See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/317339354

Human Behavior and Social Networks

Chapter · January 2017

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7163-9_235-1

CITATIONS READS

0 1,490

3 authors, including:

Bosede I. Edwards Idris Muniru

Imagineering Institute University of Ilorin
14 PUBLICATIONS   19 CITATIONS    11 PUBLICATIONS   13 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Student Performance Predictor View project

Smart Tutors, Smart Learners, Smart Classrooms View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Bosede I. Edwards on 11 November 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

H

accessible, interactive, and

Human Behavior and Social
information rich
Networks
Social learning Learning incorporating
social media, gaming, real-
Adrian David Cheok1,2, Bosede Iyiade
time feedback, and
Edwards1,2 and Idris Oladele Muniru1,2,3
1 simulations
Imagineering Institute, Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia
2
City, University of London, London, UK
3
Department of Computer Science, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Definition

Human behavior describes the ways in which

Synonyms
Communication; Connectivity; Interaction;
Learning; Social network
Glossary
24/7 Referring to 24 h a day,
7 days a week, especially in
reference to Internet
connection and
communication
Dunbar’s number A suggested cognitive limit
to the number of people
with whom one can
maintain stable social
relationships
Hyperconnectivity The phenomenon of society
being always connected
through networks, readily
# Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017
R. Alhajj, J. Rokne (eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7163-9_235-1
humans act and interact, and it is influenced by
several factors including genetic makeup and
sociocultural factors or the interaction of these.
The influence of technology, and especially social
media, on human life has brought about tremen-
dous changes in human behavior; these changes
cut across several areas of human interaction,
affecting the way people communicate, work,
learn, play, and do business as well as the manner,
process, and novelty in criminal acts. Social
media holds great implications for radical changes
in the future in terms of human behavior.
Introduction
We are entering a completely new form of society,
which is a quantum step change from the
twentieth-century industrial age. Due to the com-
plete and pervasive connectivity of humans
around the globe, we have entered the era of
hyperconnectivity and the 24/7 information
2 Human Behavior and Social Networks
society. This is a revolution in humanity with
limitless communication. For hundreds of thou-
sands of years, humans lived in hunter-gatherer
societies where it is estimated we communicated
within small groups of approximately 150 people,
based on Dunbar’s social brain hypothesis
(Dunbar 2009). With the rise of the Internet and
social networks, we now have the ability to com-
municate with anyone in the world, anytime. The
amount of possible communication for humans
has thus effectively become limitless. In some
respects, our society is returning to more tradi-
tional group-oriented cultures, such as ancient
Athenians, where everybody would know every-
thing about each other constantly. Similarly, we
also can know everything about each other in real
time, but this knowledge has become global in
reach. The critical and direct effect of this on
Dunbar’s hypothesis however remains to be
explored.
Key Points
Social media is transforming human life, social
interaction, and communication, bringing about
changes in all aspects of human behavior, and
introducing new ways of doing almost everything.
Historical Background
The history of social networks dates back to ear-
liest societies of both humans and animals. Com-
munication is a key concept that applies to all
animal species though the ability to communicate
verbally remains a preserve of humans only. Var-
ious means of communication have therefore
been developed by different species, ranging
from body language, specific movements, or gen-
eration of odors to sounds of different frequencies
(Creative Displays 2015). Over the centuries,
human communication has metamorphosed
through cave drawings/paintings and sign lan-
guage to the diverse manners in which we com-
municate in the twenty-first century. From the
printing press, through letter writing, radio, tele-
phone and telegraph, photography, television,
and cell phone, we have arrived at the Internet
which has given birth to social media, with a
transforming effect on the manner in which we
communicate in the twenty-first century. How-
ever, though the advent of social media has trans-
formed the conception of what social networks
were in earlier societies, Apicella et al. (2012)
noted that characteristics expressed are essen-
tially the same. They noted reciprocity, assort-
ment, skewness of distribution, homophily, and
degree assortativity among other factors as com-
mon to both types of networks.
Implications for Human Behavior
Social networks and the corresponding hyper-
connectivity have an enormous effect on human
behavior and society. This includes basic brain
structure and brain ability, as well as new forms
of learning. Correspondingly, we expect this to
have a major effect on all aspects of human soci-
ety including relationships, work, learning, art,
