an Ix / E cI Chemical Engineering Fundamentals Review

Mathematics, Computers,
Operations Research, and Statistics
by Robert F. Sweeny , Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Pa.,
Robert S. Davis, Scientific Design Co., Inc., New York, N . Y.,
Leon Lapidus, Princeton University, Princeton, N . J., and
Sanford M. Roberts and
Edward Sax, Thompson-Ramo- Wooldridge Products Co., Beverly Hills,Calif.

b Process si mulation challenges mathematicians

b Statistics and computers combine for automatic process optimization

b Operations research emerges from “primitive” linear estimation with

nonlinear techniques

T,, W’ORD MOST FREQUENTLY en-
countered in the literature last year
was “optimization,” the systematic treat-
ment of variables to find the combination
which yields the most product, the best
product, or the most money. This
trend is especially interesting because
all the sections of this review are in-
volved. T h e very reason for existence
of optimization is the best operation of
a plant; thus it might properly be called
operations research. Yet some of the
mathematics used qualify the subject
as a subdivision of applied mathematics.
One of the most important techniques
used for optimization is EVOP (evolu-
tionary operation), which is admittedly
a statistical tool. Finally, computers
are used in solving the lengthy equations
formulated by the mathematicians and
statisticians. When computers are used
for this purpose in “on-line” plant serv-
ice, process control takes over.
T h e review has been divided into the
four title subjects. The mathematics
section covers Jan. 1 to Dec. 1, 1960.
Computers and statistics covers Decem-
ber 1959 through November 1960.
Operations research reviews the same
period.
Mathematics
T h e flow of publications whose con-
tent contains mathematics of direct
interest to the chemical engineer con-
tinues at a fast and unabated pace. Of
importance in the work published dur-
ing the year is the fact that the level of
sophistication of the topics involved
seems to be rising. Chemical engineers
are now using mathematical techniques
which only a few years ago were the
province of the applied mathematician.
Determining the optimum perform-
ance of chemical and petroleum units
has interested a number of authors.
Berg ( I A ) , Johnson (4A), and Stout
(70A) were concerned with the de-
velopment of process equations which
could be used for optimization and/or
control. Proceeding a step further, sev-
eral authors ( 2 4 5 A , 71A) have in-
vestigated the optimization of various
systems using linear programming tech-
niques.
However, it is well known that the
concept of linearity for the process
equations and the constraints may be
too restrictive for practical use. Rosen
( 8 A ) , in a monumental study, has ex-
tended the linear programming approach
so that nonlinear process equations may
be used. This work as well as other non-
linear programming techniques has been
summarized most adequately by Wolfe
(72A).
At the same time, Lapidus and others
( 6 A ) and Rosenbrock (QA) have in-
vestigated the automatic implementa-
tion of nonlinear optimization tech-
niques, such as steepest descent (ascent)
and piecewise linear least-square fits.
In essence, these methods involve a type
of search procedure which is ideally
suited for use with digital computers.
Chanmugan and others ( 3 A ) have in-
vestigated the possibility of using a
cosine-type input for determining the
process characteristics and following this
with an optimization procedure. The
proceedings of the recent symposium on
optimization (7A) also contain a num-
ber of extremely interesting reports.
Of interest is the extensive use of matrix
terminology in most of these references.
T h e use of dynamic programming as
an optimization technique has received
considerable attention during this past
year. I n effect this method replaces
a multidimensional or multistage opti-
mization with a series of single-stage
optimizations. T h e computational sim-
plifications afforded by this procedure are
quite significant. T h e application to
the static behavior of chemical engineer-
ing processes has been detailed by Aris
and others (7B-5B)in a series of super-
lative reports and by Roberts (9B).
In these, the optimum representation of
various staged operations and of fixed
bed reactors has been analyzed in de-
tail. Kalman and others (6A, 7B) and
Merriam (8B) have also used this tech-
nique for optimizing the behavior of

VOL. 53 NO. 4 APRIL 1961 329

 4-1
an Chemical Engineering Fundamentals Review
dynamic processes. The book of HoTvard
(6B)considers the application to Mar-
kov-type processes.
The past year has seen the develop-
ment in this country of the use of Lya-
punov's second method for analyzing
the stability of nonlinear dynamic sys-
tems. This method involves an ex-
tensive use of matrix notation, the
properties of ordinary differential equa-
tions, and attempts to find a scalar
function which can be used to define
stability limits. The classic study in the
field is that of Kalman and others (7C).
Levin and others tZC) have applied the
Lyapunov method to chemical reactor
stability. The tremendous interest in
this subject was exhibited by a full-day
series of papers a t the September
Joint Automatic Control Conference at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
As further evidence of the importance
and interest for chemical engineers as-
sociated with the above mentioned
mathematic techniques is the fact that
the special lecture series for the Decem-
ber American Institute of Chemical
Engineers meeting was devoted to
fundamental ideas and applications for
optimization techniques in design and
control. Such topics as the optimization
of nonlinear static and linear dynamic
processes using steepest ascent, linear
programming, and dynamic program-
ming were detailed, as well as the stability
of nonlinear systems using Lyapunov's
method. An extensive set of notes was
prepared for this presentation. A re-
cent issue of the Chemical Engineering
ProgTess Symfiosium Series (No. 31) con-
tains a number of reports from meetings
on optimization held a t n'ew York
University and in Mexico City (4H).
A number of authors have concerned
themselves with the mathematical analy-
sis of linear dynamic systems. In par-
ticular, a few have considered the re-
sponse of such systems to random fluctua-
tions on the process inputs ( I D ) and to
the determination of the process dynamics
of continu.ous stirred tank reactors
(CSTR) by correlation techniques (50).
Another author (GD) has presented a
highly detailed analysis of the linear
prediction problem. In all cases, m a -
trix algebra and the concepts of random
Gaussian concentration or temperature
distributions are employed. The recent
translation of the book by Solodovnikov
(IOD) is another example of this type
of analysis.
