) Demand factor = =
08. D f 1.233
Sol: Given, Demand factor = 0.81
Peak load (PP) = 60MW
09.
Maximum demand of load 1 is (P1)
= 30MW Sol: Given,
Charging rate (Cc) = 2C
Charging current (Ic) = 10A
= 20 MW
Discharge rate (Cd) = 0.2C
Let,
= 10 MW
tc = charging time
Maximum demand of load 4 is (P4) td = discharging time
= 14 MW Id = discharge current
Annual load factor (PLF) = 0.5 Ah = Ampere hours stored in the battery.
Average load (a) We know that

(a) PLF 
Peak load
Cctc = 1
Average load
0.5  2tc = 1
60
tc = 0.5 hours
Average load = 30MW
(b) Energy supplied (E0) (b) Ah = Ictc
= Average load  time (h) = 100.5
E0 = 301068760 Ah = 5Ah

(c) Ah = Idtd Circuit is as follows:

5 = Idtd Ic
But, Cd + td = 1
rc= 0.25
0.2td = 1
Vb= 2V
td = 5 hours -----(d)
rc = 0.25
Ic
 5 = Idtd
Vb= 2V
req =1
5 Vs= 10V rc 
I d   1A Vs
5 Vbeq=8V
Vb
Id = 1A
rc
Vb
10.
Sol: Given, Source voltage (Vs) = 10V
Ampere hour of each battery (Ah) = 10Ah (a) From the above equivalent circuit,
Terminal voltage of battery (Vb) = 2V Vs  Vbeq
Ic 
Load resistance, (RL) = 1.9 req
10  8
Internal resistance during charging (rc) 
1
= 0.25 Ic = 2A
Internal resistance during discharging (rd) (b) Ah = Ictc = Idtd

= 0.4 10 = 2tc
tc = 5hours
Let,
Cc tc = Cdtd = 1
Ic = charging current of each battery
Cc5 = 1
Id = discharging current of each battery
Cc = 0.2C rate
IL = load current
Cc = charge rate
Cd = discharge rate (c) Ah stored = 10Ah (given )
tc = charging time Wh stored = VbAh
td = discharge time = 210

During charging. Wh stored = 20Wh

(d) Circuit during discharge is as follows, (e) Ah = Idtd

10 = (0.25) td
Id Id Id Id IL td = 40 hours
rd= 0.4 RL= 1.9
Cdtd = 1
Vb = 2V Cd40 = 1
Cd = 0.025 C rate
(f) load current IL = 1A
Load voltage VL = ILRL
IL
req=0.1 VL = 11.9
RL = 1.9
VL = 1.9V
Vb = 2V
(g) Energy supplied by supply during charging
is
From the above circuit we can say that Es = VsIctc = 105 = 100Wh
4Id = IL
 Es = 100Wh
4Id = 1 Energy given to load during discharge is
Id = 0.25A Ed = VLILtd = 1.9140 = 76Wh
Vd Charge discharge efficiency ()
IL 
req  R L
Ed
=  76%
2 Es
IL 
0.1  1.9
IL = 1A


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Chapter

 Eddy current loss will be constant.

 As f  , Wh   Iw . 13. Ans: (c)

V12 = 138 V 17. Ans: (b)

1. If the test is conducted on LV side, LV 40

19. Ans: (a) Vsc  const

Observations: 28. Ans: (a)

27. Ans: (c) 32. Ans: (d)

For series additive polarity of winding, Conventional Practice Solutions

We know that in a transformer, expression (VA) = 150103 VA

Loading at which maximum efficiency, (ii) Loading = 100% of full load

Let Pcu = full load copper loss

Time t(hrs) Load (P0) kW Pf P0 Pc(W) Ec = Pc(kn)

9 6 0.6 6 494.8 4.453

E0 = P0 t (kWh) Pcu,x = x2Pcu (W) Ecu,x = Pcu,x t (kWh)

Eot = 464 kWh Ecu,t = 7.94 kWh

All day efficiency of a transformer is

08. pf = 0.8 lag

At maximum efficiency, 09.

From (1), Pe = C2 f2 -------(2) [ B = constant and

600.6 = (0.9)2 Pcu C2 = keB2

From (3),    100 

V2 = 2000V, f2 = 100Hz Base impedance w.r.t primary side,

3 4.4 =  r (0.6)   x (0.8)

Substituting (2) in (1) 1

15. Power factor, pf = 1

z = 6% ------(1) Efficiency of a transformer,

Objective Practice Solutions 250

03. Ans: (d) 07. Ans: (d)

05. Ans: (c) f=?

09. Ans: (c) V 200

Electrical power developed, P = Eb.Ia  = constant ( ∵   If)

17. Ans: (c) 24. Ans: (b)

18. Ans: (d) Saturation

25. Ans: (c)

26. Ans: (d) Conventional Practice Solutions

We know that in a shunt machine (1200)

06. Torque: Torque on motor armature

(i) Speed-current characteristic. For Torque

output power = 25HP = 25  746 W

Near at full load, EbIa = 25  746 Vt  I1 ra 1 N 1

Vt = Eb1 + Ia1 (ra + rf) With external resistance:

15. Eg  Ia N [In series machine   Ia ]

E g1  100  50(0.5) IL= I1+ I2

18. The starting resistance is connected between

19. b) Plugging or Reverse (shunt motor)

his braking is controlled by varying the

generator action in a motor to bring it to Ia

07. Ans: (d) Function of damper winding in Alternator:

12. Ans: (b)  To get O.C.C, the alternator has to be driven

Ideal O.C.C (or) Air gap line

 Zs is constant for unsaturated position.  Pmax 

linear so Zs decreases during saturated  Pmax  E, V

17. Ans: (c)

18. Ans: (a) As    cos   airgaplength 

24. Ans: (d) 27. Ans: (c)

31. Ans: (b) Conventional Practice Solutions

E f  1  j 0.3967 cos   0.3967 sin  04.

 Vt  Vp 0o [∵ reference] 05.

= 6350.85 + j0 + 104.97 (0.8 – j0.6) Given, ra = 2

Chapter Induction Machines

the synchronous speed.