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Beta Gamma Function and Applications of Definite Integral
Beta Gamma Function and Applications of Definite Integral
Gamma function.
∞
The integral ∫
0
x n-1e − x dx defined for n>0 is called gamma function and is
∞
denoted by n . i.e.: n = ∫0 x n-1e− x dx .
Beta function.
1
The integral ∫
0
x m-1 (1 − x) n −1 dx defined for m>0, n>0 is called beta
1∞
function and is denoted by β (m,n) . i.e.: =
β (m,n) ∫0
x m-1 (1 − x) n −1 dx .
(1) 1 = 1
1
(2) = π
2
(3) n + 1= n n= n
mn
(5) β (m, n) =
m+n
x
(6) m=
1− m , (0 < m < 1)
sin mx
m +1 n +1 m +1 n +1
1
π 1
∫
(7) 2 =
sin m
θ cos n θ dθ = 2 2 2 2
0 2 m +1 n +1 m+n+2
+ 2
2 2 2
m +1
1
π
1
π π
∫=
sin θ dθ ∫ =
(8) 2 cos θ dθ
m 2 m 2
0 0 2 m+2
2
Proof (1):
1 =1
From Gamma-Beta function we know,
α
n = ∫ e − x x n −1 dx ; n > 0
0
α
1
e dx = −[e ] = − x = −[0 − 1] = 1
α −x α
Now putting n = 1 we get, 1 = ∫
−x
e 0
0 0
Proof (2):
We know,
m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
∫ 0
2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx =
m+n+2
2
2
put , m = q = 0 then,
1 1
π
.
2 2
∫ 0
2 dθ =
21
2
1 1
.
π
2 2
⇒ [θ ]02 =
21
2
1
⇒ π = .
2
1
∴ = π (Pr oved .)
2
Proof (3):
n + 1 = n!
From Gamma-Beta function we know,
α
n = ∫ e − x x n −1 dx ; n > 0 Now putting n = 1 we get,
0
α
∴ n + 1 = ∫ e − x x n+1−1dx
0
[ ] α α
= x n (−e − x ) 0 − n ∫ x n−1 (−e − x )dx
0
α
= 0 + n ∫ x e dx = 0 + n n
n −1 − x
0
∴ n + 1 = n n ...............(1)
Now, replacing ‘n’ by n − 1, n − 2, n − 3,................in (1)
n = n − 1(n − 1)
n − 1 = (n − 2)( n − 2 )
n − 2 = (n − 3)( n − 3 )
i.e, n − 1 = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)..........3.2.1 = n!
∴ n + 1 = n! (Proved.)
Proof (4):
1
β (m, n) = ∫ x m−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx
0
But, we know,
a a
∫0
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
1 1
∴∫ x m −1
{1 − (1 − x)}n −1 dx = ∫ x m−1 (1 − x) n −1 dx
0 0
= β (n, m)
∴ β (m, n) = β (n, m) (Pr oved .)
Proof (5):
We know that,
α
n = ∫ e − xy x n y n −1dy.................(1)
0
α
or , n = ∫ e − x x n −1dy.................(2)
0
n α
⇒ n
= ∫ e − xy y n −1dy
x 0
α n+m
∴ ∫ e −(1+ y ) x x ( n + m )−1dx =
0 (1 + y ) n + m
α α y n −1
∴ n ∫ e − x x m−1dx = ∫ m + n dy
0 0 (1 + y ) n + m
α α y n −1
⇒ n . m ∫ e − x x m−1dx = m + n ∫ dy = m + n .β (m.n)
0 0 (1 + y ) n + m
n. m
β (m, n) = (Pr oved .)
m+n
Proof (7):
m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
Prove that ∫
0
2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx =
m+n+2
2
2
let,
π
I = ∫ 2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx
0
π
= ∫ 2 Sin m−1 x.Cos n −1 x.Sinx.Cosx dx
0
π m −1 n −1
= ∫ 2 ( Sin 2 x) 2
.(Cos 2 x) 2
.Sinx.Cosx dx
0
Sin 2 x = z∴ 2SinxCosdsx = dz
Again, Let, dz
∴ SinxCosdx =
2
when, x = 0, then. z = 0
π
and , when, x = then, z = 1
2
Now we get,
m −1 n −1
1
=∫ z 2
.(1 − z ) 2
.dz
0
1 1
1 1 ( m+1) −1 ( n +1) −1
= ∫ z2 .(1 − z ) 2 .dz
2 0
1 m +1 n +1
= β( , )
2 2 2
m +1 n +1
.
1 2 2
= .
2 m +1 n +1
+
2 2
m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
∴ ∫ 2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx = (Pr oved .)
0
m+n+2
2
2
m. n
Since, β (m, n) =
2 m + n
Proof (08):
put , x = sin 2 θ
dx = 2 SinθCosθdθ
when, θ = 0, then. x = 0
π
and , when, θ = , then, x = 1
2
dx
= sin θCosθdθ
2
dx
∴ sin θdθ =
2 1− x
m −1 m −1
1 1 dx
π
( Sin θ )
2 2
Sinθdθ = ∫ x 2
∴∫ 2
2 0 1− x
0
m −1 1
1 1 −1 −1
= ∫ x 2 (1 − x) 2 dx
2 0
1 m +1 1
= β ,
2 2 2
m +1 1
.
2 2
=
m +1 1
2 +
2 2
m +1
.
π 2
= . (Pr oved .)
2 m+2
2
Question-01:
π m. n
Prove that, ∫ 0
2 ( Sinθ ) 2 m−1 .(Cosθ ) 2 n −1 dθ =
2 m+n
Question-02:
p +1 q +1
π
.
2 2
Prove that, ∫ 0
2 Sin p x.Cos q xdx =
p+q+2
2
2
Solution: Try your self.
π
Question-03: Evaluate ∫ 0
2 Cos 7θdθ by G.B. function
Solution:
π
= ∫ 2 Sin 0θ .Cos 7 dθ
0
0 +1 7 +1
.
2 2
=
0+7+2
2
2
1
.4
2
=
9
2
2
1 1
. 3 +1 .4
2 2
= =
9 7 7
2 2. .
2 2 2
1
.3.2.1
2
=
7 5 3 1 1
2. . . . .
2 2 2 2 2
16
=
35
π
16
∴ ∫ 2 Cos 7 dθ = (Ans.)
0 35
π
Question-04: Evaluate ∫
0
2 Sin 9 xdx by G.B. function.
Solution:
π
= ∫ 2 Sin 9θ .Cos 0 dθ
0
9 +1 0 +1
.
2 2
=
9+0+2
2
2
1
5.
2
=
11
2
2
1 1
. 4 +1 .4!
2 2
= =
11 9 7 5 3 1
2 2. . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
.4.3.2.1
2
=
9 7 5 3 1 1
2. . . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
124
=
315
π
124
∴ ∫ 2 Sin 9 xdx = ( Ans.)