and play. The next sections discuss some of
these effects.
Homo Zapiens: A New Generation of Humans
There is some research showing that a new type of
human is being developed (Veen and Vrakking
2006). Of course, our basic physical structure is
the same; however, the brain connections which
are formed after birth are changing. These new
humans are the children of the Internet age, who
have grown up with constant networked commu-
nication and almost limitless real-time visual
media. Studies have shown that unlike most
adults, these net-generation humans can genu-
inely multitask (Judd and Kennedy 2011). These
results are found from comparison studies of chil-
dren and adults of various age groups, with exam-
ination of various task-switching exercises. The
results are also substantiated by observation stud-
ies and surveys of school-age children.
Mental Development, Learning, and
Cognition
It is suggested that the brain structure of homo
zapiens is different from those of previous
Human Behavior and Social Networks
humans due to their immersion from birth in
social media. The Internet generation through
the use of social networks and Internet media is
strengthening brain cells that regulate specific
activities. They are used to connecting to a large
network of people instantaneously and culling
vast stores of information. Previous humans used
a lot of memorization for learning. However, with
the era of social networks, the youth are learning
more about processing a high level of simulta-
neous social information and multitasking. Thus,
scientists have found that in the Internet era,
young people are developing more on the frontal
lobe of the brain, which associates with short-term
functions, than the hippocampus which is associ-
ated with memorization. Hence, with the rise of
social networks, the youth are becoming excellent
at multitasking which is basically short-term
memory operations.
The ability to multitask may however come at
the expense of long-term memory. Paul Thomp-
son, professor of neurology and psychiatry at
UCLA’s school of medicine, has said that “The
ancient Greeks used to have fantastic memories
because of the terrific cost in putting anything
down on paper. Army generals would know the
names of all their troops. We just simply don’t
need that memory at all” (Gray and
Thompson 2004).
One of the major impacts of social networks
will be the way we learn in the future. Reading
which was once an isolated and linear activity is
and will become a nonlinear and collaborative
activity. The main skill to obtain for learning
will be how to collaborate, search, and extract
knowledge. Learning in a linear fashion and by
memorization will become less and less impor-
tant. This implies that the learning activity
becomes active. In the social networks era, the
most effective way of learning is by doing and
by tinkering.
Relationships: Formal and Informal
It is an understatement to say that social network-
ing has transformed human relations (Baek et al.
2013). Networks as the essence of relationship
itself have gone from simple family ties and kin-
ship/friendship to a very complex mesh of
3
connections that have come to include not only
acquaintances but total strangers. The concept of
“family” and “friends” is being redefined by
social networks. These concepts, previously
reserved, respectively, for describing blood rela-
tions and the closest associates with which vary-
ing levels of intimacy are shared, currently go
beyond these conservative descriptions.
Formal relationships that have been trans-
formed by social media include customer service,
classroom interactions, and workplace or
employee relationships, among others (Del
Bosque 2013). Corporate pages on social net-
works are numerous, and it is almost considered
out of place for an organization not to have the
Facebook or Twitter link/logo when they provide
their contact information. During recruitment
exercises, organizations have even been known
to look into personal public social network pro-
files of prospective employees who in turn pro-
vide links to these pages/sites on their resume just
as any other regular information like previous
institutions attended.
Social networking has transformed the way
research is done as well; with opportunities to
connect directly with other researchers through
Facebook and other dedicated sites like Acade
mia.com, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar,
there is unlimited access to academic materials
with improved collaborations among researchers
widely separated by geographical boundaries and
who otherwise may never meet. Research scholars
and students can “follow” the works of their
favorite researchers on social media, and research
findings as well as other materials and publica-
tions are easily shared with others working in the
same field.
Within the informal setting, family relation-
ships, interaction with both friends and strangers,
as well as romantic relationships have all been
strongly influenced both positively and negatively
(Fox and Warber 2014; Lefebvre et al. 2014).
From connecting potential couples and blind
dates to matchmaking, online dating sites have
permeated the romance scene in the twenty-first
century. Marriages and real-life friendships have
resulted from relationships established through
online interactions (Mckenna et al. 2002).
4 Human Behavior and Social Networks

