Alarin, Patricia Paula Clairre F.

Endencia, Faith Jireh S.

1. Discuss the ff concepts:

a. Consistency Paradox
- Consistency paradox states that the personality of an individual remains the same over
time but the way they behave may vary when faced in different situations. People can be
very nice but there will be situations that they would be forced to display the opposite
action. For example, a person who is consistently kind and generous to others can
become angry when their generosity is being abused.
b. Person-Situation Interaction
- The circumstances that a person faces from time to time can have a big impact on one’s
behavior. He also states that people can have personalities that are on opposing poles
depending on the situation. Fior example, they might be shy around strangers but can be
outgoing with people they are familiar with.
c. Behavior Prediction
- Mischel is only one of the few theorists who followed the if-then format. He states that if
an individual is able to discern different information that helps him have a stable system,
then their behavior and the way they react shall vary in different circumstances.
d. Situation Variables
- Situation variables are factors that exist in the circumstance. He states that we can
observe the influence of situation variables and personal qualities when we look at the
uniformity like seeing people having the same reaction in a funny situation or variability
of the responses of individuals in a given situation like having different opinions on a
matter or issue.

2. Mischel and Shoda devised the cognitive-affective personality system to solve paradoxes
brought upon by classical theories. Explain this personality system.

- This system contributes to behavior as they interact with personality traits and the
environment. The most important of these are the following: 1.) Encoding strategies, or
how people construe or categorize an event; 2.) Competencies and self-regulating
strategies: that is, what people can do and their strategies and plans to accomplish a
desired behavior; 3.) Behavior-outcome and stimulus-outcome expectancies and beliefs
regarding a particular situation; 4.) Subjective goals, values, and preferences that
partially determine selective attention to events; and 5.) Affective responses, including
feelings and emotions as well as the affects that accompany physiological reactions.

3. The Cognitive-Affective Units are five overlapping, relatively stable person variables that
interact with the situation to determine behavior. Identify and thoroughly explain these units.

1.) Encoding Strategies - how people construe or categorize an event

 2.) Competencies and Self-Regulating strategies - what people can do and their
strategies and plans to accomplish a desired behavior
3.) Expectancies and Beliefs - behavior-outcome and stimulus-outcome expectancies
and beliefs regarding a particular situation
4.) Goals and Values - subjective goals, values, and preferences that partially determine
selective attention to events
5.) Affective Responses - include feelings and emotions as well as the affects that
accompany physiological reactions.

4. Discuss both the perspectives of Rotter and Mischel on their concepts of humanity using the
established criteria (eg., teleology vs causation, determinism vs free will, etc).
● Teleological
● Free choice
● Difficult to rate on the optimism versus pessimism dimension
● Conscious motives
● Social factors
● Rotter is placed in a middle position in uniqueness or similarities
● Mischel places more emphasis on uniqueness

- In summary, cognitive social learning theory views people as forward-looking, purposive,

unified, cognitive, affective, and social animals who are capable of evaluating present
experiences and anticipating future events on the basis of goals they have chosen for
themselves.