CHAPTER ONE

1.0. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The problem of solid waste is one among the global problem faced by
different continent and countries of the world there by posing a lot of effects
on man and his environment, (United Nations Environmental Programme).
The term solid waste refer to solid, semi-solid materials resulting from
human and animal activities that are useless, unwanted or
hazardous,(Microsoft Enchanter Dictionary) (2004).It could be garbage,
industrial, demolition waste and mining residues, (United Nations
Environmental programme) (1997).

Therefore, wastes are classified into three categories i.e. solid, liquid and
gaseous waste. Solid wastes comprises of wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or
unwanted materials. Liquid wastes are materials released to the environment
inform of liquid e.g. chemical fertilizer; while gaseous waste include
substance that are in form a gases at normal temperature and pressure e.g.
carbon-mono oxide.

Wastes, be it solid, liquid or gaseous has a major health issues and a

vital factor affecting the quality of the urban environment. The problem with
the disposal and management of waste can be traced from the time when
human began to congregate in tribes, villages and communities and the
accumulation of solid waste became a consequence of life. Littering of solid
waste began in the medieval towns with the practice of throwing waste
materials which block the streets, roads and vacant land leading to the
breeding of flies and rats among others.

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 The rapid deteriorating quality of our urban centers has become a
matter of serious national concern. The disposal of solid waste generated by
the population of most urban center is an acute problems throughout the
globe and is not specific to any country. For example, develop countries like
Britain had put more attention on environmental problem especially,
municipal solid waste generation and disposal. In developed countries
domestic wastes are collected, treated and disposed- off by the local
authorities. In African countries, most of the solid wastes generated are
disposed and dumped locally in the bush, only few countries like South
Africa, Nigeria (centered in towns) etc. are trying to treat and manage solid
wastes generated.

“The hierarchy of sanitation in Nigeria from observation can be felt

from the village to the city, while most villages remain relatively clean, and
the cities are gradually turning into slums” (Amu-Paten 1981). Therefore,
there has been an increase in the volume and range of solid wastes generated
daily in most urban centers as a result of the increasing rate of population
growth and urbanization process. Although waste evaluation is undertaken,
there is no definite program set for evacuation. This is perhaps not peculiar to
Jimeta alone. The United Nations center for settlement (UNCS) (1994),
estimated that eighty percent of cities of developing countries do not possess
adequate and meaningful refuse management system.

There are piles of rotting vegetables, plastic shopping bags and other
wastes around the streets, markets etc. Uncontrolled domestic wastes
frequently pile up around low -income family homes and neighbourhoods,
representing a permanent risk of pollution, infections and injury, such risk are
carried through waste scavengers like dogs, flies, humans etc. and surface
underground water routes of risk transmission-Zero of U and Faris (1999).

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 The health effects of wastes are not gender specific; although women
may be more exposed than men to some form of contact with waste due to
their social role (Giroult, 1995). All these risk would continue to possess
threats to human health and the environment until those whose responsibility
of managing public health acts faster.

1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigeria‟s major urban centers are today fighting to clear mountains of heaps
of solid waste from their environments. These strategic centers of beauty,
peace and security are being over- taken by the messy nature of over flowing
dumps unattended heaps of solid wastes emanating from household or
domestic or kitchen sources, markets, shopping and business centers.

Heaps of solid waste seems to be a common phenomenon in the study

area e.g. polythene bags, plastic cans etc. are seen thrown in water ways
leading to the blockage of drainages and the degradation of the
environmental aesthetic and quality of the study area. A cross comprehensive
study will be carried out in Yola North, to examine such waste composition
and source of generation. The study will also try to examine local
environmental problems caused by solid waste, role of government at both
state and local level. Emphasis will be made on domestic and commercial
solid wastes.

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1.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM: The aim of this study is to assess the various ways through which solid
waste are generated and disposed, the roles of individuals or groups and
government with the view of improving sanitation in Yola North.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this research are:

i. Identify the types of solid wastes generated from commercial and household
areas.
ii. Assess the role of government, individuals or groups in solid wastes
management
iii. Proffer planning solutions to the lingering problems of solid wastes
management.
iv. Asses the local environmental problems caused by such wastes.

1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be practically significant in the following ways:

i. It would help in updating the existing knowledge about solid wastes

generation, management, and evacuation and eventually help to improve
sanitary conditions in Yola North.
ii. It will provide informations in proffering planning solutions in areas where
high volume of waste is generated and collected; thereby putting up a good
management system.
iii. The study hopes to assist physical planners and development agencies when
planning for disposal and waste management. It would help them to know
where they have failed in the past and what they are to do to achieve its
sustainability.

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1.4. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

Generally, the scope of this study is to include all legal, planning and
administrative functions in finding solutions to all problems of solid wastes
generation management. Therefore, the study is only limited within Yola
North.

1.5.0. STUDY AREA

1.5.1. INTRODUCTION

These involve a brief description of the study area. The description

encompasses the historical background, location and size, population,
climate, geographical informations and land use of the area.

1.5.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Jimeta town was founded in 1913 by the then colonial masters, which replace
Yola that previously served as the capital city.

1.5.3. LOCATION AND SIZE

Yola North Local Government Area with Jimeta as a capital is located in

Adamawa State, Nigeria. It is situated on the bank of river Benue and is
located on latitude 90N and longitude 120E. The town is located where the
river carves its valley through the eastern highland. Jimeta is one of the twin-
settlement that forms the capital of Adamawa State. Its twin sister is Yola
town, the traditional seat of Adamawa State traditional council. The town is
bounded to the north and northeast by Girei local government, to the east
through the south to the southwest by Yolasouth local government. Yola
North has a total land area of about 1,913 km2.