0 315
1 dx
Question-05: Evaluate ∫
0 1
by G.B. function.
(1 − x )
6 6
Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫ 1
0
(1 − x )
6 6
1
put , x = sin θ ∴ x = Sin θ
6 2 3
2
1 −
∴ dx = Sin 3θ .Cosθ .dθ
3
when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
π
and , when, x = 1 then, z =
2
We get,
2
π −
Sin θ .Cosdθ
3
I = ∫2 1
0
(1 − Sin 2θ ) 6
π 2 2
1 2 −
= ∫
3 0
Sin 3θ .Cos 3θdθ
2 2
− +1 +1
3 . 3
2 2
1
=
6 2 2
− + +2
2 3 3
2
1 5
1 3 3
= .
6 2 2
1 1 5
= .
6 6 6
1 π
= .
6 π
Sin
6
1 π π
= . =
6 1 3
2
1 dx π
∴∫ 1
= (Ans.)
0 3
(1 − x )
6 6
1
1
Question-06: Evaluate ∫
0
x(8 − x 3 ) 3 dx by G.B. function.
Solution:
1
1
Let , I = ∫ x(8 − x 3 ) 3 dx
0
1
putting x = z ∴ x = z
3 3
2
1 −
dx = z 3 dz
3
when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
and , when, x = 1 then, z = 1
We get,
1 1 2
1 1 −
I = ∫ z 3 (8 − z ) 3 . z 3 dz
0 3
1 1
1 1 −
= ∫ z 3 (8 − z ) 3 dz
3 0
5
1
Question-07: Evaluate ∫
0
x 3 (1 − x 2 ) 2 dx by G.B. function.
Solution:
5
1
Let , I = ∫ x (1 − x ) dx 3 2 2
0
5
1 +1−1
=∫ x 3+1−1
(1 − x ) 2 2
dx
0
5
= β (3 + 1, + 1)
2
7
= β (4, )
2
7
4.
2
=
7
4+
2
7
4.
2
=
15
2
7
4.
2
=
7
4+
2
7
4.
2
=
15
2
5 3 1 1
3 + 1. . .
2 2 2 2
=
13 11 9 7 5 3 1 1
. . . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3!.
=
13 11 9 7
. . . .
2 2 2 2
96
( Ans.)
9009
Question-08: Evaluate by G.B. function flowing problem,
π
(i ). ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 6 xdx
0
π
(ii ). ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 2 xdx
0
Solution: (i)
π
∫
0
2
Sin 4 x.Cos 6 xdx
4 +1 6 +1
.
2 2
=
4+6+2
2
2
5 7
.
2 2
=
2 6
5 5
. 1+
2 2
=
2 6
5 5 5
.
2 2 2
=
2 6
3 3 3 3
. .
52 2 2 2
=
4 5!
1 1
. . π π
5 9 2 2
= . .
4 4 5!
5 9 1 π
= . . . ( Ans.)
4 4 4 5!
Solution: (ii)
π
∫ 0
2
Sin 4 x.Cos 2 xdx
4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
=
4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
=
2 4
3 3
. 1+
2 2
=
2 4
3 3 3
.
2 2 2
=
2 4
1 1 1 1
. .
32 2 2 2
=
4 3!
3 1 π π
= . .
4 4 3!
3 1 π
= . . ( Ans.)
4 4 3!
Question-09: Evaluate by G.B. function flowing problem, (H.W.)
π
(i ). ∫ 2 Sin 6 x.Cos 3 xdx
0
π
(iii ). ∫ 2 Sin 3 x.Cos 5 xdx
0
π
1 5 7 3π
Question-10: Prove that, = ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 4 xdx = β( , ) = .
0 2 2 2 512
1 dx
Question-11: Evaluate ∫ (1 − x
0 2
) 1− x2
by G.B. function.
Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫
0
(1 − x ) 1 − x 2
2
put , x = sin θ
∴ dx = Cosθ .dθ
π
when, x = 1, then. θ =
2
and , when, x = 0 then, z = 0
We get
π
Cosθ .dθ
I = ∫2
0
1 + Sin 2θ 1 − Sin 2θ
1
π dθ
= ∫ 2 Cos θ 2
2
0 1 + Sin θ
Cos 2θ
π
Sec 2θdθ
= ∫2
0 Sec 2θ + tan 2 θ
π
Sec 2θdθ
= ∫2
0 1 + 2 tan 2 θ
put , z = 2 tan θ
∴ dz = 2 Sec 2θ .dθ
π
when, θ = , then. z = α
2
and , when, θ = 0 then, z = 0
αdz
∴I = ∫
0 1+ z2
=
1
[ α
tan −1 z 0 ]
2
=
1
[ α
tan −1 α − tan −1 0 0 ]
2
α
1 π
=
2 2 0
1 π
= . ( Ans.)
2 2
1 dx
Question-12: Evaluate ∫ by G.B. function.
0
1− xn
Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫
0
1− xn
2
put , x n = sin 2 θ ∴ x = Sin n θ
2
2 ( −1)
∴ dx = Sin n θ .Cosθ .dθ
n
when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
π
and , when, x = 1 then, z =
2
We get,
2
2 ( −1)
π ( ).Sin
n
θ .Cosθdθ
I =∫ 2 n
0
1 − Sin 2θ
π 2 2
2 −
= ∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 3θdθ
n 0
12 1
− 1 + 1 . (0 + 1)
2 2n 2
=
n 12
2 −1+ 0 + 2
2n
1 1
.
1 n 2
=
n 12
+ 1
2n
1
.π
n
=
1 1
n +
n 2
p +1
π
π
2 by G.B. function
Question-13: Evaluate ∫ 2 Sin pθdθ = .
0 2 p + 2
2
Solution:
put , x = sin 2 θ
dx = 2 SinθCosθdθ
when, θ = 0, then. x = 0
π
and , when, θ = , then, x = 1
2
dx
= sin θCosθdθ
2
dx
∴ sin θdθ =
2 1− x
p −1 p −1
1 1 dx
π
( Sin θ )
2 2
Sinθdθ = ∫ x 2
∴∫ 2
2 0 1− x
0
p −1 1
1 1 2 −1 −1
= ∫
2 0
x (1 − x) 2 dx
1 p +1 1
= β ,
2 2 2
p +1 1 m +1 1
. .
2 2 π 2 2
= = (Pr oved .)
p +1 1 2 m+2
2 +
2 2 2
Error Function
2 x
π ∫
−t 2
Definition: the function erf ( x) = e dt is called error function of ‘x’.
0
2 α
π ∫
erf c ( x) = e −t dt is called the complement error function.
2
2 0
And, erf (0) = ∫ e −t dt = 0
2
π 0
Put , t = −u ∴ dt = −du
when, t = 0, then. u = 0
and , when, t = − x , then, u = x
2 x −u 2
∴ erf (− x) = − ∫ e du π 0
= −erf ( x)
∴ erf ( x) = −erf ( x) (Pr oved .)
