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11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering,
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Computation and analysis of corrected thermal insulation in a
Computation
Manufacturing and Society
Engineering analysis of corrected
International thermal
Conference insulation28-30
2017, MESIC in a
common dwelling building
2017, Vigo in Romania,
(Pontevedra), Spain in various2017,
thermal June
common dwelling building in Romania, in various thermal
insulation variants – The slab over the soil
insulation
Costing models variants
for capacity – The slabinover
optimization the soil
Industry 4.0: Trade-off
a, a
Florin
between usedFlorin Babota
capacity *, Ligia Moga
Babotaand
a, operational
*, Ligia Mogaa efficiency
P P0F P

P P0F P

a
P Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
P

a
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street,b400114, Cluj-Napoca,
b Romania
P P

A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke

a a,*

a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract b
Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
Abstract
The present paper investigates the magnitude of the corrected thermal resistance of the slab on the soil in the case of a usual
The present
dwelling paper in
building investigates
Romania. the Formagnitude
computational of thepurposes,
correctedthe thermal
CIMPSPATresistance of the[8slab
software ] wasonused;
the soil in the
it uses thecase
veryofaccurate
a usual
dwelling
numericalbuilding
Abstract method in Romania.
of the thermalFor computational
balance written inpurposes,
the nodesthe CIMPSPAT
of the software
computational grid,[8according
] was used; to ittheuses the veryofaccurate
provisions SR EN
numerical method[7].
ISO 10211:2008 of The
the thermal
researchbalance written in
was performed forthe nodes
eight of theofcomputational
variants grid, layer,
thermal insulation accordingwith to the provisions
thicknesses varyingof SR
from EN5
ISO
to
Under 10211:2008
40cm. When
the [7]. The
buildings
concept of research
are was4.0",
designed,
"Industry performed
in general,
productionfor
onlyeight
the variants ofwill
one direction
processes thermal
thermalinsulation tolayer,
resistances
be pushed with thicknesses
beareincreasingly
considered, varying
without from
taking
interconnected, 5
into
to 40cm. When buildings
account the regulations
information based on ainreal are designed,
Standard in general,
C107/2010
time basis only the one
[6] and Ordermuch
and, necessarily, direction
no. 2641/2017thermal resistances
[3] , which
more efficient. In this are
requiresconsidered,
context,specific without
minimal
capacity taking into
values for
optimization
account the regulations in Standard
corrected
goes beyondthermal resistances,
the traditional aim of C107/2010
including thermal
capacity [6] and Order
bridges,
maximization, no. 2641/2017
for various [3] , which
construction
contributing also forelementsrequires specific
(external
organization’s minimal
walls, external
profitability values
and for
joinery,
value.
corrected
floors over thermal
the last resistances,
level, slabs including
on the thermal
soil, etc.) bridges,
[1]. For forslab
the various
over construction
the soil, for elementsa (external
instance, thermal walls, external
insulation layer joinery,
made of
Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of
floors over
extruded the last level,
polystyrene of 5,slabs
rarelyon8 the soil,
or 10 cmetc.) [1]. For the
is generally usedslab
[1].over
Thisthe soil, forperformed
research, instance, on a thermal
a common insulation layer
dwelling made of
building in
maximization.
extruded The study of capacity
or 10 optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deservesin
Romania,polystyrene
aims at finding of 5,outrarely
the 8minimal cm is generally
thickness of theused [1]. This
thermal research,
insulation layerperformed
that meetsonthea common
requirements dwelling
of thebuilding
Norms in
contributions
Romania,
C107/2010aims
from
[6] and
both no.
at finding the 2641/2017
Order out
practical
the minimal and theoretical
thickness
[3], of theperspectives.
that specifies thermal
a minimal
This paper
insulation
value forlayer
presents
the that
andrequirements
meetsthermal
corrected the discusses a of
resistance of
mathematical
the
the Norms
slab overin
model for
C107/2010 capacity
[6] and
the soil of 4,50 2
m ·K/W management
no. 2641/2017 [3], that specifies a minimal value for the corrected thermal resistance of thehas
Order[2]. based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model slabbeen
over
developed and it 2was used
[2]. to analyze idleB.V.
capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
P P

