A COURSE FOR ROUGH CARPENTRY

AT ORANGE COAST COLLEGE

A P ro ject

Presented, to

th e F a c u lty of th e School of E d u catio n

The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a

In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t

of th e R eq u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree

M aster of S cien ce in E d u ca tio n

by

J o h n S . Owens

February, 19^0
 UMI Number: EP46004

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has been p r es e nt e d to and a c ce pte d by the F ac u lt y
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 ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

P R E F A C E ............................................................................................................ vi

PART I . HOUSE LAY OUT AND FORM CONSTRUCTION

HOW TO LAY OUT HOUSE AND ERECT CONCRETE FORMS

JOB SHEET

1. PLOT PLAN: How t o u s e a p l o t p l a n ......................................... 2

2. BUILDING LINES: How t o l a y o u t b u i l d i n g l i n e s . .- . I|.

3. BATTER BOARDS: How t o e r e c t b a t t e r b o a r d s . . . . . 7

Ji. T TYPE FORMS: How t o e r e c t T t y p e f o r m s .......................... 9

5. BATTER TYPE FORMS: How t o e r e c t b a t t e r t y p e f o r m s . 13

6. FOUNDATION P IE R S : How t o lo cate and i n s t a l l

f o u n d a t i o n p i e r s ..............................................................................................l 6

7. FOUNDATION BOLTS: How t o i n s t a l l f o u n d a t i o n b o l t s . 18

8. TREATING FORMS: How t o t r e a t f o r m s f o r p o u r i n g

c o n c r e t e ..................................................................................................................20

PART I I . S I L L , GIRDER, AND FLOOR FRAMING

HOW TO INSTALL S I L L S , GIRDERS, AND FLOOR FRAMING

9. MUDSILLS: How t o i n s t a l l m u d s i l l s ............................................... 2 2

10. PIER BLOCKS: How t o i n s t a l l p i e r b l o c k s ................................ 2l|.

11. POSTS: How t o i n s t a l l g i r d e r p o s t s .......................................... 26

12. GIRDERS: How t o e r e c t a g i r d e r .....................................................28

13• FLOOR JO IST S: How t o l a y o u t a n d i n s t a l l f l o o r

 t • •
111

JOB SHEET PAGE

j o i s t s ....................................................................................................................... 30

li|.. OPENINGS IN FLOOR: How t o fram e an o p e n in g i n a

flo o r .............................................................................. 33

15. BOX S I L L S : How t o c o n s t r u c t a b o x s i l l ................................ 35

16. BRIDGE S I L L S : How t o co n stru ct a bridge sill . . . 37

17. SOLID BRIDGING: How t o cut and i n s t a l l so lid

b r i d g i n g .............................. 39

18. HERRINGBONE BRIDGING: How t o c u t and i n s t a l l

herringbone b rid g in g . ........................................................ ipl

19. DIAGONAL SUBFLOORING: How t o l a y d i a g o n a l s u b

flo o rin g . ............................................. I4J4.

20. STRAIGHT SUBFLOORING: How t o l a y s t r a i g h t s u b

f l o o r i n g ..................................................................................................................I4.7

PART I I I . WALL PARTITION FRAMING

HOW TO LAY OUT AND FRAME WALLS

21. SOLE PLATES: How t o in stall s o l e p l a t e s ................................ $1

22. STUDS AND OPENINGS: How t o l a y o u t p l a t e s f o r

s t u d s a n d o p e n i n g s .......................... _........................................................... 53

23. UPPER PLATES: How t o l a y o u t u p p e r p l a t e s ...........................53

2lj.. WINDOW OPENINGS: How t o l a y o u t w i n d o w o p e n i n g s . . 55

25. DOOR OPENINGS: How t o l a y o u t a d o o r o p e n i n g . . . 59

26. FRAMING MEMBERS: How t o f i n d len g th s of vario u s

p a r t s o f w a l l f r a m e ................................................................................... 6 l

27. WINDOW FRAMING: How t o f r a m e i n a w i n d o w ........................... 65

 iv
JOB SHEET PAGE

28. DOOR FRAMING: How t o f r a m e I n a d o o r ..................................... 67

29* CORNER POSTS: How t o c o n s t r u c t c o r n e r p o s t s . . . . 69

30. ERECTING WALLS: How t o e r e c t w a l l s .......................................... 71

31. LET IN BRACES: How t o i n s t a l l let in braces. . . . 75

32. CUT IN BRACES: How t o i n s t a l l cut in b races. . . . 77

33. TOP PLATES: How t o i n s t a l l t o p p l a t e s . . . . . . . . 79

3I4.. TOP PLATE LAYOUT: How t o space to p p la te s for

c eilin g j o i s t s .................................................................................................. 8 l

35. CEILING J O I S T S : How t o e r e c t c eilin g jo ists. . . . 83

36. FIRE BLOCKS: How t o c u t and p l a c e f i r e b locks. . . 85

37 • BACKING: Hoxv t o i n s t a l l b a c k i n g a n d p l a s t e r

g r o u n d s ..................................................................................................................87

PART I V . ROOF FRAMING

HOW TO CUT AND INSTALL ROOF FRAMING

38. COMMON RAFTERS: How t o l a y o u t a common r a f t e r . . 90

39* RAFTER SPACING: How t o s p a c e t h e r a f t e r s on p l a t e

a n d r i d g e b o a r d ............................................................................ 9^-

ipO. ERECTING RAFTERS: How t o e r e c t r a f t e r s on a g a b l e

r o o f ....................................................................... 96

Ip1 . GABLE STUDDING: How t o e r e c t a n d i n s t a l l g a b l e

s t u d d i n g ............................................................. 100

[|.2. H IP AND VALLEY ROOFS: How t o l a y o u t a n d c u t h i p

a n d v a l l e y r a f t e r s ......................................................................................102
 V

JOB SHEET PAGE

I l3 . JACK RAFTERS: I-Iow t o la y out and cut ja c k

r a f t e r s ............................... . . ............................................. 107

l|4- HIP ROOF ERECTION: How t o e r e c t a h i p r o o f . . . . 110

1|5. INTERSECTING ROOFS: How t o e r e c t an i n t e r s e c t i n g

r o o f ..........................................................................................................................113
I4.6 . ROOF SHEATHING: How t o l a y r o o f s h e a t h i n g .........................l l £

RESERVE SHELF L I S T ......................................................................................118

 PREFACE

A s u r v e y o f t h e v o c a t i o n a l n e e d s o f th e Orange C o ast

C ollege d i s t r i c t was made b y t h e P r e s i d e n t , D r . B a s i l

P eterso n , and v i c e - p r e s i d e n t , D r. James T h o r n to n , to

determ ine the c o u r s e s o f s t u d y t o b e o f f e r e d b y t h e new

co lleg e. When t h e O r a n g e C o a s t C o l l e g e - was f o u n d e d i n

1 9 I4-8 i t was d e c i d e d t o canvas the e n t i r e d i s t r i c t and c o n ta c t

leaders in a l l v o catio n al f ie ld s to se e k t h e i r h e lp in s e t ­

t i n g u p c o u r s e s t h a t vo u l d m e e t w i t h t h e n e e d s o f t h e d i s ­

tric t. Orange C o a s t C o l le g e s e r v e s the c itie s of N ew port-

B alboa, C o s t a Mesa, H u n t i n g t o n B e a s h , and s u r r o u n d in g

sectio n s o f Orange C o u n ts. As t h i s is one of t h e fastest

grow ing s e c t i o n s of Southern C a lif o r n ia i t was f e l t th at

a course in g e n eral B u ild in g tra d e s was e sse n tia l to a

w e ll rounded v o c a tio n a l program .

Under t h e g u id a n c e o f D r. B i l l J . P riest, co -o rd in ato r

o f V o c a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n a n d Mr. L o u i s A n d e r s o n , c o u n t 3r

d i r e c t o r o f V o c a t i o n a l and A p p r e n t i c e t r a i n i n g , i t was

d e c i d e d t o o f f e r a B u i l d i n g T ra d e s c o u r s e t h a t would c o n t a i n

a l l phases of th e tr a d e s , in cluding c arp en try , plum bing,

e le ctricity , p ain tin g , c a b i n e t m aking, and o t h e r fu n d a m e n ta l

s k i l l s re q u ire d in b u ild in g a house.

The a u t h o r was a s k e d t o s e t up a c o m p l e t e c o u r s e o f

study to cover each of th ese f i e l d s and p rovide a teach in g

 v ii
g u id e to m eet th e n eeds o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n of the

course.

The p u r p o s e o f t h e s e job s h e e ts i s to p ro v id e th e

stu d en t w ith a d d itio n a l tr a in in g a id s. It is the in ten t

of the a u th o r to cover th e v a rio u s phases of the rough

c a rp e n try d uring th e lec tu re and l a b o r a t o r y p e r i o d s a llo tte d

to c a rp e n try . . A ll the b a sic in fo rm atio n covering th e types

o f l u m b e r t o be u s e d , v a rio u s m etal f a s t e n e r s , and t e c h n i c a l

in fo rm atio n n ecessary is to com plete th e s t u d e n t s ’ u n d e r s ta n d ­

in g of each phase of c o n s tr u c tio n . Each o f th e s t e p s w i l l

be c o v e re d i n d e t a i l in th e l e c t u r e room a s w e l l a s the

lab o ra to ry . M o d e l s o f e a c h p h a s e wri l l be p r e s e n t e d and

d i s c u s s e d by t h e s t u d e n t s . A ll types of v is u a l a id s w ill

be em ployed to e n a b le t h e s tu d e n t to b e t t e r u n d e rsta n d the

s te p b ein g d isc u sse d .

F ield t r i p s p l a y an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e t r a i n i n g o f

e a c h s t u d e n t a n d man y t r i p s are tak en during th e year to

acq u a in t th e stu d e n t w ith th e p r a c tic e s in use today.

F ra c tic a l o n -th e-jo b tra in in g i s pro v id ed w hile th e student

is a t Orange C o a st C o l le g e b y t h e e r e c t i o n o f c o m p le te

d w e l l i n g s on t h e co lleg e c am pus b y t h e b u i l d i n g t r a d e s c lasses.

V a r i o u s m em b e r s o f t h e b u i l d i n g trad e f ie ld s are f r e ­

quent le c tu r e r s a t the c la s s to b r i n g th e s t u d e n t s f i r s t

hand i n f o r m a t i o n as t o what d e v e lo p m e n ts e x i s t i n th e

trad es a t t h a t tim e. A steerin g co m m ittee, composed o f

 v iii
m em b ers o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r a d e s , m e e t m o n t h l y t o d iscu ss

the v a rio u s f a c t o r s concerned w ith th e t r a i n i n g of the s t u ­

d en ts in b u ild in g i n s t r u c t i o n .

S i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n i s due t o D r. C. C. C r a w f o r d f o r

h is u n tirin g assistan ce in h elp in g to p rep are th is p ro jec t.

I t was t h r o u g h h i s g u i d a n c e t h a t th is p r o j e c t was b r o u g h t

in to its f i n a l form f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . I w i s h t o t h a n k my

w ife, H a z e l , who a s s i s t e d me i n p r e p a r i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t

i n th e p ro p e r form and f o r th e f i n a l t y p i n g of t h i s pro­

je c t. Mr. Lyman G o l d s m i t h i s thanked f o r h i s ex cellen t

t e c h n i c a l a d v is e p e r t a i n i n g to t h i s w ork.
 1

PART I . HOUSE LAYOUT AND CONCRETE FORM CONSTRUCTION

HOW TO LAY OUT AND INSTALL CONCRETE FORMS

The c a r p e n t e r i s o f t e n c a l l e d upon to la y o u t e x cav a­

tio n lin e s, u sin g the p l o t p lan s as h i s g u id e . He m u s t

take in to c o n sid e ra tio n the l o t l i n e s , the ex istin g

b u ild in g c o d es and any s p e c i a l r e s t r i c t i o n s t h a t may

ap p ly in th e d i s t r i c t i n w hich th e house i s b e in g

b u ilt. G reat im portance is p laced in the a c tu a l lay o u t

o f th e b u i ld i n g l i n e s upon th e l o t . Forms m u st

be b u i l t to h o ld and s u p p o r t th e sem i-lio .u id c o n c re te

u n t i l i t hardens. C a re fu l a p p l i c a t io n of th e co n ten ts

of th is s e c t i o n m ull e n ab le th e s tu d e n t to lay out

and I n s t a l l th e form s n e c e s s a r y t o the p ro p e r e r e c t i o n

o f a h o u s e on a l o t .
 2
JOB SHEET 1 . PLOT PLAN

HOW TO USE A PLOT PLAN

The b u i l d e r g e t s a l l h i s in fo rm a tio n as to th e p o s i t i o n

o f t h e h o u s e on t h e l o t fro m t h e p l o t p l a n . S i n c e a l l mea­

su re m e n ts m ust conform to c i t y codes, b u ild in g requ irem en ts,

an d zone r e s t r i c t i o n s ; it is very im portant th at th is in ­

f o r m a t i o n be v e ry a c c u r a t e . You s h o u l d b e a b l e to f i n d

a ll t h e l a y o u t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e p l o t p l a n t h a t w i l l

e n a b le you to p la c e your house in i t s p r o p e r p o s i t i o n on

the l o t .

DIRECTIONS: How t o u s e t h e p l o t p l a n .

1. D e te r m in e l o c a t i o n o f f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e l o t and

exact size of each sid e .

2. D eterm in e s e t b ack from f r o n t p r o p e r t y l i n e .

3. F in d s e t b a c k from house to r i g h t hand p ro p erty lin e .

I|-. L o cate size and l e n g t h s o f w a lk s andd r i v e w a y s .

5. Find d is ta n c e across fro n t of house.

6. L o c a te l e n g t h of s i d e s of h o u se .

7. Make f i n a l check o f a l l m easurem ents to I n s u r e

accu racy of a r c h i t e c t s f i g u r e s .

8. Sources: S uggested assignm ents to a id in i n t r e p r e t i n g

a p lo t p lan .

a. Study v a rio u s p l o t p la n s and l i s t d ifferen ces of e ac h .

b. From t h e l o c a l b u i l d i n g code, ex tra ct a ll the d a ta

 3
r e g a r d i n g p o s i t i o n o f h o u s e on l o t .

ASSIGNMENTS: Perform ance o r la b o r a to r y a c t i v i t i e s t o im prove

your s k i l l in reading a p lo t p la n .

1. D ra w u p a s e t o f p l o t p l a n s f o r a h o u s e a n d i n c l u d e a ll

t h e n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n t o p l a c e a h o u se on a l o t .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check fo r student u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: F la c e an X in the p ro p er space f o r tru e

or f a l s e .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d b e a b l e to l o c a t e sid e setbacks

from th e p l o t p la n .

b. ( )( )It i s b e s t to r e l y on th e a r c h i t e c t s '

f i g u r e s when u s i n g a p l o t p l a n .

c. ( )( )It i s w ise to check d is ta n c e from b ack of

house to r e a r o f l o t .
 JOB SHEET 2 . BUILD TNG- LINES

HOW TO LAY OUT BUILDING- LINES

The l a y i n g o u t o f b u i l d i n g l i n e s ' i s one o f t h e m ost

im portant phases of b u ild in g c o n stru ctio n . I f an e r r o r i n

l a y o u t I s made, c o s t l y t e a r i n g down a n d r e b u i l d i n g may r e ­

su lt. The a c t u a l b u i l d i n g i s c o n s t r u c t e d w ith the lin es as

a g u id e and g r e a t c a r e m ust be t a k e n to in su re th a t ab so lu te

a c c u r a c y i s made w h i l e y o u a r e p r e f o r m i n g t h i s job.

DIRECTIONS; How t o l a y o u t b u i l d i n g l i n e s .

1. Secure p ro p e r t o o l s , s ta k e s , and o th e r m a te r ia ls

necessary to lay out a l l b u ild in g l in e s .

2. E stab lish a base lin e (setback) from s u rv e y o rs l i n e s to

m ark o u t th e f r o n t of th e b u i l d i n g .

3. D rive a s ta k e along t h i s lin e th e proper d istan c e in

from t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e l o t lin e s.

I),. P lace a second sta k e si o n g t h i s lin e the exact le n g th

o f the f r o n t of your house. D r i v e a f i n i s h n a i l on t h e

to p of th e s ta k e s e x a c tly the r i g h t d is ta n c e ap art.

D rive a s ta k e alo n g t h i s lin e 6 ’ from c o r n e r and p l a c e

a n a il at exact d istan ce.

6. S t r e tc h a l i n e a t r i g h t an g les to base lin e a nd a t a

d i s t a n c e of 8' a lo n g t h i s lin e p lace a sta k e w ith a

n a il a t exact d istan ce.

7. M easure from th e f i r s t 6 ’ s ta k e d i a g o n a ll y tow ard th e

 5
8' stak e. T h is d ia g o n a l sh o u ld m easure e x a c t l y 10*.

Move s i d e l i n e u n t i l d ia g o n a l m easures the r e q u i r e d 10’ ,

R e l o c a t e n a i l on s t a k e at th is p o in t. T h is form s an

exact rig h t an g le.

8. Repeat th is a t l e f t hand c o rn e r of f r o n t b a se l i n e .

9* A long th e side l i n e s w hich h a v e been' s q u a r e d , m easu re

ex act le n g th of both sid e s of th e house. D rive s ta k e s

and p l a c e n a i l s in proper p o s itio n .

10. S tre tc h a lin e alo n g th e se two p o i n t s a n d t h e b a c k

b u ild in g lin e s are th u s e s t a b l i s h e d .