The concept of a transleer function and/
or frequency response has also been
used by many authors to develop suit-
able models for linear dynamic chemical
engineering proccsses. This implies
the use of the Laplace transform. The
CSTR has been considered ( 2 0 ; 4D,
9 D ) in this light and also the heat ex-
changer (70, I I D ) . Mesarovic ( 8 0 )
330 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
illustrated the use of the transfer
function concept for analyzing the re- Table 1. Mathematical Studies of
sponse of large complex systems. General Interest
Many of the ideas embodied in the
analysis of linear systems have been Subject
summarized by Williams (120) in a Momentum Transport
recent series of articles, and Gibson (30)
Flow of non-Newtonian fluids
has discussed in detail the implications past surface
and mathematics of adaptive (learning) Study of climbing 6lm evaporator
type systems. Motion of sphere in infinite cylin-
Previous work involved with character- der
Dispersion in flow through capil-
izing axial dispersion caused by im- laries
perfect mixing or radial gradients by Boundary layer theory to power-
an axial diffusivity has been extended law fluids
during this year. As a general rule, the Dynamics of a Newtonian fluid
interface
mathematics involve the solution of Interfacial turbulence
linear parabolic partial differential equa-
tions; the specific equations depend on H e a t Transport
the particular process under study. H e a t transport i n gases with
The method of solution is usually by chemical reaction
Laplace transform, but other methods, Radiative and conductive transfer
such as separation of variables, are also i n packed bed
Analysis of rectangular fixed bed
used. In some cases the residence time reactor
curves (the commonly used name for the Transient heat transfer i n sta-
experimental technique) are analyzed tionary packed beds
by the moments of the residence time dis- Transport i n presence of phase
conversion
tribution (7E). One-dimensional heat equation
Diffusion type models for the axial with variable parameters
dispersion in homogeneous flow reactors Thermal radiation between par-
or pipes with imperfect mixing havc bccn allel plates
analyzed (2Ej 8E, I I E ) , and Hawthorn M a s s Transport
(IOE) considered the effect of a radial
Laminar boundary layer flows
temperature gradient. Axial dispersion with finite velocities
i n fixed and fluidized bed operation with Variable diffusivity in solids
no reaction (3E-725 9 E ) , in chromato- Multicomponent diffusion
graphic beds ( I E ) ,and in slurried chem- Transfer from sphere to laminar
fluid
ical reactors with heat sources (7223) have Diffusion within developing
been analyzed. boundary layer
Consideration of Sturm-Liouville type Vaporization of superheated drops
systems continued during the past year. in liquids
Simultaneous transport and
In general, the problem is one of solving chemical reaction
a linear boundary-value partial dif- Extractive reaction in CSTR
ferential equation, with the solution in- Vaporization in t h e hypersonic
volving an infinite set of eigenvalues. laminar boundary layer
Entrainment a n d efficiency of
The solution is explicitly obtained by mixer-settlers
Laplace transform or another standard Spherical diffusion with nonlinear
procedure. Among the specific systems isotherm
of interest were the transfer of heat, Ion exchange system
mass, or momentum from a fluid flowing
Miscellaneous
between a fixed coordinate system
( I F , 4F, 6F, 7 F ) , chernical reaction in Implicit algebraic functions for
rate constants
tubular flow reactors (ZF, 5 F ) >and fixed Analysis of fixed bed reaction
bed operation ( 3 F ) . system
In addition to the mathematical refer- Generalized CSTR systems
ences already discussed, there also have Calculation procedure for batch
rectification
been a large number of reports covering
a wide variety of diflerent topics (Table Miscellaneous
I). Of particular interest is the book of Activity levels i n reactor-regen-
Ralston and others (Z4G) which, while erator system
digital computer oriented, presents a Matrix algebra, ordinary and
mathematical analysis of certain topics partial differential equations,
regression, and nonlinear
\vhich are both informative and im- functions
portant. This book is recommended Mechanics of particle bounce
highly to all readers of this revieiv.. Catalyst utilization with continu-
ous replacement
Moving boundary problem
Numerical differentiation using
Computers least-square fit
Transient response of distillation
Delivery of the large solid-state digital column
computers was started during the past

Table II. Computer Reports
Subject
Heat, Mass Transfer, and Fluid Flow
Graetz equation (IBM 650) for
heat and mass transfer in laminar
flow
Sample program, block diagram for
hear exchanger selection
Computation of natural convection
behavior in a horizontal cylinder
Equations predicting temperature
profiles on plate heat exchangers
(IBM 704)
Equations for solving multicompo-
nent diffusion problems (IBM
650)
Mathematical model for pipeline
operation with surge
Distillation and Extraction
Multicomponent flash vaporization
curves by integration of differen-
tial equations
Binary batch rectification with hold-
up (IBM 650)
New coverage method for multi-
component distillation catcula-
tions
Pulse extractor simulated on IBM
650
Miner-settler extractor simulated
on digital computer
Kinetics and Reactiors
Iterative process of estimating rate (SG)
constant ratios from nonlinear
differential equations
Frost-Schwemer kinetics equations ( 8 J )
for competing reactions (IBM
650)
Computer solution of catalyst supply ( S J )
problem in gas shift converters
Reaction coefficients from experi- f7J)
mental rate data using trial and
error (IBM 650)
EqIJations for solving backmixing in (11J)
design of chemical reactors (IBM
650)
Thermodynamics
Calculating detonation and impact
characteristics for hydrogen-
oxygen mixtures (IBM 650)
Multicomponent eutectic systems
calculated for binary data (IBM
650)
Extension to azeotropes
Optimization and Planning by Simulation
Planning and scheduling oil refinery
operations using computer
methods
Optimization of distillation opera-
tion using calculation method
Reaction kinetics optimization using
nonlinear estimation
Dynamic programing formulation
of catalyst replacement problem
Simulating refinery to plan opera-
tions, optimize
Optimization methods in process
equipment design
an r dChemiical Engineering Fundamentals Review
year. I t is surprising how many com-
panies have made the change. Some
are even making the big j u m p from
Ref.
medium to very large (IBM 650 to 7090).
A list of analog equipment available
was given ( 6 H ) , along with a list of ref-
(IF)
erences on analog simulation.
I n the midst of the activity concerning
(8J) larger computers, a description was
published (2”) showing how a small
(2 SJ) computer can be programed to solve
large problems (a complicated flash
(14J) vaporization problem was used as an
example). I n more general matters
(1SG) of programing much discussion was
heard concerning Algorithmic language
(ALGOL) and other similar or related
(IOJ) methods. The subject of universal pro-
graming is attracting very high interest.
During the year, the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers has made
(1J) available three complete program man-
uals ( 7 H ) . They have continued the
monthly publication of abstracts in
(14G) Chemical Engineering Pr2gress. Other
(15J) literature available is a description of
how to solve multicomponent distilla-
tion problems on the analog Dystac
(4J) ( 5 H ) ; a collection of reports (47);
and computer abstracts on cards, an
(S2C) abstracting service ( 3 H ) . Table I1 lists
other reports of interest.
Operations Research
Operations research (OR) has been
defined as “a scientific method of pro-
viding executive departments with a
quantitative basis for decisions regard-
ing the operations under their control.”
This is perhaps a little too broad, but
it does delineate the area of interest.
This past year might be referred to as
the one in which the literature started
to indicate that the world is round rather
than flat, as shown by the emphasis on
the use of dynamic or nonlinear pro-
graming techniques as contrasted with
(6J) the now classical linear programing
approach.