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1.5.4. POPULATION

Jimeta has a total population of 399348 persons including male, female and
children with a growth rate at 2.9% (National population commission 2006).

1.5.5. CLIMATE

Jimeta has a tropical climate marked by dry and rainy seasons. The rainy
season commences in April and ends in October. The dry season starts in
November and ends in April; this is the period of hammattan, a period when
the dust leading north east trade wind from the Sahara desert have marked
effects on the climate (maxlock 1976). The driest months are January and
February when the relative humidity is 13%. The average daily hours of
bright sunshine are 7-8 hours. The total amount of rainfall received per
annum is about 95mm and 98mm. The mean annual temperature is 34.580C,
(maximum) and 21.220C (minimum). The hottest months are the months of
March and April whereas the coldest months are November and December
(11.110C).

1.5.6. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Adamawa State in general is a picture of square mountainous land traversed

by big river valleys of Benue, Gongola and Yerdzeram. Basically the Jimeta
area consists of alluvial soil requiring a careful planning (Maxlock 1976).
The soil areas are of varying types from sandy and loamy to clay which is
often saline.

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1.5.7. LAND USE

The land uses commonly found in Jimeta are residential, institutional,

commercial, recreational and open spaces. The residential land use dominates
the total land area; in which it is divided into three densities namely: high,
medium and low density residential areas.

i. Residential Land use: The residential land use is of three categories, the
high density, medium density and low density. High density residential areas
include wards like Rumde, Nassarawo, Shinko, Luggere and Limawa etc.
The medium density residential areas comprises of Damilu, Bekaji, Malamre
etc.

While low density residential areas comprises of Karewa, 80 housing unit,

Legislative quarters in Malamre, old GRA and Dougire.

ii. Institutional Land Use: They are of different categories which include
education, law and defence and public service and administration. Education
land uses include schools like Adamawa State Polytechnic, Secondary and
Primary Schools etc. Law and defence include law courts, police stations etc.
While land use for public service and administration include the Adamawa
State secretariat, Government House etc.
iii. Service Land Use: These are two categories of land use for public transport
and utilities, example Motor Park. The second category is land use for mixed
commercial and industrial, examples market, business premises along Bishop
street, Mubi road etc.
iv. Open Space: These are of three categories, land use for agricultural
production, public open space and undeveloped land.

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1.6.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.6.1. INTRODUCTION

This section will outline the approaches that will be used in the course of the
research that includes sources of data and data analysis techniques,
instruments of data collection.

1.6.2. TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED

The types of informations required in this research are data on the source of
solid waste and this include domestic, commercial and other sources;‟ in
addition to this the effects of indiscriminate disposal of such waste and the
role of government will also be needed in the course of the research.

1.6.3. SOURCES OF DATA

There are basically two types of data required in this work and these include
primary and secondary data.

Primary data are those that will be collected through administration of well-
structured questionnaires, oral interview and direct field observation exercise,
use of photographs to show relevant features, event or scenes.

The secondary data are data which will be collected basically from internet,
journals, articles, magazines, paper presented at seminars pertaining solid
waste management, published and unpublished materials.

1.6.4. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

Observations, oral interview, questionnaires, review of relevant documents

and publications will be used in the course of the research.

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1.6.5. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The method adopted for the collection of primary data was through the use of
questionnaire and interviews addressed to the respondents. While
administering questionnaires, an effective systematic technique was
employed; this method was adopted in order to cover a wider selection of the
study area.

1.6.6. DATA ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT

Based on the field observations and the informations obtained from oral
interviews and administration of a well-structured questionnaire, the
statistical tools to be used in the analysis of such data are pie chart, bar chart,
tables etc.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. CONCEPT OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION

Wastes generation and disposal has been an emerging global issue for the
past three decades, (Chapple and Harris 1995). According to these authors
this emerging global issue or concern is due to constant awareness on the
potential risk of wastes to human health, the environment combined with the
sustainable concern on a global scale. They believe that developed countries
concern have been fueled by the growth rate of waste generation, a rate
coupled with economic growth, and combined with a high level of reliance
on limited landfill spaces.

But Aderamo, Jimoh and Ifabiyi (2000) are of the views that solid
wastes problems are most common in urban areas of the underdeveloped
nations of the world. According to Mishra and Kayastha (1998), it is not a
serious problem in a rural agriculture economy when compared to areas with
low population densities, and the percentage composition of biodegradable in
their wastes are very high which makes it possible for the natural system to
absorb them. A study conducted in Jimma town in Ethopia confirms this,
seventy nine percent found were organic in nature (Faris 1993).They arise
primarily from the preparations of food for human consumption (World
Health Organization 1971).

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 Aderamo (2000) tied the problems of solid wastes in cities of
developing world to poor management. He stressed that the world ratio of
urban to rural population was one to seven as at 1995 and this over
population led to over pressure on urban services as it become acute due to
inefficient management systems in the developing world. He lamented that
the method of solid wastes management is not defined.

Sanio (1998) stated that in developing countries, less than 10% of the
urban wastes are treated and only small portions of the treated wastes meet
acceptable standards. He predicted that by 2025 about 70% of the world‟s
population will be urban and by this time urban wastes will be more than
quadrupled, stressing the need for proper solid wastes management. More so,
United Centre for Settlement (UNCS) (1994) attributed the solid wastes
management, estimating that 80% of the cities of developing countries do not
possess adequate and meaningful refuse management systems.