11. M easure th e d i a g o n a l s fro m one c o r n e r t o the o p p o s ite

c o rn e r of the b u ild in g . These sho u ld check o u t e x a c tly

t h e same d i s t a n c e .

12. If th ere a re any e l l s , p ro jectio n s o r s e t b a c k s on t h e

m ain p o r t i o n o f th e b u i l d i n g , l a y them o u t i n t h e same

m anner, u s in g th e m ain b u i l d i n g l i n e s as base l i n e s

f o r th ese a d d itio n s .

13. S o u r c e s : W here a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e g ain ed ,

a. Go t o a l o c a l b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t a n d o b s e r v e car­

p e n te rs perform t h i s job.

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y w o rk t o a s s i s t y o u t o l a y o u t

b u i l d i n g l i n e s more a c c u r a t e l y .

1. Layo u t a b u i l d i n g u s i n g t h e m ethod e x p l a i n e d above.

2. Layo u t a p r o p o s e d b u i l d i n g in b u ild in g a rea.

EVALUATION: A short c h e c k on b u i l d i n g lay o u t.

1. CHECK L I S T : P la c e an X I n the p ro p e r spaces.

YES NO
a. ( ) ( ) Do y o u r d i a g o n a l s check out?

b. ( ) ( ) D i d y o u r 6 ' 8 , 1 0 1 c h e c k on e a c h c o r n e r

c. ( ) ( ) Were y o u r s i d e s p a r a l l e l ?

d. ( )( ) D id a l l m easu rem en ts check?

 7
JOB SHEET 3 . BATTER BOARDS

HOW TO ERECT BATTER BOARDS

B a tte r boards are e r e c te d to p ro v id e a guide in p la c in g

t h e f o u n d a t i o n form s i n th e p r o p e r p o s i t i o n f o r p o u r i n g . At

the tim e o f th e e x c a v a t i n g t h e s t a k e s a r e u s u a l l y moved and

th e b a t t e r b o a r d s p r e s e r v e the e x a c t l o c a t i o n of b u i l d i n g

lin e s. T h ey w i l l s a v e y o u t h e t i m e a n d e x p e n s e o f r e l o c a t ­

ing b u ild in g stak es.

DIRECTIONS: How t o e r e c t b a t t e r b o a r d s .

1. Secure the p ro p er to o ls and m a te r ia ls fo r erectin g

b a tte r boards.

a. S c r a p lxlj. f o r stak es.

b. S c r a p 1x6 f o r b a tte r boards.

2. A p p r o x i m a t e l y I)-1 f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g s t a k e s d r i v e th ree

s t a k e s i n t h e g round t o form a t r i a n g l e p a r a l l e l to

sid es of th e b u ild in g .

3. P lace t h e 1x6 b a t t e r b o a r d a t t h e a p p r o x i m a t e h e i g h t

of thes u b flo o r and \ e v e l w ith the grade to be u se d

on t h e house. ( G r a d e may b e e s t a b l i s h e d by th e sur­

v ey o r o r by u s in g curb l i n e as grade p o i n t.)

1|_. T ransfer b u ild in g lin e s to b a t t e r b oard by dropping

plumb bob t o a n a i l on c o r n e r s t a k e andt r a n s f e r r i n g

th is t o a n a i l on b a t t e r boards a tex act p o s i t i o n on

each co rn er.
ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y work to a s s i s t y o u t o becom e m o r e

p ro fic ie n t in erectin g b a tte r bo ard s.

1. E r e c t a s e t of b a t t e r b o a rd s f o r a proposed house.

2. E re c t b a t t e r boards a t d i f f e r e n t h e ig h ts in o rd er to

b u i ld a house a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e ls on th e lo t.

EVALUATION: A s h o r t c h e c k on e r e c t i n g b a t t e r b o a r d s .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e

or f a ls e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t i s b e s t t o u s e 1 x 6 f o r s t a k e s when e r e c t ­

ing b a t t e r b o a rd s.

b. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d p l a c e th e b a t t e r boards from

th e b u ild in g l in e s .

c. ( )( ) When d e t e r m i n i n g t h e l e v e l o f the b atter

boards i t i s b e s t to p u t them a t flo o r

len g th .
 9
JOB SHEET if. T TYPE FORMS

HOW TO ERECT T TYPE FORMS

The T t y p e f o r m i s t h e m ost u se d form i n .c o n s t r u c t i o n

to d a y and u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p r o c e e d u r e i n b u i l d i n g t h e s e

f o r m s wi 11 e n a b l e y o u t o p l a c e them a c c u r a t e l y and e f f i c i ­

en tly . S in c e th e f o u n d a tio n s form th e b a se o f each house

it i s n e c e s s a r y to i n s u r e t h e i r accuracy.

DIRECTIONS; How t o c o n s tr u c t T type fo rm s .

1. Secure p ro p er to o ls and fo rm m a t e r i a l to e r e c t f o r m s .

a. 1x6 sifs # 1 f i r f o r form b o a rd s .

b. 1x3 s c r a p f o r stak es.

c. S c a f f o l d n a i l s when a v a i l a b l e .

d. T ie w ire .

e. 2xlp f o r w a l e r s .

f. 2x6 f o r f o o t i n g form s.

2. D eterm ine size and h e i g t h o f fo rm s.

3. E stab lish a c e n te r lin e fo r foundation fo o tin g by

m easu rin g from b u i l d i n g l i n e , th e m easure e q u a l d i s t ­

ance on e i t h e r s i d e to lo c a te o u ts id e fo o tin g board.

1|-. P lace a lin e on b a t t e r b o a r d a t th isp o in t and drop a

plumb bob t o p o i n t where f o o t i n g w i l l f a l l .

5. D rive s h o r t s ta k e s a t 2* i n t e r v a l s alo n g t h i s l i n e

on o u t s i d e o f b u i l d i n g .

6. N a i l 2x6 form b o a r d a l o n g s t a k e s e s t a b l i s h i n g g r a d e
 10
w ith t r a n s i t or by c a rp e n te rs lev el.

7. P lace o u ts id e f o o t i n g form b o a rd around p e r im e te r o f

b u ild in g .

8. Make a s p a c e r e x a c t w i d t h o f f o o t i n g , add t h ic k n e s s o f

form b o a rd . T his w i l l a id in se ttin g in sid e stak es.

9* P lace sp acer a g a in s t in sid e o f form b o a rd , r e s t stake

a g a i n s t o t h e r end and d r i v e stakes ev ery 2 ’ alo n g i n ­

side .

10. N a i l i n s i d e 2x6 form b o a rd t o stak es, ch ecking g rad e

w i t h c a r p e n t e r s l e v e l by p l a c i n g l e v e l on o u t s i d e fo rm .

11. B race w e ll alo n g in s id e and o u t s i d e of form .

12. M easure from c e n t e r l i n e o f f o o t i n g one h a l f t h e th ic k ­

n e s s o f f o u n d a t i o n w a l l and p l a c e l i n e around b u i ld i n g

a t th is p o sitio n .

13. U sin g a s p a c e r t h e t h i c k n e s s of w a ll form lum ber as a

guide, d r i v e w a ll form s ta k e s a t l 8 ,,; i n t e r v a l s alo n g

o u tsid e p erim eter of b u ild in g .

lip. N a il to p form b o a rd to s t a k e s a t p r o p e r g r a d e an d

c o n tin u e aro u n d o u t s i d e of form .

15* P l a c e b a l a n c e o f f o rm b o a r d s on lo w e r p o r t i o n o f w a l l .

16 . B race w e ll to o u t s i d e of form s.

17. Make a s p a c e r a s i n f o o t i n g s , b u t use w a ll th ic k n e s s

p lus t h i c k n e s s o f form lum ber.

18. P lace in sid e stak es i n sam e m a n n e r a s f o o t i n g .

19. N a il top board to in sid e s ta k e s and check f o r l e v e ln e s s

 11
u s in g o u ts id e to p b o a rd as g u id e .

20. P la c e low er b o ard s to l e v e l o f fo o tin g .

21. B race i n s i d e form .

22. P lace t ie w ire under top b oard and a ro u n d s t a k e s on

e ith e r sid e, tig h te n in g by tw is tin g w ires w ith a la rg e

n a il.

23* P l a c e a 2x1^. w a l e r o n e d g e a l o n g o p p o s i t e s id e s of form

and lo c k a t th e corner. (Num ber o f w a l e r s d e p e n d s on

h e ig t h o f form w a l l.)

2lp. P lace t i e w i r e s u n d e r t o p b o a r d and a r o u n d w a l e r s on

o p p o site sid es and t w i s t i n c e n t e r o f fo rm to tig h ten .

( C o m m e r c i a l t i e s may b e u s e d i n p l a c e o f w i r e . )

2£. P lace g ird e r check b lo c k s i n s i d e form s to receiv e

g ird ers a f t e r p o u rin g .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o ra to ry assignm ents t o h e l p you t o be a b l e

to b e t t e r u n d e rs ta n d th e e r e c t i o n o f T type f o rm s .

1. C o n stru c t a T type fo u n d a tio n f o r a t y p ic a l d w e llin g .

2. C o n s tru c t a s e t of f o o tin g s f o r a m asonry ty pe f o u n d a tio n .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r T type f o u n d a tio n s .

1 . CHECK L I S T : Placem an X i n t h e p r o p e r p l a c e a f t e r check­

ing your fo rm s.

YES NO
a. ( ) ( ) Are y o u r fo rm s s q u a r e ?

b. ( )( ) Do t h e t i e w ires e n c irc le o p p o site w alers?

 12
c. ( )( ) Are t h e form s w e l l b ra c e d ?

d. ( )( ) D id yo u check y o u r form s a g a i n s t the b u i l d ­

ing lin e s?

e. ( )( ) Are t h e fo rm s plumb and l e v e l ?

f . ( )( ) Do t h e d i a g o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s c h e c k ?
 13
JOB SHEET £ . BATTER TYPE FORMS

HOW TO ERECT BATTER TYPE FORMS

B a t t e r type form s a re b e in g used e x t e n s i v e l y by

b u ild in g .c o n tra c to rs because of t h e i r ease of i n s t a l l a t i o n

and th e a b i l i t y t o b e t o r n down v e r y r a p i d l y . S ince t h is

type fo u n d a tio n i s adaptable t o on e s t o r y d w e l l i n g s o n l y ;

you may f i n d i t n e c e s s a r y t o u n d e r s t a n d th e ir co n stru ctio n

as p a r t o f y o u r w ork.

DIRECTIONS: Plow t o erect b a tte r type f o r m s .

1. Secure p ro p er f o o ls and m a t e r i a l s to co n stru ct th is

ty p e o f w a l l.

a. 2x6 fo rm b o a r d s fo r outside w a lls.

b. 1x6 f o r m b o a r d s fo r in sid e w alls.

2. U sing o u t s i d e b u i l d i n g l i n e as a guid e, drive a lin e

of sta k e s alo n g the l in e a llo w in g f o r th ic k n e s s of

form lu m b e r. (A s p a c e r , the th ick n ess o f th e form

l u m b e r may b e u s e d , or th e b u ild in g l i n e tem p o rarily

may b e m o ved o u t t h e th ick n ess of the lu m b er.)

3. N a i l to p o u t s i d e fo rm b o a rd to stak es, after estab lish ­

in g grade a t t h i s p o in t.. C ontinue around e n t i r e b u i l d ­

in g .

lj_. Check d i a g o n a l s f o r squareness.

5. P la c e re m a in d e r o f lo w e r form b o a rd s .

6. S e c u re ly b r a c e o u t s i d e form w a l l .
 Uj-

7. C o n s t r u c t a s m a ll wooden j i g the exact s iz e of c ro s s -

s e c t i o n of the fo u n d a tio n .

8. Make u p i n s i d e p a n e l s to e x a c t dim ension, su b tractin g

w all th ic k n ess a t to p and b o tto m o f form w a l l .

9. U sing j i g , plus th ic k n ess o f i n s i d e form w a l l , d riv e

s ta k e s around i n s i d e p e r im e te r of b u i l d i n g .

10. P lace j ig a g a in s t o u ts id e w all in p ro p er p o s i t io n ,

rest in s id e panels on j i g , b r i n g p a n e l to l e v e l p o s i t i o n

and n a i l to s ta k e s .

11. C ontinue around i n s i d e o f form s.

12. B race w e ll, c h e c k in g f o r plum bness and l e v e l n e s s .

13. I n s t a l l w alers as in T typ e form s.

l ip . In sta ll tie w ir e s and c r o s s tie s on to p o f fo rm ,

15. P lace g ird e r r e s t s in s id e form s' to re c e iv e d g ir d e r s

after concrete is poured.

16 . Sources: Where a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e g a i n e d ,

a. V i s i t a c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t and w a tc h c a r p e n t e r s

e r e c tin g b a t t e r type fo u n d a tio n s .

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y work t o h e l p y o u t o p r o f i c i e n t l y

e r e c t b a t t e r type fo rm s.

1. C o n stru ct a s e t of b a t t e r type fo u n d atio n s f o r a house.

2. ' C o u stru ct a s e t of b a t t e r boards fo r e x p erien c e.

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r b a t t e r type f o u n d a t i o n s .

1. CHECK L I S T : P la c e an X in th e p ro p e r p la c e after
checking b a t t e r type form s.

YES NO
a. ( ) ( ) D id y o u l e v e l and plumb o u t s i d e form ?

b. ( ) ( ) Were t h e f o r m s w e l l w i r e d ?

c. ( )( ) D id you s e c u r e l y b r a c e th e form s?

d. ( ) ( ) Do t h e d i a g o n a l s check?

e. ( ) ( ) Are t h e fo rm s s t r a i g h t ?

f . ( ) ( ) Are t h e in s id e p a n els s e c u re ly locked

the corners?
 l6
JOB SHEET 6 . FOUNDATION PIERS

HOW TO LOCATE AND INSTALL FOUNDATION PIERS

The p i e r s form an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f th e f o u n d a t i o n and

you m ust ta k e g r e a t c a re i n p l a c i n g and e r e c t i n g them . A ll

the in te rio r su p p o rt f o r th e house r e s t s upon th e p i e r s an d

you m ust be a b le to p la c e them p r o p e r l y .

DIRECTIONS: How t o l o c a t e and i n s t a l l f o u n d a t i o n p i e r s .

1. Secure p ro p e r to o ls and 1x6 f o r m m a t e r i a l t o do j o b .

2. Check l o c a t i o n and s i z e o f p i e r s upon t h e b l u e p r i n t s .

3. M easure a lo n g th e f o u n d a t i o n form s to l o c a t e c e n te r of

each lin e of p ie rs and d r i v e a n a i l a t r i g h t p l a c e on

each end o f b u i l d i n g .

ip. . S t r e t c h y our ta p e m easu re b etw een th e s e two p o i n t s and

d r o p a p l u m b b o b a t t h e p o i n t on t h e ta p e w here t h e

b lu ep rin ts c a l l f o r a p i e r to. be l o c a t e d .

5. I f the s o i l c o n d itio n perm its an e x c a v a t i o n may t a k e

the place of the p ie r f o o tin g . If th is is not the case

a s m a l l f o o t i n g may b e b u i l t a n d s t a k e d i n t h e p r o p e r

p o sitio n .

6. C o n stru c t th e p i e r box a c c o rd in g to th e b l u e p r i n t s a nd

p a il it w ell, as i t w i l l be u s e d to p o u r a l l the p i e r s

in the b u ild in g . (O nly one box i s m ade. Many t i m e s

h in g es a re used to ta k e box a p a r t a f t e r c o n crete has

h a r d e n e d s u f f i c i e n t l y t o move b o x . )
 17
ASSIGNMENTS: Work e x p e r i e n c e s to en ab le y o u t o becom e a d e p t

at in stallin g p ie rs ,

1. C onstruct a p ie r fo o tin g a c c o r d i n g to b l u e p r i n t s .

2. C o n s t r u c t a p i e r box i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .

EVALUATIONS: A s h o r t check f o r s tu d e n t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e

or f a l s e .
T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e st to co n stru ct p ie rs so t h a t , th e y

may b e e a s i l y r e m o v e d .

b. ( )( ) It i s w ise to l o c a t e p i e r s by m ea su rin g

from th e bottom of th e f o o t i n g .

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d u s e an e x c a v a t i o n i n p l a c e o f t h e

p i e r f o o t i n g whenever p o s s i b l e .
 18
JOB SHEET 7 . FOUNDATION BOLTS
HOW TO INSTALL FOUNDATION BOLTS

F o u n d atio n b o l t s secure th e b u ild in g to the fo u n d atio n

and t h e p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t o f e a c h b o l t d e t e r m i n e s t h e stren g th

of th e d w ellin g . H ap h azard m ethods o f p l a c i n g b o l t s w ill

o fte n cause f a i l u r e s of w a l l s and w i l l g r e a t l y r e d u c e the,

e f f ic ie n c y of the fo u n d atio n .

DIRECTIONS: How t o in stall foundation b o l t s .

1. Check b l u e p r i n t s f o r l o c a t i o n and s iz e of fo u n d a tio n

b o lts. (F ou n d atio n b o lts a re u s u a l l y se c u re d from

a lo c a l b u ild in g supply h o u se .)

2. L ay o u t l o c a t i o n o f f o u n d a t i o n b o l t s on s i d e of fo u n d ­

a tio n form s.

3. Cut s u f f i c i e n t p i e c e s o f lxlf s c r a p m a t e r i a l 8” lo n g

t o p l a c e one p i e c e a t the lo c a tio n of each b o l t .

l}_. Bore a h o l e l / l 6 n l a r g e r t h a n t h e s i z e of th e b o l t to

be used in c e n te r o f b o a rd .

