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Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338
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11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering,
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
The acoustic properties of the lecture hall of the Faculty of Building
The acousticEngineering
Manufacturing properties of the
Society lectureConference
International hall of the 2017,Faculty
MESIC 2017, of Building
28-30 June
Services
2017, Vigo in Cluj-Napoca
(Pontevedra), Spain
Services in Cluj-Napoca
a, b a
Constantin
Costing Munteanu
models for Dragoş Bogdan
a, *,capacity b, Moga Ligia
optimization in Mihaela
Industry a, Nicoleta
4.0: Cobîrzanaa,
Trade-off
Constantin Munteanu *, Dragoş Bogdan , Moga Ligia Mihaela , Nicoleta Cobîrzan ,
P P0F P P P P P P

a a
Daniela Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea
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a, Florin Babotaa
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between used capacity and operational efficiency

Daniela Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea , Florin Babota
P P P

P P P

a
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
P P

a
Technical University
b
of Cluj-Napoca,
BKS Engineering, 28 Memorandumului
32 Orăştiei Street, 400114,Street, 400114, Romania
Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke
a a,* 400114, Cluj-Napoca,
b Romania b
P P
P P

b
PBKS Engineering,
P 32 Orăştiei Street,

a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
b

Abstract
The present paper deals with the study of the acoustic properties of the Lecture Hall belonging to the Faculty of Building
The present
Services paper deals with
in Cluj-Napoca; the isstudy
the hall of thetoacoustic
dedicated properties
both teaching of theand
activities Lecture
usedHall
as a belonging
national andto the Faculty ofconference
international Building
Abstract
Services in Cluj-Napoca; the hall is dedicated to both teaching activities and used as a national and international conference
venue; complex measures to ameliorate the acoustic features of the hall are also envisaged. After performing the acoustic
venue; complex
measurements andmeasures
processingto the
ameliorate the itacoustic
data found, was foundfeatures of the reverberation
out that hall are also time
envisaged.
was notAfter performing
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in the standard range
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the hall time
and abasis
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analysis acoustics much
of these were more
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required.
solutions. The In this context,
paperproperties
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of the proposals
hall optimization
were to improve the
determined in
goes beyond
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accordance thethe
properties
with traditional
of the hallaim
Romanian andofa capacity
standards costs aremaximization,
thatanalysis of agreement
in full contributing
these solutions. also fornorms.
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with the acoustic organization’s
properties of theprofitability and value.
hall were determined in
Indeed,
accordance
© 2018 The lean
with management
the Romanian
Authors. and
Publishedstandards continuous
by Elsevier are inimprovement
thatB.V. full agreement approaches
with the Europeansuggest
norms.capacity optimization instead of
© 2018 The under
maximization.
Peer-review Authors.
The Published
study
responsibility byof Elsevier
of capacity B.V. committee
optimization
the scientific andofcosting
the 11thmodels is anConference
International important Interdisciplinarity
research topic that in deserves
© 2018 The Authors.
Peer-review under Published by
responsibility ofElsevier B.V. committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in
the scientific
Engineering.
contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.a mathematical
Engineering.
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
Keywords: Acoustic
developed measurement;
and it was used to acoustic
analyzecomfort; Lecture Hall
idle capacity andacoustic;
to designreverberation
strategies time; acoustic
towards therehabilitation.
maximization of organization’s
Keywords: Acoustic measurement; acoustic comfort; Lecture Hall acoustic; reverberation time; acoustic rehabilitation.
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference
2017.

Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-742-050-704.
* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.: +40-742-050-704.
constantin.munteanu@ccm.utcluj.ro
The cost
E-mail of idle
address: capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
constantin.munteanu@ccm.utcluj.ro
in modern©production
2351-9789 systems.
2018 The Authors. In general,
Published it isB.V.
by Elsevier defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©under
2351-9789
Peer-review ways: tons of production,
2018responsibility
The Authors. Published
of available
by Elsevier
the scientific B.V.hours
committee of manufacturing,
of the 11th etc. The
International Conference management
Interdisciplinarity of the idle capacity
in Engineering.
Peer-review underTel.:
* Paulo Afonso. responsibility
+351 253 of the761;
510 scientific committee
fax: +351 253 604of741
the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
E-mail address: psafonso@dps.uminho.pt

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.050
332 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338
340 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 339–346

1. Introduction

The present paper deals with the complex study of the acoustic properties of the Lecture Hall belonging to the
Faculty of Building Services in Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Fig.1). The hall is dedicated to both teaching activities and
used as a national and international conference venue.

a. b. c.

Fig. 1. Faculty of Building Services: (a) Main façade; (b) Lecture Hall viewed from the outside; (c) Lecture Hall viewed from the inside.