An extremely interesting report by
(1OJ) Singer (75K) deals with simulation and
optimization of oil refinery design.
The report treats the simulation and
(QJ )
optimization of the design of a 10-vari-
able oil refinery with the objective of
maximizing net profit after amortiza-
(SJI tion costs. T h e example illustrates the
application of several new nonlinear
optimization techniques. Three new
(Ian techniques for handling nonlinear op-
timization problems were presented :
(16J) the gradient projection method ( 8 A ) ,
(17J)
the leap and creep method, and the tech-
nique of deflected ascent. T h e ap-
(18J) proaches outlined should find wide ap-
plication in the chemical and petroleum
(19.1) industries.
An excellent bibliography on non-
linear programing was presented by
Wolfe (77K), and large step gradient
procedures using the simplical method
were described ( 7 7 K ) . Quadratic pro-
graming or fixed-tableau simplical
procedures were also covered ( 7 K , 6 K ,
76K).
Three excellent reports on chemical
engineering applications of optimiza-
tion techniques appeared (4B,9B, 4 K ) in
one volume. Cochran ( 4 K )discussed the
general optimization problem and con-
trasted linear programing or matrix
problem types with nonlinear or response
surface types. This article gives a good
example of an approach to chemical
plant design optimization.
T h e application of dynamic program-
ing to three representative chemical
engineering problems included ( 4 B ):
optional multistage compression of a
gas, optional multistage cross-current
extraction, and optimal temperature
sequences in reactors. Roberts (9B)
presented the application of dynamic
programing to the formulation of the
catalyst replacement problem. Four dif-
ferent models of the catalyst replacement
problem were given, the solutions of
which yield the maximum profit, the
maximum profit-time relationship, and
the operating policy of when to shut
down and replace or regenerate the cat-
alyst.
Some interesting new applications of
linear programming techniques also
appeared. O n e method (77A) makes
optimum use of available storage tanks
in spite of random fluctuations in supply
and demand. Another study ( Q K )
shows the use of linear programing for
scheduling and planning large scale
engineering projects.
The so-called “critical path” method
can be used in scheduling engineering
work and research and development
projects, as well as annual plant mainte-
nance turn-arounds. With this technique
one can evaluate the cost of various al-
ternates, including crash programs, and
arrive at the optimum solution. T h e
method is available as a computer pro-
gram from Remington Rand, in con-
junction with D u Pont.
An application of linear programing
to the problem of assembly line balanc-
ing was given (ZK),and the use of
a modification of linear programing to
solve certain types of nonlinear problems
in tetraethyllead blending was discussed
( 5 A ) . Another application to produc-
tion scheduling ( 5 K ) uses random sam-
pling techniques for picking the optimum
schedule from a large number of pos-
sibilities. T h e use of operations research
techniques in planning production was
discussed ( S K ) , and an interesting ap-
plication of operations research to opti-
mization of a kraft pulping process ap-
peared ( 3 K ) .
A symposium on case histories in op‘
VOL. 53,‘NO. 4 0 APRIL 1961 331
 an Chemical Engineering Fundamentals Review
erations research five years after the
programs were instituted was published
(12K), and a survey of OR techniques
in British industry appeared ( 7 3 K ) .
T h e long-range future of OR was dis-
cussed (7K, IOK)? and the problem oi
finding the optimum solution in OR
\vas considered (14K).
I n contrast with 1959, fewer new books
apppared last year. .4n interesting col-
lection of lectures on operations research
and systems engineering appeared (3L).
It is a good introductory Tvork and de-
scribes such techniques as linear pro-
graming, systems engjneering, simu-
lation techniques, theory of games, and
information theory. No previous back-
ground by the reader is assumed in the
areas covered.
An excellent discussion of large-stcp
gradient procedures in nonlinear pro-
graming was published (5L), and a
monumental bibliography (TL), con-
taining 41 95 references on operations
research u p to 1957, is an outstanding
piece of work.
An excellent introduction to business
games was given for the nonspecialist
(4L), and a good discussion of opera-
tions research for executives appeared
(6L). The mathematics of linear pro-
graming and game theory were covered
(ZL, 7L).
Statistics
The growing importance of statistics
to chemical engineers may be seen in
the increasing number of special con-
ferences and lecture courses, as well as
the increasing number of statistical ses-
sions of the professional societies. l n -
cluded in these are the Gordon Research
Conference ; Purdue University‘s sympo-
sium on engineering applications of
probability, November 1960; the Con-
ference on the iVew Chemical Engineer-
ing, sponsored by Midwest Research In-
stitute and Chemzcal Engfneeizng, Novem-
ber 1960, Kansas City, M o . ; the ninth
Tappi-Canadian Pulp and Paper Associ-
ation statistical course in August 1960,
Brevard, N. C . ; the special A.1.Ch.E.
lecture series on response surface meth-
odology and similar courses offered by
the ACS and American Society for Qual-
ity Control; and recent ACS and A.1.-
Ch.E. meetings.
Engineering Science. T h e principal
item of interest this year in this area
is the number of studies that report
results using statistical concepts in
planning the experiment, analyzing the
results, or other statistical concepts
such as imposing white noise on the
process and measuring the response.
Several studies ( 7 M , 4 M , 72M,
73M) employed dimensional analysis
reasoning to develop fiinctional groups
332 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
and then used least square curve fitting
techniques to evaluate the coefficients
and exponents of the functional groups.
This represents a great improvement
over the conventional method of “eye-
balling” in a curve and coming u p with
a “law.”
A discussion of Kron’s animated poly-
hedral model for multidimensional iiiodel
making was given (,5iM). A clever tech-
nique (7E)of developing the transient
response of gas flow through a packed bed
was discussed. By introducing a step
function of helium concentration into
the system, the investigators were able
to evaluate from the first and second
moments of the time distribution the bed
porosity and axial dispersion of the gas.
The activity level of a catalyst in a
reactor-regenerator system was studied
( 8 M ) using theoretical residence time-
distribution functions: activation, and
deactivation distribution functions. The
approach is novel for chemical engineers
and deserves attention.
Maximum stable droplets in disper-
soids (7,M) were discussed. From cor-
relations of the maximum stable droplet
size, the drop size distribution may be
estimated. The evaporation from drops
containing dissolved solids ( 3 M ) was
treated using some statistical concepts,
The size and frequency of gas bubbles
in fluidized b-ds affect the density
fluctuations of the bed (2M). Bounce
phenomena of particles wirh randomly
distributed angles of reflection were de-
tailed ( 9 M ) . Various stochastic models
associated with dynamic programing
formulation of catalyst replacement were
discussed (LIB>101M, 7 7 M ) .
In a very good report, Petersen (22G)
described a procedure and a computer
program to test statistically various pos-
sible reaction mechanisms. The pro-
gram then generates automatically and
tests more complicated reaction mech-
anisms if required.