5- N a i l one o f t h e s e b o a rd s a t each lo c a tio n cen terin g

hole in the form .

6. S u s p e n d a b o l t t h r o u g h e a c h h o l e r u n n i n g n u t on b o l t

u n til it p ro jec ts above th e w a ll fo rm , the th ic k n e s s of

t h e mud s i l l p l u s .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry a c t i v i t i e s t o h e l p y o u do a b e t t e r
 19
.job o f i n s t a l l i n g foundation b o l t s .

1. L o c a te and i n s t a l l a n c h o r b o l t s in a form f o r a b u i l d ­

in g .

2. Make u p o n e d o z e n a n c h o r b o l t s u p p o r t s f o r f u t u r e u s e .

EVALUATION: A short check f o r stu d e n t u s e .

1 . BEST ANSWER: P l a c e t h e number o f t h e b e s t answ er i n

the p a re n th e s is .

a. ( ) Vs/hen y o u a r e p l a c e i n g f o u n d a t i o n b o l t s it is

b e s t t o s u s p e n d them : (1) above th e w a ll.

(2) 1” above th e w a l l . ( 3 ) If” p l u s the th ic k ­

n e s s o f t h e mud s i l l . (I|.) t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e

mud s i l l .

b. ( ) When d r i l l i n g t h e h o l e to suspend the fo u n d a tio n

b o lt i t is u su a lly : (1) l / l 6 ” larg er. ( 2 ) -j”

larg er. (3) t h e same s i z e . (I].} 3 / 8 ” l a r g e r .

 20
JOB SHEET 8 . TREATING FORMS

HOW TO TREAT FORMS FOR POURING CONCRETE

The e a s e i n w h i c h f o r m s may b e r e m o v e d d e t e r m i n e s t h e

amount o f tim e and m a t e r i a l t h a t w i l l be s a v e d . I f you c o a t

t h e fo rm s p r o p e r l y you w i l l be a b l e t o do i t q u i c k l y and

w i l l save alm o st a l l o f th e form lum ber.

DIRECTIONS: How t o t r e a t f o r m s .

1. Coat th e form lum ber w i th o i l o r g r e a s e .

2. Use w h i t e w a sh .

3* Com m ercial m a t e r i a l s or so lv en ts are a v a ila b le .

l|_. V/hen t h e a b o v e m a t e r i a l s are n o t a v a ila b le , keeping

t h e f o rm s w e l l s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r w i l l a i d i n rem ov­

in g them.

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o ra to ry assignm ents to gain e x p erien c e in

trea tin g form s.

1. C oat fo rm s w i t h one o f t h e above m a t e r i a l s .

2. Wet down f o r m s w i t h w a t e r .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e or

false .

,T .,F .
a. ( )( )It is b e s t to use o i l or grease fo r co atin g .

b. ( )( )It is b e s t n o t to coat form s b e fo re p ouring.

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d u s e w a t e r on f o r m s t o a i d r e m o v a l .
 21

PART I I . S I L L , C-IRDER, AND FLOOR FRAMING

HO?/ TO INSTALL UNDERPINNINGS AND FLOOR FRAMING

The a c c u r a c y w i t h w h i c h t h e sills, g ird ers, and

flo o r j o i s t are i n s t a l l e d is o f g r e a t im portance to

th e s u c c e s s f u l fram ing of th e e n tire b u ild in g . The

dim ensions giv en in th e f o u n d a tio n and f l o o r fram in g

p la n s m ust be c l o s e l y s tu d ie d so t h a t t h e y c a n b e

p ro p erly in s ta lle d . The s a g g i n g a n d b u c k l i n g o f f l o o r s

can be a v o id e d by th e p r o p e r i n s t a l l a t i o n of th e f l o o r

f r a m i n g members and t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n

co n tain ed in t h is s e c tio n w i l l h e lp to accom plish t h i s .

 22
JOB SHEET 9 . MUDSILLS
HOW TO INSTALL THE MUDSILLS

M u d s i l l s a r e t h e d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n bet\Yeen th e house

and its fo u n d atio n . E xtrem e c a r e m ust be t a k e n to insure

an a c c u ra te co n n ectio n . I f you can p erfo rm t h i s job w e ll

the squareness o f th e h o u se w i l l be e a s i l y a c c o m p l i s h e d .

The s i l l w i l l t h u s r e s t e v e n ly upon th e f o u n d a t i o n and i n

th e c e n te r of the w a ll.

DIRECTIONS: How t o i n s t a l l a m u d sill

1. P lace stakes at e ith er end o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n and f l u s h

w ith the o u tsid e .'

2. S trin g chalk lin e f lu s h w ith o u tsid e w all of fo u n d atio n .

3. P lace m u d sill in s id e of fo u n d atio n a g a in s t m u d sill

b o lts.

ij.. Make- s u r e e n d s a r e f l u s h w i t h o u t s i d e of b u i l d i n g .

£. D raw c e n t e r l i n e of b o lts across m u d sill.

6. M easure d i s t a n c e fro m c h a l k l i n e to cen ter lin e of

b o lt.

7. M easure t h i s d i s t a n c e from edge of m u d s i l l a lo n g l i n e

draw n from c e n t e r o f b o l t .

8. U se l / l 6 " larg er b it to bore h o le f o r m u d s ill b o l ts .

9. Sources: A s s i g n m e n t s w h e r e s t u d e n t may g a i n a d d i t i o n a l

.i n f o r m a t i o n .

a. Go t o a l o c a l job and w atch c a r p e n t e r s p e r f o r m t h i s

 23
task .

ASSIGNMENTS: P e rfo rm a n c e to Im prove y o u r s k i l l .

1. I n s t a l l a m u d s i l l on a f o u n d a t i o n w a l l s .

2. D rive a s e r i e s of b o lts in th e ground and l a y o ut

a m u d s ill to f i t them.

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r s tu d e n t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e o r

false .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e st to place the lin e f lu s h w ith

the o u ts id e of the fou n d atio n w a lls.

b. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d d r i l l t h e h o l e t h e same s i z e

as th e b o l t to in s u r e a tig h t f i t .

c. ( )( ) I t i s w ise to c u t t h e m u d s i l l t h e same

le n g th as the fo u n d atio n w a ll.

 JOB SHEET 1 0 . PIER BLOCKS
HOW TO INSTALL PIER BLOCKS

It is very im p o rta n t to in sta ll th e p ie r b lo ck s p ro p erly

as t h e e n t i r e w eight of th e in sid e of th e b u ild in g w i l l r e s t

s q u a r e l y upon them . The m a n n e r i n w h i c h y o u i n s t a l l the

p i e r b l o c k s w i l l d e t e r m i n e how s q u a r e l y t h e p o s t s r e s t u p o n

the p i e r s , and n o t s l i p when t h e w e i g h t o f t h e b u i l d i n g

rests on th em .

DIRECTIONS; How t o p l a c e p i e r b l o c k s .

1. M easure i n from e a c h c o r n e r t h e p r o p e r d i s t a n c e to

the cen ter of each lin e of p iers and d r i v e a n a i l

In th e m u d s ill.

2. S t r e t c h a t a p e fro m o p p o s i t e s i d e s a n d d r o p a plumb

to th e c e n te r of e ac h p i e r .

3. C u t f r o m a p i e c e o f 2 x 6 m u d s i l l m a t e r i a l e n o u g h 6x 6

blocks fo r each p i e r .

lj_. C e n t e r one b l o c k o n t o p o f e a c h p i e r and d r i v e a l6

penny n a i l in each co rn er to secure b lo ck in p o s itio n .

( T h e s e may b e p l a c e d w h i l e c o n c r e t e i n p i e r i s still

m o ist.)

5. P l a c e a l e v e l on b l o c k a n d g r o u t u n d e r b l o c k u n t i l it

is l e v e l from b o t h s i d e s .

6. R e p e a t t h i s m ethod u n t i l e a c h l i n e of p ie r b locks is

in stalle d .
 25
7. Sources: W here a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e may be g a i n e d ,

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t an d i n s p e c t p i n

blocks b ein g i n s t a l l e d .

ASSIGNMENTS: Perform ance to im prove y o u r s k i l l .

1. I n s t a l l a s e t of p ie r blo ck s f o r a d w ellin g .

2. S e t a group o f p i e r b lo c k s upon the ground i n a l i n e

and l e v e l e ach one.

EVALUATION: A s h o rt check fo r in stallatio n of p ie r b lo ck s.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e or fa ls e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t i s b e s t to s e t th e p i e r b lo ck s in the con­

c re te w hile i t is s t i l l m o ist.

b. ( )( ) It i s not n e c e s s a r y f o r you to r e a l i g n the

c en ter of each p ie r .

c. ( )( ) It i s w ise to a lig n each lin e of p ie r s indep­

en d en tly .
 26
JOB SHEET 1 1 . POSTS
HOW TO INSTALL GIRDER -POSTS

The g i r d e r p o s t s a re d i r e c t l y under th e g i r d e r and

m u s t be plumb and i n the p ro p e r p o s i t i o n in o rd er to p ro ­

p erly su p p o rt the g i r d e r . I f you can p r o p e r l y i n s t a l l p o s t s ,

t h e g i r d e r w i l l be l e v e l and p r o p e r l y s u p p o r t e d .

DIRECTIONS; How t o p l a c e g i r d e r p o s t s .

1. S elect s u f f i c i e n t ipdj_ m a t e r i a l t o make u p p o s t s for

each p ie r.

2. S tre tc h a lin e down l i n e of p ie r s from one s i d e o f

b u ild in g to th e o th e r over top o f m u d s ills .

3. M e a s u r e down f r o m l i n e to to p of p i e r b lo ck .

Ip. S u b tra ct th ick n ess of g ird e r, u s u a l l y a lpc6 g i r d e r .

(A ctu al th ic k n e s s 5 5 /8 ")

5. Cut p o s t to e x a c t l e n g t h a f t e r s u b tra c tin g th ick n ess

of g ir d e r .

6. Repeat t h i s p ro cess a t each p ie r b lo ck .

ASSIGNMENTS: S tu d e n t perform ance to a id in g ain in g sk ill

in e re c tin g g ird er p o s ts .

1. Cut a s e t o f p o s t s fo r a b u ild in g .

2. Cut a p o s t f o r a r e p l a c e m e n t i n an e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g .

EVALUATION: A short check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X i n th e p ro p e r space f o r tru e

 27
or fa ls e .

T. P.
a. ( )( )It is b e s t f o r o rd in a ry d w ellin g s to use

Ipdj. p o s t s .

b. ( )( )It i s w ise to cut a l l the p o s ts the same

length.

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d s u b t r a c t the th ick n ess of the

m u d sill.
d. ( )( )It is b e s t to stre tc h a strin g along the

p ier lin e to m easure th e p o s t le n g th .

 28
JOB SHEET 1 2 . GIRDERS

HOW TO ERECT A GIRDER

The g i r d e r s are the d i r e c t su p p o rts f o r the f l o o r jo ists

a n d m u s t b e l e v e l a nd v e r y r i g i d . I f you c an i n s t a l l a

g i r d e r p r o p e r l y t h e f l o o r w i l l be f r e e fro m w arps and w i l l

not se ttly from n o n - s u p p o r t.

DIRECTIONS; How t o in stall a g ird er.

1. S e l e c t a l o n g s t r a i g h t lpx6 g i r d e r a n d i n s p e c t f o r

knots e tc .

2. S i g h t down o n e e d g e a n d f i n d the crow n o f t h e t i m b e r .

3. P la c e th e g i r d e r upon th e g i r d e r check p o s ts alo n g

th e lin e of p ie rs.

Ip. Make s u r e t h a t a l l b reak s or jo in ts come d i r e c t l y

over a p o st.

5. Use an a n g l e o r h a l f - l a p jo in t to j o i n two g i r d e r s

to g eth er.

6. G i r d e r s may b e b u i l t up o f 2 x 6 f s n a i l e d t o g e t h e r , if

n o Ipc6*s a r e a v a i l a b l e .

7. N a i l s e c u r e l y t o p o s t s w i t h 1l l 6 p e n n y n a i l s .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry assignm ents to g a in e x p e rie n c e in

in stallin g g ird ers.

1. In sta ll a g ird e r in a house.

2. In sta ll a g ird e r in a p r a c tic e house.

 29
EVALUATION; A short check f o r student u s e .

1. BEST ANSWER: P l a c e t h e number o f th e b e s t answ er in

the p a re n th e s e s .

a. ( ) It i s b e s t to p la c e th e g i r d e r w ith t h e : (1)

crow n s i d e u p . (2) k n o t s u p w a rd . (3) crow n

s i d e d ow n. (I|_) c r a c k s t o o u tsid e.
 30
JOB SHEET 13- FLOOR JOISTS
HOW TO LAY OUT AND INSTALL FLOOR JOISTS

F loor jo ists a r e p e r h a p s t h e m o s t common c a u s e o f

failu res i n fram e c o n s t r u c t i o n . The f l o o r j o i s t s m ust

be s t i f f to av o id squeaking f l o o r s , sagging p a r t i t i o n s ,

stic k in g doors, and c ra c k e d p l a s t e r . The b e a r i n g s u r f a c e s

of the jo ists should l i e s q u a r e l y on th e sill and th e g ir­

der to in su re a stra ig h t and l e v e l f l o o r .

DIRECTIONS: How t o in s ta ll flo o r jo ists.

1. N ail a sm all s t r i p a lo n g m u d s i l l so t h a t to p edge

com es l e v e l w i t h m u d s i l l . When j o i s t s are l a i d out th is

s t r i p may b e r e m o v e d a n d u s e d t o space jo ists alon g

g ird er.

2 . M easure i n fro m o u t s i d e sill 3 5 / 8 ”' a n d t h e n 1 5 / 8 ”

farth er. T h is m arks t h e i n s i d e edge o f th e second

jo ist.

3« P la c e th e body of the sq u are along the s i l l w ith th e

l6 o p p o site t h e l a s t 1 5 / 8 ” m e a su re m e n t on t h e s i l l ,

and m ark a lo n g edge o f th e tongue of th e s q u a re . T his

m arks th e I n s id e edge of th e t h i r d jo ist. M a rk a n X

on t h i s m ark to show w h e r e t h e jo is t w ill lay .

!|_. Move t h e sq u a re a lo n g th e edge of th e s i l l u n t i l the

fig u re l 6 on t h e bod y o f t h e square is opposite the

la st jo ist. Mark t h e l i n e t o show t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e

 fo u rth jo ist. C ontinu e i n t h i s manner u n t i l a l l the

jo ists have been lo c a te d .

5* If th ere is a w ell or f ir e p la c e hole i n t h e f l o o r , m ark

th e p o s i t i o n of th e h ead ers w herever they come o n t h e

• s a il, b u t -also c o n tin u e th e r e g u l a r sp a c in g of the

jo ists.

6. D eterm ine th e l o c a t i o n s o f th e p a r t i t i o n s running

p a ra lle l to the jo ists. Lay o u t t h e l o c a t i o n s of

double jo ists d i r e c t l y under such p a r t i t i o n s . (These

tw o j o i s t s a h o u l d b e s p a c e d a p a r t t h e w i d t h o f a 2x1}..)

7. M a rk t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e jo ists on t h e s i l l on t h e

opp osite of th e b u ild in g and on t h e g i r d e r i n t h e same

way, o r use th e strip i f one h a s b e e n made.

8. S elect s tra ig h te s t m aterial av ailab le fo r flo o r jo ists.

9. Cut t o d e s i r e d l e n g t h , depending, upon ty p e o f s i l l to

be u s e d .

10. E x tend jo ists 1" b e y o n d g i r d e r i f jo ists a re to be

lapped over a g ir d e r .

11. K e ep a l l l a p p e d g i r d e r s to same s i d e o f b u i l d i n g and

c o n tin u e alo n g le n g th of s id e .

12. P l a c e crow n s i d e o f g i r d e r u p .

13- P r e - n a i l a l l double jo ists before in stallatio n .

li|_. Take a s t r a i g h t ed g e and p l a c e on j o i s t s . P lane o f f

h igh sp o ts t i l l flo o r is le v e l.
ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry ex p erien ce to a id i n laying; o u t

flo o r .jo ists.

1. L ay o u t t h e p a t t e r n f o r a set of flo o r jo ists.

2. In sta ll a s e t of flo o r jo ists.

3. Use a s t r s . i g h t edge and l e v e l o f f s u r f a c e of flo o r

jo ists.

EVALUATION: A s tu d e n t check f o r i n s t a l l i n g flo o r jo ists.

1. CHECK L I S T : P lace an X In p ro p er sp ace.

YES NO
a. () ( ) D i d y o u l a y o u t s e c o n d j o i s t 5 'irn ?

b. () ( ) Do a l l your f lo o r jo ist e x t e n d 1" o v e r g ird er?

c. () ( ) Do y o u h a v e d o u b l e jo is ts under a l l

p a rtitio n s?

d. { ) ( ) Are y o u r jo ists l 6 !t on c e n t e r s ?

e. ( ) ( ) D id you p l a c e t h e c ro w i s i d e up on a l l joistst-?

f . () ( ) Is each jo is t secu rely n ailed ?

 33
JOB SHEET li4.. OPENINGS IN FLOORS

HOW TO FRAME AN OPENING IN A FLOOR

• A d e f in ite procedure in c u ttin g a nd e r e c t i n g t h e

v a r i o u s f r a m i n g m em b e r s a r o u n d a n o p e n i n g i s n e c e s s a r y f o r

a good j o b . It i s w ise to u n d e r s ta n d t h i s o p e r a tio n as

m ost of the h o u ses b u i l t today c o n ta in f i r e p l a c e s and o th e r

o p e n in g s f o r m odern c o n v e n ie n c e s .