However, Newson (1992) and Okpanachi (2000) both argued that

problems of solid wastes is not management, because despite the initiation of
reduction and recycling measures, the volume of solid wastes are still
increasing in most countries of the world. Henry and Gany (1989) also
blamed solid wastes increase on urbanization and industrialization.
Industrialization to them has a created in-expensive labor saving products
which in turn create a “throw away” society, new products in abundance.
Growing use of products like cans, bottles, polyethene among others, affect
waste management and of course the higher the level of economic
development; the greater the proportion of non-biodegradable materials.

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International Union for conservation of Nature and natural Resources (1992)
put it thus:

“Consumption pattern changes in accordance with increased level of

economic development, the composition of generated solid waste also
changes, the organic content in wastes decline and non-biodegradable like
plastics and glass content increase”. Ahmed (1988) supported this view,
saying that when consumption tend to be elastic, people create refuse from all
sort of materials. Ayeni (1978) Sada and Ademerho (1988) states that
emergence of urbanization is responsible for rapid wastes accumulation. For
instance, as cities swelled with new industries and workers, the waste
disposal becomes severe (Okpanachi, 2002).

Moranet-al (1980), identified Chicago as an example when he found that

Chicago‟s population rose from 5000 in 1940 to 1,000,000 in 1990, the
merger sanitation efforts they made could not keep the city streets clean, as it
become blocked with trash, such that it impede traffic and pedestrian flow.
Tchobomaglouset-al (1997) put it that solid waste products arise from our
ways of life.

Furthermore, in Nigeria recent upsurge in waste generation and

haphazard dumping due to increase in population. Killer (1992) observed that
the major challenging environmental problems confronting our centres in
Nigeria today is the sharp increase in the quantity variety of solid wastes
generated. The massive quantity of municipal, commercial waste generated
and inefficient wastes management strategies call for a serious concern
(UNEP 2001). Inefficient wastes management as observed by the United
Nations is the major causes of the continued deterioration of the global
environment.

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 More so, Mishra and Kayastha (1998) declared that geographical
location, climate, economic factors, social and religious customs generally
influences the rate of solid wastes generation. They went further to say that
there is shortage of research activities in the estimation of wastes generation
rates for different municipalities having varied characteristics like size,
population, location, settlement patterns, and socio-economic composition
among others.

It is most likely that increase in population, urbanization and

industrialization contribute to solid wastes problems. But to say that wastes
are the problems of developing countries only is to make an over statement
because of the wealthier countries with their good management are exporting
their waste problems to less developing countries through international trade.

2.2. CONCEPT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Throwing wastes outside the house is a general behavior even in urban areas.
Mishra and Kayastha (1998), but as environmental awareness to the general
public increases due to various reasons such as advancement in
environmental science and technology, and increase in pollution related
health problems. It has become apparent that solid wastes has significant
environmental impacts. Its huge volume is frightening; hence the concept of
solid wastes management emerged.

Solid wastes management as a concept is not easily defined by

different authors and scholars as each of them defined it based on their
background, area of specialization and knowledge. According to Aderamo
(2000), solid waste management is a process of organizing material and
human resources for the purpose of achieving set goals; it involves planning,
control and co-ordination of activities within and outside an organization.

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Whereas Unite Nations, simply stated that solid wastes management mean
handling process of solid waste materials from generation at source to
disposal. National waste management strategy Action Plan, South Africa
(1999) agreed with this definition but stressed that the entire wastes cycle
from inception to grave must cover the prevention, generation, collection,
transportation, treatment and final disposal. However, Okpanachi (2002)
clearly stated in his work that the objectives of wastes management are to
control collection process, utilize and dispose-off wastes in a most
economized way consistent with the protection of public health and in
accordance with the wishes of those served by the system.

Therefore, Nest (1991) observed that the nature of most Nigerian cities
is the cause of ineffective management of wastes generated. A typical
Nigerian city is made up of traditional inner core and modern sectors, very
often no form of refuse disposal service is provided for the traditional core
areas because of lack of easy access to these areas. It also content that the
current ineffective management is due to inadequate financial resources
available to the Authorities. It was also noted by Kigha (1984) who stated
that one of the most easily identified problems is lack of fund to perform their
duties.

Furthermore, Okpala (1983) in his comparative analysis of the

Environment of Nigeria Development suggested that:-

An autonomous single purpose waste management agency for each city to

undertake overall management, development and disposal of waste generated
within its jurisdiction be created. This will take the form of refuse disposal
board.

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 Making waste management a department in the local government to run the
affairs of wastes management and disposal, according to him the health
department of the local government had historically the experience and frame
work of handling part of this problem through the old system of sanitary
inspection.

Some wastes management seems to lack a clear and wide accepted

definition. For instance, final disposal is not well defined in that; dumpsites
are designed for 50-100 years. So what shall become of waste after the
expiring life span of dump site? This calls for wisdom. The source/
generation are also defined. It is from primary produce, secondary, tertiary or
final consumer? What of climate, among others? In as much as there are
many definition of solid waste management likewise is management
practices or techniques in handling solid wastes. It could be landfilling,
incineration, composting, and resource recovery like recycling among others.

Also George Techoglas (1983) stated that, reductions in the quantities

of wastes generated occurred when the public are willing to change their own
habits and lifestyle to conserve natural resources and to reduce the economic
burdens associated with the management of wastes generated.