The method of least squares was used
by TVhitaker and Pigford (3SG) to fit
the data by Gram orthogonal polyno-
mials. The least square curve was
then differentiated to give an expression
for the derivative of the data for five
evenly spaced points. The standard
error of the derivatives was found, and
a comparison was made with the more
complicated Douglass-Avakian expres-
sion.
.4 stochastic model for emulsion poly-
merization was developed (61M). A
first-order diffusion model of monomer
diffusing from the ambient liquor into
blobs of monomer-polymer mixture
was proposed. In addition, radicals from
the ambient liquor diffuse into the blobs
at random time and alternately trigger
and inhibit polymerization. The sto-
chastic element in the process is the ran-
dom polymerization function. Based
on a Poisson process, the expression Ivas
developed for mean polymerization
rate.
Design of Experiments. A number
of studies related to the design of experi-
ments were concerned with evaluating
pilot plant processes efficiently or running
tests on commercial plants. As in the
past, G.E.P. Box and his associates have
set the pace which others follow. I n
addition, they have developed the
theoretical background. A review of
Box’s contributions appeared (41V).
One of the most interesting statistical
reports of the year, by Chanmugan and
Box ( 3 A ) , described a procedure for
automatic optimization of continuous
processes by statistical techniques. For a
response of the form:
’M = Bo + 01 (x - xo! + 1/2P11 (x - .Y0)2
and an imposed forcing function:
x = xo + 6 x cos wt
the output is :
M(no + 6x cos a t ) =(Pa + 1/413116x2) +
P16x cos wl + ‘/*PI1 ( s x y cos w t
where
Po = M(1)
(a1 = g) n = xo
The coefficient of the fundamental fre-
quency in the output response is pro-
portional to the slope of the response
at x = X O . By looking for the funda-
mental frequency one can tell whether
the process is at the optimum. For ex-
ample, if p l is positive, the frequency
is in phase with the forcing function.
If 81is negative, the fundamental fre-
quency is 180’ out of phase xvith the
forcing function. When the process is
at optimum conditions, the fundamental
frequency does not appear in the out-
put, since p l = 0. The authors, after
considering other. models, proposed via
a hardware block diagram a scheme for
carrying out this optimum searching
continuously.
Another worthwhile study (20AY) by
Jenkins and Chanmugan discussed auto-
correlation and the design of exper-
iments. Considerable increase in ef-
ficiency is claimed if a systematic de-
sign of experiments is employed in-
stead of randomizing the order in which
experiments are performed.
The Box-Tt‘ilson technique has been
implemented by “ridge analysis” for
multivariable systems (76i\‘). Ridge
analysis consists of examining the yields
a t various fixed radii from the center of
the design.

-4 quadratic likelihood function was
set u p by Box (3N) to study a response
surface. H e discussed the adequacy of
the model in terms of the residual vector
and then sought explanations for the
residual. Box pointed out that linear
least square estimates are useful over
limited ranges even for nonlinear func-
tions. Mention was made of the Prince-
ton IBM-704 share program that uses
linear approximations. Designs for min-
imizing variance error and bias error
were discussed.
T h e contributions of Box and his
associates were summarized (79N) on
a level most chemical engineers would
find acceptable. T h e summary con-
tains a number of tables of data and
designs which are good companions to
the text.
A number of popular and expository
articles on Box’s contributions have ap-
peared. While the popularization of
concepts has the advantage of spreading
the word, it has the disadvantage of gloss-
ing over difficulties and problems. In-
cluded in this category are two articles
(78,V, 27N). Grohskopf (75N) cited
the two important contributions of Box:
surface fitting and central composite de-
sign. The contributions of Youden on ex-
perimental design were also discussed.
Some problems to be attacked in the
future by statistics are definition of chem-
ical reactions, estimation of reaction
rate in systems with concurrent re-
actions, reduction of physical facts to
mathematical statements, computer
simulation of reactor systems to evaluate
various design schemes, and design of
systems that will produce desirable
products and suppress undesirable ones.
Bennett ( 7 N ) reviewed the EVOP ap-
proach.
As a result of increased interest and
experience in running designed experi-
ments, there were a number of articles
citing practical experience. Lind and
others (23.47) discussed a case history of
a process optimization through use
of a designed experiment in a fermenta-
tion process. A “pulse” testing method
was used, whereby during alternate
weeks the plant was run in normal man-
ner and then a t designed conditions.
Barnard’s sequential “P-test was used
in analyzing and plotting data. Better
yields and lower costs resulted.
Three statistical techniques were em-
ployed ( 6 N ) to evaluate a petrochemical
process. These were: analyses of plant
records to obtain a yield equation,
EVOP to improve yields, time-series
analysis to study process dynamics.
T h e kinetics of the catalytic isomeriza-
tion of n-pentane were investigated (5G)
using the Box-Hunter rotatable designs.
Designed experiments using EVOP were
devised ( 3 4 N ) to evaluate product qual-
ity. to find optimum operating condi-
an m dChemical Engineering Fundamentals Review
tions, and to assist in the design of a
new plant. For the numerical example,
cost, yield, and production responses
were given.
For the practical problems of operat-
ing a pulp mill, Sheldon (30N) wrote
about the analysis of variance, multiple
regression, and response surface experi-
ments. H e stressed the need for max-
imum amount of information with a
minimum of tests. T h e improvements
in a chemical process by response sur-
face methods were described by Tidwell
( 3 3 N ) . By using the log of mole ratios
of the reactants in his first designed ex-
periment, a model with a high degree
or interaction was obtained. By re-
defining the variables, the final model
became simpler.
I t was pointed out by Hoerl that statis-
tical testing may give results not pre-
dicted from theory ( 7 7 N ) . H e set u p
five basic steps for carrying out the statis-
tical analysis of a production problem.
These are: definition of objectives,
collection of operating data over a
period consistent with reliability of data,
statistical analysis of data, determination
of operating conditions consistent with
goals, and application of results to proc-
ess and then evaluation. Hoerl showed
how inaccuracies in data with high
degree of variability can be handled,
provided a large amount of data is
analyzed. H e gave a n example of a
catalyst regeneration and replacement
cycle. Chang and others ( 7 N ) described
response surface experimentation to
develop optimum conditions and the
possible reaction mechanism for the
synthesis of 2,5-dimethylpiperazinea
I n a n interesting study, Carr and
others ( 5 N ) found that a statistical pro-
gram is particularly useful when the
process is transferred from exploratory
research to process development. They
stated that statistical programs should
be planned for experiments in small
groups to answer specific questions
quickly and yet be useful for further
studies. Screening experiments using
highly fractionated factorials with “fold
over” designs were recommended. After
screening for the key variables, more
tests should be run to firm u p the results.
