ENGR.JESSA MAE A.

GOMEZ
Instructor
Let a, b & c are natural numbers

1. Law of closure for addition A+B

2. Commutative law for addition A+B=B+A

3. Associative law for addition A + (B + C) = (B + A) + C

4. Law of closure for multiplication AxB

5. Commutative law for multiplication AxB=BxA

6. Associative law for multiplication A (BC) = (AB) C

7. Distributive law A (B+C) = AB + AC

1. Reflexive Property A=A

2. Symmetric Property A = B then B = A

3. Transitive Property A=B & B=C then A = C

4. A=B&C=D A+C=B+D

5. A=B&C=D AC = BD
 1
𝑛
1. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎

𝑚
𝑛
2. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑚

3. ( 𝑛 𝑎 )𝑛 = 𝑎

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4. 𝑎𝑥 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏

𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
5. 𝑛 = 𝑏
provided that b ≠ 0
𝑏
1. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 . . . 𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
2. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
3. (𝑎𝑏𝑐)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
4. =
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
𝑚
𝑛
5. 𝑎 =
𝑛 𝑎𝑚
1 1
6. 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 and 𝑎 −𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚
7. 𝑎0 = 1
8. If 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 then 𝑛 = 𝑚 provided a
≠0
PROBLEM 1. SOLUTION:

Solve for x: −2
2 −2
− 3 1 1
1 3 =− =− −
𝑥=− −3 3 = −9
−27 1 1
=− = −
1 2 1
−3 9

PROBLEM 2. SOLUTION:

(3𝑥 )𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜: 2

= 3𝑥∙𝑥 = 3𝑥
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 10. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑀 = log 𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑕𝑚
𝑀 log 𝑀 ln 𝑀
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑀 = =
log 𝑛 ln 𝑛

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 12. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎

4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 13. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 EXAMPLE:
7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑁 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑁 = 𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4250 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1000 𝑥 4.25
8. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑀 = 𝑁 = log 1000 + log 4.25
= 3 + 0.6284
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑀 = ln 𝑀 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟒
 Expanding Brackets Factorization

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑑 + 𝑒)
2 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)

𝒂𝒅 + 𝒂𝒆 + 𝒃𝒅 + 𝒃𝒆 + 𝒄𝒅 + 𝒄𝒆 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
1. 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

2. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

3. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

4. (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧

5. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

6. 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
Long Division Method
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 20) 𝑏𝑦 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 15 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 40
𝑥−4 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 20
𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3

4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2
4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2
6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥
6𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
15𝑥 − 20
15𝑥 − 60
−40
Synthetic Division
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 20) 𝑏𝑦 𝒙 − 𝟒

1 0 − 10 −9 − 20 4
4 16 24 60

𝟏 𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟎

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟒𝟎
Direct Variation
𝑥 ∝ 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦

1 𝑘
Indirect Variation 𝑥∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑦 𝑦

Joint Variation 𝑦 𝑘𝑦
𝑥 ∝ 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
𝑧 𝑧

𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
PROBLEM 3. SOLUTION:

𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑤𝛼 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 = 𝑘 2
Given that w varies directly as 𝑧 𝑧
the product of x and y and 𝑤 = 4 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
inversely as the square of z
and that w = 4 when x = 2, y = 4=𝑘
(2)(6)
6 and z = 3. Find w when x = 32
1, y = 4 and z = 2. 𝑘=3

𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2

1(4)
𝑤=3 𝑤 = (3)
22
Arithmetic Progression
Common Difference Sum of n terms
𝑛
𝑆 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 2

Nth terms
𝑛
𝑆= 𝑎 + 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 2 1

𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑑 𝑆= 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
PROBLEM 4. SOLUTION:

How many terms of the 𝑛

66 = 2 −9 + 𝑛 − 1 3
sequence -9, -6, -3, . . . must 2
be taken so that the sum is 132 = −18𝑛 + 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛
66?
3𝑛2 − 21𝑛 − 132 = 0
𝑛 = −4
𝑛 = 11 𝑛 = 11
PROBLEM 5. SOLUTION:

The sum of five arithmetic 𝑎1 = 34

means between 34 and 42 is: 𝑎7 = 42

7
𝑆= 34 + 42 = 266
2
266 − 34 − 42 𝑆 = 190
Geometric Progression
Common Ratio Sum of n terms
𝑎2 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑑= 𝑆= when r > 1
𝑎1 𝑟−1

Nth terms 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆= when r < 1
1−𝑟
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1

Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚 𝑎1
𝑆=
1−𝑟
PROBLEM 6. SOLUTION:

𝑎1 = 4
There are 6 geometric
means between 4 and 8748. 𝑎8 = 8748
Find the sum of all terms. 𝑎8 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
8748 = 4 𝑟 8−1
𝑟=3

𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 4(38 − 1)
𝑆= = 𝑆 = 13, 120
𝑟−1 3−1
Harmonic Progression
 A sequence of numbers in which their reciprocals forms an Arithmetic
Progression.