Question-02: Prove that, erf ( x) = 1 (H.W.)
AREA
The area bounded by a curve y = f (x) the axis of x and two ordinates x=a, and y=b
b
is given by the definite initial ∫
a
f ( x) dx
The area bounded by a curve x=f(y) the axis of Y and the two axis y=c and y=d is
given by the definite integral.
Cartesian Equations:
x2 y2
• Ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1
a b
• Parabola: y = 4ax
2
• Cissoids: y 2 (a − x) = x 3
• Folium: x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
2 2
• Asteroid: x 3 + y 3 = a 3
• Cycloid: x = a (θ Sinθ ) , y = a (1 Cinθ )
• Cardioids: r = a (1 ± Cosθ )
l
• Conic: = 1 + eCosθ
r
• Three leaved raze: r = aSin3θ
• Four leaved raze: r = aSin 2θ
x2 y2
• Hyperbola: 2 − 2 = 1
a b
x
• Catenary’s: y = e cosh( )
c
• Strophoid: ( x + y ) x = a 2 ( x 2 − y 2 )
2 2
• Lemniscates : ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 ( x 2 − y 2 )
Some properties:
For Cartesian:
b b
If y = f(x) then area A = ∫ y.dx = ∫ f ( x)dx .
a a
b b
If x =f(y) then area A = ∫ x.dy = ∫ f ( y )dy
a a
a a
For Polar Form:
1 β β
r dθ = ∫ { f (θ )} dθ
1 2
If r = f (θ ) then A = ∫
2
α 2 2 α
β1 2 1 β
If θ = f (r ) then A = ∫ θ dr = ∫ { f (r )} dr
2
α 2 2α
12
Area between bounded r1 = f1 (θ ) and r2 = f 2 (θ ) is
1 β 2
A = ∫ (r2 − r1 )dθ
2
2 α
x2 y2
Example-01: Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
Solution:
Here Given that,
x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2
The ellipse is symmetric about both axes,
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
x2
⇒ y 2 = b 2 1 − 2
a
b
∴y =± a2 − x2
a
when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
(o, b)
X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −b)
Y/
13
a b
= 4∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
0 a
4b a 2
=
a ∫0
a − x 2 dx
a
4b x a 2 − x 2 a 2 x
= + Sin −1
a 2 2 a
0
4b a2
= 0 + Sin −11 − 0 − 0
a 2
4b a 2 π
= .
a 2 2
= π ab ( Ans.)
Example-02: Find the area of the parabola y 2 = 4ax cut off by its lotus rectum.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
Since, the distance from vertex to lotus rectum is x = a
∴ y 2 = 4a 2
or , y = ±2a
when, y = 0 then, x = 0
when, x = 0, then, y = ±2a
Y
(o, 2a )
2a
X/ X
o a
(o, −2a )
Y/
14
a
A = 2 ∫ y.dx
0
a
= 2∫ 4ax dx
0
1
a
= 4 a ∫ x 2 .dx
0
a
3
x2
= 4 a
3
2 0
8a 2
= ( Ans.)
3
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4a(x + a )............(1)
y 2 = −4a( x − a )...........(2)
Now, the vertex of (1) is (-a,0) and (2) is (a,0)
From (1) and (2) we have,
4a(x + a ) = −4a(x − a )
∴x = 0
when, x = 0 then, y = ±2a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
Y
(o, 2a )
X/ X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)
(o, −2a )
Y/
15
From (2) we get,
y2
x=a− = x2
4a
Therefore, the area is,
2a
A = ∫ ( x 2 − x1 )dy
0
2a y2 y2
= ∫ (a − − + a )dy
0 4a 4a
2a 2y2
= ∫ ( 2a − )dy
0 4a
2a y2
= ∫ (2a − )dy
0 2a
1 2 a
=
2a ∫0
(4a 2 − y 2 )dy
2a
1 2 y3
= 4 a y −
2a 3 0
1 2 8a 3
= 4 a 2 a −
2a 3
16a 3
=
6a
Solution:
Given that,
a 2 y 2 = x 3 (2a − x )................(1)
Equation (1) is symmetrical about x-axis
3
x 2a − x
2
We have, y =
a
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0,2a
16
Y
X/ X
o (a, 0)
Y/
2a
A = ∫ ydx
0
3
2a x 2 2a − x
= 2∫ dx
0 a
3
π
(2aSin 2θ ) 2 2a − 2a sin 2 θ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3
π
(2aSin θ ) 2 2
2a .Cosθ .4aSinθ .Cosθ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3
π
(2a ) 2 4aSin 3θ 2a .Cosθ .4aSinθ .Cosθ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3 1
π +
( 2a ) 2 2
4aSin 4θ .4aSin 4θ .Cos 2θ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
π
4a 3. 4
= 2∫ 2 Sin 4θ .Cos 2θ .dθ
0 a
π
= 32a 2 ∫ 2 Sin 4θ .Cos 2θ .dθ
0
By using Gamma-beta function,
17
4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 32a 2
4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
= 32a 2
2 4
3 1 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2 2
= 16a 2
3 +1
3πa
= 16a 2 .
8 × 3!
= π a 2 ( Ans.)
Example-05: Find the area of the loop of the curve y 2 = x 2 ( x + a ) .
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x 2 ( x + a ).................(i )
The curve (1) is symmetric about x-axis,
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, − a
Now, draw the graph roughly,
Therefore, the required area is,
Y
X/ o X
(−a, 0)
Y/
18
0
A = ∫ y.dx
−a
0
= 2 ∫ x. x + a .dx
−a
0
= 2 ∫ ( a + x − a). x + a .dx
−a
0
3
= 2 ∫ ( a + x) 2 − a. x + a dx
−a
2 5
2
3
= 2 (a + x) − a.(a + x) 2
2
5 3
0
3
= 2 ∫ (a + x) 2 − a. x + a dx
−a
2 52 2 3
= 2 a − a.a 2
5 3
2 5 2 5
= 2 a 2 − a 2
5 3
2 2
5
= 2a −
2
5 3
6 − 10
5
= 2a 2
15
5
8a 2
=−
15
5
8a 2
= ( Ans.) [ Area is always (+)ve]
15
Example-06: show that the area between the parabola y 2 = 4 x and the straight line
y = 2 x − 4 is 9.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4 x................(1)
And, y = 2 x − 4.............(2)
From (1) and (2) we have,
(2 x − 4) 2 = 4 x
⇒ 4 x 2 + 16 − 16 x − 4 x = 0
⇒ x 2 − 5x + 4 = 0
⇒ x 2 − 4x − x + 4 = 0
⇒ x( x − 4) − ( x − 4) = 0
⇒ ( x − 4)( x − 1) = 0
∴ x = 4,1
19
when, x = 4 then, y = 4
when, x = 1, then, y = −2
Y
B (4, 4)
P
X/ X
o
Q
c(1, 0)
Y/
Trapezium BPQC,
1
= ( BP + CQ ).PQ
2
= (4 + 1)( PO + OQ)
1
= .5.(4 + 2) = 15
2
‘o’ is the vertex of the parabola,
Area between the parabola and the straight line,
= Trapezium-(OPB+OQC)
= 15 − ∫ xdy + ∫ xdy
0 4
− 2 0
2
4 4 y
= 15 − ∫ xdy = 15 − ∫ dy
−2 −2 4
1 1
= 15 − . . y 3 − 2
4 3
4
[ ]
= 15 −
12
1 3
[
4 + 23 ]
72
= 15 −
12
= 9 ( Showed .)
