PREVIOUS LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lecture students will be

able to:
 Define beams and identify types of beams, their
connections and loads.
 Apply the equilibrium concept
 Draw Free Body diagrams of Determinate Beams
 Calculate the reaction at the supports
WEEK 6
CHAPTER 2
_______________________________________
STRESSES AND DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

Sectional Properties Of Cross-section

Siti Zaidah Binti Othman

Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Engineering UiTM
Sarawak
Room:12A 03 048
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

PO 1
Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering.

PO 3
Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
using thinking skills and engineering reasoning
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lecture students will be able

to:
–Determine the centroid of an area and
composite area
–Compute the moment inertia of a rectangular
with respect to any axis using parallel axis
theorem
 SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CROSS SECTIONS

• Mechanics of materials is the science of

strength, stiffness and stability of elements of
engineering structures.
– Strength is the ability of structure or its elements to with-stand
a specified external loading without fracture.
– Stiffness (or rigidity) is the capability of a body or structural
element to resist deformation i.e. to prevent exceeding
elongations, deflections and so on.
– Stability is meant as the capability of a structure to resist the
forces which tend to move it from the initial state of equilibrium
i.e. to prevent buckling.
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CROSS SECTIONS
Beam element should be able to resist applied forces or
moment applied to it

The strength of the beam element is depend on the :-

1. Material type
2. Shape and size of section

Shape & size of section will affect the sectional area

(A), centroid, the moment of inertia (I) and section
modulus (Z)
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CROSS SECTIONS

 In solving of problems in strength of materials it

is necessary to operate with some geometrical
properties of cross sections of a rod which
influence on ability of engineering structure to
withstand applied load.
 For example, a beam with a large cross section,
in general, be able to resist a bending moment
more readily than a beam with a smaller cross-
section.
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CROSS SECTIONS
• Typical cross-section of structural members are shown in Figure below:

• The cross-section of Figure (c) is also called a rolled steel joist (RSJ), it is used
extensively in structural engineering.
• It is quite common to make cross-sections of metal structural members in the
form of the cross-sections of Figure (c) to (e), as such cross-sections are
structurally more efficient in bending than cross-sections such as Figures (a)
and (b).
• Wooden beams are usually of rectangular cross-section. This is because
wooden beams have grain and will have lines of weakness along their grain if
constructed as in Figures (c) to (e).
 CENTROID
• The point of intersection of central axes is called the
center of gravity, or centroid of cross-section.
• If the cross-section is constructed from a homogeneous
material, its centroid will lie at the same position as its
centre of gravity.

• It can be determined by these methods:

i.by geometrical properties
ii.by method of moments
iii.by first moment of area
 CENTROID/CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SECTION

Symmetrical
Section

Unsymmetrical
Section
 CENTROID – GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
 The geometry of a simple section as for the triangle shown in
Figure 2.2(a) will have its Centre of gravity at the point where its
medians meet.
 The Centre of gravity of a simple rectangular section will be
located at the point where its diagonals meet each other as
shown in Figure 2.2(b).
 Ixx = bh3/12
Iyy= hb3/12

C = centre of
gravity
Ixx = Iyy = a4/12
 I = πd4/64

C = centre of
gravity
I = b4 - πd4
12 64

C = centre of
gravity
 Ix = bh3/36
Iy = hb3/36

C = centre of
gravity
 I = π[d24 – d14]
64
d1 = 2r1
d2 = 2r2

C = centre of gravity
EXAMPLE 1:
 Determine the area, A and moment inertia, I of the given
section:
b = 200mm

h = 250mm
D = 25mm

200mm
150mm

d = 100mm
250mm
200mm

D = 120mm
 CENTROID – METHOD OF MOMENTS
• Considering a body section shown in Figure, the
c.g. can be determined by the following
procedures:

1. Divide the body into several parts: 1,2 and 3.

2. Determine the area (or volume or weight) of each part(
a1,a2,a3)to act at its c.g.
3. Take moments about a convenient reference point or axis.
4. The location of the c.g. given by x and y coordinates can
thus be obtained from the principle of moments where:
CENTROID – METHOD OF MOMENTS

Reference axis y

c.g = 1 a1

Σ
a2
Σ

2 y1
∑ўA = y1 a1 +y2 a2 +y3 a3 y2
∑A = a1 + a2 + a3
3 a3
y3
Reference axis x

X = x 1 = x2 = x 3
EXAMPLE 2:
 Determine the centroid of the given section:

10mm

115mm

10mm

75mm
SOLUTION 2:
 Using the method of moments, divide the sections into
manageable simple sections, i.e. 2 rectangular shapes,
 Select a horizontal and vertical reference axis of the section, i.e. at
the bottom & at leftmost of the section
y

10mm

1 115mm

2 10mm
x

75mm
SOLUTION 2:
 Determine x1, x2, y1 and y2 in the section:

10mm

1
115mm

y1 = 62.5mm

2 10mm
y2 = 5mm
x

75mm
x1 = 5mm

x2 = 10 + 65/2 = 42.5mm
SOLUTION 2:
Section Area, X Y A.x A.y
A (mm) (mm)
(mm2)

1 1250 5 62.5 6250 78125 33875/ 81375/

1900 1900
650 42.5 5 27625 3250 = =
2
17.83 42.83mm
mm from x-x
Total 1900 33875 81375
From y- axis
y y axis
10mm

1
17.83mm 115mm
C.G
42.83mm

2 10mm

75mm
EXAMPLE 3:
 Find the centroid of an unsymmetrical I-section shown
in the Figure below,
Solution 3:
Section Area, A X y A.y
(mm2) (mm) (mm)

1 9 x 104 300 825 300 7.425 x 107

2 9 x 104 300 450 4.05 x 107
3 4.5 x 104 300 75 3.375 x 106 525mm

Total 2.25 x 105 1.18125 x

108
EXAMPLE 4:
 Determine the centroid of the unsymmetrical channel
section shown in Figure below.
SOLUTION 4:
Section Area, A X Y A.x A.y
(mm2) (mm) (mm)

3
Total

2
3
SOLUTION 4:
Section Area, A X Y A.x A.y
(mm2) (mm) (mm)

35 x 103 175 550 6.125 x 106 19.25 x 106 106.58 339.5m

1
mm m from
40 x 103 50 300 2 x 106 12 x 106 From y-y x-x axis
2
axis
20 x 103 100 50 2 x 106 1 x 106
3
Total 95 x 103 10.125 x 106 32.25 x 106

339.5mm C.G

2 106.58mm

3
Moment of Inertia
 Also known as Second Moment Of Area
 Measures the efficiency of the shape or geometric
properties only to resist bending due to the applied
loads.
 If the moment of inertia for an area is known about a
centroidal axis, we can determine the moment of
inertia of the area about a corresponding parallel axis
using the parallel axis theorem.
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA

 The moment of inertia of a rotating rigid body about any

axis is equal to sum of its moment of inertia about a
parallel axis passing through its centre of mass and
product of mass of the body and square of the distance
between two parallel axes.

Iparallel axis = Icentroidal axis + Ah2

A = cross-sectional area
h = is the perpendicular distance between the
centroidal axis and the parallel axis.
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA
 The parallel axis theorem is used to do just that. Consider the
following area with a known centroid:
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA
 Thus, the area moment of inertia with respect to any axis in its
plane is equal to the moment of inertia with respect to the parallel
centroidal axis plus the product of the area and the square of the
distance between the two axis.
EXAMPLE 5:
 Given the moment of inertia of a rectangle about its centroidal
axis, apply the parallel axis theorem to find the moment of inertia
for a rectangle about its base.
EXAMPLE 6:
 Figure below shows the cross-sectional area of a T-beam. Find
the moment of inertia of the section about the centroidal axis x-
x. y

25cm

1
2.5cm

x x
2 C.G 15cm
Ῡ

2.5cm
y
SOLUTION 6:
25cm

1
2.5cm

Ῡ = a1y1 + a2y2
The section is a1 + a2
symmetrical x x = 62.5(16.25) + 37.5(7.5)
about the y-y C.G 100
Ῡ 2 15cm = 12.97cm
axis.

2.5cm
Section Area, A IG Y Ῡ | h| = Ῡ -y Ah2 Ixx = IG + Ah2
(cm2) (cm) (cm) (cm4)

1 62.5 32.55 16.25 12.97 16.25 -12.97 = 672.4 32.55 + 672.4 =

3.28 704.95
2 37.5 703.125 7.5 12.97 – 7.5= 5.47 1122.03 703.125 +
1122.03 =
1825.16
Total 100 2530.105
EXAMPLE 7:
 Figure below shows the cross-sectional area of a T-beam. Find
the moment of inertia of the section about the centroidal axis x-x
and y-y. y
600mm
100mm

400mm

100mm
C.G
400mm

x
100mm
 End Of Week 6
TUTORIAL 1:
TUTORIAL 2:
TUTORIAL 3:
EC/MAC2015/ECS208