the soil of
© 2018 4,50
The m
Authors.
P ·K/W
P
Published by Elsevier
value.
© 2018 The
The trade-off
Authors. capacity
Published maximization
by Elsevier
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committeeB.V. vs operational efficiency
of the 11th is highlighted
International Conferenceand it is shown that
Interdisciplinarity in capacity
© 2018 The Authors. Published by ofElsevier B.V. committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in
optimization
Peer-review
Engineering. might
under hide operational
responsibility inefficiency.
the scientific
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
©Engineering.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility
Keywords: corrected of the
thermal resistance; scientific
thickness committee
of the of the Manufacturing
thermal insulation Engineering
of the slab over the Societyspace
soil; temperature International Conference
fields; digitisation of
Keywords:
2017. corrected
building plane; buildingthermal resistance;
isothermal thickness of the thermal insulation of the slab over the soil; temperature space fields; digitisation of
surfaces.
building plane; building isothermal surfaces.
Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-744-599-663; fax: +40-264-550-518.
* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.: +40-744-599-663; fax: +40-264-550-518.
florin.babota@ccm.utcluj.ro
The cost
E-mail of idle
address: capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
florin.babota@ccm.utcluj.ro
in modern©production
2351-9789 systems.
2018 The Authors. In general,
Published it isB.V.
by Elsevier defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©under
2351-9789
Peer-review ways: tons of production,
2018responsibility
The Authors. Published
of by available
Elsevier
the scientific B.V.hours
committee of manufacturing,
of the 11th etc. The
International Conference management
Interdisciplinarity of the idle capacity
in Engineering.
Peer-review underTel.:
* Paulo Afonso. responsibility
+351 253 of
510the761;
scientific committee
fax: +351 253 604of741
the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
E-mail address: psafonso@dps.uminho.pt

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.053
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 352–357 353
Florin Babota and Ligia Moga / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 360–365 361

1. Introduction

For this case study concerning the computation and analysis of corrected thermal resistance a common dwelling
building in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, was chosen. Its level height is D+P+1E and it has a useful total area of A u =210
m2. The outer walls from the basement are made of 25 cm thick concrete, while the walls in the ground floor and the
rest of levels are made from 25 cm thick vertical void ceramic blocks on reinforced concrete pylons.
This building is situated in the third climatic area, with outside temperature of θe=-18ºC, in a zone where the
minimal freezing depth is 80-90cm [4]; it is also situated in the wind area A [5].
Because the rooms have different calculation temperatures (θ j = 18ºC, 20ºC and 22ºC) [6], an average internal
temperature was determined (θ i.med ), proportional to the useful volume (V uj ) of the room, obtaining a median θ i.med =
+19,35ºC:

∑ θ j ⋅ Vuj (1)
θ i.med =
∑ Vuj

Fig. 1. Basement plane.

The computations were made for the entire building and the results were analysed for the slab over the soil sol
(Fig. 1).

2. Computation methodology

The computational software CIMPSPAT was used [8]; this software makes use of the most accurate numerical
method of the thermal balance written in the nodes of the computation grid, according to the provisions of SR EN
ISO 10211:2008 [7]. To simplify the introduction of input data and the processing of the results, the software
contains hundreds of constructive details specific to the types of thermal bridges met in the current design practice
for new buildings and in the energy assessment of the existing structures. The software library contains catalogs with
elements necessary to define the building envelope, displaced in constructive and dimensional typology. The
software also possesses modules for introducing input data, and the materials thermal features and contour
conditions, respectively. The software makes use of temperature space fields and energy equilibrium equations
written in the grid nodes. For the computation of the corrected thermal resistance R' it is necessary to solve the space
temperature field in stationary thermal regime, as described in the relationship below:
354
362 Florin
Florin Babota Babota
and Ligia et al.
Moga / Procedia
/ Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 0022 (2018)
(2018) 352–357
360–365

∂  ∂θ (x, y ) ∂  ∂θ (x, y ) ∂  ∂θ (x, y ) (2)

λ ( x, y ) ⋅ + λ ( x, y ) ⋅ + λ ( x, y ) ⋅ =0
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z 

where:
θ - the temperature in the coordinate node (x,y);
λ(x,y)- the thermal conductivity of materials in the section in [W/(m·K)].

In order to numerically solve the above mentioned differential equation with partial derivatives, the geometrical
model, contained between the horizontal and vertical cutting planes, was divided with cutting axes parallel to the
axes of the Cartesian space system with discrete steps Δx, Δy and Δz, so as to form the orthogonal computation grid
of the temperature space field. The computation grid was taken in steps from 25 to maximum 100 mm along all
directions (Fig 2, Fig 3). An example of the space discrete grid of the concerned building is given in horizontal plane
section (Fig. 2a), vertical section (Fig. 3) and for details (Fig. 2b) [8].

Fig. 2. (a) Digitisation of basement plane, (b) Detail of foundation digitisation.

Fig. 3. (a) Digitisation of longitudinal vertical section; (b) Digitisation of transverse vertical section.
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 352–357 355
Florin Babota and Ligia Moga / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 360–365 363

The thermo-technical study relative to this building was performed in eight variants of thermal insulation (Table
1). To have more conclusive results and to be able to make remarks with respect to the influence of thermal
insulation thickness, the material of thermal insulation was selected with thicknesses from 5 to 5 cm (Table 1); the
thermal resistances "R" and solar radiation penetration degree "g" for windows were selected according to the values
given in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of thermal insulation in the eight forms of thermal insulation.