PROBLEM 7. SOLUTION:
Therefore, in H.P.
Their reciprocals are 1/6, the 12th term is
Find the 12th term 1/3, 1/2 which form as A.P.
of the series 6, 3, 2, . with common difference d of
.. 1/6.
1/2
1 1
𝑎12 = + 12 − 1 =2
6 6
Relationship between arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
means
 Example 1
1 If A can do a job in 4 hours and B can do
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = the same job in 8 hours, working together
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑕 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
from start (a) what part of the job have they
done in 2 hours, and (b) how many hours
can they finish the job?

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Example 2
A job could be done by eleven workers in
15 days. Five workers started the job. They
were reinforced with four more workers at
the beginning of the 6th day. Find the total
number of days it will take them to finish
the job.
Solution 1: Solution 2:
Rate A = 1/4 t = no. of days the four workers has to work with the
five workers to finish the job.
Rate B = 1/8

No. of man-days to finish the job = 11 (15) = 165 man-

Work done in 2 hours days
1/4(2) + 1/8(2) = ¾
This means ¾ or 75% of the work was done. Five workers started the job for 5 days and (5 + 4)
workers continued the job at the beginning of the 6th
day for t days until completion.
Time to finish the job:
1/4 t + 1/8 t = 1
5(5) + (5+4)t = 165
t = 2.667 hours (one complete job)
t = 15.56
Total no. of days = 15.56 +5 = 20.56 days
Example 1
Two times the father’s age is 8 more than 6 times his sons age. Ten years ago,
the sum of their ages was 44. What is the age of his son?

Example 2
Peter’s age 13 years ago was 1/3 of his age 7 years ago hence. How old is
Peter?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
x = age of the son x = age of Peter now

y = age of the father x – 13 = his age 13 years ago

2y = 6x + 8 x + 7 = his age 7 years hence

y = 3x +4 (1)
Ten years ago: x – 13 = (1/3)(x + 7)

(x – 10) + (y – 10) = 44 3x – 39 = x + 7

x + y = 64 (2) 2x = 46

Substitute y in eq. (1) to eq. (2) x = 23

x + (3x + 4) = 64
4x = 60
x = 15
 Example 1
The number is:
100𝑕 + 10𝑡 + 𝑢 In two digit number, the units digit is
3 greater than the ten’s digit. Find
the number if it is 4 times as large as
The reversed number is: the sum of its digits.
100𝑢 + 10𝑡 + 𝑕

Example 2
The sum of the digit is:
𝑕+𝑡+𝑢 The product of three consecutive
integers is 9240. Find the third
integer.
Solution 1: Solution 2:
u = unit’s digit x = third integer
t = ten’s digit
x – 1 = second integer
u=t+3
x – 2 = first integer
Sum of digits = u + t
The number = 10t + u
Product:
10t + u = 4(u + t)
x (x – 1) (x – 2) = 9240
But u = t + 3
x = 22
10t + t + 3 = 4(t +3 + t)
11t + 3 = 8t + 12
t = 3 and u = 6

The number = 6(10) +3

The number = 63
Example 1
100 kg salt solution originally 4% by weight. Salt in water is boiled to
reduce water content until the concentration is 5% by weight salt. How
much water is evaporated?

Example 2
A 40 gram alloy containing 35% gold is to be melted with a 20 gram alloy
containing 50% gold. How much percentage of gold is the resulting alloy?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
100 kg x 100 – x 40 g 20 g 60 g

4% salt 100% 5% salt 5% salt

96% water + water = 95% water
35% + 50% = 95% water

In salt: % of gold:

4%(100) – 0 = 5%(100-x) 40 (0.35) + 20 (0.50) = 60x

400 = 500 – 5x 14 + 10 = 60x

x = 20 kg x = 40%