Finally, more elaborate designs are
needed to evaluate nonlinear response
surfaces.
T h e design of experiments, analysis of
variance, and sequentional testing to
determine best fermentation yields in a
pilot plant were investigated by Schultz
and others (29N). I n a lucid exposition,
they described a case history. They
pointed out that sequential analysis
evaluates data as they are determined
and permits flexibility in choosing future
course of project. T o use sequential
analysis and to set u p the decision re-
quires determination of A (the difference
in performance it is important to detect)
type I and type I1 errors, and standard
deviation.
An unusual method in process simula-
tion optimization was given (27N).
T h e simulated noise input into the proc-
ess is developed by a random number
generator. T h e technique was used to
test the applicability of Optimizing Con-
troller (OPCON).
Two articles on customer acceptability
of product were published. A designed
experiment was conducted o n gas
scrubber conditions to produce a house-
hold product with odor acceptability
( 2 8 N ) ,and a method of testing designed
experiments for customer preference was
discussed (37N).
Other designed experiments included
a factorial design on polyurethane
coatings (74N) ; a central composite
design for predicting chemical com-
position of the precipitation of calcium
hydrogen orthophosphate (26N); and
a factorial design for determining heat
transfer coefficient for concurrent flow
in gas absorbers (72N).
Articles were published by Connor
for the serious student (SN,91\7), and
a collection of Youden’s articles has
been published as a booklet (22s).
The use of half-normal plots in inter-
preting two level factorial experiments
was discussed by Daniel (70144. The
analysis of factorial experiments without
replication was described by several
methods (ZN), and the analysis of
Latin squares with certain types of row-
column interactions may be handled
by special techniques (27N).
I n a contintation of earlier work
Dykstra (73N) recommended that cer-
tain runs of a central composite, second-
order, response surface design be re-
peated to provide a more general es-
timate of the experimental error, as
well as more reliable estimates of the
effects. Daniel pointed out that after
studying the effect of many factors the
experimenter is likely to gain some in-
sight into the problem and is able to
decide which factors are important
( 7 7 N ) . This knowledge permits more
efficient planning, and fractional rep-
licates may be constructed to take
advantage of this knowledge.
A simple graphical technique to aid
in comparisons between laboratories
was presented by Youden (,75A7).
A multiple comparison rank sum test
for the simultaneous comparison of all
pairs of treatments in a one-way classi-
fication with equal numbers of observa-
tion was presented ( 3 2 N ) .
A series of three articles ( Z S N ) de-
scribed linear contrasts in a set of “k”
means. Orthogonal contrasts, the
Scheffe method, the methods of Duncan
and Turkey, and the method of Student-
Newman-Keuls were discussed. Lieblein
VOL. 53, NO. 4 0 APRIL 1961 333
an r dChemical Engineering Fundamentals Review
described a procedure for handling the
general analysis of variance which is
applicable to a large computer (22;c’).
Correlation. T h e compressibility ex-
pression of COz and argon mixtures
was curve fitted by least squares (IP), and
a correlation technique was employed
to develop a short term prediction for a
long term biochemical oxygen demand
test ( 4 P ) . A parametric method for
determining the 50th and 90th percentiles
of octane number requirements for new
model automobiles was presented by
Brinegar and Miller (3P). The method
was shown to be more efficient than co-
ordinating the Research Council non-
parametric method.
The programming for electronic com-
puters of Fisher’s exact method of com-
paring two percentiles was described
( 6 P ) . A detailed study was made ( 2 P ) of
the effect of routine application of re-
jection criteria to replicate determination
of a single value. A special log normal
distribution function, called the “nearly
log normal” function, was developed
for describing oil mixtures and polymers
(5P).
Quality Control. T h e uses of control
charts in operating plants \\’ere discussed
by Aldredge (7Q) and Beazley (ZQ).
T h e application of statistics for estimat-
ing plant costs was the subject of another
article (7Q). T h e over-all project cost
may be estimated within closer toler-
ance if a standard deviation is assigned
to each part of the project, rather than
using a n over-all standard deviation.
A sampling procedure was developed
for estimating the magnitude of basic
weight variability within a reel of paper
(704). Jackson 19Q) extended his
methods for quality control in two related
variables to the case of several related
variables. Another report (.5Q) con-
tains descriptions of the mathematical
and graphical procedures used in testing
the hypothesis that the underlying distri-
bution of life test data is exponential.
T h e present sampling inspection plans
for attributes were reviewed (SQ),
placing particular emphasis on their
underlying assumptions. Optimum sam-
pling plans were derived which minimize
the average costs for any prior distribu-
tion. Tables and examples were pro-
vided. A method (77Q) was proposed
for acceptance sampling of batches of
items, assumed independent of one
another, using a random sample of
size “r” and an acceptance number
‘‘C?.” Granting that the prior dis-
tribution of the probability of a defective
item is a mixed binomial distribution
and using a simple cost criteria, a rapid
technique was proposed for computing
r and C.
In many industrial environments it
is reasonable to assume that batches of
items produced sequentially will be
334 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
positively correlated. Taking advan-
tages of this, a study (34) showed that
the sentencing of the sample depends on
the number of defectives in a random
sample of fixed size, drawn from the par-
ticular batch: and upon the number of
defectives found in batches before and
after.
T’ariations of flow analysis (44) is a
technique of evaluating the transfer of
variations in stock when the product from
several machines a t one processing stage
is fed randomly to several machines of
the succeeding stage. This report de-
scribed procedures, based on modifica-
tions of range methods, for analysis
of variance. The sufficient statistics
and interval estimates for the parameters
of two parameter exponential distribu-
tions were given for the case of censored
data (SQ).
Probability. Using probability theory
and the theory of errors, Zemany and
others (3R)showed how precision in x-ray
emission spectrography can be predicted
and controlled even when background is
significant. T h e Society for Industrial
and Applied Mathematics is now pub-
lishing a translation of the Russian jour-
nal Theory of Probability and I t s Application.
One of the best studies on the applica-
tion of probability to an engineering
problem appeared (7R). From probabi-
listic concepts the structure of paper is
evaluated in terms of the statistical ge-
ometry of an ideal two-dimensional filter
network. Miller (2R) treated as a
Markov chain the process of interplant
storage in continuous manufacturing.
Books. A4 large number of books
have appeared during the past year,
relating to various aspects of statistics
( 7s-225’).
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(10D) Solodovnikov, V. V., “Introduction
to the Statistical Dynamics of Auto-
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(February-November 1960).
Axial Dispersion
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(2E) Bischoff, K. B., Ibzd., 12,. 63 (1960).
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CA 12, 1i9~n)
20 (1960).