The building body where the hall is a part was erected between 2005-2007, when the entire Faculty of Building
Services was modernized and renovated. Though relatively new, until now no concern for the acoustic properties
was given.
The aim of this paper is to draw attention upon the importance of such investigations that are necessary when
erecting halls with high levels of acoustic properties. The acoustic properties of the hall were determined in
accordance with the Romanian standards that are in full agreement with the European norms.
The Lecture Hall is rectangular in plane, with a footprint of about 260 m2, the length of 17.65 m, the width of
15.80 m and a maximum height of 8.10 m. The single floor building body where the hall is situated has a structure
made with reinforced concrete frames and filler brick masonry. The ceiling is false, made of gypsum panels where
lighting bodies and air conditioning air intakes are situated; the windows are with PVC joinery and heat insulating
double glazing. There are 311 seats in the hall where lectures, national and international conferences are held
permanently. The entrance to the hall is made from a central lounge connecting the area with other bodies of
buildings belonging to the Faculty of Building Services.

2. Evaluation of internal acoustics

2.1. Measurement Equipment

The measurement process involved the observance of the requirements in [1]. For the measurement purpose, a
high performance acoustic chain was used, built by Brüel&Kjær Company. The equipment used for acoustic

Fig. 2. Images from the acoustic measurements in the Lecture Hall.

 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338 333
Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 339–346 341

measurements includes: the omnidirectional noise source “OmniPower Sound Source type 4292”, mounted on a
tripod, 300 W power amplifier “Power Amplifier type 2716”, the microphone and preamplifier set, type 4189, fixed
on a tripod of type UA0801, Sound Level Calibrator type 4231, the sound and vibration analyser “PULSE type
3560B”, software “PULSE FFT&CPB Analysis type 7700”, installed on a Dell laptop. Images from the acoustic
measurements are given in Fig. 2.

2.2. Establishing the acoustic measurement method

In order to appreciate the acoustic properties of the Lecture Hall, we made use of the reverberation time. The
reverberation time is the time interval in which the sound intensity diminishes by 60 dB from the moment in which
source emission stops. The measurement of the reverberation time in the hall was performed in the empty hall,
without occupants. The omnidirectional power source was placed opposite to the place where the speaker stands.
The microphone was fixed in 96 points distributed in the audience area. The sound source was arranged so that it
could render actual noise as faithfully as possible, namely in the position of the speaker. The source and microphone
positioning in the hall plane can be seen in Fig. 3a.
In order to obtain results as accurately and as close as possible close to actual hall situation as possible results
measurements were performed in 96 points. Because of the large number of points and data found, averages in
smaller sections were made reaching 12 areas (M1 ÷ M12), which were then used to get a total average, needed to
determine the reverberation time (Fig. 3b).

a. b.

Fig. 3. (a) The source and microphone positioning in the chosen points; (b) Separation in 12 areas.

The measurements themselves concerned the positioning of the omnidirectional source and the emission of noise
for a time interval of several seconds. In turns, the microphone was placed in all the previously established points, it
received the noise emitted by the source and, then, with the help of the analysor and special measurement dedicated
analysis software of type Bruel&Kjaer, the reverberation times were recorded along a frequency range contained
between 125 and 5000 Hz.

2.3. Data found from acoustic measurements

For computational purposes, only the frequency values of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz will be
considered, according to [2]. The values found in each of the mentioned frequencies are the values found in the 12
areas, as averages of those areas.

2.4. Defining the admissible range of the reverberation time found by acoustic measurements

According to [2] and norms in force, the ratio between time T f determined for frequencies 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500
Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz and the average hall reverberation time T m should be framed between certain
334 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338
342 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 339–346

limits. The average reverberation time of the hall T m was computed as in the diagram from [2], [4] function on the
type of sonorous production and volume. Dependent on the building volume V = 1156.25 m3 and the line
corresponding to the predominant sonorous production, i.e. in this case the teaching activity, included in the field of
the conference hall, by interpolation, we found an average reverberation time T m = 1.146 s. The ratio between the
reverberation time T f and the average reverberation time of the hall T m is presented in Fig. 4.

1.60 1.41
1.40 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.20 Tf/Tm measured
1.00 0.804 0.818
Tf/Tm,max
Tf/Tm [s]

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.80
Tf/Tm,min
0.60 0.779
0.725 0.700 0.692
0.40
0.20
0.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4. Comparison of the Tf/Tm ratio to admissible values.

The interpretation of the graph given in Fig. 4 leads to the idea that the values of the Tf/Tm ratio are not included
in the admissible range of the reverberation time given in [2], meaning that measures to improve the hall acoustics
are necessary to be put to work.