Example-07: Find the area bounded by the cardioids r = a (1 − Cosθ ) .
Solution:
Given that,
r = a(1 − Cosθ )...............(1)
θ θ
= a (1 − cos 2. ) = 2aSin 2
2 2
20
θ 0 π θ −π
2 2
r 0 2a 0 -2a
π
2
X/ X
o
π
−
2
Y/
π
1 θ
= 2 ∫ 2 4a 2 Sin 4 .dθ
0 2 2
π
θ θ
= 4a ∫ dθ
2 2 Sin 4 .Cos 0
0 2 2
4 +1 0 +1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
4+0+2
2
2
5 1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
23
3 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2
= 4a 2
2.2!
4a 3π
2
= ( Ans.)
16
3a 2π
= ( Ans.)
4
21
(
Example-08: Find the whole area of the loops of the curve (i). a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 . (ii). )
y 2 = x 2 (4 − x) (iii). r = a cos 2θ (iv). r 2 = a 2 cos 2θ
(i) Solution:
Given that,
( )
a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 ................(1)
Equation (1) is symmetrical about x-axis
x a2 − x2
We have, y = ±
a
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, ± a
The curves meets at (0,0), (a,0) and (-a,0)
Therefore, the area is,
X/ o X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)
Y/
a
A = ∫ ydx
0
a x a2 − x2
= 4∫ dx
0 a
π Let , x = a sin θ
4 2
=
a ∫0
aSinθ a 2 (1 − Sin 2θ ) .aCosθdθ dx = aCos.dθ
π when, x = 0, θ = 0
4 2
a ∫0
= aSinθ .aCosθ .aCosθ dθ π
x = a, θ =
π 2
4 2 3
=
a ∫0
a Sinθ .Cos 2θ . dθ
π
4a 3 2
=
a ∫0
Sinθ .Cos 2θ . dθ
22
1+1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
1+ 2 + 2
2
2
3
1
2
= 4a 2
5
2
2
1 1
. .
2 2
= 4a 2
3 1 1
.2. . .
2 2 2
4a 2
= ( Ans.)
3
(ii) Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x 2 (4 − x ).................(i )
The curve (1) is symmetric about x-axis,
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, 4
Now, draw the graph roughly,
Therefore, the required area is,
a
A = ∫ y.dx
0
Let , x = 4 sin 2 θ
4
= 2 ∫ x. 4 − x .dx
0
π dx = 42 Sinϑ.Cosθ .dθ
= 2 ∫ 2 4.Sin 2θ .2Cos.8Cosθ .Sinθ dθ when, x = 0, θ = 0
0
π π
= 64 × 2 ∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 2θ . dθ x = 4, θ =
0 2
π
= 128∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 2θ . dθ
0
By using Gamma-beta function,
23
Y
X/ X
(0, 0)
(4, 0)
Y/
3 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 128
3+ 2+ 2
2
2
3
2
2
= 128
7
2
2
3
.1!
2
= 64
7 5
.
2 2
3
2
= 64
7 5 3
.
2 2 2
128
= ( Ans.)
35
(iii). Solution:
Given that,
r = aCos 2θ ...............(1)
i.e, 2 is even so 2.2 = 4 loop of the curve (1)
when, r = 0, then aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4
24
Y
π
4
X/ o X
π
−
4
Y/
π
= 2 ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
=a ∫ Cos 2 2θ dθ
2 4
0
π
a2
=
2 ∫0
4 2Cos 2 2θ dθ
π
a2
=
2 ∫0
4 (1 + Cos 4θ ) dθ
π
a2 Sin 4θ 2
=
2 θ + 4
0
a2 π Sinπ
= 4 + 4 − 0
2
a2 π
= .
2 4
πa 2
=
8
Total length = 4a
πa 2 πa 2
= 4. = ( Ans.)
8 2
(iv). Solution:
Given that,
r 2 = a 2 Cos 2θ ...............(1)
The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis,
when, r = 0, then, aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4
25
Y
X/ o X
Y/
π
= ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
=a ∫ Cos 2 2θ dθ
2 4
0
π
Sin 2θ 4
= a2
2 0
a2 π
= Sin 2. 4 − 0
2
a2
=
2
a2
Total area, = 2. = a 2 Sq.Unit ( Ans.)
2
Example-09: Find the area of the region bounded by y 2 = x(2a − x) and y 2 = ax .
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x(2a − x)..............(1)
And, y 2 = ax................(2)
From (1) we have,
y 2 = x ( 2a − x )
⇒ y 2 − 2ax + x 2 = 0
⇒ ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = a 2 .............(3)
Equation (2) represent a circle whose centre is (a,0) and radius ‘a’
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, x = a, then, y = ± a
26
Y
P ( a, a )
X/ X
o C
( a, − a )
Y/
1 3
a a a 2 2
= ∫ ydx = ∫ ax dx = a ∫ x 2 dx = a . .a 2 = .a 2
0 0 0 3 3
Area between the circle and the parabola,
Since, two circles intersect at Q(a, − a )
1 2 1 4
∴ Area = 2 πa 2 − a 2 = a 2 π − a 2 ( Ans.)
4 2 2 3
2 2 2
Example-10: Find the whole area of the hypocycloid x + y = a . 3 3 3
Solution:
Given that,
2 2 2
x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ...................(1)
2 2 2
⇒ y3 = a3 − x3
3
2 2
⇒ y = a 3 − x 3 ................(2)
2
when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
27
Y
(0, a )
X/ o X
(−a, 0) B (a, 0)
C (0, −a )
Y/
when, x = 0, then, θ = 0
π
when, x = 0, then, θ =
2
0
∴ A = 4 ∫π aSin θ .(−3aCos 2θ .Sinθ )dθ
3
2
0
= −4.3∫π a 2.Cos 2θ .Sin 4θdθ
2
0
= 12a ∫π Cos θ .Sin θdθ
2 2 4
2
By using Gamma-Beta function,
4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 12a 2
4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
= 12a 2
2 4
3 1 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2 2
= 12a 2
2.6
3πa2
= ( Ans.)