(5E) Carberry, J . .J., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 6,
460 (1960).
(6E) Convrrse, A. O., Ibid., 6, 344 (1960).
(7E) DeMaria, F.. White, R. R., Ibzd.,
’ 6 ; 473 (1960).
(8E) Fleming, J. D., Johnson, J. l V . ,
Grubb, H. V.. Chem. Fng. Progr. 5 6 ,
69 (March 1960).
(9E) Giddings, J. C., .I. Chromatograph) 3 ,
443, 520; 4, 11 (1960).
(10E) Hawthorn, R. D., A.Z.Ch.E. Joitrnal
6 , 443 (1960).
(11E) Lee, J. C., Cliein. Eng. Scz. 12, 191
(1960).
(12E) Rudd, D. F., Ibzd., 12, 51 (1960).

Sturm-Liouville Systems
(1F) Brown, G. M., A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6,
179 (1960).
(2F) Chambre, P. L., Appl. Sci. Recearch
A9, 157 (1960).
(3F) Dzung, L. S., Intl. J . Heat M a s s
Transfer 1, 236 (1960).
(4F) Mizushina, T., Iuchi, S., others,
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(5F) Schechter, R. S., Wissler, E. H.,
Appl. Sci. ResParch A9, 334 (1960).
(6F) Sparrow, E. M., Siegel, R., Intl.
J . Heat M a s s Transfer 1, 161 (1960).
(7F) Yih, C . , J . Basic Eng. 1, 210 (1960).
General
(1G) Acrivos, A., A.I.CI2.E. Journal 6,
410 (1960).
(2G) Acrivos, A., Shah, M. J., Petersen,
E. E., Zbid., 6, 312 (1960).
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‘ 5i7 (1960).
(4G) Bird, R. B., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 6,
565 (1960).
(5G) darr, N . L., IND.END. CHEM.52, I
391 (1960).
(6G) Fan, L., Ibid., 52, 921 (1960).
(7G) Fredrickson, A. G., Chem. Eng. Sei.
11, 252 (1960).
(8G) Hadley, G. F., Thomas, A. L., IND.
ENG.CHEM.52, 71 (1960).
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38, 154 (1960).
(10G) Hansen, C. F., ARS Journal’ 30,
942 (1960).
(IIG) Happel, J., Ast, P. A , , Chem.
Sct. 11, 286 (1960).
(12G) Hill, F. B., Wilhelm, R . H., A . I .
Ch.E. Journal 6, 486 (1960).
(13G) Hsu., H.., Bird,. B.,. Ibid., 6, 516
‘ (1960).
(14G) Huckaba, C. E., Danly, D. E.,
Ibid., 6, 335 (1960).
(15G) Jaffer, J. H., Bliss, H., Ibid., 6, 510
(1 960).
(16G) Klinkenberg, A., Harmens, A,, Chem.
Enng. Sci. 11, 260 (1960).
(17G) Linton, M., Sutherland, K. L.,
Zbid., 12, 214 (1960).
(18G) Mikhailov, Y., Intl. J. Heat Transfer
1, 37 (1960).
(1%) Mixon, F. O., Carberry, J. J.,
Chem. Eng. Sci. 13, 30 (1960).
(20G) Moore, G. R., A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6,
458 (1960).
(21G) Olander, D. R., Ibid., 6,233 1960 .
(22G) Petersen, E. E., Ibid., 6, 488 t19601.
(23G) Piret, E. L., Penney, W. H.,
Trambouze, P. J., Zbid., 6, 394 (1960).
(24G) Ralston, A., Wilf, N. S., “Mathe-
matical Methods for Digital Computers,”
Wiley, New York, 1960.
(25G) Ranz, W. E., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 6,
125 (1960).
(26G) Reswick, W., IND. ENG. CHEM.52,
865 (1960).
(27G) Rose, M. E., Math. Tables and Other
Aids to Computation 14, 249 (1960).
(28G) Saffman, P. G., J . Fluid Mech. 7,
Pt. 2 , 194 (1960).
(29G) Scala, S. M., Fidale, G. L., Zntl.
J . Heat M a s s Transfer 1, 4 (1960).
(30G) Schowalter, W. R., A.1.Ch.B. Journal
6,24 (1960).
(31G) Scriven, L.. E., Chem. Eirg. Sci. 12,
98 (1960).
(32G) Sleicher, C. A., A.1.Ch.E. Journal
6, 529 (1960).
(33G) Sternling, C . V., Scriven, L. E.,
Ibid., 6, 514 (1960).
(34G) Tien, C., Can. J . Chem. Eng. 38,
25 (1960).
(35G) Tien, C., Thodos, G., A.Z.Ch.E.
Journal 6, 364 (1960).
(36G) Tsang, T., TND. ENG. CHEM. 52,
707 (1960).
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(37G) Usiskin; C. M., Sparrow, E. M.,
Intl. ,J. Heat Mass Transfer 1, 28 (1960).
(38G) Whitaker, S., Pigford, L., IND.
ENG. CHEA4. 52, 185 (1960).
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Chem. Eng. Sci. 12, 272 (1960).
Corn p uters
General
(IH) Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., New York,
N. Y., “Line Sizing.” “Liquid-Liquid
Heat Exchangrr Designs,” “Nonlinear
Estimation,” 1960.
(2H) Chem. Eng. 67, 78 (May 16, 1960).
(3H) Cambridge Communications Corp.,
238 Main St., Cambridge 42, Mass.
(4H) Chem. Eng. Progr. Sympociurn Ser. 56,
No. 71 (1960).
(5H) Computer Systems, Inc., “Multi-
component Distillation Problem Solu-
tion,” CSI form 80-1-5-001,1960.
(6H) Williams, T. J., I,auher, V. A.,
Chem. Ens. Progr. 56, 71 (February 1960).
Applications
(1J Bennett, C. O., Brasket, C. J.,
dierney, J. W., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 6,
67 11960).
(25) Burkhard, C. A., IND.ENG. CHEM.
52, 678 (1960).
(3J) DeBaun, R. M., Adler, S . F., 43rd
Natl. Meeting, Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs.,
Tulsa, Okla., September 1960.
(4J) DiLiddo, B. A., Walsh, T. J., 138th
Meeting, ACS, New York, September
I_ o_ _
m_ .
(5J) Fullerton, H. V., 43rd Natl. Meeting,
Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Tulsa, Okla.,
September 1960.
(6J) Gealer, R. L., Churchill, S. W.,
A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6, 501 (1960).
(7J) Gomezplata, A., Shuster, W. W.,
Ibid., 6, 454 (1960).
(8J) Gulley, D. L., Petrol. RfJner 39, 149
(July 1960).
(9J) Klein, I., Chem. Eng. 67, 233 (Nov.
14, 1960).