2.5. Determination of the reverberation time with Sabine’s formula

At this stage, it was necessary to compute the reverberation time, with the help of Sabine’s formula. According to
the provisions specified in [3], the reverberation time can be calculated with the relationship:

T=
0.163 ⋅ V [s] (1)
A

where: V is the room volume, in m3 and A is the equivalent absorption area, in m2 , calculated with:

=A ∑S α + ∑a i i j
[m2] (2)

In the formula (2) S i represent the interior surfaces of the Lecture Hall with absorption coefficients α i , while a j is
the unit absorption area of a person or an object. A, in m2, was calculated taking into account all the interior
surfaces of the Lecture Hall (walls, ceiling, flooring, windows, doors, furniture) with their corresponding absorption
coefficients α i ,. The reverberation time T f, found for each and every frequency provided in [2] was calculated with
the formula (1) and the average reverberation time is T m =1.146 s, as shown above. The ratio between the computed
reverberation time and the average reverberation time is presented in Fig. 5.
 Constantin
Constantin Munteanu
Munteanu et al. /etProcedia
al. / Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 22 (2018)
00 (2018) 331–338
339–346 335
343

1.60 1.41
1.40 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.20 Tf/Tm measured
1.00 0.880 Tf/Tm,max
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Tf/Tm [s]

0.80 Tf/Tm,min
0.789 0.8
0.60 0.697 0.718 0.723 0.724
0.40
0.20
0.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 5. Comparison of the Tf/Tm ratio to admissible values.

Fig. 5 highlights the fact that the values of the Tf/Tm ratio do not include in the admissible range of the
reverberation time given in [2]. Comparing the magnitudes reached with the two methods, it was found that the
results presented close values.

3. Proposing solutions to improve the acoustic comfort in the hall

Following the results reached by acoustic measurements and by computation, one can notice that is compulsorily
necessary to improve the acoustic comfort of the hall. For this aim, three constructive solutions are proposed.
According to [2], it is necessary to check also the situation when the room is 50% full and 100% full.

3.1. Positioning sound absorbing Ecophon tiles + sound absorbing AMF panels

The first suggested solution is the following: the false ceiling of plastered gypsum will be replaced with sound
absorbing Ecophon Master Rigid Dp gamma tiles, and AMF panels will be mounted on a surface of 34 m2 on the
backwall of the Lecture Hall (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Positioning AMF Line Modern panels on the backwall of the hall.

The sound absorbing Ecophon Master Rigid Dp gamma tiles are produced from high density glass fibre wool.
The α i absorption coefficients at various frequencies were taken from product catalogues [5]. Among the advantages
of using such panels one can enumerate: accessibility (plates can be dismounted), easiness in cleaning, good light
reflection, good operation in high humidity conditions, resistance to fire according to norms in force, easy mounting.
The dimensions of the plates are 600x600x20 mm, and the surface covered by the panels is 278 m2. The sound
absorbing AMF Line Modern [6] are panels made from mineral wool stretched in a metal frame which is covered by
wool, too. This provides high acoustic performances, increased resistance to fire, easiness in mounting and a modern
design appearance. The sizes of the panels are 1200x1200mm, with the aluminium frame of 43 mm. The Tf/Tm
ratio values for this solution range in the limits of [2] (Fig. 7). This solution was also verified for the case of the 50%
and 100% occupied Lecture Hall and it was found out that in these cases Tf/Tm ratios range also in the limits of [2].
336
344 Constantin
Constantin Munteanu
Munteanu et al. / Procedia
et al. / Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 22 339–346
00 (2018) (2018) 331–338

1.60 1.41
1.40 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.20 Tf/Tm measured
1.00 0.832 1.051 1.154 0.848 1.080 1.115 Tf/Tm,max
Tf/Tm

0.80
Tf/Tm,min
0.60 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
0.40
0.20
0.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 7. Comparison of the Tf/Tm ratio to admissible values for the Lecture Hall without the public present.

3.2. Positioning sound absorbing Ecophon tiles + sound absorbing Gyptone Quattro 20 tiles

The second constructive solution consists in replacing the ceiling with sound absorbing Ecophon Master Rigid
Dp plates on a surface of 150 m2 and sound absorbing Gyptone Quattro 20 tiles on a surface of 128 m2 .Gyptone
Quattro 20 are grid ceiling tiles, made of plastered gypsum, with perforations, mixed with acoustic tissue that
provide excellent acoustic properties. The tiles are proper for all kinds of standard visible structures. The dimensions
of the tiles are 600x600x10 mm, the α i absorption coefficients at various frequencies were taken from the product
catalogue [7]. They will be laid on a surface of 138 m2 of the total ceiling surface of 278 m2, the remaining 140 m2
being replaced with sound absorbing Ecophon tiles (Fig. 8).

a. b.

Fig. 8. Positioning the tiles on the ceiling: a – Ecophon Master Rigid Dp tiles; b –Gyptone Quattro 20 tiles.

It was found out that Tf/Tm ratio values made for the Lecture Hall without the public present (Fig. 9) and for the
cases of the 50% and 100% occupied Lecture Hall range within the limits provided by [2].