DIRECTIONS; How t o f r a m e i n an o p e n i n g in a f l o o r .

1. Lay out th e w id th o f a w e ll on th e sill and t h e g i r d e r .

2. P la c e trim m ers a t th e s e l o c a t i o n s .

3. M a rk t h e l e n g t h o f t h e w e l l on b o t h t r im m e r s , allo w in g

f o r th e double h e a d e rs if th ey a re needed.

i|. Cut t h e h e a d e r s , tak in g the le n g th a t the s i l l or

g ird er.

5>. N a il the s i n g l e h e a d e rs betw een th e trim m er j o i s t s at

b o th ends of th e w e ll.

6. M a rk t h e r e g u l a r jo ist s p a c i n g on t h e s i n g l e h e a d e r s

and n a i l th e t a i l jo ists to the h ead ers a t th e s e p o in ts.

7. Sources: W here a d d i t i o n a l d a t a may b e foun d."

a. V i s i t a l o c a l h o u s in g p r o j e c t and i n s p e c t o p e n in g s

through v a rio u s f l o o r s .

ASSIGNMENTS: Problem s to a id i n g a in in g e x p e r ie n c e i n

fram ing f l o o r o p e n in g s.
 1. Lay o u t an o p e n in g i n a s e t o f jo ists.

2. A s s e m b l e an o p e n i n g t h r o u g h a f l o o r .

EVALUATION: A short check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. .TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X in th e p ro p e r space f o r tr u e

or f a ls e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e st to p lace the trim m ers b e fo re

m arking th e l e n g th o f th e o p en in g .

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d m a r k r e g u l a r j o i s t o penings

alo n g th e h e ad e r f o r j o i s t placem ent.

c. ( )( ) It i s w ise to ta k e th e l e n g t h o f the

h e ad e r from th e s i l l or g ird e r.
 35
JOB SHEET 1 5 . BOX SILLS

HOW TO CONSTRUCT A BOX SIL L

T h e r e a r e two m a i n t y p e s of jo is t sills t h a t you m ust

m a s te r as a c a r p e n te r . The m o s t u s e d s i l l is th e box s i l l .

The e a s e o f i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d u l t i m a t e s a v i n g i n l a b o r and

m a t e r i a l w i l l m ak e t h i s u n i t one o f g r e a t im p o r ta n c e t o y o u .

DIRECTIONS,: How t o e r e c t a b o x s i l l .

1. P lace the h ead er j o i s t f l u s h w i t h t h e o u t s i d e of, t h e

m u d sill at r ig h t an g les to the jo ists.

2. Cut th e jo ists to b u tt a g a in s t t h i s h ead er.

3. B utt j o i s t ends a g a in s t t h i s h e a d e r and p l a c e a t

p r o p e r l y m arked i n t e r v a l s .

Ip. End n a i l jo ists th ro u g h the h e a d e r j o i s t s .

5. Toe n a i l jo ist to m u d s i l l f o r g rea ter stren g th .

6. Cut o u t h e a d e r j o i s t betw een th e jo ists a t the p ro p er

in te r v a l to provide fo r v e n ts.

7. Move b l o c k down f r o m h e a d e r b a c k t o w a r d g i r d e r a n d

n a il in as a sp a c e r.

8. P la n e o f f any p r o j e c t i o n s above jo ist ends.

9. Sources: W h e r e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e f o u n d ,

a. V i s i t a l o c a l h o u s in g p r o j e c t and i n s p e c t box

sills a t the job.

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y work t o a i d s t u d e n t g a i n c o n s t r u c t i o n
 36

ex p erien ce.

1. In sta ll a box s i l l on a f l o o r lay o u t.

2. Cut in h e a d e r jo ists to provide fo r v e n ts.

EVALUATION; A s h o rt check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e

or fa lse .

T. F . .
a. ( )( ) It i s b e s t to p lac e the h ead er jo ists p a ra lle l

w ith the jo ists.

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d b u t t n a i l t h e jo ists to th e h e a d e r.

c. ( )( ) It i s w ise t o to e n a i l th e jo ist to th e sill.

 37
JOB SHEET 1 6 . BRIDGE SILLS

HOW TO CONSTRUCT A BRIDGE S IL L

I n many h o u s i n g p r o j e c t s the b rid g e sill is used b e­

cause the a r c h i t e c t s feel it i s the s t r o n g e r o f t h e two

sills in use to d ay . A clo se stu d y of t h i s u n i t w i l l give '

you b e t t e r u n d e rs ta n d in g of th e p ro c e d u re s in v o lv e d in

e re c tin g a bridge sill.

DIRECTIONS: How to construct a bridge sill.

1. Lay o u t j o i s t s in reg u la r fash io n .

2. N ail j o i s t a t p r o p e r p l a c e on m u d s i l l s .

3» Jo ists ends s h o u ld be f l u s h w i t h o u t s i d e o f mud s i l l .

If.. Check d i s t a n c e s b e tw e e n e a c h j o i s t , m aking c e r t a i n

jo ists a re a t r i g h t angles to m u d s i l l .

5. Cut b l o c k s fro m j o i s t m a t e r i a l t o f i t each space.

6. In sta ll s p a c e r b e tw ee n e a c h j o i s t and n a i l s e c u r e l y .

7. P la ce s p a c e r 6” from I n s id e o f s i l l w herever a v e n t

w ill f a ll.

8. N a il sp a c e r to m u d s ill to a id in stren g th en in g s i l l .

9. Sources: Where a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e may b e f o u n d .

a. Go t o a l o c a l house under c o n s tr u c tio n and in s p e c t

a bridge sill.

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry p r a c tic e t o e n a b l e you to erect

b rid g e s i l l s q u ic k ly and p r o p e r l y .
 38
1. I n s t a l l a b rid g e sill in a flo o r.

2. Make up a o n e - h a l f s c a l e m o d e l o f a g ridge s i l l .

EVALUATION: A short check f o r student u s e .

1. BEST ANSWER: P l a c e t h e number o f t h e b e s t an sw er I n

th e p a re n th e se s. - ■

a. ( ) When I n s t a l l i n g b r i d g e sills it Is b est to :( l)

n a il jo ists after spacers are cu t. (2) n a i l

jo ists before spacers are cu t. (3) n a i l jo ists

as each sp a ce r i s cu t. (Ip) n a i l jo ists after

v en ts are placed .

b. ( ) The s p a c e r o n a v e n t o p e n i n g s h o u l d b e p l a c e d

in sid e the s i l l at least: (1) 1 2u . (2) 9 ” *

(3) 6". {]+) 1 8 " .

 39
JOB SHEET 17- SOLID BRIDGING
HOW TO CUT AND INSTALL SOLID BRIDGING

B rid g in g a c ts as a means o f d i s t r i b u t i n g the w eight of

t h e f l o o r fro m one j o i s t to an o th er, t h e r e b y m a k i n g a ro w

of jo is ts a c t as a u n i t i n s u p p o r t i n g t h e l o a d Im p o sed on

the f l o o r . S o l i d b r i d g i n g i s m u ch e a s i e r t o cut and i n s t a l l

a nd y o u r a b i l i t y to c u t and i n s t a l l t h i s b r i d g i n g w i l l e n a b le

you to secu rely b rid g e a house p ro p e rly .

DIRECTIONS: How t o cut and i n s t a l l so lid b rid g in g .

1. In sta ll jo ists in reg u lar fash io n .

2. C u t b r i d g i n g lip 3 / 8 " len g th for a l l re g u la rly spaced

jo ists.

3. M easure odd j o i s t s and c u t to sp ecial size.

i^. Snap a l i n e from one end o f b u i l d i n g in the c e n te r of

eac h span b etw een t h e g i r d e r s .

3. S t a r t a t one en d and n a i l b r i d g i n g a lo n g l i n e .

6. B r i d g i n g may b e a l t e r n a t e d o n e a c h s i d e o f l i n e and

face n a ile d th ro u g h each j o i s t .

7. Repeat t h i s in the c e n te r of each span.

8. Sources: W h ere a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e may b e f o u n d .

a. V i s i t a h o u s in g p r o j e c t and i n s p e c t s o l i d b r i d g i n g

bein g i n s t a l l e d .

ASSIGNMENTS: P ractice to e n a b le you to in stall so lid b rid g in g .

 l*.o

1. In sta ll a s e t of s o lid b rid g in g In a flo o r.

2. Cut b r i d g i n g f o r an e x i s t i n g f l o o r .

EVALUARION: A s h o r t check f o r s tu d e n t u s e .

1. -TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X in th e p ro p er space f o r tru e

or f a l s e .

a. ( )( ) Yo u s h o u l d c u t a l l odd s p a c e r s as a s p e c i a l

brace.

b. ( )( )It is b e s t to use the sa m e m aterial in so lid

b rid g in g th a t is used fo r f l o o r jo ists.

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d h a v e a s p a c e o f lip 3 / 8 ” b e t w e e n

reg u lar jo ists.

d. ( )( )It i s w ise to s t a r t in the c e n te r and yd rk

b o t h w a y s w hen i n s t a l l i n g b r i d g i n g .
 kl
JOB SHEET 1 8 . HERRINGBONE BRIDGING
HOW TO CUT AND INSTALL HERRINGBONE BRIDGING

The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w e i g h t o v e r t h e e n tire f l o o r fam ing

is a very im portant f a c to r in house c o n s tru c tio n . T h is is

u s u a l l y a c c o m p lis h e d by i n s t a l l i n g b r i d g i n g : the b e s t type

b rid g in g b ein g c a lle d h e rrin g b o n e b rid g in g . The c u t t i n g

and i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h is type b rid g in g is v e r y e x a c t i n g and

you w i l l p r o f i t by l e a r n i n g t h e p r o p e r m ethod o f d o in g t h i s

im p o rtan t o p e ra tio n .

DIRECTIONS: How to install herringbone bridging.

1. S nap a c h a l k l i n e midway i n t h e s p a n f r o m one end o f

t h e . b u i l d i n g t o t h e o t h e r and a t r i g h t a n g l e s to th e

jo ists.

2. U s e lxij. b r a c i n g m a t e r i a l a s i t c u t s much b e t t e r and adds

little w eight to th e f l o o r .

3. M easure th e a c t u a l d i s t a n c e betw een th e jo ists. (T his

d istan ce i s llj_ 3 / 8 ” w hen j o i s t s are 1 5 /8 ” th ic k and

jo ists a r e p l a c e d l 6 ” on c e n t e r . )

Ij.. M easure th e e x a c t h e ig .th o f th e jo ists. ( I f 2x10 i s

u s e d t h e a c t u a l h e i g t h w o u l d b e 9 'i ,f •)

5* Lay th e s q u a r e on t h e edge o f a p i e c e o f b r i d g i n g s t o c k

w i t h t o n g u e i n l e f t h a n d a n d body, i n t h e r i g h t .

6. H o l d t h e 9ll” m a r k o f t h e tongue o f t h e s q u a r e on th e

low er edge o f th e s t o c k and th e llj. 3 / 8 ” m a r k o f t h e

 body of th e s q u a r e on t h e lo w e r edge o f t h e stock.

7. Mark a l i n e across the s to c k alo n g th e to n gu e o f the

square and m ark a p o i n t on t h e t o p edge o f t h e stock

alo n g th e body of th e square.

8. R everse th e sq u a re , keeping the same f a c e up, so t h a t

t h e lJp 3 / 8 ” m a r k o n t h e b o d y i s where th e 9 i n m a r k was

o rig in a lly a n d so t h e 9 If" m a r k on t h e tongue i s where

t h e lip 3 / 8 ” m a r k was o r g i n a l l y .

9. Mark a l o n g t h e o u t s i d e of the tongue. The two l i n e s

on t h e s t o c k w i l l be p a r a l l e l .

10. Saw a c r o s s the p ie c e at th ese m arks.

11. S u b t r a c t 3 / 8 ” from e a c h m easurem ent and l a y out i n

same m a n n e r ; th is w i l l p la c e b r a c e s below l e v e l of

jo ist and w i l l n o t i n t e r f e r e w ith f l o o r i n g .

12. On s p e c i a l o p e n i n g s t h e h e i g t h a n d l e n g t h o f t h e o p e n ­

in g i s m easured and b r a c e is laid o u t i n sa m e m anner.

13* P lace a s o l i d b lo c k w herever space i s too sm all to

in stall cross b racin g .

ll)_. S tart two n a i l s a t e a c h end o f e a c h p i e c e of b r id g in g .

15• A f te r h aving d eterm in ed the l o c a ti o n of the b rid g in g ,

n a i l o n e e n d o f a p i e c e to . t h e s i d e of the jo is t near

th e to p .

16 . N ail an o th er p iece i n th e n e x t opening to th e same

j o i s t near the to p .

17. N a il th e r e s t of th e b r id g in g in p la c e a t the top o n ly .

18. Do n o t n a i l th e bottom of th e b rid g in g p ie c e s u n t i l

the u n d e rs u rfa c e s of th e f l o o r have been p la s te d e d

o r the su b flo o r l a i d .

ASSIGNMENTS; L a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i e n c e t o e n a b l e y o u t o be c o m e

adept at in s ta llin g b rid g in g .

1. In sta ll a s e t of h erringbone b rid g in g in a f lo o r .

2. P ractice c u ttin g b rid g in g fo r various size jo ists.

EVALUATION: A s h o rt stu d en t check f o r th e i n s t a l l a t i o n of

b rid g in g .

1. BEST ANSWER: P la c e th e number of th e b e s t an sw er i n

th e p a re n th e s e s.

a. ( ) You s h o u l d n a i l t h e b o t t o m e n d o f t h e b r i d g i n g

(1) A f t e r t h e t o p h a s b e e n n a i l e d . (2) after

w alls are e re c te d . (3) a fte r th e su b -flo o r

has been l a i d . (i^.) when t h e f i n is h f lo o r has

been l a id .

b. ( } It i s b e s t to la y o u t b rid g in g w ith a: (1)

bevel square. (2) com bination s q u a re . (3 )

try square. (If.) c a r p e n t e r s square.

 JOB SHEET 1 9 . DIAGONAL SUBFLOOR
HOW TO LAY DIAGONAL SUBFLOOR

T h is m ethod o f l a y i n g su b flo o r c a u s e s more w a s t e and

r e q u i r e s more l a b o r ; b u t has advantages t h a t s h o u l d n o t be

overlooked. I t b ra c e s the f l o o r and t h e b u i l d i n g more

rig id ly t h a n t h e o t h e r m e t h o d , p a r t i c u l a r i l y when t h e f i r s t

and second f l o o r s are laid on o p p o s i t e d i a g o n a l s to the

co rn ers of the b u ild in g . B eing ab le to la y d ia g o n a l s u b flo o r

w i l l be o f g r e a t v a lu e t o you as m ost o f t h e sub flo o rs are

laid t h i s way.

DIRECTIONS: How t o l a y d i a g o n a l su b flo o rs.

1. S e c u r e s u f f i c i e n t 1 x6 T&G o r . s h e a t h i n g t o c o v e r e n t i r e

flo o r, p lu s w aste.

2. L a y o u t a l\.%° a n g l e a c r o s s t h e j o i s t s by m easu rin g

equal d istan ces alo n g th e ju d sills.

3. Snap a c h a l k l i n e from t h e s e two p o i n t s on to p of t h e

jo ists.

I4.. Cut a a n g le on t h e end o f t h e f i r s t p i e c e . Use a

com bination sq u are or tak e the same n u m b e r s o n t h e

o u tsid e of your carp en ters s q u a r e t o m ake t h e 4 5 ° a n g l e .

5. Set th is p i e c e on t h e j o i s t w ith a l l edges p a r a l l e l to

the ch alk l in e and b e v e l c u t c e n t e r e d on t h e jo is t th at

w i l l give th e l e a s t amount o f w a ste a t t h e sill.

6. N ail th is p iece to each jo ist; and a t th e s i l l w ith

 1|5
tw o 8 p e n n y n a i l s .

7. G u t a 1|_5° a n g l e on a n o t h e r p i e c e so i t can b u t t a g a i n s t

t h e b e v e l c u t on t h e f i r s t p i e c e and n a i l t h i s piece in

p lace.

8. Do n o t h a v e two s u c c e s s i v e p i e c e s j o i n o n t h e same jo ist.

9. C u t a s h o r t e r p i e c e on n e x t c o r n e r a n d b r e a k jo in ts on

d ifferen t jo ist.

10. P ill in r e s t of ru n in the same m a n n e r .

11. Lay s e v e r a l m ore s t r i p s an d t h e n f a c e n a i l t h e g ro u p a s

p rev io u sly descriv ed . Work t o w a r d n e a r e s t corner.

12. Cut over hang a t s i l l s a f t e r f l o o r s have been l a i d .

13. C ontinue l a y in g f l o o r u n t i l corner is f i l l e d in.

lii.. W ork f r o m c h a l k l i n e in o p p o site d irec tio n , u n til th at

s e c tio n of flo o r is laid .

15* Sources: W here a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e m ay b e f o u n d .

a. V isit a lo cal job and w a tc h c a r p e n t e r s lay f lo o r in g .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry e x e rc is e s to enable stu d e n t to g a in

exp erien ce in la y in g diagonal su b flo o rs .

