Electromagnetic

Induction
The last chapter in
the syllabus!!!!!!
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
• Deduce from Faraday’s experiments on electromagnetic
induction or other appropriate experiments:
• that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in
a circuit
• that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the
change producing it
• the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced
e.m.f.
• Describe a simple form of a.c. generator
• Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple
a.c. generator
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you should be
able to :
• Describe the structure and principle of operation of a
simple iron-cored transformer
• Recall and apply VP / VS = NP / NS and VPIP = VSIS
• Describe energy loss in cables and deduce the
advantage of high voltage transmission
• Show an understanding of the use of a diode as a
rectifier
• Describe the use of cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.)
to display waveforms and to measure p.d.s and short
intervals of time.
 Principle of
Electromagnetic
Induction
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
Deduce from Faraday’s experiments on electromagnetic
induction or other appropriate experiments:
• that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f.
in a circuit
• that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the
change producing it
• the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced
e.m.f.
 Principle of Electromagnetic
Induction
When the magnetic field inside a coil (or
number of magnetic lines of force passing
through the coil) changes, an electromotive
force and hence a current is induced.

Hollow
cylinder N S
stationary

galvanometer
Hollow
cylinder N S
stationary

galvanometer Figure 1

Magnet is stationary.

Magnetic field inside the coil remains

constant.

No induced e.m.f. and current.

 N S

Figure 2

Magnet moves into the coil

Magnetic field inside the coil increases.

e.m.f. and current induced.

 N S

Figure 3

Magnet moves further into the coil.

Magnetic field inside the increases.

e.m.f. and current induced.

 N S
stationary

Figure 4

Magnet remains stationary in coil.

Magnetic field inside the coil remains

unchanged.

No induced e.m.f. and current.

 N S

Figure 5

Magnet moves out of the coil.

Magnetic field inside the coil decreases.

e.m.f. and current induced.

Key concept 1:
An electromotive force, and hence a
current, is induced whenever the magnetic
field inside a coil changes.

Faraday’s Law of EM Induction

The e.m.f. induced in a conductor
is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic line of
forces linking the coil.
 Key concept 2:
When you move a magnet into or out of a
coil of wire, the magnet will experience a
force (magnetic) that opposes its motion.

Lenz’s Law
The direction of the induced e.m.f.
and hence the induced current is
such that its magnetic effect
always opposes the change
producing it.
 LENZ’s LAW
N S
B A
Becomes a North pole
to oppose motion of
magnet into coil

• Magnet moves into the coil.

• To oppose this motion, the induced current in
the coil will make end A a North pole.

• The galvanometer will deflect towards the right.

 LENZ’s LAW
N S
B A

• Magnet moves out of the coil.

• To oppose this motion, the induced current in

the coil will make end A a South pole.
• The galvanometer will deflect towards the left.
Factors affecting the magnitude of
the induced EMF and current
A larger E.M.F. is obtained when
• the magnet is moved at a faster speed in
and out of the coil.
• a stronger magnet is used.
• the number of turns in the coil is increased.
• a soft iron core is inserted in the coil.
 THE
A.C
GENERATOR
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
• Describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or
rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings. (where
needed)

• Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a

simple a.c. generator.
 PRINCIPLES of a a.c.
generator
We have learned that with the presence of
motion and magnetic field, we are able to
produce electrical energy.

In this section, we are going to look at the

principle of a simple A.C. generator, which
transforms mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
 Structure of a simple a.c. generator
axle
coil

N S

Permanent
magnets slip-rings

Carbon brushes

Resistor
Fleming’s Right-hand Rule

S First finger –
B – Field (B)
seCond finger
- Current (I) thuMb –
N Motion (M)
 Motion Magnetic field
Current Magnetic
Current
field
Motion
B C

N S

A D
Current flows from
A -> B -> C -> D-> Q P
-> P Q
The galvanometer
deflects to the left
 B

A
C
N S

D
Motion and magnetic field
are parallel P

No induced current Q

No deflection
 Motion Magnetic field
Current Magnetic
Current
field
Motion

C B

N S

Current flows from D A

D -> C -> B -> A-> P -> Q P

The galvanometer Q
deflects to the right
 C

D
B
N S

A
Motion and magnetic field
are parallel P

No induced current Q

No deflection
 Graph of induced e.m.f. against time
Induced e.m.f.

0
Time

-V

Magnetic field
Induced e.m.f.
2V

V
Number of
turns in coil
doubles,
-> amplitude
doubles
0
Time
-> frequency
remains the Number
same of turns
-V in coil
doubled

-2V Original number of

turns in coil

T
Induced e.m.f.
2V

V
Speed of
rotation
doubles,
-> amplitude 0
doubles Time
-> frequency
doubles
-V

Speed
-2V doubled
T = T/2
Original
T speed
 TRANSFORMERS
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
• Describe the structure and principle of operation of a
simple iron-cored transformer

• Recall and apply VP / VS = NP / NS and VPIP = VSIS

 Operation Principles of
Transformer
• A transformer is basically used to change the
voltage of an alternating current. The figure
below shows a basic iron-core transformer.

• A battery and a switch are connected to a

primary coil wound on the iron core. On the
opposite end of the iron core, wound a
secondary coil that is connected to a lamp.
Operation Principles of
Transformer

Lamp
(output)

Secondary coil
Primary coil Soft iron core
 Operation Principles of
Transformer
• When the switch is closed, the current in the
primary coil increases from zero to maximum.