2.3. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

In the past, people collect wastes from settlement using primitive tools such
as buffalo ribs to lift wastes and shoulder basket to carry (Mishra and
Kyastha 1998). According to these authors, these collected wastes were
dumped nearby river banks or open field. In those days the volume of water
and the flow of rivers could absorb the dump wastes which were small in
quantity and organic in nature. Now these traditional methods could no
longer manage the growing volume of wastes due to population increase and
changing complexity of waste.
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 The literature reviewed in this study relate to this studies on
organization and disposal of wastes generated. A study by the Nigerian
Institution for Social and Economic Research (1991) on the methods of
refuse collection and disposal in Nigeria shows that 23% of the sample urban
residents reported that the government was responsible for the collection,
while 57.7% dispose their waste at public dumps. Presently the choice could
be landfilling, incinerating and composting or resource recovery like
recycling, also feeding of swine and open dumps. These techniques are
explained below:

2.3.1. LANDFILLING

Sanitary landfill typically involves collection and transportation of solid

wastes to landfill site. In a modern landfill, refuse is spread in thin layers
each of which is compacted by a bulldozer before the next is spread. Where
about 3m (10ft) of refuse has been laid down, is covered by a thin layer of
clean earth, which is also compacted. Land filling according to Chapple and
Harris (1995) has relatively higher environmental cost because about 25% of
methane gas is emitted from landfill, and this pollutes ground water.

On the other hand, landfilling is also known as cut and cover process,
this is a relatively new method and it is at present one of the most acceptable
ways of disposing off waste. The method is only utilized for about 13% of
the nation‟s solid waste. However, this operation may take place in
depression, such as canyons, ravines or old quarries, or may even be carried
out on a flat area often along with and estuaries waste materials in dumped,
compacted each day in layers or cells covered with a layer of soil. The ratio
of compacted refuse to soil is usually about 4:1. The soil covering serves to
eliminate odors, unsighary appearance and also pest problem that plague
open dump sites.

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 In addition, the refuse is protected by the soil covering from direct
precipitation and consequently surface run-off of polluting substances or
liquid is decreased. Sanitary landfill despite their daily soil coverings may
still be unsanitary and produce water contamination problems if located in
hydrological unsuitable areas. The type of management and operation of
individual landfill site may produce condition ranging from nearly open
dumps, on the other hand to very clean operation. Three method of landfilling
can easily be identified. The first one includes the trench method. This is
done by excavating a piece of land and such wastes are deposited and the soil
from new trench is used to cover the wastes in the trench to a fill up position.
The second method is referred to as ramp approach in which such wastes are
spread out and compacted on a slope suit scraped from the base of the slope
is used to cover the wastes. The third approach is called area all combustible
materials method; in this case wastes are compacted and covered at the end
of each day‟s operation with soil removed by a scraper (U.S.A Public Health
Services 1968).

2.3.2. INCINERATING METHOD

In incinerating, refuses are burned on moving grates in refractory-lined

chamber combustible gases and the solid; they are carried and burned in
secondary chambers.

Incinerators has useful advantages, according to Rand et-al (2000), it is

an efficient way to reduce the wastes volume and demand for landfill spaces,
and it is easy for incineration plants to be located close to the centre of
gravity or wastes generation, thus reducing the cost of wastes transportation.

More so, the use of incinerators as for environmentally appropriate

construction provide a low cost aggregate and hence reduces the need for
further landfill capacity, the authors further stated.
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 Furthermore, all wastes disposal alternatives eventually decompose
organic materials into simpler carbon molecules such as CO2 (carbon dioxide)
and CH4 (methane) and the balance between these two gases and time frame
for reaction varies by alternative. But Rand et-al (2000) is of the opinion that
incineration provide the best way to eliminate methane gas emissions from
wastes management process; energy can also be recovered through
incineration which can provide a substitute for fossil combustion. This can go
a long way to reduce greenhouse gas emission.

In another words, incineration is the process of reduction or reducing

combustible wastes to inert residues by burning at high temperature and
pressure of about, 7000f to 1,8000f, to prevent smoke and other unwanted
materials which result from incomplete combustion. All combustible
materials are consumed leaving a residue of ash and other non-combustible
materials. Also combustion of wastes materials is an attractive solution in
urban areas where there is shortage of open dump sites or landfills. About
eight percent of solid wastes collections in the United States are disposed-off
in this way. Even with all aforementioned advantages, incineration still has
disadvantages. According to United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP
2002); it can only be valuable in the case of very large or low lying cities
with limited landfill and where environmental control are strictly applied, as
a result of its process being capital intensive and the required skilled man
power for operation and maintenance United Nations Environmental
Program (UNEP) (2004).

This method base on United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP 2000)

report is difficult in developing counties due to high moisture and low energy
content of their solid wastes couple with technical infrastructure required to
maintain incineration facilities, including their pollution control equipment‟s,
Citric Buenos Aires, Mexico City, New Delhi were identified by United
18
 Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) who had to shut down their
incinerators due to high cost.

Rand et-al (2000) is of the view that, municipal solid wastes

incineration plant is only a good choice, only when other simpler and less
expensive choices are not available due to lack of suitable sites or long
distances, which result in high cost.