While social media has provided us unlimited Art and Play

opportunity for connecting online or offline as the Technology as a whole and social media in par-
case may be, giving us choices of platforms in ticular have created a lot more opportunities for
which to engage at no cost, some of the negative artists to share their work by providing more plat-
effects are equally strong. Family estrangement, forms; as a result, engagement with arts has
loss of privacy, cyberbullying, cybersex/Internet increased with audience now greater both in num-
sex, excessive use and addiction (Tang et al. ber and diversity (Thomson et al. 2013). In addi-
2016), and risk of physical safety based on avail- tion, technology and social media are redefining
ability of an excessive amount of information to what is considered arts. From photography to
strangers (Cain and Policastri 2011) are some of drawing, from art galleries to museums, social
the issues noted. networking is transforming the arts in very drastic
ways. Displays on social media pages have
influenced the popularities of both art materials
Communication
and artists. Several hundreds of photos are
Communication serves different purposes, vital
uploaded on Instagram with several hundreds of
among which is the creation of a sense of social
followers resulting.
cohesion, a central concept in human relationships
Armed with Internet-enabled mobile phones
and existence. Social cohesion is understood in
and tablets, art items seen during walks through
psychology as relating to the sharing of emotional
galleries and visits to museums are shared almost
and behavioral characteristics among individual
instantly with hundreds of “friends” on social
members of a group as well as with the group as a
media by these visitors who are now the volunteer
whole (Bruhn 2009). It is the glue that holds
marketers for the artists (Mitzevick 2015).
societies together; brought about through the pro-
On the other side of this, the negative impacts
cess of social integration (Larsen 2014). It has
of social networking have been reported to
been noted to have far-reaching effects including
include distractions during performances,
being a determinant of suicide rates in communi-
decrease in attendance at web-accessible
ties (Braswell and Kushner 2012) as well as a
in-person events, and a shift of focus from the
factor that affects general and psychological
arts to marketing and promotion. Above all, the
well-being (Lanzi 2011). Its absence can deter-
social networking platforms have not only served
mine the collapse of a community. It is the basis
to promote arts, they have also been utilized as
for social networks, which are abstract concepts
free platforms for criticism of artwork. The diver-
that describe the type and nature of interactions
sity of art audience also means higher and more
between and within members of a community
complicated expectations from artists (Thomson
made up of individuals that may or may not be
et al. 2013).
separated geographically. Social networking sites
or social media has done a lot to change the
Entertainment
manner in which we communicate. If individuals
Entertainment comes in various forms as private
were capable of close interaction with roughly
or personal entertainment such as individual or
150 people previously, in the age of online social
large-sized programs that can involve several peo-
networking, there may be a need to look into what
ple in public settings like theaters, parties, festi-
individuals are doing with the several hundreds
vals, and sporting activities. What all the various
and thousands of links they have established with
forms have in common is the fact that they are all
“friends” on Facebook, Twitter, Messenger,
engaging, interesting, and designed primarily to
WhatsApp, and the myriads of other sites. It
provide pleasure. Entertainment can include
remains to be confirmed whether the idea of
music, various kinds of performances, games,
“Durban’s number” needs to be redefined or still
and other forms of pleasurable activities. Previ-
holds.
ously, games are broadly divided into indoor and
outdoor types; however, in the age of
Human Behavior and Social Networks
hyperconnectivity, a new dimension has been
added, and there are countless online games an
individual can choose from. These have brought
about a new kind of living where we can play all
manner of games with the computer. The simplest
hand phone comes preloaded with several games.
There are dedicated game sites that people can
visit at their leisure. Games are loaded on social