8
28
Example-11: Find the area of the region lying above x-axis and included between the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 2ax and the parabola y 2 = ax .
Solution:
Given that,
x 2 + y 2 = 2ax............(1)
∴ y = 2ax − x 2
And, y 2 = ax................(2)
From (1) and (2) we have,
2ax − x 2 = ax
⇒ x(a − x) = 0
∴ x = 0, a and y = 0,± a
P ( a, a )
B
A
X/ X
o C
Y/
0 1 π πa 2
= ∫π a 2 cos 2 θ dθ = a 2 . . =
2 2 2 4
3 a
a 2 2a 2
Also, ∫
0
ax dx = a .x 2
3
=
3
0
π 2
Therefore, the required area = a 2 − ( Ans.)
4 3
29
Example-12: Find the area of the surface revolution formed by revolving the curve
r = 2aCosθ about the initial axis.
Solution:
Given that,
r = 2aCosθ ...............(1)
dr
= −2aSinθ
dθ
2
dr
⇒ = 4a Sin θ
2 2
d θ
2
dr
∴r2 + = 4a Cos θ + 4a Sin θ = 4a
2 2 2 2 2
dθ
θ 0 π π −π
2 2
r 2a 0 -2a 0
Solution:
Given that,
r 2 = a 2 Cos 2θ ...............(1)
The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis,
when, r = 0, then, aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4
Therefore, the required area is,
30
π
1 2
A = 2∫ 4 r dθ
0 2
π
= ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
= a 2 ∫ 4 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
Sin 2θ 4
=a 2
2 0
a2 π
= Sin 2. 4 − 0
2
a2
= ( Ans.)
2
31
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
LENGTH
Cartesian equation:
y = f (x) the length of the arc of the curve y = f (x) included between two points
ds b dy
whose abscissa a and b is = ∫ 1 + ( ) 2 .dx
dx a dx
Cartesian equation:
x = f ( y)
ds b dx
= ∫ 1 + ( ) 2 .dy
dy a dy
Parametric equation:
x = f (t ) , y = ϕ (t ) . The length of the arc of the curves x = f (t ) , y = ϕ (t )
included between two points whose parametric values are α , β is
2 2
β dx dy
S=∫ + dθ
α
dt dt
Polar equation:
2
β dr
S=∫ r2 + dθ
α
dθ
2 2 2
Example-01: For the curve x + y = a show that the centre length of the curve is 6a.
3 3 3
Solution:
Given that,
2 2 2
x + y = a ...................(1)
3 3 3
1
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis and curve (1) is symmetrical also x = y line.
when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
(o, a )
X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )
Y/
The curves meets the axis at (a,0), (-a, 0), (0,a) and (0,-a)
2 2
2 3 −1 2 3 −1 dy
x + y =0
3 3 dx
1
dy x −
⇒ = (− ) 3
dx y
= 6a 3
= 6a ( Ans.)
2
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Solution:
Given that,
3ay 2 = x( x − a ) .............(1)
2
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a
X/ X
(0, 0)
(a, 0)
Y/
Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .
dy
6ay. = 2 x( x − a ) + ( x − a ) 2 = ( x − a )(2 x + x − a )
dx
dy ( x − a )(3 x − a )
∴ =
dx 6ay
( x − a ) 2 (3 x − a ) 2 (3 x − a ) 2 9 x 2 − 6ax + a 2
2
dy
∴ = = =
dx 36a 2 y 2 12ax 12ax
3
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Given that,
( )
8a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 ...............(1)
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, ± a
X/ X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)
Y/
Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .
4
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
2 x 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) = 8a 2 y 2 ⇒ a 2 x 2 − x 4 = 8a 2 y 2
dy
∴ a 2 2 x − 4 x 3 = 8a 2 .2 y.
dx
dy a x − 2 x
2 3
∴ =
dx 8a 2 y
(a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2
2
dy
⇒ = 2 2
dx 8a (a − x 2 )
(a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2 8a 4 − 8a 2 x 2 + a 4 4 x 4 − 4a 2 x 2
2
dy
⇒ 1+ = 1+ 2 2 =
dx 8a (a − x 2 ) 8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
9a 4 − 12a 2 x 2 + 4 x 4 (3a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2
= =
8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) 8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
(3a 2 − 2 x 2 )
2
dy
∴ 1+ =
dx
1
2 2a ( a − x )2 2 2
a dy 2 a (3a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 4 a 2(a 2 − x 2 ) + x 2
S = 4∫ 1+ ( ) .dx = 4 ∫ 1
.dx = ∫ .dx
0 dx 0
2 2a 0 (a2 − x2 )
2 2a (a − x ) 2 2 2
a
2 2 a x2 2 2 a x (a 2 − x 2 ) a 2 x x
a
=
2a
∫ 0
2(a 2 − x 2 ) +
(a2 − x2 )
.dx =
a ∫ 0
2
+
2
Sin −1 + 2a Sin −1
a a 0
0
a2 −1 a2 π π aπ aπ
=
2 2
∫
a
−1
Sin 1 + 2a Sin 1 =
2 2
[ ] ∫
a
. + 2a. = + = 2 aπ
a 0
2 a 0
2 2 2 2 2
= aπ 2 ( Ans.)
Example-04: Find the length of the arc y 2 = 4ax . Extended from the vertex to one extremity of
lotus rectum.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
The curve (1) is present even power of y. So (1) is symmetrical about 𝑥𝑥 −axis.
5
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
∴ y 2 = 4a 2
∴ y = ±2a
Y
(o, 2a )
2a
X/ X
o a
(o, −2a )
Y/
dx
2 y = 4a
dy
2
dx y dx y2
⇒ = ⇒ = 2
dy 2a dy 4a
2
dx y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 + = 1 + 2 =
dy 4a 2a
2a dx 2 2a 4a 2 + y 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dy = ∫ dy
0 dy 0 2a
2a
1 2a 1 4a + y
2 2
4a 2
2a ∫0
= 4 a 2
+ y 2
dy = + log( y + 4 a 2
+ y 2
)
2a
2 2 0
6
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
1 2a 4a 2 + 4a 2 4a 2
= + log(2a + 4a 2 + 4a 2 )
2a 2 2
1 2a 2 2 a 4a 2 1
= + log(2a + 2a 2 ) − 2a 2 log 2a = 2a + .2a 2 log(2a + 2a 2 ) − a log 2a
2a 2 2 2a
= a 2 + . log
2a (1 + 2 )
2a
= a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) [ ] ( Ans.)
Example-05: Find the length of the arc x 2 = 4ay . Extended from the vertex to one extremity of
lotus rectum. (H.W.)
a Y
(−2a, a ) (2a, a )
2a
X/ (0, 0) X
Y/
Solution:
Given that,
7
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
θ 0 π π −π
2 2
r 0 a 2a -a
π
2
X/ X
o
π
−
2
Y/
π dr 2
S = 2∫ r2 + ( ) .dθ
0 dθ
π θ θ θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 4 + 4a 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ θ θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 ( Sin 2 + Cos 2 ) .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 .dθ
0 2
π θ
= 2 ∫ 2aSin dθ
0 2
π θ
= 4a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π
θ
= 4a − Cos
2 0
= 8a[− 0 + 1]
= 8a ( Ans.)