1. Lay a d i a g o n a l s u b f l o o r i n a h o u s e .

2. C u t 1 x 6 f l o o r i n g o n t h e r e q u i r e d l\.%° a n g l e .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r s t u d e n t u s e on d i a g o n a l f l o o r

lay in g .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X i n th e proper p aren th eses fo r

tru e or fa ls e .
 ¥>
T. P .
a. ( )( ) D ia g o n a l f l o o r i n g i s laid on a 30° a n g le .

b. ( )( ) Yo u s h o u l d snap a c h a lk l i n e at a lj_5 ° a n g l e

to use as a g u id e .

c. ( )( )It I s w ise t o u s e T&G f l o o r i n g a s sub. f l o o r i n g .

d. ( )( )It is b est to c u t th e w aste a t the sill

a f t e r the f l o o r is l a i d .

e. ( )( ) You s h o u l d a v o i d b r e a k i n g t h e jo in ts upon

th e same j o i s t s on s u c c e s s i v e courses.
 k-7
JOB SHEET 2 0 . STRAIGHT SUBFLOORING

H0¥/ TO LAY STRAIGHT SUBFLOORING

T h i s m eth o d i s u s e d w h e r e economy o f m a t e r i a l and l a b o r

I s th e m ain c o n s i d e r a t i o n . It does n o t r e q u i r e t h e amount o f

cu ttin g th a t a diagonal f lo o r does. C o n seq u en tly th e la b o r

and w aste a re l e s s . W ith t h i s m ethod i t is n e c e ssa ry In

some c a s e s t h a t t h e f i n i s h f l o o r be l a i d p a r a l l e l w ith th e

jo ists. It would b e w e l l t o r o a s te r t h i s p r o c e d u r e a s man y

tim es it m il be n e c e s s a r y f o r you t o econom ize I n b o th

m a te r ia l and la b o r i n o rd e r to f u l f i l l th e sp ecificatio n s

of your c o n tra c t.

DIRECTIONS: How t o lay stra ig h t sub flo o rin g .

1. L o c a t e t h e o u t s i d e d o o r o p e n i n g s , p r o v i d e a b l o c k on

w hich to n a i l t h e ends of the su b flo o r. (The s i l l of

an o u t s i d e d o o r fram e p r o j e c t s a b o u t one i n c h i n s i d e

t h e 2x1}. s t u d d i n g . )

2. S e l e c t s e v e r a l s t r a i g h t s u b f l o o r i n g b o a rd s w ith w hich

to s t a r t .

3. S t a r t a t one end o f t h e b u i l d i n g an d a t t h e l e f t end

sill c u t a b o a r d , so t h e j o i n t x v i l l come o n . t h e cen ter

of a jo is t.

]}.. Cut a n o th e r b o a rd t o b u t t a g a i n s t t h e end o f t h e f i r s t

b o a rd and so th e o t h e r e n d comes t o the c e n t e r of a j o i s t .

5>. C on tin u e u n t i l th e o t h e r end o f t h e b u i l d i n g i s reached.

 Il8
6. N ail th e boards so t h e edge of th e b o ard i s f lu s h w ith

th e s i l l .

7. A l i g n t h e b o a r d s f r o m end to ' e n d , by s t r e t c h i n g a l i n e

from one -corner t o o t h e r and b r i n g f l o o r i n g to lin e .

8. Pace n a i l th is row o f b o a r d s to e a c h j o s t w i t h 8 penny

common n a i l s .

9. L ay t h e n e x t row o f b o a r d s the le n g th of the f l o o r . Be

sure to b rea k j o i n t s on d i f f e r e n t jo ists.

10. Toe n a i l b o a r d s to jo ists i f t h e y do n o t come t o g e t h e r

easily .

11. Lay f i v e o r s i x rows i n t h i s m anner and th e n f a c e n a i l

them to the jo ist.

12. Repeat th is process u n til flo o rin g is laid .

ASSIGNMENTS: To a i d s t u d e n t i n o b t a i n i n g e x p e r i e n c e i n

laying s tra ig h t su b flo o rs.

1. Lay a s t r a i g h t s u b f l o o r i n a room.

2. Lay s u b f l o o r i n g i n a new h o u s e u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .

EVALUATION: A s h o rt check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. BEST ANSWER: P l a c e th e number o f the b e s t a n sw e r i n

th e p a re n th e s e s.

a. ( ) When f l o o r i n g d o e s n o t m e e t i t is b est to : (1)

face n a il it. (2) end n a i l it. (3) to e n a il

it. (li.) t a c k i t .
 k9
b. ( ) When a l l o w i n g f o r t h e d o o r s i l l it is b e s t to

m easure beyond th e s tu d s a t l e a s t : (1) 6” .

(2) V'* (3) 1". ( k ) 2".

 5o

PART I I I . WALL AND PARTITION FRAMING

HO?/ TO LAY OUT AND FRAME WALLS

T h e r e a r e two m a i n t y p e s o f fram ing, u se d to d a y

i n m odern h o u se c o n s t r u c t i o n : t h e b a l l o o n and t h e

W estern p la tf o r m . S ince t h i s p ro ject is to be used

i n a n a r e a where t h e W e s te r n p l a t f o r m i s to be u se d

ex clu siv ely , only t h i s t y p e o f f r a m i n g w i l l be

d iscu ssed .

The f r a m i n g a n d l a y o u t o f t h e W e s t e r n p l a t f o r m is

c o m p a r a t i v e l y e a s y to assem ble, as each w all is put

up as a s e p a r a t e u n i t . The f r a m i n g o f t h e sills, w alls,

a n d o t h e r f r a m i n g members i s sim p le as w e ll as econom i­

cal. The p u r p o s e o f t h i s sectio n on f r a m i n g i s to

a c q u a in t th e s t u d e n t w ith th e problem o f th e y /este rn

p latfo rm type of c o n s tr u c tio n .

 JOB SHEET 2 1 . SOLE PLATES
HOW TO INSTALL SOLE PLATES

The i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e sole p l a t e s p ro v id e th e base

f o r th e e r e c t i o n o f a l l w a lls and c o n s e q u e n tly t h i s op eratio n -

must be e x tr e m e ly a c c u r a t e . A m istak e in la y in g out a so le

p late w ill cause th e c o rn e rs t o be o u t of s q u a re and t h e

w a lls w i l l n o t be p a r a l l e l . E xtrem e a c c u ra c y i s im portant

and t h e s t u d e n t m ust check and r e c h e c k a l l m easurem ents and

t h e - f i g u r e s on t h e b l u e p r i n t .

DIRECTIONS: How t o lay sole p lates.

1. A fte r the s u b flo o rin g has been l a i d , s e le c t th e stra ig h -

t e s t 2xi|. s t o c k f r o m y o u r s u p p l y .

2. P l a c e t h e s e 2xif.’ s a l o n g t h e o u t e r e d g e o f t h e b u i l d i n g

w i t h th e end s q u a re w ith th e o u t s i d e edge of the b u ild in g .

3. C ontinue around th e p e rim e te r o f th e b u ild in g i n t h e same

m anner, tak in g care to b u tt a l l corners a c c u ra te ly .

I*,. A fter a l l c u t t i n g h a s b een made, n a i l t h i s p la te in

p o s i t i o n , m aking s u re a l l corners a r e sq u a re and o u t ­

s id e edges a r e f l u s h w ith edge o f f l o o r .

5. A ll jo in ts s h o u l d b e made i n t h e c e n t e r o f a s t u d .

6. Cut a n o th e r s e t o f p l a t e s e x a c tly d u p lic a tin g the f i r s t

se t n a iled t o t h e f l o o r to a c t as a to p p l a t e .

7. Check f l o o r p l a n and l o c a t e c e n te r of a l l in sid e

p a rtitio n s alo n g th e p l a t e .
 52
8. M easure one h a l f t h i c k n e s s of w a lls t o one s i d e an d m a r k .

9. Snap c h a l k l i n e on s u b f l o o r i n g m ark s t o in d icate one

sid e of a l l in sid e w alls.

10. S e l e c t s t r a i g h t 2 x i j.'s a n d c u t t o f i t each p a r t i ti o n .

11. N ail a l l sole p lates i n p r o p e r p o s i t i o n on s u b f l o o r .

12. Cut a d u p l i c a t e s e t of p la te s f o r upper p l a t e .

13. P lace a l l upper p la te s ag ain st so le p lates so t h e s o l e

p l a t e and upper p la te can be m arked at t h e sa m e t i m e .

lip. Sources: W here s t u d e n t may i n s p e c t in stallatio n of

so le p la te s .

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t a n d i n s p e c t s o l e p l a t e s .

ASSIGNMENTS: A ssignm ents to a id i n im proving y o u r s k i l l in

in stallin g so le p l a t e s .

1. I n s t a l l a se t of so le p la te s fo r a b u ild in g .

2. Cut a s e t o f u p p e r p l a t e s f o r a d w ellin g .

EVALUATION: A s h o rt check f o r s tu d e n t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e o r f a l s e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) It Is b e s t to carefu lly select a l l 2xlp s o l e

p late sto ck f o r s tra ig h tn e s s .

b.- ( )( ) Y o u 'sh o u ld cut d u p lic ate sole p lates for

upper p la te s .

c. ( )( ) It is w ise to p l a c e th e p a r t i t i o n so le p la te

in the c e n te r of the l i n e m a r k e d on t h e sub­

flo o r.
 53
JOB SHEET 2 2 . STUDS AND OPENINGS
HOW TO LAY OUT PLATES FOR STUDS AND OPENINGS

The l a y i n g o u t o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f e a c h s t u d and o p e n i n g

is one o f t h e m ost I m p o r ta n t f u n c t i o n s of your job. The

exact p o s itio n of a l l d o o r s a n d windows i s e stab lish ed and

any e r r o r s in lay in g out a t th is tim e w i l l r e s u l t in c o stly

w a ste o f tim e and m a t e r i a l . A ccu racy c an n o t be o v e re m p h a siz e d

at th is p o i n t and you m ust ch eck and d o u b le check each s t e p '

of th e layout process.

DIRECTIONS: How t o l a y o u t s t u d s .

.1. M easure i n 3 5 /8 " from th e o u t s i d e edge o f the corner

sole p la te .

2. M easure 1 5 /8 " f a r t h e r i n and t h i s m ark w i l l r e p r e s e n t

m.
th e f i r s t stu d n o t in c lu d in g the corner p o s t.

3. P la c e th e body o f th e s q u a re a lo n g the edge of th e

p l a t e w ith the f ig u r e l6 o p p o site the 1 5 / 8 " m a r k on

the p la te . M ark a l o n g the o u ts id e o f th e to n g u e of

the sq u a re . T h is m arks t h e In sid e edge o f th e second

jo ist. M a rk a n X o n t h e l e f t s i d e o f th e m ark t o s h o w

w hich s id e o f th e l i n e -to p l a c e the s tu d .

ij.. • Move b o d y o f s q u a r e a l o n g p l a t e u n t i l the f ig u r e l6 is

o pposite th e l a s t m ark.

5. Mark a l o n g t h e o u t s i d e e d g e o f t o n g u e a n d p l a c e a n X on

the l e f t s id e of th e m ark.
 5^
6. C on tin u e i n t h i s manner u n t i l th e e n tire sid e has been

laid .

7. Go t o o p p o s i t e sid es o f h o u s e a n d l a y o u t i n same

d i r e c ti o n as the f i r s t sid e.

8. Lay o u t a l l s i d e s in the same m a n n e r .

9. D eterm ine l o c a t i o n of a l l p a r t i t i o n s on t h e p l a t e .

10. D raw i n a l i n e on e i t h e r sid e o f each p a r t i t i o n so a

stud i s lo c a te d a t each sid e of f i r s t s tu d o f the

p a rtitio n .

ASSIGNMENTS: Perform ance to im prove y o u r s k i l l .

1. Lay o u t a s o l e p l a t e fo r a house.

2. Lay o u t a s o l e p l a t e o n a 2xlf i n t h e c l a s s r o o m .

EVALUATION: A s tu d e n t check f o r so le p late lay o u t.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X i n p r o p e r sp ace f o r t r u e or f a ls e .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d a l w a y s l a y o u t i n t h e same d i r e c t ­

i o n on o p p o s i t e corners.

b. ( )( ) I t is b e s t to la y out studs in the same

m anner as f l o o r jo ists.

c. ( )( ) I t i s w ise to la y o utside p la te s first,

d. ( )( ) A c a r p e n te r sh o u ld keep h is s q u a r e i n good

co n d itio n a t a l l tim es.

 55
JOB SHEET 2 3 . UPPER PLATES
HOW TO LAY OUT1 UPPER PLATES

It is im p erativ e t h a t t h e u p p e r and s o l e p l a t e be e x a c t

d u p lic ate s i n o r d e r t o plumb a n d s q u a r e up a w a l l s e c t i o n .

Any e r r o r s in th is o p e ra tio n w ill place a stud in a d i f f e r ­

e n t p o s i t i o n on t h e u p p e r p l a t e and w i l l cause th e corners

or the s t u d s t o be o u t of plum b.

DIRECTIONS: How t o l a y o u t u p p e r p l a t e s .

1. Lay o u t s o l e p l a t e s as d e s c r i b e d i n Job S h e e t 2 2 .

2. P lace upper e la te a g ain st so le p la te .

3. Check to see t h a t t h e ends a r e f l u s h and i n t h e same

p o s i t i o n on t h e f l o o r as th e so le p la te s .

Ip. Tack u p p er p l a t e in p o s itio n to i n s u r e a g a i n s t m oving.

5. P l a c e s q u a r e a g a i n s t m ark s on s o l e p l a t e and tra n s p o s e

m arks to u p p e r p la te s ..

6. P l a c e X m arks to c o i n c i d e w i t h X m ark s on s o l e p l a t e s .

7. C o n tin u e aro u n d b u i l d i n g and l a y o u t a l l u p p e r p l a t e s

i n same m a n n e r .

ASSIGNMENTS: Job e x p e r i e n c e s t o e n a b le you to la y out upper

p lates.

1. Lay o u t a s e t of u p p e r p l a t e s .

2. Lay o u t a s e t o f u p p e r p l a t e s f o r a p r o p o s e d d w e l l i n g .

3. On a p a i r o f 2xi|J s l a y o u t p r a c t i c e p l a t e s .
 56
EVALUATION: S tu d e n t check f o r lay in g out upper p l a t e s .

1. CHECK L I S T : P la c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r p a r e n t h e s e s .

a. ( )( ) D id you t r a n s f e r l i n e s accu rately ?

b . ( )( ) Are y o u r . X 's on t h e r i g h t s i d e . o f the lin e?

c. ( ) ( ) Is your f i r s t lin e 3 5 / 6 11 i n ?
d . ( )( ) Do a l l y o u r s t u d s f a l l l 6" on c e n t e r ?

e . ( )( ) D i d y o u go i n same d i r e c t i o n o n o p p o s i t e

sid es?

f . ( )( ) Does y o u r s e c o n d s t u d f a l l 1 5/8" beyond

your f i r s t stud?

g. ( )( ) Are a l l y o u r X ' s on t h e left o f the l in e ?

h. ( )( ) D id y o u t a c k t h e u p p e r p l a t e to th e sole

p late?

i. ( )( ) Y/ere t h e ends of th e p l a t e f lu s h w ith the

end of t h e so le p la te ?
 57
JOB SHEET 2l|_. WINDOW OPENINGS
HOW TO LAY OUT WINDOW OPENINGS

Window o p e n i n g s m u s t b e l a i d o u t in acco rd an ce w ith th e

f l o o r p l a n a n d a l l o w a n c e m u s t be. m ad e f o r t h e f r a m e , trim m er,

and o p e n in g s t u d . S i n c e wdndow w e i g h t s a r e no l o n g e r i n u s e

i n p r e s e n t d a y c o n s t r u c t i o n we w i l l o n l y c o n s i d e r t h e u s e o f

th e sash b a la n c e . You m u s t b e a r i n m ind t h a t i t is the u s u a l

p rac tic e to o r d e r fra m e s and s a s h fro m th e m i l l . In o rd e r to

b e s u r e t h e f r a m e s w i l l f i t we m u s t l a y o u t th e o p enings v ery

accu rately . In the P a cific Coast a re a th e s i z e o f window s, i s

g iv e n by th e a c t u a l s i z e of the sash i t s e l f .

DIRECTIONS: How t o l a y o u t wlndovj- o p e n i n g s .

1. Check f l o o r p l a n s t o f i n d e x a c t l o c a t i o n o f a l l w in d o w

o p en in g s.

2. M easure from o u t s i d e co rn e r of house to e x a c t c e n te r

o f e a c h window.

3. From f l o o r p l a n m ark e x a c t s i z e o f e a c h window o n s o l e

p late a t cen ter lin e of op en in g .

!{.. M easure one h a l f o f s p e c i f i e d size o f e a c h w in d ow o n

each sid e of c en ter lin e and draw a l i g h t lin e .

5. M easure b a c k 1” fro m t h i s lin e to allo w f o r th e fram e.

6. Add t o th is 3/V* on e a c h s i d e f o r t h e p lum bing o f th e

window f r a m e .

7. Mark a h e a v y l i n e across p la te and p la c e the i n i t i a l T

 58
to r e p r e s e n t th e l o c a t i o n of th e trim m er s tu d .

8. D i r e c t l y a d j a c e n t to t h i s stu d p lace an o th er lin e 1 5/8'*

o ver to r e p r e s e n t th e p o s i t i o n o f th e op en in g s tu d .

9. P lace the i n i t i a l s O .S. in th is space.

10. If th e o p ening s tu d f a l l s w i t h i n 2" o f a r e g u l a r stu d ,

t h e o p e n i n g s t u d may b e o m i t t e d .

11. M a rk t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e o p e n i n g i n t h e same m a n n e r .

12. T r a n s f e r th e s e m arks to th e upper p l a t e and m ark them

in a s i m i l a r m anner.

13* Sources: O t h e r m e t h o d s o f l e a r n i n g w in d o w l a y o u t .

a. Go v i s i t a p a r t i a l l y com pleted house and i n s p e c t

window o p e n i n g s .