network sites where friends can play together
online and also compare scores or simply share
their latest stock of games. Facebook launched its
instant game application on 29 November 2016,
with 17 instant games including Pac-Man, Words,
EverWing, TRACK & FIELD 100M, and Galaga
now available and accessible to users on
Facebook messenger in 30 countries including
the USA (Facebook 2016). This is in addition to
the numerous options already available at
Facebook app center. In a similar vein, Twitter
had launched its own dedicated gaming hub ear-
lier in January 2016 (Shah 2016). Lee (2013)
incidentally had earlier reported on three social
networks he described as “awesome just for
gamers”; they include Raptr, Playfire, and Duxter.
There continues to be a rise in the number of
social networking sites dedicated to gaming.
The ability of games to engage and hold inter-
est and attention while also providing pleasure is
also being leveraged in education. The concept of
“edutainment” (educational entertainment) on one
hand is used to describe both primarily educa-
tional materials with incidental entertainment
value and those designed primarily for entertain-
ment but have some educational values
(Rapeepisarn et al. 2006). Research studies sup-
port the fact that e-learning can be enhanced
through edutainment on social media (Labus
et al. 2015). On the other hand, serious games
(Charsky 2010), similar to edutainment, describe
a game or entertainment material primarily
designed to serve not just entertainment purposes.
When integrated with the affordances of social
media, it opens up different kinds of learning
opportunities, described by Konert and Steinmetz
(2013) as “social serious games.”
5
Crime
Rate, diversity, and techniques in criminality have
also increased with social networking. Cyber-
crimes were not known until the last few decades.
The anonymity, convenience, and speed of the
Internet is affording fraudsters the privilege of
various kinds of criminal acts including cyber-
crimes and cyber-enabled crimes which refer basi-
cally to traditional crimes which have taken new
turns due to the availability of the Internet
(Interpol 2016). Sex crimes, cyberbullying, and a
number of other subtle issues have become very
prominent issues for discussion in this regard.
Cases of persons abducted or murdered after a
physical meeting with strangers they met on a
social network site abound. While some of these
criminal acts may be minimal in their effect, some
could be global in dimension, affecting nations
and representing seeds of future (inter)national
disharmony. For example, the US election email
hack saga (CNN Library 2017; Lipton et al. 2016)
is a recent cybercrime believed to have influenced
the final US election result, having been used as a
means of sowing disaffection that affected public
opinion of both the democrats and their candidate
at a very critical point in the preelection process.
The result not only impacted the future of a whole
nation but also represents one that holds potential
for serious international consequences.
Key Applications
Information and Communication
It is no longer news that the entire information and
communication landscape have been disrupted by
the advent and proliferation of various social net-
working platforms. The way people all over the
world interact and communicate has been drasti-
cally transformed by the Internet and social
media. Maggiani (2014) described the changes
in the information and communication landscape
as a result of social network by the 5 Cs: conver-
sation, contribution, collaboration, connection,
and community.
As a result of the interconnectedness of indi-
viduals through social networks, mass informa-
tion gathering and dissemination have ceased to
6 Human Behavior and Social Networks
be a preserve of traditional media (Alejandro
2010); it is now easier to reach larger and more
diverse audiences with just a simple tweet on
Twitter or a status update on Facebook. Similarly,
applications like Instagram, YouTube, and
Snapchat empower individuals to transmit video
images and video information seamlessly and
effortlessly. Many traditional media are now
leveraging the power of the connectivity that
social networks provide to gather information for
their media contents as well as extend their
broadcast base.
Historically, people interact with others that
they know or have met in person; now, social
networks accord individuals the platforms to cre-
ate friendship zones, build social profiles, and
“belong” to different communities across all