8
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Example-08: Show that the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4ax . Cut off y = 2 x . is
[
a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) ]
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
and, y = 2x...............(2)
4 x 2 − 4ax = 0
⇒ ( x − a)4 x = 0
∴ x = 0, a
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, x = a, then, y = 2a
(o, 2a )
X/ (0, 0) X
(o, −2a )
Y/
The curve (2) cut the parabola at (0, 0) and (a, 2a)
9
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
dx
2 y = 4a
dy
dx y
⇒ =
dy 2a
2
dx y2
⇒ = 2
dy 4a
2
dx y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 + = 1 + 2 =
dy 4a 2a
2a dx 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dy
0 dy
2a 4a 2 + y 2
=∫ dy
0 2a
1 2a
=
2a ∫0
4a 2 + y 2 dy
2a
1 4a + y
2 2
4a 2
= + log( y + 4a 2 + y 2 )
2a
2 2 0
1 2a 4a 2 + 4a 2 4a 2
= + log(2a + 4a 2 + 4a 2 )
2a 2 2
1 2a 2 2 a 4a 2
= + log(2a + 2a 2 ) − 2a 2 log 2a
2a 2 2
1
= 2a + .2a 2 log(2a + 2a 2 ) − a log 2a
2a
2a (1 + 2 )
= a 2 + . log
2a
[
= a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) ] ( Ans.)
Solution:
Given that,
10
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
and,
y = a (1 − Cosθ )
dy θ θ
∴ = aSinθ = 2aSin .Cos
dθ 2 2
X/ X
0 2π
Y/
2π dx 2 dy
S=∫ ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π θ θ θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 4 + 4a 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ θ θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 ( Sin 2 + Cos 2 ) .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 .dθ
0 2
11
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
π θ
= 2a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π θ
= 4a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π
θ
= 2 a − Cos
20
= 4a[1 + 1]
= 8a ( Ans.)
Example-10: Show that the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4ax . Cut off 3 y = 8 x . is
2 15
log 2 + 16
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
and, 3 y = 8 x...............(2)
64 x 2 − 36ax = 0
⇒ (16 x − 9a)4 x = 0
9a
∴ x = 0,
16
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
9a 3a
when, x = , then, y =
16 2
12
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
3a 3a
,
16 2
X/ (0, 0) X
Y/
The curve (2) cut the parabola at (0, 0) and (a, 2a)
dx
2 y = 4a
dy
dx y
⇒ =
dy 2a
2
dx y2
⇒ = 2
dy 4a
2
dx y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 + = 1 + 2 =
dy 4a 2a
3a
dx 2
S = ∫ 2 1+ ( ) .dy
0 dy
3a
4a 2 + y 2
=∫2 dy
0 2a
13
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
1 32a
2a ∫0
= 4a 2 + y 2 dy
3a
1 y 4a 2 + y 2 4a 2 2
= + log( y + 4a 2 + y 2 )
2a
2 2 0
3a 9a 2
4a 2 + 2 2
=
1 2 2 + 4a log( 3a + 4a 2 + 9a )
2a 2 2 2 2
3a 5a
2 +
1 3a 25a 2 2
= + 2 a 2
log
2a 8 2
1 3a 5a 8a 2
= . + 2a log
2
2a 4 2 4a
3a 5a 2a 2
= . + log 2
2a 8 2a
15a
= + a log 2
16
15
= a log 2 + ( Showed .)
16
Solution:
Given that,
9ay 2 = ( x − 2a )( x − 5a ) .........(1)
2
Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .
14
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
( x − 5a )
1
y = ( x − 2a ) 2 +
2 x − 2a
X/ (0, 0) X
(2a, 0) (5a, 0)
Y/
dy 1
1 1
1 −
∴ = ( x − 2a ) + ( x − 2a ) 2 ( x − 5a ).
2
dx 2 3 a
1
( x − 5a ) 1
= ( x − 2a ) 2 + .
2 x − 2a 3 a
2( x − 2a ) + ( x + 5a ) 1
= .
2 x − 2a 3 a
=
1
[2 x − 4a + x − 5a].
3 a 2 x − 2a
dy x − 3a
∴ =
dx 2 a x − 2a
( x − 3a) 2
2
dy
⇒ =
dx 4a ( x − 2a )
( x − 3a) 2 4a ( x − 2a )( x − 3a ) 2 a 2 + x 2 − 2ax
2
dy
⇒1+ =1+ = =
dx 4a ( x − 2a ) 4a ( x − 2a ) 4a ( x − 2a )
( x − a) 2
=
4a ( x − 2a )
dy 2 x−a
∴ 1+ ( ) =
dx 2 a x − 2a
15
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
5a dy 2
S = 2∫ 1+ ( ) .dx
2a dx
5a x−a
= 2∫ . dx
2 a x − 2a
2a
1 5 a ( x − 2a ) + a
= 2. ∫ . x − 2a dx
2 a 2a
1 5a a 5a dx
= ∫2 a . x − 2a dx + ∫ .
a a 2a
x − 2a
5a
3
=
1 ( x − 2a ) 2
a 3
+ a .2 x − 2a [ ]5a
2a
2 2 a
2
= 3a. 3. a + 2 a.3. a
3 a
= 2a. 3 + 2a. 3
= 4a 3 ( Ans.)
12 −
1
1 a
= ∫ 3x + ax 2 dx
3a 0
3 1
a a
1 x2 x2
= 3 + a
3a 3 1
2 0
2 0
3 3
1 3a 2
a.a 2
= 3 + 1
3a
2 2
1 2
3 3
2
= 2 a + 2 a
3a
3
4a 2
= 1
2
3a
4a
= ( Ans.)
3
2 2 2
33 2
Example-11: If x 3 + y 3 = a 3 then show that the length of the curve is S = ax from (0, 0)
2
to (x, y).
16
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Solution:
Given that,
2 2 2
x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ...................( 1)
1 1
2 − 3 2 − 3 dy
.x + . y . = 0
3 3 dx
1
− 1
dy x 3 y
⇒ = − 1 = ( )3
dx − x
y 3
2 2 2
x +y
2
dy
2 3 3 3
y a
∴1 + = 1 + ( ) = = 2 3
dx
2
x
x3 x3
x dy 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dx
0 dx
2
x a3
=∫ 2
dx
0
3
x
1 2
x −
=a 3
∫ 0
x 3
dx
1 2 1 1 1
x − . x −
=a 3
∫ 0
x 3 2
..dx =a 3
∫
0
3
x ..dx
x
− 1 +1
1
x 3 ..
