John Rawls, in his work A Theory of Justice, considers how application of logic in justice

system would save the society from common problems like designing societal systems,
distributing social and economic advantages, and allotting duties to people in society
among other issues. Rawls starts by introducing the ‘original position.’ At the original
position, the parties select principles that will determine the basic structure of the society
they will live in. This choice is made from behind a veil of ignorance, which would
deprive participants of information about their particular characteristics: their ethnicity,
social status, gender and, crucially, Conception of the Good (an individual's idea of how
to lead a good life). This forces participants to select principles impartially and rationally.

The first principle of John Rawls’ Theory of Justice is the principle of equal liberty. It
states that “each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal
basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. The second
principle of John Rawls’ Theory of Justice is called the difference principle. It defines
how economic resources should be distributed in a good society. This principle consists
of two parts. The first part discusses the distribution of acquired or purchased wealth in
the society. It refers to regulation of taxation and redistribution of wealth in the state. The
second part of this principle is the so-called principle of equal opportunity. It regulates
access to those social positions that are considered to be prestigious in the society,
including good jobs and positions of authority. Rawls states that the second principle of
the Theory of Justice “applies, in the first approximation, to the distribution of income
and wealth and to the design of organizations that make use of differences in authority
and responsibility, or chains of command”. The second part of the principle is based on
anti-discrimination.

John Locke’s most central concept in his political philosophy is his theory of natural law
and natural rights. Natural law theory is a legal theory that recognizes law and morality as
deeply connected, if not one and the same. Morality relates to what is right and wrong
and what is good and bad. Natural law theorists believe that human laws are defined by
morality, and not by an authority figure, like a king or a government. The natural law
concept existed long before Locke as a way of expressing the idea that there were certain
moral truths that applied to all people, regardless of the particular place where they lived
or the agreements they had made.

Before Locke could come up with his concept of natural rights, he first considered a state
of nature. Hobbes state of nature is a constant and violent condition of competition in
which each individual has a natural right to everything, regardless of the interests of
others. Unlike Hobbes definition, Locke considered state of nature as “the absence of
government but not by the absence of mutual obligation. Beyond self-preservation, the
law of nature, or reason, also teaches “all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all
equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions”.
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