forms of traditional barriers (geographical,
beliefs, cultural, status, etc.), thus, becoming a
media entity of their own. Social networks cur-
rently beat traditional media in news reporting; for
example, it was reported that tweets on the Bali
bombings in Jakarta beat reports from most major
news companies in July 2009.
The wholesome effect of the new communities
and the connectivity is that these interactions
influence our beliefs, decisions, and behaviors as
we keep adopting new behaviors in line with the
different communities of people with whom we
interact frequently (Jackson 2010), consciously,
and unconsciously. In addition, social networks
have become the Internet’s new search function as
people now spend less time navigating the Inter-
net independently and instead search for informa-
tion or make decisions based on “word-of-mouth”
recommendations from their friends, the so-called
friend casting (Itu.int, 2010).
Business and Industry
The pervasiveness of social networks continues to
influence all aspects of human existence. They
have become business enablers and continue to
disrupt the business ecosystem. It has become
imperative for every business – small or
large – to include the concept of social networking
as an integral component of their overall business
strategy; their success will be partly owed to suc-
cess within social media (Qualman 2012).
Generally, the cardinal focus of all business is
the customer, how they are reached and pleased.
The hyperconnectivity inherent in social networks
provides businesses with an inexpensive but effi-
cient way to attract new customers, strengthen
relationships with existing customers, as well as
promote their brands.
A customer-oriented strategy is better formu-
lated with abundance of customer-centric data and
information; companies are therefore leveraging
on social networks to get closer to their target
demographics, gain market intelligence, and
improve the quality of their products and their
business processes (Hamali and Mahdaoui 2015;
Hanna et al. 2011). Social network analytics
(study of customer opinions and feedbacks on
social platforms) have become tools used by busi-
ness owners and manager to understand consumer
behavior and consequently as suitable tool to
power innovations and drive growth (Mangold
and Faulds 2009; Neti 2011).
Social networks have not only permeated the
traditional business ecosystem, forcing changes in
the old business models, it has led to the creation
of new ones; hence we now have the social media
industry (SMI), consisting enterprise social media
(ESM) and consumer social media (CSM). ESM
refer to platforms designed to create internal
and/or external networks for organizations (e.g.,
Salesforce, Microsoft, and IBM), while CSM are
services geared to providing users with a collabo-
rative space to network and form communities
pertaining to broad or specialized interests as we
have on Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, MySpace,
Tencent Qzone, and Twitter (Radicati and
Yamasaki 2012).
Services offered by the SMI are not exactly
new; however, it leverages the hyperconnectivity
inherent in social network and growth in digital
ecosystems to transform the traditional, rigor-
ously defined and rigid business into more open,
flexible, demand-driven interactive environment.
Facebook (valued at $200 billion with a user base
of over 1 billion) currently launched an online
marketplace which allows trading with nearby
users (Holzner 2008).
Transport and logistics services are also being
transformed by new organizations employing
Human Behavior and Social Networks
social network-driven business models. Uber
Technologies Inc., for example, is currently
believed to have a $62.5 billion valuation
(Newcomer 2015), a growth achieved within a
5-year period. Similarly, digital content providers
are deploying the power of digital distribution to
surpass geographical boundaries; content crea-
tors, for instance, are leveraging on the YouTube
platform to sell video contents (Kim 2012) and
Pinterest to monetize pictures (Ottoni et al. 2013).
Facebook, LinkedIn, and other professional sites
are being deployed for recruitment, training, and
consulting services.
Recently, the growth in chat apps otherwise
called chatbots has revealed new ways in which
the social networks will further facilitate the emer-
gence of new businesses. Businesses are creating
chatbots on messaging platforms provided by
social networking sites to stay to reach out and
stay connected to their target market. The global