1.60 1.41
1.40 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.20 Tf/Tm measured
0.929 0.971 0.954
Tf/Tm [s]

1.00 0.875 0.860 1.073 Tf/Tm,max

0.80
Tf/Tm,min
0.60 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
0.40
0.20
0.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 9. Comparison of the Tf/Tm ratio to admissible value for the Lecture Hall without the public present.

3.3. Positioning sound absorbing Gyptone Xtensive Line 8 tiles + sound absorbing Vicoustic panels
 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338 337
Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 339–346 345

The third solution proposed consists in the following: The false ceiling of gypsum boards will be replaced by
sound absorbing plates Gyptone Xtensive Line 8; on the wall behind the hall sound absorbing panels of type
Vicoustic Waveline BC Absorbtion VB will be laid on a surface of 40 m2. The sound absorbing tiles Gyptone
Xtensive Line 8 [8] contribute to the room appearance, its acoustics and improve air quality. The dimensions of a
plate are: 300x1200x10 mm. The dimensions of the panels are 600x600x135 mm. The panels will be mounted on
the back wall of the hall on a surface of 40 m2 as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Positioning the Vicoustic panels on the back wall of the hall.

The Tf/Tm ratio values for this solution range in the limits of [2] (Fig. 11). This solution was also verified for the
case of the 50% and 100% occupied Lecture Hall and it was found out that in these cases Tf/Tm ratios range also in
the limits of [2].
1.60 1.41
1.40 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.20 Tf/Tm measured
Tf/Tm

1.00 0.879 1.182 1.092 0.809

1.048 1.053 Tf/Tm,max
0.80
0.60 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Tf/Tm,min
0.40
0.20
0.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 11. Comparison of the Tf/Tm ratio to admissible value for the Lecture Hall without the public present.

4. Investment costs analysis

The costs of the investment solutions proposed to improve the acoustic comfort of the Lecture Hall, considering
the materials used and the labour costs are shown in Fig. 12. They are as follows: 18758 Euro for the solution
presented at 3.1, 10930 Euro for the solution presented at 3.2 and 17229 Euro for the solution presented at 3.3.

20000
Expenses [Euro]

Labour cost
10000
Materials cost

0
Solution 3.1 Solution 3.2 Solution 3.3

Fig. 12. Comparison of costs for the 3 proposed solutions.

338 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 331–338
346 Constantin Munteanu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 339–346

5. Conclusions

Public audition rooms defined by proper acoustics in the context of natural sound propagation have been and still
are a topic of discussion and research for the people working in this field. Except for rooms where the sound field is
obtained by electrical-acoustic methods, the audition quality of the rooms can be improved only by a proper acoustic
design relative to room geometry and sound treatment.
The present paper shows the study made relative to the acoustic behaviour of the Lecture Hall of the Faculty of
Building Services. Making measurements with high performance Brüel&Kjær equipment and computing the values
with Sabine’s formula, it was found out that the hall reverberation time is not included in the admissible limits
established by standards and norms in force and that an optimization of the acoustic comfort was required.
Consequently, 3 solutions to improve the hall acoustics were proposed, a comparison of the investment costs was
made and it was found that the best solution would be the one presented at point 3.2.
The materials proposed are innovative, with higher level acoustic and appearance properties. After implementing
the acoustic treatments, the reverberation time was computed again, an improvement of the properties and the
inclusion in the range of admissible limits mentioned in [2] was found.
The knowledge and in-depth study of buildings’ acoustics, a sound design tailored for each specific case from the
very beginning of the erection of a building and the implementation of acoustic treatment to ameliorate the acoustic
comfort are basic requirements to be applied to existing buildings.

References

[1] IS0 3382-1, 2009, Measurement of room acoustic parameters. Part 1: Performance spaces.
[2] STAS 9783/0-83, Parameters for the acoustic design and control of public audition rooms.
[3] C125-2013, Norms related to the acoustics in construction and in urban zones.
[4] H.A. Andreica, C. Munteanu, I. Muresanu, L. Moga, R. Tămaş-Gavrea, Construcţii civile (Civil Constructions), U.T. Press, 2009, pp. 450-
462.
[5] www.ecophon.com
[6] https://www.knaufamf.com/en/product-range/.../amf-line-modern-classic.html
[7] www.gyptone.com/products/demountable++or...gyptone.../gyptone+quattro+20
[8] www.gyptone.com/...gyptone...gyptone...line+8/acoustics+-+xtensive+line+8
[9] https://www.vicoustic.com/product/waveline-bc-absorption-clip-wood-vb-2
[10] C. Munteanu, D.R. Tamas-Gavrea, N. Cobirzan, C. Aciu, R. Fernea, L.D. Demeter, Study on the Acoustic Rehabilitation of an Educational
Building, Procedia Engineering. 181 (2017) 131-138.