= a3
− 1 + 1
3 0
1 2
.
3 3
a x
=
2
3
3
= 3 ax 2 ( Showed .)
2
17
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
2 2
x y
Example-12: Find the length of the perimeter of the hypocycloid ( ) 3 + ( ) 3 = 1 (H.W.)
a b
Solution:
Given that,
x = a cos 3 t...............(1)
dx
= a.3Cos 2 t − S int = −3aCos 2 tS int
dt
and,
y = bSin 3 t
dy
∴ = 3bSin 2 t.Cost
dt
π
when, x = 0 then, cos t = 0 , t =
2
when, y = 0, then, S int = 1 , t = 0
X/ (0, 0) X
Y/
18
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
dx 2 dy
∴( ) + ( ) 2 = 9a 2 cos 4 t sin 2 t + 9b 2 Sin 4 t cos 2 t
dθ dθ
= 9 cos 2 t sin 2 t (a 2 cos 2 t + b 2 sin 2 t )
{
= 9 cos 2 t sin 2 t a 2 (1 − sin 2 t ) + b 2 sin 2 t }
= 9 cos t sin2 2
t {a 2
+ (b − a ) sin t
2 2 2
}
dx 2 dy
∴ ( ) + ( ) 2 = 3 cos t sin t a 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ) sin 2 t
dθ dθ
2π dx 2 dy
S = 4∫ ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π
= 4 ∫ 2 3 cos t sin t a 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ) sin 2 t
0
Let ,
a 2 + (a 2 + b 2 ) Sin 2 t = z
2S int .Cost (b 2 − a 2 )dt = dz
dz
or sin t. cos t.dt =
2(b − a 2 )
2
Limit:
19
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
1
b2 dz 12 b2
∴ S = 4∫ 2 3 z .
2(b 2 − a 2 ) 2(b 2 − a 2 ) ∫a
= 2
z 2 dz
a
b2
1 +1
12 z2
=
2(b 2 − a 2 ) 1
+ 1
2 a 2
=
12 2
. b3 − a3 ( )
2(b − a ) 3
2 2
=
(
4 b3 − a3 )
b2 − a2
4(b − a )(b 2 + ab + a 2 )
=
(b − a )(b + a )
4(b 2 + ab + a 2 )
= ( Ans.)
(b + a )
Solution:
Given that,
and,
y = aCos 2θ (1 − Cos 2θ )
20
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Limit:
∴ (
dx 2
dθ
dy
[
) + ( ) 2 = 4a 2 Cos 2 2θ + Cos 2 4θ + 2Cos 2θ .Cos 4θ + Sin 2 4θ + Sin 2 2θ − 2 Sin 4θ .Sin 2θ
dθ
]
= 8a 2 [Cos 2θCos 4θ − Sin 4θ .Sin 2θ ]
= 8a 2 Cos (2θ + 4θ ) = 8a 2 Cos 6θ
π
dx 2 dy
S = 4∫ 2 ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π 1 1
= 4 ∫ 2 2 2a.Cos 2 6θ .Sin 2 6θ
0
1 1
+1 +1
2 . 2
2 2
= 8 2a
1 1
+ +2
2 2
2
3
2.
2
= 8 2a
3
2
= 16 2a ( Ans.)
21
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Volume
b b
1. For Cartesian: V = ∫ πy dx or , V = ∫ πx 2 dx
2
a a
2π 3
2. For Polar: V = ∫ 3
r Sinθdθ .
2 2 2
Example-01: For the curve x 3 + y 3 = a 3 show that the volume of the solid formed by the
32a 3
revolution about x-axis is
105
Solution:
Given that,
2 2 2
x + y = a ...................(1)
3 3 3
2 2 2
⇒ y =a −x 3 3 3
3
23 2
⇒ y = a − x 3 ................(2)
2
when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
(o, a )
X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )
Y/
1
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
3
23 2
b
Therefore, the required volume is, V = ∫ πy dx = 2π ∫ a − x 3 dx
b
2
a
a
when, x = 0, then, θ = 0
π
when, x = 0, then, θ =
2
3
23 2π
∴V = 2π ∫ a − a 3 Sin 2θ . 3aSin 2θ .Cosdθ
2
0
π
= 2π ∫ 2 a 2. 3aSin 2θ .Cos 7 dθ
0
π
= 6πa 3 ∫ 2 Sin 2θ .Cos 7 dθ
0
2 +1 7 +1 3 3
. .4 .3.2.1
2 2 2 2
= 6πa 3 = 6πa 3 = 6πa 3
2+7+2 11 9 7 5 3
2 2 2. . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
32πa 3
= ( Showed .)
105
Example-02: Find the volume of the region obtained by revolving the curve r = a (1 + Cosθ ) about
the initial line.
Solution:
Given that,
r = a (1 + Cosθ )...............(1)
2
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
X/ X
o
Y/
π
2 3 2 π
V =∫ πr Sinθdθ = π ∫ a 3 (1 + Cosθ )3 Sinθdθ
0 3 3 0
π π
2πa 3 θ θ θ 2πa 3 θ θ
= .2 ∫ 2 (2Cos 2 )3 2 Sin Cos dθ = .32 ∫ 2 Sin Cos 7 dθ
3 0 2 2 2 3 0 2 2
3 π
64πa 2 θ θ
=
3 ∫0
Sin Cos 7 dθ
2 2
1+1 7 +1
.
6πa 3
2 2
=
3 1+ 7 + 2
2
2
64πa 3 1. 4
=
3 25
1.3.2.1
= 6πa 3
2.4.3.2.1
8πa 3
= ( Ans.)
3
3
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Example-03: Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolved of an ellipse round its minor
4 3
axis is πa b .
3
Solution:
x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2
From (1),
x2 y2
= 1− 2
a2 b
a2
⇒ x 2 = 2 (b 2 − y 2 )..........(2)
b
when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
(o, a )
X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )
Y/
b
V = ∫ πx 2 dy
a
4
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
= 2π ∫
ba2 2
0 b2
(
. b − y 2 dy )
a2 y3
b
2 b a2 b 2
= 2π a ∫ dy − 2 ∫ y .dy = 2π a [ y ]0 − 2
2 b
0 b 0 b 3 a
2 a 2 b3 2 a 2b
= 2π a b − 2 . = 2π a b −
b 3 3
4π a 2b
= ( Ans.)
3
3a − x
Example-04: The curve y 2 = x 2 revolves about the axis of X. Find the volume generated
a+x
by the loop.