2.3.3 COMPOSTING

Composting operation of solid wastes include preparing refuse and degrading

organic matter by aerobic micro-organisms. Refuse is presorted to remove
materials that might have salvage value or cannot be composted and is
ground to improve the efficiency of the decomposition process. The refuse is
placed in log piles on the ground or deposited in mechanical system where it
is degraded biologically to humus with a total nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium content of one of the three percent curing blending with bagging
and marketing.

Composting according to UNEP (2004) could be used for soil

conditioning, and as fertilizers. Of course, as growth medium it has
significant environmental benefits. UNEP further asserts that it also helps to
return nutrients to the soil and thus permitting the reduction of artificial
fertilizer. Its daily covers usages at landfill helps replaces other materials that
would otherwise be used for that purpose.

However, there are also negative impacts on the environment

associated with making and using compost. These impacts according to
UNEP (2004) depend both on technical approaches used and the wastes
composition for the input streams, for instance mix-municipal solid waste
and sewage sludge if use as compost may pose greater risk to human due to

19
 their high levels of heavy metal contents which has the tendency of being
conveyed to soil during leaching. Note that, the qualities of crops depend on
what it takes from the soil.

UNEP further stated that gases replaced from improperly maintained

compost pile have negative effects during composting process, for instance
when piles are not properly dumped, colonies of anaerobic bacteria flourish
and produce methane gas, the decomposition process also release of carbon
dioxide contribute composition facilities to the problems of greenhouse in the
atmosphere. More so, poorly operated composition causes unpleasant odors,
while other air emissions are generated by combustion engines use to power
windrow turning machines and grinders.

Consequently, leachate production is also common. According to

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) leachate from water run-off
and condensation at compost facilities occasionally contain level of
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and phenols (a byproduct of the
decomposition of lignin in leaves) that may exceeds acceptable discharge
limits. Concentration of BOD in run-off surface water is a bigger problem, as
this can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen available for aquatic life in
lakes and streams UNEP (2004).

2.3.4 RECYCLING

According to energy kid‟s page report, recycling means to use something

again, for instance newspapers can be used to make new ones. In another
words, recycling involves the basic steps of separating and processing of
recycling wastes materials from little the wastes stream and returning the
reprocessed items to the market. It always takes less energy to make products
from recycled materials, hence it save energy and landfill spaces because
fewer wastes are landfilled.
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Recycling also reduces the cost of disposal and save natural resources (e.g.
recycling of paper saves trees and water).Recycling prevent the emission of
many greenhouse and water pollutants; for instance in 1996, thirty million
tons of carbon are prevented from being released into the air in the United
States and valuable materials were supplied to industries to create job and
stimulate the development of greener technologies (Unites States
Environment Protection Agency Report).

However, recycling is becoming an increasingly important alternative

to land disposal that can serve to reduce the amount of wastes accumulation
and at the same time to allow re-use of materials and reduce the drain of our
depleted natural resources. Although recycling sounds great, according to
Energy Kids Page Reports, it also cost money, uses energy too, because
recyclable have to be collected, sorted, shipped to manufacturing plants and
then put into new products. Another issue is that of peoples unwillingness
and readiness to buy recyclables and items made from them, because few
years ago when there was a glut of newspaper, communities on the North
East Coast in U.S.A collected them for recycling but nobody bought it from
them (Energy Kids Page Report).

Therefore, as a result of the associated problems with different

techniques, UNEP and World Metrological Agency (WMD) (2004)
suggested that, in wastes management choice related impacts should be
considered, and the structure and function of the existing wastes management
systems in developing countries should vary different from others in
developed countries. They went further to say that if these differences are not
recognized and addressed, and attempt to emulate developed countries model
can fail. Holmes(1982) also emphasize that wastes management method in
developing countries must take into account, the dissimilar of patterns of
living compare with those operating in more advance countries.
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2.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS

Literature has revealed that numerous governments have designed laws and
regulations to protect the environment from hazardous wastes, and also to
check-mate the irrational attitude/ activities of man towards the environment.
This involves setting up of professional high level agency like Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), and Ministry of Environment in
Nigeria, The Environmental protection Commission in China (World Bank
1992).The Federal Government of Nigeria in trying to see a way forward in
wastes management, setup FEPA in 1988 as a National Authority of the
environment in 1999, a new Federal Ministry of Environment was
established and FEPA re-organized. FEPA was charged with the
responsibility of taking care of solid wastes. The national Council on the
Environment (NCE co-ordinates and facilitates the FEPA in all states of the
federation).

Therefore, FEPA was established with the following objectives:

- To establish adequate environmental standards, monitor and evaluate

changes in the environment.
- To publish and disseminate relevant environmental data including annual
state report etc.
- And to require prior environmental assessment of proposed activities
which may affect the environment or use natural resources, (japan
International Co-operative Agency JICA, 1999).

Apart from these, the last Saturday of every month during the military regime
was designated as National Environmental Sanitary Day. All urban residents
clean up their homes and surroundings from 7:00am to 8:00am.

22
The government of His Excellency, President Olusegun Obasanjo, during his
first civilian administration in office had abrogated such laws due to
economic reasons. In spite of all these Ajibade (2000) is of the view that
formulating laws or regulations is not enough and that no measures can work
effectively without carrying the people concern along. To him people must be
aware of the possible consequences of their actions, respect to their
interaction with the environment. They must also be informed of all
legislations guiding against the destruction of the environment. He therefore
said that the magnitude of the existing environmental problem depend on
individuals level of environmental awareness and perception. For instance the
content of various laws are not understood by the public because of legal
terminologies involved.