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y a s s i g n m e n t t o e n a b l e y o u t o beco m e

p r o f i c i e n t i n l a y i n g o u t window o p e n i n g s .

1. L a y o u t a w in d o w o p e n i n g i n a h o u s e .

2. L a y o u t a w in d o w o p e n i n g on a p a i r o f 2xl|J s i n th e shop.

EVALUATION: A s tu d e n t check f o r l a y i n g o u t w in d o w o p e n i n g s .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r p l a c e f o r true o rfalse.

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is best to la y out the c e n te r l i n e o f the

o p ening b e fo re t r y i n g to l a y i t o u t.

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d a l l o w 2 t o 2■5^,, f o r t h e fram e and

lev e lin g process.

c. ( )( ) It is b e s t to la y o ut th e opening s tu d b e fo r e

th e trim m er i s lo cated .
 59
JOB SHEET 2 5 . DOOR OPENINGS
HOW TO LAY OUT A DOOR OPENING

The l a y i n g o u t o f a d o o r i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e window

lay o u t. I n t e r i o r and e x t e r i o r do o rs a re l a i d out in th e same

m anner. C are s h o u ld be t a k e n to p l a c e t h e f r a m i n g members

i n t h e i r p r o p e r l o c a t i o n o r i t m i g h t be n e c e s s a r y t o rem ove

th e fram ing m a te r ia l fo r rea lig n m e n t o f th e fram ing s tu d s .

DIRECTIONS; How t o la y out a door o p en in g .

1. Lay o u t c e n t e r l i n e of door op en in g .

2. Mark s i z e o f d o o r on p l a t e a fter in fo rm atio n is checked

on f l o o r p l a n .

3. M easure one h a l f o f s i z e o f d o o r on e i t h e r size of

cen ter lin e .

I4.. Prom t h i s l i n e m e a s u r e b a c k 3/k-" t o a l l o w f o r j a m b .

5. M e a s u r e 1" b a c k f r o m t h i s lin e f o r plum bing o f door

and p la c e a T f o r the lo c a tio n of th e trim m er.

6. M easu re an a d d i t i o n a l 1 5 / 8 " and p l a c e th e i n i t i a l s O .S.

to d e sig n ate th e l o c a t i o n o f t h e Opening s t u d .

7. Do t h e sa m e p r o c e d u r e on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e o p e n i n g .

8. If th e op en in g s tu d f a l l s w i t h i n 2 rt o f a r e g u l a r s t u d ,

om it t h e o p e n in g s t u d .

9. It is good p r a c t i c e on t h e b u t t s i d e o f th e o p ening to

p lace th e opening s tu d r e g a r d l e s s of the p o s itio n of

the r e g u la r s tu d .
 6o
ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry p r a c tic e to enable th e s t u d e n t to

g ain p r a c tic a l experience.

1. Lay o u t t h e d o o r o p e n in g s in a house.

2 .. Take a p a i r o f s and l a y o u t th e o p e n in g f o r a door

u s i n g t h e 2xlj.» s a s p l a t e s .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r la y in g out door o p e n in g s.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r p l a c e f o r t r u e or

false .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d u s e t h e same p r o c e d u r e in lay in g

out doors as y o u do f o r window o p e n i n g s .

b. ( )( ) It i s b e s t t o u s e an o p e n in g s t u d on t h e b u t t

sid e of a door.

c. ( )( ) It is p e rm is s a b le to be l e s s accu rate in

door opening la y o u t .
 6i
JOB SHEET 2 6 . FRAMING- MEMBERS

HOW TO FIND LENGTH OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WALL FRAME

It is n e c e s s a r y when f r a m i n g i n a n o p e n i n g i n a w a l l t o

p rovide s u b s ta n tia l s u p p o rt around th e o p e n in g . The o p e n i n g s

i n e i t h e r o u t s i d e o r i n t e r i o r xvalls r e q u i r e s the same a m o u n t

of su p p o rt. The s i z e of th e o p ening i s th e d eterm in in g

f a c to r in t h e amount o f s u p p o r t n e c e s s a r y o v e r an o p e n in g .

D o o r a n d w in d o w o p e n i n g s a r e t r e a t e d a lik e.

DIRECTIONS: How t o f r a m e i n d o o r a n d w in d o w o p e n i n g s .

1. It is the u su a l p r a c tic e to cut studs to an 8 ’ l e n g t h .

C ount t h e number o f r e g u l a r s t u d s n e e d e d f o r the job.

2. Om it a l l s t u d s t h a t f a l l e i t h e r a b o v e o r b e l o w an o p e n i n g .

3. Cut t h e r e q u i r e d num ber o f s t u d s to an 8' len g th .

i]_. M easure t h e d i s t a n c e b etw ee n th e opening stu d s at each

o p en in g .

f?. Cut two p i e c e s o f 2 xif t h i s l e n g t h f o r e ac h door as a h e a d e r.

6. C u t t h r e e p i e c e s o f 2x1). t h i s l e n g t h f o r e a c h windo?\r f o r

headers and rou gh s i l l .

7. I f h-xlj- m a t e r i a l i s av ailab le c u t one e a c h f o r e a c h o pen ­

i n g a n d o n e 2 xlp f o r e a c h w i n d o w o p e n i n g .

8. Check o p e n in g t a b l e s fo r req u ired size o f win do w a n d

door h e a d e rs .

9. I f 2x1}. i s used place a p i e c e o f l a t h b e t w e e n tw o o f t h e

h e a d e r s a n d n a i l t o g e t h e r w i t h 16 p e n n y n a i l s . (T he
 lath acts a s a s p a c e r t o b r i n g t h e 2 xlp h e a d e r t o t h e

req u ired th ic k n e ss.)

10. N a i l a h e a d e r f o r - e a c h d o o r a n d w in d ow o p e n i n g .

.11. A t e a c h w i n d o w o p e n i n g p l a c e o n e 2xl|. t o b e u s e d a s a

rough s i l l . •

12. A d o u b l e r o u g h s i l l may b e u s e d i n p l a c e o f t h e single

sill t o p r o v i d e more n a i l i n g surface fo r the sh eath in g .

13. The h e a d e r s f o r a l l windoivs a n d d o o r s a r e u s u a l l y p l a c e d

a t the same h e i g h t so the h e ig h t o f th e door i s u su ally

the stan d ard used.

ll|-. To f i n d t h e h e i g h t o f a d o o r o p e n i n g i t is necessary

to f in d :

a. The h e i g h t o f t h e doors, u su a lly 6*8".

b. T h ic k n e s s o f h e a d jamb, u s u a l l y 3 /V •
c. A llow ance o v e r h e a d jamb, u s u a l l y 1 " .

d. T hickness of fin is h flo o r, u su ally .

e. T o tal: 6 ! 10^-'' r o u g h h e i g h t o f h e a d e r .

15>. C u t d o o r t r i m m e r s 6 1l O - ^ m i n u s 1 5 / 8 ” t h i c k n e s s o f s o l e

p late .

16. To c u t w in d o w t r i m m e r s , a d d ipg-” t o t h e sp ecified h eig h t

of w indow s. (A llow ance f o r s i l l , fram e, andl e v e l i n g . ) -

17. C u t two f o r e a c h w i n d o w .

18. Cut c r i p p l e s t o b e p l a c e d o v e r d o o r a n d w in d o w h e a d e r s .

19. To f i n d l e n g t h o f u p p e r c r i p p l e s , su b tract the fo llo w ­

in g from th e 8 ' stud len g th :

 63
a. S u b tr a c t h e ig h t of door trim m er l e s s the

b o t t o m p l a t e ............................................................. . 6 ’ 8 3/ 8 "
b. S u b tr a c t w idth of header 3 5 /8 ”
c. T o ta l 71
d. L ength o f upper c r ip p le 1«

20. C ount number o f c r i p p l e s .

21. Cut r e q u i r e d number o f crip p les. (C rip p les are re g u la r

studs th a t a r e c u t t o make d o o r a n d w i n d o w o p e n i n g s . )

22. Cut lo w e r c r i p p l e s to p l a c e u n d e r window o p e n i n g s .

23* To f i n d l e n g t h o f l o w e r c r i p p l e s s u b t r a c t from t h e doo r

trim m er th e f o llo w in g :

a. H e i g h t o f w i n d o w p l u s lpj=rn f o r r o u g h o p e n i n g .

b. T h ick n ess o f rough s i l l .

c. T hickness of so le p l a t e .

2lp. C onsult a t r u s s tab le to d e te r m in e s i z e and ty p e of

tru ss to be u s e d over a l a r g e o p e n in g .

ASSIGNMENTS: Job e x p e r i e n c e s , to g a in n eed ed s k i l l s in

fram ing a w a l l .

1. Lay o u t t h e w a l l s f o r a house.

2. - F ig u re the l e n g t h s o f a f r a m i n g m em ber f o r a d o o r .

3. F ig u re out the l e n g t h s o f t h e f r a m i n g m em b e r s f o r a

window.

Ip. Cut t h e r e q u i r e d m a t e r i a l to fram e i n a doo r 6 ’ 8” h i g h .

5* L a y o u t a n d c u t t h e f r a m i n g m a t e r i a l f o r a 3 ' xk-' w i n d o w .
 61}.
EVALUATION; A stu d en t check for, fram in g d e t a i l s .

1. CHECK L I S T ; P lace an X i n th e p ro p e r space.

YES NO
a. ( )( ) Are y o u r s t u d s cut to p ro p e r le n g th ?

b. ( )( ) Are th e en d s s q u a r e ?
c. ( )( ) D id a l l th e headers f i t ?

d. ( )( ) Were y o u r h e a d e r s t h e r i g h t th ic k n ess?

e. ( )( ) Are y o u r r o u g h s i l l s the same l e n g t h a s t h e

headers?

f . ( )( ) Are y o u r h e a d e r s t h e p r o p e r s i z e f o r t h e
o p ening?

g- ( )( ) Do t h e t r i m m e r s su p p o rt th e header?

h. ( )( ) Are t h e crip p les one f o o t lo n g ?

i . ( )( ) A re y o u r h e a d e r s lev el?

j- ( )( ) Do y o u r h e a d e r s f i t t h e opening?

k. ( )( ) Do y o u r l o w e r c r i p p l e s f i t ?
1. ( )( ) A r e y o u r d o o r t r i m m e r s 6 l lO-J" l o n g ?
 65
JOB SHEET 2 7 . WINDOW FRAMING
HOW TO FRAME IN A WINDOW

The p r o p e r f r a m i n g o f a w in do w i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t if

t h e w in d o w i s to open and c lo s e sm oo thly . Im proper fram in g

w ill cause c ra ck s in th e p laste r s u r f a c e and o f t e n w i l l

c a u s e t h e window t o b i n d . C lose o b s e r v a n c e .o f th e p r i n c i p l e s

o f window f r a m i n g w i l l e n a b l e y o u t o p e r f o r m t h i s job p r o p e r l y .

DIRECTIONS: How t o f r a m e i n a w i n d o w .

1. C onsult tab le c o n ce rn in g ty p e of t r u s s n e c e s s a r y to

s u p p o r t e a c h w in d o w o p e n i n g .

2. Cut h e a d e r s p r o p e r s i z e . (m easure d i s t a n c e b etw een

.o p en in g s t u d s .)

3. S e l e c t s t r a i g h t o p ening s t u d s .

[|_. Use o n l y s t r a i g h t t r i m m e r s .

5. G ut c r i p p l e s to proper le n g th .

6. Use o p e n i n g s t u d s w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e .

7. N ail headers su fficie n tly and f u r r o u t t o p r o p e r size.

8. L e v e l h e a d e r and ro u g h s i l l p ro p erly .

9* I n s t a l l trim m ers t o t h e plumb p o s i t i o n .

10.- U se e i t h e r t h e lon g or th e s h o rt trim m er, depending

upon fra m in g d e t a i l s . (Tack I n p o s i t i o n . )

11. Sources: W here t o g a i n a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on

window f r a m i n g .

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u sin g p r o j e c t and in s p e c t v a rio u s

 66

m e th o d s u s e d f o r window f r a m i n g .

ASSIGNMENTS: Laboratory assignments to aid you to properly

install window framing.

.1. Fram e i n a window p r o p e r l y .

2. Lay o u t a fra m in g job.

3. Make a m o d e l o f e a c h t y p e f r a m i n g u s e d o n a w i n d o w .

EVALUATION: A short check f o r stu d en t u s e .

1. T R U E -False: P u t an X i n t h e p r o p e r space f o r tr u e or

false .
T. F.
a. ( )( ) I t i s b e s t to c o n s u l t a t a b l e concerning

header size fo r windows.

b. ( )( ) I t I s w ise to v a ry ty p e s o f window f r a m i n g .

c. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d u s e s for h e a d e r s when

p o ssib le .
 67
JOB SHEET 2 8 . DOOR FRAMING
HOW TO FRAME IN A DOOR

The f r a m i n g o f t h e d o o r o p e n i n g s r e q u i r e s th at a ll

f r a m i n g m em b ers b e s o l i d a n d . p r o p e r l y i n s t a l l e d due t o the

severe s t r a i n p l a c e d upon them . The c o n s t a n t o p e n i n g a n d

c lo s in g of the doors causes im p ro p e rly fram ed ones to sag

and- b i n d . It is w ise to u n d e rs ta n d th e stresses p l a c e d upon

a b u tt jamb i n o r d e r t o in stall it p ro p erly . Over b r a c i n g

and f r a m i n g a t t h i s p o in t is w ise p r a c t i c e and you should

give t h i s job c o n s id e r a b le a tten tio n .

DIRECTIONS: How t o f r a m e in a door.

1. Secure th e b e s t fram ing m a te r ia l a v a ila b le

2. H eaders s h o u ld be s e c u r e l y n a i l e d .

3* A lo n g trim m er sh o u ld s u p p o rt th e h e a d e r.

I4.. The t r i m m e r s h o u l d r e s t u p o n t h e so le p l a t e .

5. The b u t t t r i m m e r s h o u l d b e v e r y s e c u r e l y n a ile d to in ­

sure a stro n g base fo r th e b u tt h in g e s. (L evel and

n a il trim ers to door s iz e .)

6. A void k n o ts i n d o o r f r a m in g mem bers.

7. Sources: W here t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n d o o r

fram ing.

a. V i s i t a l o c a l p r o j e c t and i n s t p e c t d o o r f ra m in g

m ethods.
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ASSIGNMENTS; A d d itio n a l exp erien ce t o e n a b l e y o u to become

p r o f i c i e n t in fram ing a d o o r.

1. Frame i n t h e d o o r s in a house.

2. Cut t h e f r a m i n g members f o r a 6 T8 l* d o o r .

3. Make a m o d e l t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m e t h o d s u s e d i n f r a m i n g

a door.

EVALUATION: A short check f o r s tu d e n t u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X i n th e p r o p e r p l a c e f o r tru e

or fa ls e .

a. (T) f ) It I s b e s t to u se a lo n g trim m er i n fram ing

In a door.

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d av o id k n o ts In doorfram ing

m aterial.

c. ( )( ) It i s w ise t o u s e Exit’ s f o r a ll door h e ad e rs.

 69
JOB SHEET 2 9 . CORNER POSTS
HOW TO CONSTRUCT CORNER POSTS

The c o r n e r s of a b u ild in g form th e b a se s o f th e e n t i r e

stru c tu re and m u st be c o n s t r u c t e d t o be a b l e t o w i t h s t a n d

heavy lo ad s. P r o v i s i o n m u s t b e m ad e t o p r o v i d e f o r s u f f i c i ­

ent n a ilin g surface fo r o u tsid e sh eath in g . It is im po rtant

th at th ere is su fficien t space to n a i l the b u tto n board fo r

the p l a s t e r . T h e r e a r e m an y w a y s t o f o r m a c o r n e r p o s t , but'

o n ly th e m ost u se d m ethods w i l l be d i s c u s s e d .

DIRECTIONS: How t o c o n s t r u c t c o r n e r p o s t s .

1. Secure o nly the s tra ig h te s t m aterial free o f k n o t s and

pro j e c t i o n s .

2. Cut m a t e r i a l to e x a c t le n g th s of stu d s.

3. To make up c o r n e r p o s t s o f 2 xif c o n s t r u c t i o n , cut 3

pieces o f 2xij. a t l e a s t l 8 ,r l o n g .

i|_. P lace t h e s e p i e c e s b e t w e e n tw o 8 ' 2xl]_* s a n d n a i l se­

c u re ly w ith l 6 penny n a i l s . (One a t t o p a n d b o t t o m

and one i n the c e n t e r . )

5. T a k e a t h i r d 2 x 14- a n d n a i l t o t h e e d g e s - o f f a b r i c a t e d

post p rev io u sly co n stru cted .

6. Check ends to i n s u r e eveness.

7. Check i n s i d e co rn er to in su re 1 5/8" surface on i n s i d e

corners.

8. To make u p c o r n e r p o s t o f a lpi6 a n d a 2xlp, c u t m a t e r i a l

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to stud le n g th .

9. N a i l 2x1).1 s f l a t t o 6 ” s i d e o f ipc.6 w i t h l 6 p e n n y n a i l s .

10. C h e c k t o make s u r e o u t s i d e edge i s flu sh .

11. To make a n o f f s e t c o r n e r p o s t o f 2x1)., c u t t h r e e 2 x1l' s

to stud le n g th .

12. P lace the t h r e e 2xIj., s w i t h I4.” w i d t h t o g e t h e r .

13. S l i d e m i d d l e 2x1). f r o m b e t w e e n two o u t s i d e 2xip ’u n t i l i t

e x t e n d s 1 5/ 8 *'- a l o n g e n t i r e len g th of p o st.

lif. N ail se c u re ly u n t i l e n tir e le n g th has been n a ile d .