Solution:
Given that,
3a − x
y2 = x2 ............(1)
a+x
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0,3a
X/ X
o
Y/
5
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
3a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0
3a − x 2 a + x + 2a − 2 x
3a 3a
= π ∫ x2 dx = π ∫0 x dx
0
a+x a+x
3a 2 x 2 (a + x − 2 x) 3a 4 x3
= π ∫ x2 + = π ∫0
2
+ 2
−
a + x
dx x 2 x dx
0
a+x
3a 4 x3 3a 3a 4 x3
= π ∫ 3 x 2 − dx π ∫ 3 x dx π ∫
= 2
+ −
a + x
dx
0
0 0 a+x
3a 3a 4 x 2 (a + x) + 4ax(a + x) − 4a 2 (a + x) + 4a 3
= π ∫ 3 x 2 dx + π ∫ − dx
0 0 a+x
3a 3a 4a 3
= π ∫ 3 x 2 dx + π ∫ − 4 x 2 + 4ax − 4a 2 + dx
0 0
a + x
3a
− 4 x3
=π x [ ]3 3a
0 +π + 2ax 2 − 4a 2 x + 4a 3 ln(a + x)
3 0
= 27πa 3 − 36πa 3 + 16πa 3 − 12πa 3 + 4πa 3 ln(4a ) − −4πa 3 ln(a )
= −3πa 3 + 4πa 3 ln(4) = −3πa 3 + 8πa 3 ln(2)
= πa 3 (8lm 2 − 3) ( Ans.)
Example-05: The loop of the curve 2ay 2 = x( x − a ) revolves about the axis of X. Find the volume
2
Solution:
Given that,
2ay 2 = x( x − a ) ................(1)
2
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a
Now,
6
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
X/ X
o
Y/
a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0
x( x − a) 2 π a 3
x dx − 2a ∫ x 2 dx + a 2 ∫ xdx
3 a a
=π∫ dx = ∫
0 2a 2a 0 0 0
2 a
π x 4
a a
x3 2x π a 4 2a 4 a 4
= − 2a + a = − + − 0 + 0 − 0
2a 4 0
3 0 2 0 2a 4 3 2
π 3a 4 − 8a 4 + 6a 2 π a4
= =
2a 12 2a . 12
π a4
= ( Ans.)
24
Example-06: Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse round its major
axis.
Solution:
x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2
From (1),
7
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
y2 x2
= 1 −
b2 b2
b2
⇒ y 2 = 2 (a 2 − x 2 )..........(2)
a
when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a
(o, b)
X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −b)
Y/
a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0
= 2π ∫
b
a b2 2
a2
(
. a − x 2 dx )
b2 x3
a
2 a b2 a 2
= 2π b ∫ dx − 2 ∫ x .dx = 2π a [x ]0 − 2
2 a
0 a 0 a 3 0
b2 a3 ab 2
= 2π b 2 a − 2 . = 2π ab 2 −
a 3 3
4π ab 2
= ( Ans.)
3
8
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Example-07: Find the volume of the region obtained by revolving the curve r = 2a (1 + Cosθ )
about the initial line.
Solution:
Given that,
r = 2a (1 + Cosθ )...............(1)
X/ X
o
Y/
π 2 3
V =∫ πr Sinθdθ
0 3
π
2 π 16πa 3 2 θ θ θ
= π ∫ 23.a 3 (1 + Cosθ )3 Sinθdθ = ∫ (2Cos 2 )3 2 Sin Cos dθ
3 0 3 0 2 2 2
π 3 π
16πa 3
θ θ 512πa 2 θ θ
= .32 ∫ 2 Sin Cos 7 dθ = ∫ Sin Cos 7 dθ
3 0 2 2 3 0 2 2
9
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
1+1 7 +1
.
512πa 3
2 2 512πa 3 1. 4 512πa 3 1.3.2.1
= = =
3 1+ 7 + 2 3 25 3 2.4.3.2.1
2
2
64πa 3
= ( Ans.)
3
Example-08: Find the volume of solid obtained by rotating about x-axis. The area of the parabola
y 2 = 4ax cut off by its lotus rectum.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
X/ X
o
Y/
a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0
a
a x2 a2
= π ∫ 4axdx = 4aπ = 4aπ
0
2 0 2
= 2π a 3 ( Ans.)
10
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
Example-09: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by the curve
a 2 y 2 = x 2 (x − a )(2a − x)
Solution:
Given that,
a 2 y 2 = x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)..............(1)
x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)
y2 =
a2
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a,2a
X/ X
o
Y/
Now,
11
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
2a 2π x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)
V = ∫ πy dx = π ∫
2
dx
0 0 a2
π x4 x4
2a 2a 2a 2a
π 2a x5 x3
= 2 ∫ 3ax 3dx − 2a 2 ∫ x 2 dx + a ∫ x 3dx =
2a 2a
3a − 2a 2 + a
a 0 0 0 2a 4 0 5 0 3 0 4 0
π 5 32a 5 16a 5 5
= 12a − +
a 2
4a
5 3
64π a 3
= ( Ans.)
15
Example-10: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area included between the curve
The curve y 2 = x 3 and x 2 = y 3 about X-axis.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x 3 .............(1)
and , x 2 = y 3
2
⇒ y = ( x ) 2 ............(2)
2 3
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0
P
A
Q
X/ X
o B
Y/
12
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
y 2 = x3
⇒ y 2 = x 2 .x ⇒ y 2 = y 3 .x
⇒ xy = 1
1
∴x = ..........(3)
y
1
( )2 = y3
y
⇒ y =1
Now,
4
1 1
V1 = ∫ πy 2 dx = π ∫ x 3 dx
0 0
4 +1 1
x 3 3π 73 3π
=π = x = [1 − 0] = 3π
4
+ 1 7 0 7 7
3
Again,
1
x4 π π
V2 = ∫ πy dx = π ∫ x dx = π = π x 4 0 = [1 − 0] =
1
2
1
3 1
[ ]
0 0
4 0 4 4
3π π 12π − 7π 5π
Therefore, Total Volume V = V1 − V2 = − = = ( Ans.)
7 4 28 28
Example-11: Find the Volume of the solid generated revolving the curve y 2 (a + x) = x 2 (3a − x ) .
Solution:
Given that,
13
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: wahidmathku@gmail.com
y 2 (a + x) = x 2 (3a − x )
x 2 (3a − x )
∴ y2 = .............(1)
(a + x)
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 3a
x = −a
P Q
y
/
X o NM X
∂x
Y/
3a x 2 (3a − x)
3a 3 a 3ax − x
2 3
V = ∫ πy 2 dx = π ∫ dx = π ∫ dx =
0 0 a+x 0 a+x
3 a − 4 x ( a + x ) + 4 ax ( a + x ) − 4 a ( a + x ) + 4 a
2 2 3
=π∫
0 a+x
3a
3a 4a 3 x3
= π ∫ − 4 x + 4ax − 4a +
2
= π − 4 + 2ax 2 − 4a 2 x + 4a 3 log(a + x)
2
0 a+x 3 0
4a
= π − 9a 3 + 4a 3 log = πa 3 − 3 + 4 log 22 [ ]
a
= πa 3 [8 log 2 − 3] ( Ans.)
14