chatbot market was worth US$113.0 million in
2015, and it is expected to reach a revenue of
US$994.5 million by the last quarter of 2024 at a
projected Compound Annual Growth Rate
(CAGR) of 27.8% from 2016 to 2024
(Transparencymarketresearch.com 2016).
Health and Wellness
The perceptions of other people’s beliefs and what
they do affect individual choices (Valente 2012),
including health outcomes and the influence of
social networks on human behavior which implies
that health and well-being transcend the individ-
ual in ways that patients and other stakeholders in
health sector should care about (Smith and
Christakis 2008). Social networks have a huge
psychosocial influence on the physical and mental
well-being due to its inherent tendencies to alter
behavior, attitude, and moods on a very multilevel
scale. Social influence over health-related behav-
iors, social engagement, exchange of social sup-
port, and access to health-related materials is the
major mechanism by which health outcomes are
influenced via social networks (Ikeda and
Kawachi 2010).
Several promotional health campaigns are
massively deployed on the Internet through vari-
ous social network platforms particularly in public
7
health. Rock et al. (2016) reported that social
support through interaction via social networks
helped the youth to cope with poverty-induced
stress and sadness, as well as promote healthy
sexual practices in Malawi. In another study
(Farmer et al. 2009), it was reported that Facebook
provides a readily accessible portal to share expe-
riences of investigation, diagnosis, and manage-
ment of disease between the different stakeholder
in healthcare. In addition, social networks afford
information on institutional details of the
healthcare system, thereby reducing the costs of
locating an appropriate healthcare provider (Deri
2005) as well as serve as a tool for evaluation.
Learning and Instruction
Several researches have shown the effectiveness
of collaboration, a cardinal concept in social net-
works, in promoting effective learning. Online
educational platforms like thrives based the
implementation of social networking concept to
facilitate better learning experience among their
audience. Social networks can serve as direct and
indirect supports for learning, for example, by
providing an emotional outlet for school-related
stress, validation of creative work, peer-alumni
support for school-life transitions, and help with
school-related tasks, and (2) online social net-
working can stimulate social and civic benefits,
online and offline, which has implications for
education.
According to the Institute for Prospective
Technological Studies (IPTS), the proliferation
of social media applications outside of formal
educational settings provides new opportunities
for inventing and reforming educational contents
for the twenty-first-century learners (Redecker
et al. 2010). The availability and viral nature of
information transmission across social networks
have created a new learning ecosystem: the Per-
sonal Learning Environment (PLE), a self-paced
learning approach that integrates formal and infor-
mal learning (Dabbagh and Kitsantas 2012).
Redecker et al. (2010) summarize the key
application of social networks in creating better
learning experience; they are open access to abun-
dant learning content, proactive approaches to
learning through self-paced and user-designed
8 Human Behavior and Social Networks
study contents, seamless connection with peers
and instructor, and support for collaboration
between learners and teachers.
Research and Development
As stated earlier, social networks exert great influ-
ence on human behavior, which has prompted
new research areas and concept. Due to the per-
vasive nature of these networks, behavioral scien-
tist, marketing researchers, psychologists,
educationists, brand developers, and entrepre-
neurs are turning to social networks as a source
of primary data for research. Big data, big data
analytics, and social network analytics are some
concepts used currently by researchers to unravel
some of the world problems.
Future Directions
The social networks of today allow you to connect
many virtual communities; the experience will be
more immersive with the rise and advances in
augmented and virtual reality. For instance, you
with your Oculus VR glass can be anywhere you
want to be without leaving for your physical loca-
tion. With the concepts of the Internet of things,
big data, and advances in the chatbot technolo-
gies, social networks will be more integrated into
everything.