(1OJ) Klein, I., Krieger, I. M., Kenda!l,
H. B., IND.ENC. CHEM.52, 619 (1960).
(11J) Levenspiel, O., Bischoff, K. B., Did.,
51, 1431 (1959).
(12J) Lyster, W. N., Sullivan, S . L., Jr.,
others, Petrol. Refiner 39, 121 (August
1960)
(13J)-Gartini, W. R., Churchill, S. W.,
A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 6, 251 (1960).
(145) McKillop, A. A., Dunkley, W. L.,
IND.END.CHEM.52, 740 (1960).
(15J) Peiser, A. M., Chem. Ene. - 67, 129
. (July 11, 1960).
(I6J) Peterson, T . I., Intern. Congr.
Chem. Eng., Mexico City, June 1960.
(175) Roberts, S. M., 1bd.
(185) Shea, R. C., Petrol. Refiner 39, 169
(April 1960).
(19J) Taborek, J. J., Chem. Rni. Progr. 56,
37 (August 1960).
(20.J) Tavlor. T. D.. Wood. N. E.. Powers.
‘ J.‘E., ’43rh Natl: Meeting, Am. Inst,
Chem. Engrs., Tulsa, Okla., September
1960.
Operations Research
General
(IK) Beale, E. M. L., Naval Research
Logistics Quart. 6, 227 (September 1959).
(2K) Bowman, E. H., Operations Research
8, 385 (1960).
(3K Carroll, C. W., TaFpi 43, 305 (1960).
(4K] Cochran, W. O., Chem. Eng. Progr.
Symposium Ser. 56, No. 31, 88 (1960).
(5K) Gifflrr, B., Thompson, G. L., Opera-
tions Resenrch 8 , 487 (1960).
(6K) Houthakker, H. S., Dept. of Eco- 1
nomics, Stanford Univ., Tech. Rept.
No. 71, March 1959.
(7K) Johnson, E. A., Operations Research
8, 1-23 (1960).
(SK), Kantorovich, I,. V., Mana,gement
Scz. 7, 366 (1960).
(9K) Kelley, J. E., Morgan, W. R.,
Proc. Eastern Joint Computer Conf.,
Boston, Mass., December 1959.
(10K) Lathrop, J. B., Operations Research
8, 576 (1960).
(11K) Lemke, C . E., R P I Math. Rept.
No. 27, October 1959.
(12K) Operations Restarch 8, 254 (1960).
(13K) Operafions Research Quart. 10, 189
(1959).
(14K) Ornca, J. C., Stillson, Paul, Opera-
tions Research 8, 616 (1960).
(15K) Singer, E., Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs.
Mtg., San Francisco, Calif., December
1959.
(16K) Wolfe, P., J?conometricn 27, 382 (July
1959).
(17K) Wolfe, P., “Optimization Tech-
niques in Chemical Engineering,” N.Y.U.
Symp., May 1960,cosponsored byN.Y.U.,
Operations Research SOC. America,
A.I.Ch E. New York Section.
Books
(11,) Batchelor, J. H., “Operations Re-
search; An Annotated Bibliography,”
2nd ed., St. Louis Univ. Press, St. Louis,
Mo., 1959.
(2L) Bennion, E. G., “Elementary Mathe-
matics of Linear Programming and Game
Theory,” Michigan Stat? Univ., East
Lansing, Mich., 1960.
(3L) Flagel, C. D., Huggins., W. H., Roy,
R. H.. etls.. “Ouerations Research and
Systems Enginedring,” Johns Hopkins
Press, Baltimore, Md 1960.
(4L) Greene, J. R., &son, R. L., “Dy-
namic Management Decision Games,”
Wiley, New York, 1959.
(51,) “Methods of Feasible Directions,”
Elsevier, New York, 1960.
(6L) Morgenthaler, G. W., “Operations
Research: Decision Aid for Manage-
ment,’ ’ Education-Industry Service, Chi-
cago, Ill., 1960.
(7L) Vajda, S., ‘.An Introduction to
Linear Programming and the Theory
of Games,” Wiley, New York, 1960.
Statistics
Engineering Science
(1M) Barker, J. J., Treybal, R. E.,
A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6 , 289 (1960).
(2M) Baumgarten, P. K.: Pigford, R . L.,
Ibid., 6, 115 (1960).
(3M) Charlesworth, D. H., Marshall,
W. R., Ibid., 6, 9 (1960).
‘(4M) Chennakesavan, Balapa, Zbid., 6,
246 (1960).
(5M) Dolby, J. L., 43rd Natl. Meeting,
Am. Inst. Chcm. Engrs., Tulsa, Okla.,
September 1960.
(6M) Katz, Stanley, J . Soc. I d . Appl. A4ath.
i 8 , 368 (1960).
(7M) Mugele, R. A., A.I.Ch.E. ./ournu!
6,‘l (1930):
8M) Petersen, E. E., Zbid., 6 , 488 (1960).
9M) Ranz, W. E., Talandis, G. R.,
’ Gutterman, B., Zbid., 6, 124 (19--,. (70)
(10M) Roberts, S. M., “Optimization
Techniques in Chemical Engineering,’‘
N. Y. U. Svmp., May 1960, cosponsored
by N. Y. U., ‘dperafions Research Soc.
America, A.1.Ch.E. New Yorl. Section.
VOL. 53, NO. 4 APRIL 1961 335
 an r dChemical Engineering Fundamentals Review
(11M) Roberts, S . M., Lane: J. W., Proc.
5th Instr. Measurements Conf., Stock-
holm, September 1960.
(12M) Steinberger, R. L.. Treybal, R. E.,
A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6 . 227 (1960).
(13M) Wen, Chin-Yung, Hashinger. R.
F., Tbzd., 6, 220 (1960).
Design of Experiments
(IN) Bennett, E. H.. 1x.n. ENG.CHKM. 52,
500 (1960).
(2K) Birnbaum, Allan, Technometrzcr 1, 343
(1959).
(3N) Box, G. F,. P., Ann. A\7. I;. h a d . ’Yci.
86, 792 (1960).
(4K) Box, G. E. P.. Trans. Am. Yor. Alech.
Engrs. Ser. D 8 2 , 113 (1960).
(5N) Carr, J. M., McCrackcn, E. A.,
Chem. Eng. Progr. 5 6 , 56 (November
i- 9 m
,_/ ‘_
(6N) Cestoni, D. J., Ringelman, R . E.,
Olson, L. R., Ibid.. 56, 73 (May 1960).
(7N) Chang, C. D., Konoenenko, 0. K.,
Franklin, R. E.. IND. ENG. CHEM.5 2 ,
939 (1960).
(8N) Connor, W. S . , Monier, Z., Natl.