• This produces an increasing magnetic field in

the primary coil.

• This changing magnetic field in turn induces

an e.m.f in the secondary coil and lights up the
lamp.
 Operation Principles of
Transformer
• Once the current in primary coil is steady, the
magnetic field will remain constant and current is
not induced in the secondary coil. The lamp
goes off.

• When the switch is opened, the current in the

primary coil decreases from maximum to zero.
This produces a decreasing magnetic field in the
primary coil.

• This changing magnetic field in turn induces an

e.m.f. in the secondary coil and the lamp flashes
again.
 Operation Principles of
Transformer
• To light up the lamp continuously, we can
use an alternating current supply instead
of battery.

• As the alternating current continually

changes its direction, it will create
continually a changing magnetic field and
hence maintain an induced current in the
secondary coil.
 Operation Principles of Transformer

Primary voltage or Secondary voltage or

Input voltage Output voltage

A.C. Lamp
supply (output)

Primary coil Secondary coil

Soft iron core

 How to change the voltage?
• This is done simply by having different number
of turns in the primary and secondary coils of
the transformer.

• Number of turns in secondary coil (NS) is more

than number of turns in primary coil (NP) we
have a step-up transformer.

• NS < NP, step-down transformer

 FORMULAE
Secondary output voltage Number of turns in secondary coil
=
Primary input voltage Number of turns in primary coil

VS NS
=
VP NP

NS
is known as turns ratio
NP
 Example 1
What is the output voltage if the turn ratio is 1/20 ?

VS NS
=
VP NP
VS 1
=
240 20

Vs = 12 V
 OUTPUT AND EFFICIENCY OF
TRANSFORMER
By Principle of Conservation of Energy, the output
power cannot be more than the input power. If the
transformer has an efficiency of 100%, then we have
100 % efficient transformer :
Output Power = Input Power
VS IS = VP IP

IS VP NP
= =
IP VS NS
 Example 2
A transformer is used to step-down an a.c. supply of “5
kW, 240V” to 12 V.
•What is the turn ratio of this transformer?
•What is the output power if the transformer is 100%
efficient?
•What is the corresponding output current?
 Example 2 SOLUTION
A transformer is used to step-down an a.c. supply of “5
kW, 240V” to 12 V.
•What is the turn ratio of this transformer?

Vs NS
=
Vp NP

12 NS
=
240 NP

1 NS
=
20 NP
 Example 2
A transformer is used to step-down an a.c. supply of “5
kW, 240V” to 12 V.
•What is the output power if the transformer is 100%
efficient?

5 kW
 Example 2
A transformer is used to step-down an a.c. supply of “5
kW, 240V” to 12 V.
•What is the corresponding output current?
100 % efficient transformer :
Output Power = Input Power
VS IS = 5000
12 (IS) = 5000
IS = 416.7 A
 TRANSFORMERS
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
• Describe energy loss in cables and deduce the
advantage of high voltage transmission
 Power Transmission

Factories,
homes

Step-up Step-down
transformer transformers

Power station
High voltage, high Underground cables Lower voltage for
current Higher voltage, safe use
low current (lower power loss)
 Power Transmission
• The electricity generated at the power station is
transmitted to the mains over long distance cable
which will lose some energy during transmission
due to cable resistance.

• Power loss in cable = I2R

• To reduce transmission loss, I and R have to be

minimized.
 Power Transmission
• Resistance of cable can be minimized by
using thick cables, but these are expensive
and heavy.

• Step-up transformer can be used to produce

high voltage and low current transmission to
reduce energy loss.
 TRANSFORMERS
At the end of the lesson you should be able to :
• Show an understanding of the use of a diode as a
rectifier
• Describe the use of cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) to
display waveforms and to measure p.d.s and short
intervals of time.
 Converting A.C. to D.C.
• The diode is semiconductor device that allows a
current to flow easily in one direction only.
Half-wave rectification
Full-wave rectification

A→B→C→D→E→F
Full-wave rectification

F→E→C→D→B→A
Full-wave rectification
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
• The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic device
that uses electron beam deflection to show how
voltage drop across a device varies with time.
 Use of C.R.O.
Measuring Potential Difference
• Can be used for both a.c. and d.c. voltages
• The time base is off.
• When d.c. voltage is applied, it either
deflects upwards or downwards.
• The amount of deflection is directly
proportional to the voltage applied.
 No supply connected to
Y-input
Y-input
Time base is off
 Y-gain is 2V / div
Time base is off

Y-input 1.5 V cell connected to

Y-input
 Y-gain is 2V / div
Time base is off

Y-input 1.5 V cell connected to

Y-input in opposite
polarity
 Y-gain is 2V / div
Time base is off

Y-input 3.0 V battery

connected to Y-input
 Y-gain is 5V / div
Time base is off
VPP: peak-to-peak voltage
VP: peak voltage (VPP / 2)

Y-input VPP = 10 V
VP= VPP / 2
=5V
 Y-gain is 5V / div
Time base is 10 ms/div

VPP = 10 V
VP= 5V
Y-input
T = 20 ms
f =1/T
= 1 / (20x10-3)
= 50 Hz
 Other Uses of C.R.O.
• Displaying Waveforms
• Measuring Short Time Intervals