The advances in natural language processing
(NLP), natural interfaces (NUI), and disappearing
user interface (DUI) will ultimately transform
how we interact with the social networks in the
future. Internet and social networks will become
embedded in wearables, and it will be effortless to
share any part of our lives. The concept of Internet
of speech will emerge, and the possibility to talk
to anything through social media will be a
possibility.
Cross-References
▶ Collective Intelligence, Overview
▶ Networks in the Twenty-First Century
References
Alejandro J (2010) Journalism in the age of social media.
Reuters institute fellowship paper, University of
Oxford, 2009–2010
Apicella CL, Marlowe FW, Fowler JH, Christakis NA
(2012) Social networks and cooperation in hunter-
gatherers. Nature 481(7382):497–501. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nature10736
Baek YM, Bae Y, Jang H (2013) Social and parasocial
relationships on social network sites and their differen-
tial relationships with users’ psychological well-being.
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 16(7):512–517. https://
doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0510
Braswell H, Kushner HI (2012) Suicide, social integration,
and masculinity in the U.S. military. Soc Sci Med
74(4):530–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.
2010.07.031
Bruhn J (2009) The group effect, p 171. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-1-4419-0364-8
Cain J, Policastri A (2011) Using Facebook as an informal
learning environment. Am J Pharm Educ 75(10):207.
https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7510207
Charsky D (2010) From edutainment to serious games: a
change in the use of game characteristics. Games Cult
5(2):177–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/155541200935
4727
CNN Library (2017) 2016 Presidential Campaign Hacking
Fast Facts. CNN, 9 Jan 2017
Creative Displays (2015) History of Communication from
Cave Drawings to the Web. In: Creat. Displays Now.
http://www.creativedisplaysnow.com/articles/history-
of-communication-from-cave-drawings-to-the-web/
Dabbagh N, Kitsantas A (2012) Personal learning environ-
ments, social media, and self-regulated learning: a nat-
ural formula for connecting formal and informal
learning. Internet High Educ 15(1):3–8
Del Bosque D (2013) Will you be my friend? Social net-
working in the workplace. New Libr World
114(9/10):428–442. https://doi.org/10.1108/NLW-04-
2013-0033
Deri C (2005) Social networks and health service utiliza-
tion. J Health Econ 24(6):1076–1107
Dunbar RIM (2009) The social brain hypothesis and its
implications for social evolution. Ann Hum Biol
36(5):562–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/0301446090
2960289
Facebook (2016) Game on: you can now play games on
messenger. Retrieved from http://newsroom.fb.com/
news/2016/11/game-on-you-can-now-play-games-on-
messenger/
Farmer A, Holt C, Cook M (2009) Social networking sites:
a novel portal for communication. Postgrad Med
J 85(1007):455–459
Fox J, Warber KM (2014) Social networking sites in
romantic relationships: attachment, uncertainty, and
partner surveillance on facebook. Cyberpsychol
Behav Soc Netw 17(1):3–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/
cyber.2012.0667
Human Behavior and Social Networks
Gray JR, Thompson PM (2004) Neurobiology of intelli-
gence: Science and ethics. Nat Rev Neurosci
5:471–482
Hamali S El, Mahdaoui L (2015) Towards a reeingeniering
of business process management lifecycle by the use of
social networks. In: Research Challenges in Informa-
tion Science (RCIS), 2015 IEEE 9th International Con-
ference on. IEEE, pp 526–527
Hanna R, Rohm A, Crittenden V (2011) We’re all
connected: The power of the social media ecosystem.
Bus Horiz 54(3):265–273
Holzner S (2008) Facebook marketing: leverage social
media to grow your business. Pearson Education,
Indiana
Ikeda A, Kawachi I (2010) Social networks and health. In:
Handbook of behavioral medicine SE - 18. Springer,
New York, pp 237–261
Interpol (2016) Cybercrime. Retrieved 9 Dec 2016,
from https://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Cybercrime/
Cybercrime
ITU News (2010) The rise of social networking. http://
www.itu.int/net/itunews/issues/2010/06/35.aspx
Jackson M (2010) An overview of social networks and
economic applications. In: Benhabib J, Bisin A, Jack-
son MO (eds) Handb Soc Econ 1:511–585
Judd T, Kennedy G (2011) Measurement and evidence of
computer-based task switching and multitasking by
“Net Generation” students. Comput Educ 56:625–631