15* Check ends to in s u re squareness.

16 . Check o f f s e t to in su re 1 5/8" co rn ers fo r p l a s te r board.

17. Sources: W h ere t o in sp e c t various type co rn e r p o s ts ,

a. V isit a lo ca l job and i n s p e c t corner p o sts used.

ASSIGNMENTS:' S tudy p ro c e d u re s to enable you to co n stru ct;

1. C o n stru ctthe th re e m ost used c o rn e r p o sts.

2. Make up two o t h e r a c c e p t a b l e corner p o s ts .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t check f o r use in c o n s tr u c tin g corner

p o sts.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X in p ro p e r space f o r tru e or f a ls e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e s t t o u s e t h e Lpc6 c o r n e r p o s t s .

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d u s e t h e o f f s e t p o s t w h e r e y o u can.

c. ( )( ) The b u i l t - u p type p o s t i s a c c e p ta b le w ith

F . ' H . A.
 71
JOB SHEET 3 0 . ERECTING WALLS
HOFf TO ERECT WALLS

The e r e c t i o n o f a f r a m e d w a l l i s one o f t h e m o st

fascin atin g jobs in th e b u ild in g ; o f a h o u se . It seems to

go up. v e r y q u i c k l y f o r t h e a m o u n t o f w o r k ; b u t t h e p l a n n i n g

th a t goes in to it before th e a c t u a l assem bly i s th e m ost

im p o rtan t phase. It is n e ce ssa ry to p lac e the p ro p e r p ie c e s

i n .t h e i r r ig h t p laces and t o n a i l a l l them v e r y s e c u r e l y .

Any m i s t a k e s in th is p a rt of th e c o n s tr u c tio n w i l l prove

c o s t l y in tim e and m a t e r i a l . O utside \v alls, as w ell as i n ­

sid e w a lls , are erected- in th e sa m e m a n n e r .

DIRECTIONS: How t o erect w a lls.

1. S e l e c t w a ll t o be e r e c t e d f i r s t .

2. C lear s u f f i c i e n t s p a c e on t h e s u b f l o o r to e r e c t e n t i r e

w all.

3. Take u p p e r p l a t e and p l a c e it a s t u d ’ s l e n g t h a w ay f r o m

its so le p la te .

[).. P lace re g u la r s t u d s on edge a g a i n s t the s o le p late at

e a c h l i n e m a r k e d w i t h a n X o r O'.S.

5>. S tand upper p l a t e on edge a g a i n s t s t u d s w i t h m arks

corresponding to .th o s e on s o l e p l a t e .

6. N a il th ro u g h the upper p l a t e w i t h two l 6 p e n n y n a i l s .

7. Check e a c h s t u d a f te r n a ilin g to in su re th at i t is in

its proper p o s itio n .

 72

8. It is b e s t t o f r a m e i n u p p e r p a r t o f window an d d o o r

fram es a t t h i s tim e.

9. P lace upper c rip p le s in proper p o sitio n s on u p p e r p l a t e .

10. N a i l w i t h two l 6 p e n n y n a i l s .

11. P la c e u p p e r trim m ers a g a i n s t o pening s t u d s .

12. Upper trim m e rs a r e same l e n g t h a s c r i p p l e s .

13. N a il trim m ers to upper p l a t e .

l ip . N a il trim m ers to o p ening s tu d .

15. P lace head er in p lac e ag ain st c rip p le s o r trim m e rs and

a g a i n s t o p ening s t u d s .

16 . N ail header to o p e n in g s t u d s w i t h two l 6 p e n n y n a ils

d riv e n th ro u g h opening s tu d s .

17. Toe n a i l b o t t o m o f c r i p p l e s to h ead er w ith th re e 8

penny n a i l s .

18 . S e c u r e s c r a p m a t e r i a l t o t e m p o r a r i l y b r a c e w a l l w hen i t

is raised in to p o sitio n .

19. R a is e w a l l i n t o p o s i t i o n on to p o f s o l e p l a t e .

20. T a c k a 3 / k ’o l o c k a t e a c h c o r n e r p o s t a n d s t r e t c h a

lin e b e tw ee n them .

21. B ring a l l studs t o w i t h i n 3/b-n °? l i n e .

22. Toe n a i l b o t t o m s o f s t u d s to so le p la te in proper

p o sitio n .

23. T em porarily b race w a ll, alo n g w a ll, and a t r i g h t an g les

to i t . .

2 li. E re c t rem ain in g e x te r io r w a lls in s i m i l a r m anner.

 73

25. Plumb c o r n e r p o s t s and b rac e a l l e x te rio r w alls.

26. E re c t I n t e r i o r w alls I n same f a s h i o n .

27. L e v e l and plumb i n t e r i o r w a l l s .

28. Brace i n t e r i o r w a lls tem p o rarily .

29. I n s t a l l perm anent b r a c i n g .

30. Sources: W h ere t o g o f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n .

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s e u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d w a t c h

the e re c tio n of a w a ll.

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o ra to ry problem s to g a in e x p e rie n c e in

erectin g w alls.

1. E re c t e x te r io r w alls f o r a house.

2. E rec t i n t e r i o r w all f o r the same h o u s e .

3. P ractice la y in g o u t and assem b lin g w a lls in the shop.

!}.. Make a m o d e l o f a t y p i c a l w a l l a s s e m b l y .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t c h e c k on w a l l a s s e m b ly f o r stu d en t u s e :

1. CHECK L I S T : P lace an X in th e p ro p e r s p a c e .

YES NO
a. ( )( ) D id t h e m ark s on t h e so le p la te and th e u p p e r

p l a t e m atch?

b. ( )( ) Were t h e studs a l l t h e same l e n g t h ?

c. ( )( ) D id you s e c u r e l y n a i l th e u p p er p l a t e to th e

studs?

d. ( )( ) W ere t h e stu d s n a ile d in th e i r proper p laces?

e. ( )( ) D id a l l y o u r c r i p p l e s f i t ’?
 71+
f . ( )( ) Are y o u r h e a d e r s the peoper len g th ?

g* ( )( ) D id you c h ec k h e a d e r f o r squareness?

h. ( )( ) A re y o u r c r i p p l e s se c u re ly n a ile d to th e header?

i. ( )( ) D i d y o u u s e t h e 3 /V ' s p a c e r b l o c k s a n d l i n e

to b rin g your stu d s in to p o sitio n ?

j- ( )( ) Do t h e b o t t o m o f t h e studs f a l l in to the

proper p o sitio n ?

k. ( )( ) Do y o u r c o r n e r p o s t s r e s t p r o p e r l y i n t h e

corners?

1. ( )( ) Are y o u r t e m p o r a r y b r a c e s i n p l a c e ?

m. ( ) (. ) D i d a l l y o u r i n t e r i o r \ ¥ a l l s f i t - p r o p e r l y ?

n. ( )( ) D id y ou n a i l the corners to g eth er a f te r

p lu m b in g them?
 75
JOB SHEET 3 1 . LET IN BRACES

HOW TO INSTALL LET IN BRACES

The b r a c i n g o f a w a l l s e c t i o n r e q u i r e s c a re fu l p lace­

ment o f th e b r a c e s . T h e r e a r e tw o m a i n t y p e s o f b r a c e s in

use to d ay . The l e t i n b r a c e i s becom ing t h e m ost u se d b r a c e

in th e c o n stru ctio n trad e t o d a y s o we w i l l d i s c u s s it first.

It is v ery e a s i l y p la c e d and r e q u i r e s - l i t t l e c u ttin g of th e

brace i t s e l f . The m ethod o f i n s t a l l i n g a l e t in brace is

t h e sa m e f o r t h e d i a g o n a l a s w e l l a s t h e k n e e type b ra c e .

DIRECTIONS: How t o in stall th e l e t in b ra c e .

1. D eterm ine w hich ty p e b ra c e i n s t a l l a t i o n is to be u s e d .

(Knee o r d i a g o n a l )

2. S e l e c t s t r a i g h t 1x6 t o be u s e d a s a b r a c e .

3. Check c o r n e r p o s t f o r p lu m b n e ss .

Ip. Tack to stu ds in d e sire d p o s itio n a t th e c o rn er.

5. Mark s t u d s on e a c h s i d e o f b r a c e .

6. Remove b r a c e from s t u d s .

7. Saw d i a g o n a l l i n e s m a r k e d on stu d s to d ep th of b race

m aterial.

8. C h i s e l o u t dado to p r o p e r d e p th t o r e c e i v e d b r a c e .

9. Cut t h r o u g h s o l e p l a t e s and u p p er p l a t e s i n sa m e m a n n e r .

10. I n s e r t b r a c e i n dados and n a i l s e c u re ly to stu d s w ith

th r e e 8 penny n a i l s .

11. Cut o f f ex po sed end a t up p er p l a t e s .

12. Repeat a t a l l ex te rio r corners.

13. P lace l e t i n b r a c e s on I n t e r i o r p a r t i t i o n s .

lip . A fter a ll braces are in p lac e, t e m p o r a r y b r a c e s may b e

rem oved.

15. On l o n g w a l l s p l a c e d i a g o n a l b r a c e s w h e r e v e r t h e y w i l l

fit..

16. Sources: W h e r e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e g a t h e r e d .

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t a n d i n s p e c t l e t in

braces.

b. V isit a lo cal job and w atch l e t in b rac e s b ein g

in stalled .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry p r o je c ts to e n a b le you to g a i n ex­

p erien ce in in s ta llin g let in b ra c e s.

1. Insert le t In b races i n a new h o u s e .

2. In sta ll a l e t in brace i n an e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g .

EVALUATION: A s h o rt check f o r stu d en t use.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e or fa l

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t i s b e s t to u se a s t r a i g h t p ie c e o f 1x6 f o

let in b races.

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d t a c k t h e b r a c e to th e studs fo r

m arking.

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d n a i l b r a c e s w i t h l 6 p e n n y n a i l s .

d. ( )( ) It i s w ise to s a y th e dado c u ts w h ile the

brace is tacked to the stu d s.

 77
JOB SHEET 3 2 , CUT IN BRACES
HOW TO INSTALL CUT IN BRACES

Many o f t h e c r a f ts m e n on th e jo b t o d a y I n s i s t on c u t

in b ra c e s, m ain tain in g th a t t h is type of b ra c e le n d s the

m ost su p p o rt to the fram e. The c u t i n b r a c e h a s b e e n i n u s e

f o r m any y e a r s a n d e v e r y I n d i c a t i o n sh o w s t h i s type of brace

to p rovide the n e c e s s a ry ’ su p p o rt needed. It i s w e ll f o r you

t o be a b l e t o e r e c t t h i s type b race i n o r d e r t o become p r o ­

f ic ie n t a t your tra d e .

DIRECTIONS: How t o i n s t a l l cut in b ra c e s.

1. D eterm ine ty p e o f b r a c e to u s e . (knee o r d i a g o n a l.)

2. L ocate corner to be b raced .

3. Check c o r n e r p o s t s f o r p l u m b n e s s .

]p. Snap c h a l k l i n e a g a in st stu d s in p o s itio n b races w ill

assum e.

5. S e l e c t g o o d 2xl|_ m a t e r i a l f o r b r a c e s .

6. B r a c e s may b e c u t b y u s i n g t h e b r a c e t a b l e on t h e car­

p en ters square or b y b e i n g s c e i b e d on- t h e jo b . We w i l l

use th e l a t t e r m ethod.

7. P l a c e 2x[|_ b r a c e ' m a t e r i a l w i t h e d g e a g a i n s t c h a l k l i n e

on t h e stu d s.

8. Mark a g a i n s t stu d s.

9 .' Cut on l i n e to f i t .

10. Mark a n d c u t e a c h b r a c e along l i n e u n t i l a l l are cu t.

 78
11. I n s t a l l braces in p lace.

12. I f braces do n o t r e a c h s t u d s a 2xip may b e n a i l e d f l a t

on t o p o f s o l e p l a t e to a c t as a k ic k b lo c k .

13- Repeat p ro cess a t each c o rn e r.

lip . Cut i n b r a c e s sh o u ld be p la c e d i n a l l in te rio r p a rtitio n s.

15. Sources: W here t o i n s p e c t cut in b races.

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s e u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d i n s p e c t

cut in b races.

ASSIGNMENTS: A c t i v i t i e s where you can l e a r n by i n s t a l l i n g ;

cut in b ra c e s .

1. In sta ll cut in braces i n a new b u i l d i n g .

2. In sta ll cut in braces i n an e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g .

3. Cut b r a c e s u s i n g b r a c e t a b l e on s q u a r e .

EVALUATION: A short c h e c k on c u t i n b r a c e s .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e o r f a l s e .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d f o l l o w the chalk l in e s in m arking

cut in b ra c e s .

b. ( )( ) It i s b e s t t o u s e 2xlp m a t e r i a l f o r c u t i n

braces.

c. ( )( ) It is w ise to b u t t i n a k i c k e r b l o c k when

th e end o f th e b r a c e does n o t r e a c h a s tu d .
 79
JOB SHEET 3 3 . TOP PLATES
HOW TO INSTALL TOP PLATES

A f t e r th e b r a c e s have been I n s t a l l e d and t h e fram e I s

re a d y to be t i e d in a t a l l the corners It is very e s s e n tia l

th at a ll th e c o r n e r s be l a p p e d be t h e to p p l a t e . Care m ust

be t a k e n to in su re th e to p p la te b ein g p e r f e c t l y stra ig h t

In o rd e r to p la c e the c e i li n g j o i s t and ro o f r a f t e r s in to

p o sitio n .

DIRECTIONS: How t o i n s t a l l the to p p l a t e .

1. S e l e c t s t r a i g h t 2xij.,-s t o e x t e n d o v e r e n t i r e top of

upper p la te .

2. Cover i n t e r i o r p a r t i t i o n s and be s u r e to la p over onto

e x te r io r w a lls w herever a p a r t i t i o n b u t ts ag ain st

e x t e r i o r \'/a ll.

3. S ta rtin g at corners cover upper p la te of ex ;terio r w all

m aking s u r e each co rner is t i e d by th e la p p in g o f th e

corner jo in ts.

i|. Check a lig n m e n t o f a l l top p la t e s to in su re stra ig h tn ess

of the w a ll.

5* N ail a l l to p p l a t e s w ith l6 penny n a i l s and double n a i l

at a ll corners.

6. Sources: W h ere y o u may i n s p e c t t o p p l a t e ' s in p o sitio n ,

a. V isit a house u n d er c o n s tr u c tio n and in s p e c t to p

p lates in p lace.
 80

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry e x e rc is e s n e c e ssa ry to g a in e x p e ri­

ence in p la c e in g top p l a t e s .

1. Lay t h e top p l a t e s in a house under c o n s tru c tio n .

2. Lay o u t to p p l a t e f o r a p r o p o s e d h o u s e .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t c h e c k on p l a c i n g of t o p p l a t e s .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X in th e p ro p e r space f o r tru e

or fa lse .

T. F.
a. ( ) ( ) Top p l a t e s should o v erlap a t a l l th e corners.

b. ( )( ) It is b est to tie in the p a r t i t i o n s to

o utside w a lls.

c. ( )( ) It is common p r a c t i c e to use l6 penny n a i l s

on t o p p l a t e s .
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JOB SHEET 3l|_. TOP PLATE LAYOUT
HOW TO SPACE TOP PLATES FOR CEILING JOISTS

The t o p p l a t e s support t h e - j o i s t s w hich fo rm th e ceil­

in g . In o rd e r to b e a r th e w eight o f th e f i n i s h e d ceilin g

it is e s s e n tia l th a t th ey r e s t over a stu d whenever p o s s ib l e .

It is good p r a c t i c e to la y out the c eilin g jo ists so t h a t

t h e y l i n e up w i t h t h e studs and f l o o r jo ists. Thus t h e l o a d

is tran sferred d ire c tly to th e fo u n d a tio n .

DIRECTIONS; How t o s p a c e t o p p l a t e s for ceilin g , j o i s t s .

1. S tart a t th e same c o r n e r a n d go I n t h e sam e d i r e c t i o n

a s y o u d i d when l a y i n g o u t t h e s t u d s in the w a ll.

2. Lay o u t t h e c e i l i n g jo ists on l 6 M c e n t e r s .

3. Lay o u t th e s p a c e s in the sa m e m a n n e r a s y o u d i d when

la y in g out the stu d s.

i|_. P l a c e an X beyond e a c h l i n e to in su re p ro p er p o s itio n .

5. E a c h j o i s t s h o u l d come d i r e c t l y o v e r t h e to p of each

stu d .

6. Always p l a c e a j o i s t a t th e i n t e r s e c t i o n of each p a r t i ­

tio n to provide n a ilin g surface fo r ceilin g p la ste r

board.

7. Check c e i l i n g jo ist span t a b l e to s e l e c t p ro p e r s iz e

jo is t for th e p a r ti c u la r span to be i n s t a l l e d .

8. Sources: W h e re a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e f o u n d :

a. Go t o a c o n s t r u c t i o n job and s tu d y p la c e m e n t of
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c eilin g jo ists.

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry e x e rc is e s to g a in exp erien ce in

laying out c e ilin g jo ists.

1. Lay o u t t h e c e i l i n g j o i s t f o r a house under c o n s tr u c tio n .

2. L a y o u t a s e c t i o n o f 2xl|., s f o r p l a c e m e n t o f c e i l i n g

jo ists.