Further, during the period of National Environmental Sanitation,

collected wastes were put into the nearest available public spaces in the,
roads, parks, between houses, in front of public building, and the result was
growing heaps of solid waste everywhere in the city. This was due to
insufficient equipment‟s, personnel and limited number of landfill sites. For
example, Lagos State Waste Development Authority had total staff strength
of 2,335, equipment 260, and 8 landfill site of 11,080m2 in 1991. In Benin
25 vehicles collected waste in 1984, In Ilorin 28 vehicles collected waste in
1985, while in Porthacourt only 1 vehicle operated during 1985 (JICA 1999).
So Ajibade (2000) is of the view that people are not to be blamed, but
suggested that government should back training with provision of essential
public facilities.

Jimoh (2000) is of the opinion that government is not performing their

duties as expected, that her fiscal policy is skewed against environmental
management, as revenue allocation is only one percent out of the total federal
collected revenue for addressing the national environmental problems.
23
Jaghi and Zihao (1999) believe that lack of interest toward environmental
issues is because of the perception that they will give rise to liabilities and
pollution cost control. More so, most States contract out collection and
disposal of waste either because of political reasons or lack of personnel
(199). The contractor mess-up and he government would not take any action
because of the relationship between them.

However, the intended research work would help update the existing
knowledge about solid waste generation. The rate of generation, source,
management techniques, and all these would eventually help improve the
sanitary condition of the polluted urban environment among other benefits.
Lessons learned from the reviewed literature will serve as guides in making
recommendation for environmental management in this study.

24
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data obtained from
the field. The discussion or interpretation of figures will be done in this
chapter; whereas pie chart, tables and will be used in the analysis of such
data‟s.

3.1. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

TABLE 3.1 GENDERS

GENDER NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE %

Male 14 70%
Female 6 30%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 14 of the respondents are males and they occupy
70%, while 6 of the remaining respondents are females and they occupy 30%.

25
 TABLE 3.2 AGE RANGE

AGE RANGE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

Below 20 years 3 15%
21-35years 14 7%
36-50 years 3 15%
50 and above 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 3 of the respondents are below 20 years and they
occupy 15%, 14 respondents are between 21-35 years and they occupy 70%,
another 3 respondents between the age of 36-50 occupy 15% and lastly
respondents above 50 years occupy 0%.

TABLE 3.3 MARITAL STATUSES

MARITAL STATUS NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE%

RESPONDENTS
Single 9 45%
Married 11 55%
Widowed 0 0%
Divorced 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 9 of the respondents are single and they occupy
45%, while11 of the respondents are married men and women with 55%.

26
 TABLE 3.4 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDS

EDUCATIONAL NIMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

BACKGROUND
Informal 1 5%
SSCE 3 15%
ND/NCE 12 60%
HND 4 20%
Others 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 1of the respondents occupy 5%, 3 respondents
occupy 15%, 12 respondents occupy 60% and 4 other respondents occupy
20%.

TABLE 3.5 OCCUPATIONAL STATUSES

OCCUPATION NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

Farmers 1 5%
Civil servant 6 30%
Business 8 40%
Others 5 25%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed the occupational status of the respondents and it shows
that only 1 respondents is a farmer with 5%, 6 are civil servants with 30%, 8
are business men and women with 40% and others 5 with 25%.

27
 TABLE 3.6 MONTHLY INCOME

INCOME NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

Less than 10,000 8 40
10,000-20,000 4 20
20,000-40,000 5 25
40,000 and above 3 15
TOTAL 20% 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed 8 respondents earn less than N 10,000 with 40%, 4
respondents with 20%, 5 respondents with 25% and 3 other respondents with
15%.

TABLE 3.7 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

SOURCES NUMBER OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE%

Domestic 12 60
Commercial 7 35
Industrial 0 0
Others 1 5
TOTAL 20% 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 12 respondents occupy 60%, 7 occupy 35%, 1

respondent occupy 5%.

28
 TABLE 3.8. WASTES GENERATED IN DOMESTIC AREA (HOUSE
HOLD)

WASTES TYPE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

Vegetable waste 12 40%
Plastic 7 35%
Metal 4 20%
Others 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The information above revealed 9 of the respondents occupy 45%, 7 occupy

35% and 4 other respondents occupy 20%.

TABLE 3.9. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

WASTES TYPE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE%

Polythene 10 25%
Leaves 6 30%
Left-over food 3 45%
Others 1 5%
TOTAL 20% 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The information above revealed 10 of the respondents occupy 50%, 6 occupy

30%, 3 respondents occupy 15% and 1other respondent occupy 5%.

29
TABLE 3.10. SYSTEM OF WASTE COLLECTION

SYSTEM OF NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE%

COLLECTION RESPONDENTS
Refuse bin 5 25%
Burning 6 30%
Open dump 9 45%
Others 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 5 respondents use refuse bin with 25%, 6
respondents use burning with 30% and 9 0ther respondents use open dump
system with 45%.

FIGURE 3.11. WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD

DISPOSAL NUMBER OF PERCENTAGES%

METHOD RESPONDENTS
Incineration 2 10%
Open dump 9 45%
Burning 9 45%
Others 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed the respondents that use incinerator are 2 in number,
those that use open dump system and burning all sits at 9.

30
 FIGURE 3.1 RATE OF
WASTE DISPOSAL

Daily
Monthly
Weekly
Others

SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that respondents that occupy 2340 dispose-off their
wastes daily, those with 540 disposed-off wastes monthly; whereas those that
disposed-off their wastes weekly and others all sits at 360.