Exterior walls Slab on the soil Attic floor Glazed surface
Variant
material thickness (cm) material thickness (cm) material thickness (cm) R (m2·K/W) g
T1 5 5 15 0.50 0.75
T2 10 10 20 0.60 0.65
T3 15 15 25 0.77 0.50
T4 expanded 20 extruded 20 mineral 30 0.80 0.40
T5 polystyrene 25 polystyrene 25 wool 35 0.80 0.40
T6 30 30 40 0.80 0.40
T7 35 35 45 0.80 0.40
T8 40 40 50 0.80 0.40

3. Results

After running CIMPSPAT software [8], the results found are presented numerically, graphically and in the form
of isothermal surfaces.

3.1. Numerical results

The numerical results are presented in synthesis in Table 2, in relation with the thickness of the thermal insulation
of the slab on the soil (d); it can be easily noticed the variation of the field thermal resistance (R), of the corrected
thermal resistance (R'), and of the thermal coupling coefficient (L) as well.

Table 2. The Slab Over the Soil - Variation of corrected thermal resistance and thermal coupling coefficient.
Variant d (cm) R (m2·K/W) R' (m2·K/W) L (W/K)
T1 5 4.61 3.18 20.96
T2 10 5.06 3.43 19.42
T3 15 5.82 3.77 17.67
T4 20 7.34 4.25 15.68
T5 25 8.35 4.47 14.89
T6 30 9.46 4.67 14.26
T7 35 10.57 4.83 13.80
T8 40 11.68 4.96 13.43

3.2. Graphical results

In order to have a better evaluation of the influence of the slab onto the soil, of its thermal insulation respectively,
in the entire building, we graphically represented the percentage of heat losses through the elements of building
envelope (Fig. 4). It can be noticed that the weight of the heat losses through the slab on the soil is relatively small
and grow with the increase of the thermal insulation of the building, from 7,1% for T1 variant to 8,7% T8 thermal
insulation variant (Fig. 4).
364 Florin Babota and Ligia Moga / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 360–365
356 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 352–357

50
percentage losses
40
through the
element
[%]
30

20

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
exterior wall 49.7 50.8 52 49.5 48.1 46.9 45.9 45.2
attic floor 10.3 9.4 8.5 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 6
slab on the soil 7.1 7.6 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7
glazed surface 32.9 32.2 31.1 34.1 36 37.7 39 40.1

Fig. 4. Percentage of heat losses through the elements of building envelope.

3.3. Results in the form of isothermal surfaces

Based on the numerical results found for the entire building, for a better appreciation of thermal insulation
features relative to the slab over the soil, in T2 thermal insulation variant (which is actually the current situation),
isothermal surfaces in several characteristic sections are presented, in plane (Fig. 5) and vertical sections of the
building, respectively (Fig. 6). The vertical sections include the building contact area with the soil, reflecting the
temperature variation in the sections concerned in conformity with the colour range given in the legend.

Fig. 5. (a) Isothermal surfaces – slab on the soil; (b) Isothermal surfaces - basement plane.
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 352–357 357
Florin Babota and Ligia Moga / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 360–365 365

Fig. 6. (a) Isothermal surfaces - longitudinal vertical section; (b) Isothermal surfaces - transverse vertical section.

4. Conclusions

The present paper shows that the requirements of Standard C107/2010 [6] and Order no. 2641/2017 [3] on
minimal thermal resistance corrected for the soil slab of 4,50 m2·K/W can be reached, in general, for a dwelling
building in Romania, when the extruded polystyrene thermal insulation is of 30 cm width (Table 2), in few cases of
25 cm. This contrasts with the current implementation of insulation layers of only 5cm, very rarely 10cm.

References

[1] B. Bruma, L. Moga, I. Moga, Aspects regarding dynamic calculation of plan building elements having thermal bridges, Energy Procedia. 85
(2016) 77-84.
[2] L. Moga, I. Moga, A. Abrudan, Corelation between the Thermal Coupling Coefficient and the Thermal Performance of a Building, Nano,
Bio and Green - Technologies for a Sustainable Future Conference Proceedings Sgem. II (2016) 63-70, 2016.
[3] Order no. 2641/2017 regarding the modification and completion of the Romanin regulation "Methodology for calculating the energy
performance of buildings", approved by Order of the Minister of Transport, Constructions and Tourism no.157 / 2007.
[4] Romanian Standard STAS 6054/77 – Maximum freezing depths.
[5] Romanian Standard STAS 10101/20-90 – Wind loads.
[6] Regulation C107/1-2005 Normative on the calculation of global thermal insulation coefficients in residential buildings.
[7] SR EN ISO 10211:2008 - Thermal bridges in building construction - Heat flows and surface temperatures - Detailed calculations
Construction and Management of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
[8] CIMPSPAT – Expert type computer program of the expert type, developed by the Building Physics team from the Department of Civil.