Bur. Standards Appl. Math. Ser. 5 4 ,
. I
1959.
(9N) Connor, \I7. S., Young, S., Ibid.,in
pres
(10N) Daniel, C., Technometrics 1, 311
(1959).
(11N) Ibid.,2, 149 (1960).
(12N) Dodds, W. S., Stutzman, L. F.,
others, A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6 , 197 (1960).
(13N) Dykstra, O., Technometrics 2 , 185
(1 960)
i- - - I .
(14N) Glasbrenner, G. B., Case, L. E.,
IND.ENG,CHEM.51, 1382 (1959).
(15N) Grohskopf, H., Ibid., 52, 497 (1960).
(16N) Hoerl, A. E., Chem. Eng. Progr. 5 5 ,
69 (Kovernber 1959).
(17N) Hoerl, A . E.. IKD. ENG.C H E M . 52,
’ 513 (1960).
(18K) Hunter, J. S., Chem. Eng. 6 7 , 193
(Sept. 19, 1960).
(19N) Hunter, 3. S., Chem. Enp. Prqqr.,
Sym$osium Ser. 5 6 , No. 31, 10 (1960).
(20N) Jenkins, G. M., Chanmugan, J.,
Statistical Techniaues Research Group,
Princeton Univ., &Tech.Rept. No. 3?,
June 1960.
(21N) Kern, D. Q., Kenworthy, 0 . O.,
IND. EYG. CHEM. 52, 42.4 (August
19601
~ --,.
(22N) Iieblein, Jiiles, Automation ComFuting
/Machinery 6, No. 4: 469-75 (19.59).
(23N) I h d , E. €,., Golden, J., Hicbman,
J. B., Chem. Eng. Progr. 5 6 , 62: (1960).
(24N) Mandel, John, Technometrics 1, 379
(1959).
(25N) McColl, Chester 13.: h d . Qunlity
Control 17, No. 1, 1 9 ; No. 2, 12; NO.
3, 5 (1960).
(26N) Mooney, R. by., Comstocb. A . J . ,
others, IND.ENG.CHEM.5 2 , 427 (1960).
(27h3 Petersen, D. R., 43rd Katl. Meeting,
336 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Am. Inst. Chem. EnKrs., Tulsa, Okla.,
(32N) Steel, R: G.’D.. Technometrics 2 , 197
(1960).
(33N) Tidwell, P. W., IKD. ENG. CHEM.
52, 510 (1960).
(34N) Wilson, C. L., Ibid., 52, 505 (1960).
(35N) Youden, W. J., Technomctrics 1,
409 (1959).
Correlation and Analyst
(1P) Abraham, WJ.H., Bennett, C. O.,
A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6 , 257 (1960).
(2P) Anscome, F. J., Tcchnonietrics 2 , 123
(1960).
(3P) Brinegar, C. S., Miller, R. R., Ibid.,
2. 1960).
(4Pj Dillhgham, E. O., Jose, A. G.,
Taflji 43, 626 (1960).
(5P) Redlich, Otto, A.1.Ch.E. Journal 6 ,
173 (1960).
(6P) Robertson, W. H., Technometricr 2 ,
103 (1960).
Quality Control
(1Q) Aldredge, E. S., Chem. Eng. 6 7 , 95
(Jan. 25, 1960).
(2Q) Beazley, C. C., 43rd Natl. Meeting,
Am. Inst. Chern. Engrs., Tulsa, Okla.,
September 1960.
(3Q) Cox, D. R., Technomefrics 2, 353
il Om\
\-’ --/.
(4Q) Enrick, S. L., Ibid., 2, 373 (1960).
(5Q) Epstein, B., Ibid., 2 , 27, 167 (1960).
(6Q) Epstein, B., Ibid.,2 , 403 (1960).
(79) Gertz, S. h.,Denee, R . F., Chem.
‘ Eng. 67, 97 (Oct. 31, 1960).
(8Q) Hald, A , Te~hnomctrics2 , 275 (1960).
( 9 0 ) Jackson. J. E.. Ibid..1. 359 11959).
(1cQ) Moyer; J. H., Tappi 43,761’(1960).
(11Q) Wetherill, G. B., Technometrics 2,
341 (1960).
Probability
(IR) Kallmes, O., Corte, H., Tap& 43,
737 (1960).
12R) Miller. H. D., Technomelrics 2 , 393
‘ (i960).
(3R) 7emany, P. D., Pfeiffer, H. G.,
Liebhafsky, H. A , , A d . Chem. 31, 1776
(1953).
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(2s) Bauer, E. I,,, “ A Statistical Manual
for Chemists,” Academic Press, New
York, 1960.
(3s) Bharucho-Reid, .4.T., *‘Elements of
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( 4 9 Bowker, A. H. Lieberman, G. J.,
Engineering Statistics,” Prentice-Hall,
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(5s) Brown, R. G., “Statistical Forecast-
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(6s) Brownlee, K. A,, “Statistical Theory
and Methodoloqv in Science and Engi-
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(7s)Bryant, E. C., “Statistical Analysis,“
McGraw-Hill, New York, 3960.
(8s) Burington, R . S., May, D. C., “Hand-
book of Probability and Statistics with
Tables,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
(9s) “Chemical Statistics Handbook,” 5tll
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(10s) Chernoff, H., Moss, L. E., “Ele-
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(11s) Ezekial, M., Fox, K . ’4., “Methods
of Correlation and Regression Analysis,
Linear and Curve-Linear,” 3rd ed.,
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(125) Goldberg, S.,“Probability, An In-
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(13s) Grenander, N. E., Rosenblatt, M.,
“Probability and Statistics,” Wiley,
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(14s) Kac, Mark, ”Independence in
Probability: Analysis and Number
Theory,” Wiley, New York, 1959.
(15s) Lehman, E. L., “Testing Statistical
Hypotheses,” Wiley, New York, 1959.
(1 6s) Olkin, I., Ghurye, S. G.. othcrs,
“Contributions To Probability and Sla-
tistics-Essays in Honor of Harold
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ford, Calif., 1960.
(17s) Parzan, E., “Modern Probability
Theory and Its Application,” il:iley?
New York, 1960.
(18s) Schlaifer, R., “Probability and
Statistics for Business Decisions,” Mc-
Craw-Hill, New York, 1959.
(19s) Tichen, R. S . , Rosenthal, A. .J.,
others, “Quality Control and .4pplied
Statistics. Including Operation Research
Yearbook 1959,” Interscience, New
York, 1959.
(205) Wadsworth, 6. P., Bryan, J. G.,
“Introduction to Probability and Ran-
dom Variables,” McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1960.
(21s) LYilliams; E. J., “Regression .Inal-
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(22s) Youden, W. J . , ”Statistical Design,”
American Chemical Society: Washing-
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