TABLE 3.12. DO YOU HAVE SOLID WASTE IN YOUR AREA?

STATUS NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES%

Yes 17 85%
No 3 3%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 17 respondents said they have much solid wastes
accumulated in their area with 85%, while on the other hand 15% of the
respondents sit at 3 respondents.

31
 FIGURE 3.3 THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE COLLECTION OF COLLECTION AND
DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Government
Individuals
Private organisation
Others

SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey that respondents that said government is responsible for the
collection and disposal sit at 1800, individual households 1620 and private
organization 180.

TABLE 3.13. BEST WAY OF MANAGING SOLID WASTE IN YOUR

AREA

WAYS OF NUMBER OF PERCENTGES%

MANAGEMENT RESPONDENTS
Provision of disposal 9 45%
point
Burning 0 0%
Weekly collection by 4 20%
agency
Recycling 7 35%
Others 0 0%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

32
 The survey revealed that provision of refuse disposal point is the best way
with 9 respondents at 45%, recycling with 7 respondents at 35% and weekly
collection by agencies with 4 respondents at 20%.

TABLES 3.14 ARE THERE MEASURES TAKEN BY AUTHORITIES

RESPONSES NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES%

Yes 10 50%
No 10 50%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The table above shows that both responses equal‟s each other with those that
said Yes with 10 respondents at 50%, while those that said No sits at 50%
with 10 respondents respectively.

FIGURE 3.4 ARE YOU AWARE OF THE

HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
INDISCRIMINATE DISPOSAL OF WASTE
IN YOU ARE

Yes
No

SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The table above shows that respondents that are aware of hazards associated
with indiscriminate disposal of waste sits at 2880 while those that are not
aware occupy 720.

33
 TABLES 3.15 ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH THOSE MEASURES

RESPONSES NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES%

Yes 8 40%
No 12 60%
TOTAL 20 100%
SOURCE: Field survey, 2015

The survey revealed that 8 respondents are satisfied with the measures taken
by authorities and they occupy 40%, while respondents not satisfied with the
measures are 12 in number with 60%.

3.2. FIELD OBSERVATION

The following observations were made while in the field.

1. Residence disposes of wastes in drainages leading to its partial or complete
blockage.

2. There are no wastes collection centers provided in the study before final
disposal –open dumping system / burning is rampant

3. Most of the residence use open dump and burning as a method of wastes
disposal.

34
3.3. RESPONSES FROM INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED WHILE IN THE
FIELD

The following are the responses received from those interviewed.

1. Respondent “A‟‟ said there are no measures taken by either government,

individuals and private organizations aimed at managing solid wastes in the
study area.
2. Respondent “B‟‟ also said that recycling method should be given an upper
hand in the management of wastes as this will provide employment to some
residence in the area
3. Respondent “C‟‟ is of the opinion that safe burning should be adopted
because recycling will not be sustained for a long time.
4. Respondent “D‟‟ is also of the opinion that environmental laws concerning
waste management should be reshaped.
5. Finally the last respondent should provide place such as open dump areas
where waste will be properly taken care of.
3.4. LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM CAUSED BY SOLID
WASTE

In the course of the research a visit was paid by the researcher to some
selected streets to observe some local environmental by indiscriminate
disposal of solid waste. Base on observation, some open lands were taken
over by refuse dump; as this pollutes the air within the local environment.
This is intensified by the heavy use of plastic bags and table water sachet
(locally called pure water).

35
 The plastic bags are used to dump domestic and commercial solid waste and
are responsible for the slow process of decomposition because they are non-
decomposing in nature. In most cases, the plastic bags and table water sachet
blocked storm water drainage flow causing flooding. Stagnant water serves
as a breeding ground for mosquitos which causes malaria. Note that the
possibility of bacteria in this stagnant water may easily get into broken
municipal water supply pipe and these may be the source of cholera, diarrhea
and other water borne diseases in the area, which is not environmentally
friendly.

Beside these, plastic materials are also carried by air and water as well
as scavengers and are littered here and there. Considering these, it therefore
means solid wastes management is the growing issue in the context of urban
environmental degradation; the aesthetics of the physical environment is no
more there as a result of the of rampant disposal of solid waste; thereby
making it unfit for human habitation.

3.5. THE ROLE OF ADAMAWA STATE GOVERNMENT IN SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management means handling the process of solid waste materials
from generation at source to its disposal in a most economized way consistent
with the protection of public health and environment, and in accordance with
the wishes of those served by the system.

Solid waste management is the top priority of many government of the

world due to its associated problems. In the 1999 constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria, under the fourth schedule, section 7, 1 (h), the
provisions and maintenance of public conveniences, sewages and refuse
disposal is the main responsibility of Yola North Local Government Council.

36
To enable each municipality carry out her constitutional obligation in wastes
management, the Adamawa State Government had enacted some laws while
old ones are repeated. Some of these laws are the Adamawa State Edict No 6
of 1998, which led to the establishment of Adamawa State Ministry of
Environment. The above Edict charge the ministry with the responsibility of
establishing environmental criteria, guidelines, specification of standards for
protection of water, air and land. In the policy guideline of Edict No 6 of
1998 part (iii), No 8 (2) g, the agency is to monitor the treatment and disposal
of domestic and industrial wastes. In part (vi) it is responsible for regulating
and prescribing standards on wastes disposal, safe and efficient collection,
treatment and disposal of wastes, the type of container to be used for storing
refuse and dump sites from where refuse can be collected.