Kim J (2012) The institutionalization of YouTube: from
user-generated content to professionally generated con-
tent. Media Cult Soc 34(1):53–67
Konert J, Gerwien N, Göbel S, Steinmetz R (2013) Bring-
ing game achievements and community achievements
together. In: European Conference on Games Based
Learning. p 319
Labus A, Despotović-Zrakić M, Radenković B,
Bogdanović Z, Radenković M (2015) Enhancing for-
mal e-learning with edutainment on social networks.
J Comput Assist Learn 31(6):592–605
Lanzi D (2011) Capabilities and social cohesion. Camb
J Econ 35(6):1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/
ber015
Larsen CA (2014) Social cohesion: definition, measure-
ment and developments. Centre for Comparative Wel-
fare Studies, Aalborg University, Aalborg
Lee J (2013) 3 awesome social networks just for gamers.
Retrieved from http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/3-
awesome-social-networks-just-for-gamers/
Lefebvre L, Blackburn K, Brody N (2014) Navigating
romantic relationships on Facebook: extending the
relationship dissolution model to social networking
environments. J Soc Pers Relat 32(1):78–98. https://
doi.org/10.1177/0265407514524848
Lipton E, Sanger DE, Shane S (2016) The perfect weapon:
how Russian cyberpower invaded the U.S. New York
Times, 13 Dec 2016
Magiani R (2014) Social Media and Its Effect on Commu-
nication. Solari Commun 9330
9
Mangold W, Faulds D (2009) Social media: the new hybrid
element of the promotion mix. Bus Horiz
52(4):357–365
Mckenna KYA, Green AS, Gleason MEJ (2002) Relation-
ship formation on the Internet: what’s the big attrac-
tion? J Soc Issues 58(1):9–31
Mitzevick N (2015) How social media is shaping arts.
InDaily, Aug 2015
Neti S (2011) Social media and its role in marketing. Int
J Enterp Computing and Bus Syst 1(2):1–5
Newcomer E (2015) Uber raises funding at $62.5 billion
valuation. Bloomberg. http://www.Bloomberg.com/
news/articles/2015-12-03/uber-Raises-Funding-at-62-
5-Valuation. Published 3 Dec 2015
Ottoni R, Pesce JP, Las Casas DB, et al (2013) Ladies First:
Analyzing Gender Roles and Behaviors in Pinterest. In:
Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI
Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM-
13). pp 457–465
Qualman E (2012) Socialnomics: how social media trans-
forms the way we live and do business. Book. https://
doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt363
Radicati S, Yamasaki T (2012) Social media market,
2012–2016. In: The Radicati Group, Inc., technology
report
Rapeepisarn K, Wong KW, Fung CC, Depickere A (2006)
Similarities and differences between learn through play
and edutainment. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Austral-
asian conference on interactive entertainment,
pp 28–32
Redecker C, Ala-Mutka K, Punie Y (2010). Learning
2.0 – the impact of social media on learning in Europe.
In: Policy brief. JRC scientific and technical report.
EUR JRC56958
Rock A, Barrington C, Abdoulayi S, Tsoka M (2016)
Social networks, social participation, and health
among youth living in extreme poverty in rural Malawi.
Soc Sci Med 170(55–62)
Shah S (2016) Twitter Gaming is the social network’s new
hub for games, gamers, eSports. Digital Trends, 14 Jan
2016
Smith K, Christakis N (2008) Social networks and health.
Annu Rev Sociol 34:405–429
Tang JH, Chen MC, Yang CY, Chung TY, Lee YA
(2016) Personality traits, interpersonal relationships,
online social support, and Facebook addiction. Tele-
matics Inform 33(1):102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.tele.2015.06.003
Thomson K, Purcell K, Rainie L (2013) Overall impact of
technology on the arts. http://www.pewinternet.org/
2013/01/04/section-6-overall-impact-of-technology-
on-the-arts/. Retrieved 9 Dec 2016
Transparencymarketresearch.com (2016) Global chatbot
market: large enterprises inclined toward prospect of
chatbot-enabled business process automation, finds
TMR
Valente T (2012) Social networks and health: models,
methods, and applications. Healthc Inform Res
18(4):287–289
10 Human Behavior and Social Networks

Veen W, Vrakking B (2006) Homo Zappiens: Reshaping Sparrow B, Liu J, Wegner DM (2011) Google effects on
learning in the digital age. Continuum International memory: cognitive consequences of having informa-
Publishing Group Ltd, London tion at our fingertips. Science 333(6043):776. Interact
with the social networks
Recommended Reading
Neustaedter C, Harrison S, Sellen A (2013) Connecting
families: an introduction. Springer, London. doi:10.
1007/978-1-4471-4192-1_1

View publication stats