Furthermore, to make sure that wastes management process is

enhanced, Edict No 7 was enacted in the same year and was titled “Adamawa
State Environmental Protection Edict” this contained a detail policy
implementation guideline on waste management. In part (v) No 16 (4) of
Edict No 7 the respective municipal government is to organize the handling
and disposal of wastes generally, and to ensure that the policy of the “pollute
pay policy” is implemented in each respected localities. The same Edict No 7
(g) prescribes the fine of five hundred naira (N 500.00) or one month
imprisonment to any offender. The above measures taken by government are
encouraging.

Consequently, the State as a whole does not have a well-designed

dumpsite. Data concerning waste generation and composition is lacking. It
seems government attitude towards waste management is one sided (i.e.
favored regulation formulation) because the survey revealed that house hold
in the study areas do not possess standard wastes collection centre, they
either use plastic containers, baskets, and dump or burned their refuse daily.
37
 All these show insincerity and seriousness on the part of government in
managing the growing rate of wastes problems. This agreed with United
Nations Centre for Settlement (UNCS 1994) report estimating that 80% of
the cities of developing countries do not possess an adequate and meaningful
refuse management system; therefore the problem of solid waste in Jimeta is
improper management.

38
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SUMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

4.1. SUMMARY

In this research, an attempt was made to analyze the solid wastes situation in
Yola North, in terms of the type of solid wastes generated, its sources, rate of
generation and disposal in connection with the socio-economic status of the
respondents as well as the role of Adamawa State Government in solid waste
management at both Local and State levels were assessed. The study adopted
some statistical tools such as pie chart, bar chart and tables in the
interpretation and analysis of data obtained from the field.

Therefore, solid wastes management seems to be the top priorities of

every government, but Adamawa State Government both at State and Local
levels had done little in terms of solid wastes management. The poor
management of solid wastes that includes collection, transportation and
disposal has negative effects on the environment. The problems are
intensified by heavy use of plastic shopping, wrappers for sweet testing foods
as they are easily carried by air and water; they also block drainages and are
seen here and there.

39
4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on findings from the research conducted, the following planning

recommendations are proffered:

1. Local environmental factors like the nature of wastes itself, access to wastes
collection point, attitude to wastes, climate, living pattern etc. should be
considered.
2. There should be planning rules and regulations guiding waste disposal by
trekkers and commuters. These should be followed up with strict
implementation and effective supervision system, which include sanctions.
3. Waste management board at state level should be set up with members drawn
from different disciplines and from state, local government as well as the
private sectors.
4. There should be wastes management committee in the legislative house,
which will monitor the revenue allocation for wastes management as well as
making sure that government budget, is not skewed against management.
5. Individuals in the community should not leave solid wastes management to
government alone, but see it as a collective responsibility in making the
environment clean, safe and healthy environment for living. This is possible
by organizing weekly and monthly sanitation.
6. Laws concerning waste management should be amended in order to ensure
efficiency.
7. Lastly, government should train personnel and also make available
equipment for efficient management of solid wastes.

40
4.3. CONCLUSION

Conclusively, over reliance on landfill should be discouraged and recycling

plants should be established. It is interesting to find out that lack of public
service can be a big constraint to urban dwellers effort of promoting healthy
environmental cleanliness. It may rather encourage dumping of wastes in
streets, water ways, market areas or any vacant land. In wastes management,
segregation is good and policy without management is bad.

4.4. DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following words or phrases are explained as they will be used in the
course of the study.

1. HOUSE HOLD: This comprises of a person or group of person living

together under the same roof or in the same building/ compound, who
acknowledges one adult male or female as the head.
2. WASTES: Any substance, solid, liquid or gaseous that remains as a residue
or is an incidental by product of the process of a substance on which no use
can be found out of it.
3. SOLID WASTES: These are normally solid or semi-solid materials
resulting from human and animal activities that are useless, unwanted or
hazardous. It includes municipal garbage, industrial, sewage sludge, animal
agriculture waste, demolition waste and mining residues.
4. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES: These are trash or garbage; it consists of
every-day items such as product packaging, furniture, clothing, bottles and
food scraps etc.
5. DOMESTIC SOLID WASTES: These are materials that are no longer
needed by the house hold. It may become raw materials in some places.
Example include paper, plastics, food scraps etc.

41
6. RECYCLABLE SOLID WASTE: These are materials though consider as
useless but could be used to make new products through recycling. It include
items like paper, plastic cans etc.
7. COMPOSTED SOLID WASTE: These are biodegradable materials that
can be converted to humus through the process composting operation
8. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: It includes all the activities that seem
to minimize the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid waste
activities which include collection, transportation, disposal and monitoring
etc.
9. SANITARY LANDFILL: It is a site where solid wastes are placed on or in
the ground at a carefully selected location by means of engineering
techniques that minimizes pollution of air, water, and soil and other risk to
man and animals. Aesthetic considerations are also taking into account.
10. COMPOSTING: Decompose of organic waste such as food scraps and yard
trimming with micro-organism (mainly fungi and bacterial producing humus-
like substance).
11. RECYCLING: Means to use something again. News- paper can be used to
make news-paper, also aluminium can be used to make aluminium cans
recycling makes use of materials that otherwise would become waste by
turning them into valuable resources. Recycling helps reduce greenhouse gas
emission.
12. INCINERATING: Burning of waste under controlled condition to minimize
pollution.

42
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