EVALUATION: S tudent c h e c k o n t h e l a y o u t o'f c e i l i n g jo ist.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e

or fa lse .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is w ise to sta rt at t h e same c o r n e r t o

lay out a l l jo ists in a house.

b. ( )( ) It is good p r a c t i c e to p la c e ceilin g jo ists

over stu d s.

c. ( )( ) It is b e tter to la y out c eilin g jo ists on

2l4-n c e n t e r s .

d. ( )( ) P la te s s h o u ld be l a i d o u t I n t h e same d i r e c t ­

ion as th e stu d s.
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JOB SHEET 35- CEILING JOISTS
HO?/ TO ERECT CEILING JOISTS

I n o r d e r to a v o i d s a g g i n g c e i l i n g s , cracked p l a s t e r ,

and w arped m o u ld in g s , great c a re m ust be ta k e n i n s e l e c t i n g

and e r e c t i n g ceilin g jo ists. The d e g r e e o f v r o r k m a n s h i p i n

p rep arin g a c e i l i n g f o r p l a s t e r w i l l be th e d e c i d i n g f a c t o r

In the f i n a l a p p e a ra n c e o f y o u r c e i l i n g and any p r e c a u t i o n s

t a k e n b e f o r e h a n d w i l l be w e ll w o r th t h e tim e t a k e n .

DIRECTIONS: .How t o erect c eilin g jo ists-.

1. Check c e i l i n g jo ist span t a b l e s .

2. S e le c t only the b e s t m a te r ia l.

3. Cut c e i l i n g jo ist to p ro p e r le n g th to extend o v er the

to p p la te .

I4.. Always p l a c e crow n s i d e up whe n n a i l i n g j o i s t s .

5. P lace jo ists on p r o p e r s i d e o f l i n e and over stu d s.

6. Toe n a i l jo ists to p l a t e w i t h two 8 p e n n y n a i l s .

7. P lace an e x t r a jo ist p a ra lle l to each p a r t i t i o n to

provide n a ilin g space fo r the p l a s t e r board.

8. On o u t s i d e w a l l s cut jo ist to same b e v e l a s r o o f to

av o id jo is t p ro tru d in g above r a f t e r s .

9. U s e "same p r o c e d u r e in each room.

10. Jo ists s h o u ld alw ays be a t rig h t an g les to the rid g e

board.

11. Sources: W here t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on

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c eilin g jo ist in stallatio n .

a. V isit a lo cal job and i n s p e c t c e i l i n g jo ist.

ASSIGNMENTS; A s s i g n m e n t s t o e n a b l e y o u t o become p r o f i c i e n t

in jo ist in stallatio n s.

1. I n s ta ll c eilin g jo is t In a house.

2. In s ta ll ceilin g jo ist in' a p r a c t i c e h o u se on t h e cam pus.

EVALUATION; A s h o r t check on t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c eilin g

jo ists.

1. BEST ANSWER: P lace t h e number o f t h e b e s t an sw er i n

the p a re n th e s e s .

a. ( ) When i n s t a l l i n g c eilin g jo ists it is b e s t to

t u r n up t h e : (1) flat sid e. (2) crown s i d e .

(3) sm ooth e d g e . (if) bow s i d e .

b. ( ) C eilin g jo ists s h o u ld be p l a c e d d i r e c t l y : (1)

betw een th e stu d s. (2) over the corner p o s ts .

(3) over the stu d s . (Ip) o n 1 2 n c e n t e r s .

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JOB SHEET 3 6 . FIRE BLOCKS
HOW TO CUT AND PLACE FIRE BLOCKS

Most b u i l d i n g c o d e s r e q u i r e th at a f ir e b lo c k be p la c e d

b etw een a l l s t u d s a n d v e r t i c a l members o f t h e h o u s e f r a m e .

T he p u r p o s e o f t h i s is to impede t h e p r o g r e s s o f f i r e through

the w alls of a house. The same m a t e r i a l t h a t was u s e d t o

fram e th e w a lls is u s u a l ly u sed as f i r e blocks. If sheet

r o c k i s t o be u se d I n s t e a d o f p l a s t e r it is e sse n tia l th at

t h e s e b l o c k s be p l a c e d so a s t o p r o v i d e b a c k i n g f o r the

n a i l i n g of th e board.

DIRECTIONS: How t o c u t a n d p l a c e fire b lo ck s.

1. S e c u r e s u f f i c i e n t 2x1}. m a t e r i a l t o cut f ir e blo ck s.

2. Number e a c h s p a c e i n t h e r o o m r e q u i r i n g a fire b lock.

3. M easure e a c h s p a c e .

If. R ecord by c o r r e s p o n d in g number th e s i z e of each space.

5. Cut a l l f i r e b l o c k s f o r r o o m a t same t i m e u s i n g m e a s u r e ­

m ents ta k e n p r e v i o u s l y .

6. M e a s u r e up if8,f f r o m f i n i s h f l o o r and snap a c h a l k l i n e

alo n g each w all a t t h i s h e ig h t.

7. N ail each b lo ck in corresponding space a t c en ter of lin e .

8. F ace and to e n a i l e a c h b l o c k i n p l a c e .

9* W herever a c u t i n b r a c e f a l l s a t t h e lf8” m a r k t h e b l o c k

may b e o m i t t e d .

10. H e r r i n g b o n e b l o c k i n g may b e u s e d a n d e a c h b l o c k m a r k e d
 86
in d iv id u a lly .

11. Sources: W h ere t o see f ir e b lo c k s alread y in stalled ,

a. V i s i t l o c a l h o u se u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n and i n s p e c t

v ario u s types of f i r e blocks.

ASSIGNMENTS: L earn in g a c t i v i t i e s to h e l p you i n i n s t a l l i n g

fire b lo ck s.

1. Cut and i n s t a l l h o r i z o n t a l f i r e block in a house.

2. Cut and i n s t a l l h e r r i n g b o n e f i r e b lo c k in a house

under c o n stru c tio n .

EVALUATION: A c h e c k on t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of f ir e b lo ck s.

1. COMPLETION: W rite in th e b la n k s ahead o f th e item s the

c o r r e c t answer t h a t s h o u l d go i n t o th e s h o r t to k en

b lanks w ith in the item s.

_______ a . The h e i g h t a t w h i c h we i n s t a l l f i r e b locks is

b. A fire b lo c k i s p la c e d in e a c h o p e n in g betw een

t h e ________ .

c. You s h o u l d u s e t h e sa m e m a t e r i a l f o r f i r e

b locks t h a t was u s e d t o e r e c t t h e
 87
JOB SHEET 3 7 . BACKING
HOW TO INSTALL BACKING AND PLASTER GROUNDS

In a l l c a s e s where c o r n e r p o s t s or c e ilin g jo ists do n o t

provide a n a ilin g s u r f a c e you m ust p l a c e s u f f i c i e n t backing

to accom plish t h i s job. On a l l w a l l s a n d p a r t i t i o n s th at

a re a t r i g h t an g les to the c eilin g jo ist it i s n e c e s s a r y to

n a il s h o r t b lo c k s b etw een th e jo ist a n d on t o p o f t h e p l a t e s

to w hich th e p l a s t e r b o a rd i s n a i l e d . I n some c a s e s t h i s is

o f t e n n e c e s s a r y on v e r t i c a l s t u d s and o u t s i d e corners.

DIRECTIONS: How t o i n s t a l l b a c k in g and g ro u n d s f o r p la ste rin g .

1. Check e a c h c o r n e r and i n t e r s e c t i o n of w a l l and c e i l i n g

to l o c a t e p l a c e s where b a c k in g i s n e c e s s a r y .

2. S e c u r e 2x6 m a t e r i a l f o r b a c k i n g .

3. Cut to f i t e a c h o p e n in g on s t u d .

I4.. N a il s e c u r e ly to top p l a t e or stu d .

5>. R echeck each c o rn e r and i n t e r s e c t i o n b e fo re p ro c e e d in g

t o n e s t room.

6. S e c u re p r o p e r b a se g round from lum ber y a r d .

7. P l a n e o f f t o n g u e f r o m lxl\. T&G f l o o r i n g a n d p l a c e g r o o v e

sid e up.

8. N a i l g ro u n d s above s u b f l o o r h i g h enough so f i n i s h f l o o r

may b e e a s i l y in stalled u n d erneath.

9. P la c e grounds a lo n g f l o o r i n e a c h room t o b e p l a s t e r e d .

10. M iter a l l c o rn e rs of p l a s t e r ground.

 88
11. P lace 3/V' ground around a l l a r e a s t o be p l a s t e r e d th at

w i l l n o t b e c a s e d b y a jam b o r f r a m e .

12. Sources: Vifhere t o i n s p e c t b a c k i n g a n d p l a s t e r g r o u n d s

in p lace.

a. Go t o a l o c a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t a n d c h e c k b a c k i n g

and g r o u n d s .

ASSIGNMENTS: E x erc ises to g iv e you a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r ie n c e in

in s t a i l i n g ' p l a s t e r g rou nds and b a c k i n g .

1. In sta ll th e b acking in a house.

2. E r e c t a l l p l a s t e r grounds f o r a p l a s t e r i n g job.

EVALUATION: A short check f o r student u s e .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r s q u a r e f o r t r u e o r f a l s e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is necessary to p la c e b a se grounds in a ll

p l a s t e r e d room s.

b. ( )( ) You s h o u l d p r o v i d e b a c k i n g a t a l l in te rse ctin g

p la ste r susfaces.

c. ( )( )It is perm issab le t o u s e T&G f l o o r i n g f o r

p laste r grounds.

d. ( )( )It is n o t n e c e s s a ry to p la n e o f f the tongue

xvhen f l o o r i n g is used as a p l a s t e r ground.

 89

PART I V . ROOF FRAMING

HOW TO CUT AND INSTALL ROOF FRAMING

T he m o s t d i f f i c u l t a n d i n t e r e s t i n g o p eratio n in

the rough fram ing of a house is the c u tti n g and e re c ­

tio n of the r o o f. The b a s i c fund am entals of r o o f fram ­

i n g m ust be u n d e r s t o o d b e f o r e a n y a t t e m p t i s m ad e t o

fram e a r o o f .

a d e fin ite know ledge o f a l l t h e term s and b a s ic

f o r m u l a s m u s t be m a s t e r e d b e f o r e f in a l o p eratio n is

attem p ted . T he f o l l o w i n g s e c tio n w ill only d e a l w ith

th e fram ing d e t a i l s th at are n e c e s s a ry a f t e r a th o r­

ough u n d e rs ta n d in g of th e fu n d am e n ta ls of r o o f fram ­

in g has been m a s te re d .
 90
JOB SHEET 38- COMMON RAFTERS
HOW TO LAY OUT A COMMON RAFTER

Th e common r a f t e r is th e b a sic r a f t e r of a l l ty p es o f

roofs in use today. It form s th e m ain body of t h e gab le

and h ip r o o f s , w hich a re th e m ost w id e ly u sed r o o f t y p e s .

The common r a f t e r e x ten d s a t r i g h t a n g le s from th e p l a t e .

lin e to th e rid g e . T h e r e a r e m any m e t h o d s \ v i t h w h i c h t o f i n d

th e l e n g t h and c u ts o f a common r a f t e r , nam ely: the step

o f f m ethod, r a f t e r t a b l e s , m a th m a tic a lly , and th e s c a l i n g

m ethod. AH of th ese are used to d ay , but the ste p o ff

m e t h o d i s m o s t com m only u s e d . I t n o t only g iv es th e len g th

but the an g les o f t h e plumb a n d s e a t c u ts. We w i l l u s e t h e

step o f f m ethod i n t h i s s e c tio n of th e ro o f la y o u t.

DIRECTIONS: To l a y o u t a n d c u t a common r a f t e r .

1. D eterm ine ru n of r a f t e r (-J-the s p a n . )

2. Check t h e r i s e of ro o f.

3« S c a le approxim ate le n g th of r a f t e r .

a. P lace to ta l r u n on t w e l f t h s c a l e on body o f s q u a r e .

b. P lace to ta l rise on t w e l f t h s c a l e on to n g u e o f square.

c. M easure d i a g o n a l b e tw een t h e s e two f i g u r e s .

d. T o tal is scale len g th of r a f t e r .

i|_. Add l e n g t h o f t a i l o r overhang of r a f t e r .

5>. S e le c t a s t r a ig h t p iece of r a f t e r sto ck fo r p a ttern .

6. P lace crow n edge s i d e of r a f te r a w ay f r o m y o u .

 91
7. S tart a t l e f t hand s id e of s to c k .

8. G rasp tongue o f sq u a re I 9n l e f t h a n d a n d b o d y o f s q u a r e

in r i g h t hand.

9. On o u t e r e d g e o f t o n g u e lo cate to ta l rise per f o o r of

r u n and p la c e on edge o f s t o c k .

10. F i n d 12" m a r k o n o u t e r e d g e o f b o d y a n d p l a c e on o u t e r

edge o f s to c k . (12" eq u als u n it of ru n .)

11. Mark l i n e along o u ts id e o f tongue of sq u are as t h i s

r e p r e s e n t s plurab c u t .

12. Mark l i n e a t o u t e r edge o f body s id e of sq u are.

13* Move t o n g u e t o m a r k m ade b y b o d y , and p l a c e sa m e r i s e

a s b e f o r e on o u t e r edge o f t o n g u e .

lip. P l a c e 12" m ark on o u t e r e d g e o f b o d y a s b e f o r e and on

o utside e d g e o f s t o c k , m ake a n o t h e r m a r k .

15. T h is r e p r e s e n t s the s e c o n d s t e p o f a common r a f t e r .

16 . Take one o f t h e s e step s as o u t li n e d in d ire c tio n s 13>

lip, f o r e a c h f o o t o f run th e r a f t e r m ust span.

17. A f t e r t h e r e q u i r e d number o f s t e p s a r e t a k e n m ark a

heavy lin e alo n g the body. T his r e p r e s e n t s the h e e l

or seat cu t.

18. For b u ild in g s w ith uneven sp an s, we m u s t t a k e o n l y t h e

ad d itio n al in ch es re q u ir e d to com plete th e e n tire run,

on t h e l a s t step .

19. F o r a 6" l a s t s t e p we m u s t p l a c e t h e 12 " m a r k o n t h e

b o d y and t h e r i s e on t h e t o n g u e , slid e th e square

 92
a lo n g th e l a s t m ark u n t i l th e 6” ru n s te p r e s t s on t h e

m ark w i t h t h e r i s e still th e sa m e o n t h e t o n g u e , m ark

a l o n g t h e t o n g u e f o r t h e plumb c u t .

20. The s e a t c u t i s m ade b y r e v e r s i n g t h e square and p l a c ­

ing the tongue w ith th e r i s e on t h e c en te r of th e seat

lin e an d 12" m ark on t h e b o d y on t h e edge o f t h e r a f t e r .

T h is s h o u ld m ark a r i g h t a n g le lin e on t h e seat cu t.

21. On 2 XI4. r a f t e r s it is b est to leav e at l e a s t one h a l f

the th ic k n ess of the r a f t e r to s u p p o rt th e t a i l of the

rafte r.

22. M e a s u r e down f r o m t h e s e a t cut th e d e s ire d le n g th of

the r a f t e r ta il.

23. U sing th e r i s e on t h e to n g u e and t h e 12 n r u n on t h e b o d y

m ark a l i n e alo n g the to n g u e, w h ic h s h o u l d be p a r a l l e l

t o t h e plumb c u t .

2lf. S u b tact the th ic k n e ss of th e rid g e fro m t h e plumb c u t

to allo w f o r th e ridge p o le.

25- Cut t h e r a f t e r on t h e d e s i g n a t e d m ark s.

26. Make c u t s as a c c u r a t e as p o s s i b l e .

27. N ail a sh o rt lxlj. t o t h e e d g e o f t h e r a f t e r a t t h e plum b

and h e e l c u t s , as t h i s w ill aid in u sin g th e r a f t e r as

a p a ttern .

28. C u t a s many r a f t e r s as re q u ire d fo r th e b u ild in g .

29. A q u i c k c h e c k may b e ma.de a f t e r the f i r s t two r a f t e r s

are c u t by p l a c i n g t h e m on t h e so le p la te , one on e a c h
 93
sid e and c h e c k in g a t t h e c e n te r of th e b u k ld in g to see

how t h e y w i l l come t o g e t h e r .

30. Sources: W here t o o b t a i n a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on

rafte r lay o u t.

a. V isit lo c a l b u ild in g jo b and ch eck g a b le r o o f

co n stru ctio n .

b. W atch a c a r p e n t e r la y o u t a common r a f t e r .

ASSIGNMENTS: S tu d en t assignm ents aid in o b ta in in g exp erien ce

in lay in g out r a f t e r s .

1. C u t a s e t o f common r a f t e r s fo r a house.

2. Cut a r a f t e r f o r th ree or fo u r d if f e r e n t p i t c h e s and ru n s

EVALUATION: A short check fo r r a f t e r c u ttin g .

1. 'TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X i n p r o p e r s p a c e f o r t r u e or f a ls e

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) Yo u s h o u l d a l w a y s p l a c e the r i s e on th e ton g ue

of the square.

b. ( )( )It is b e s t to h o ld th e tongue of the square

in your r i g h t hand.

c. ( )( )It is p referab le to s u b t r a c t one h a l f the

th ick n ess of the rid g e board b e fo re cu ttin g

t h e plumb l i n e .

d. ( )( ) The t a i l cu t is u s u a lly p a r a l l e l w ith th e

plumb c u t .

e. ( )( )It is common p r a c t i c e to scale th e rough

len g th of a r a f t e r on y o u r s q u a r e .
 914-

job SHEET 3 9 . RAFTER SPACING

HOW TO SPACE THE RAFTERS ON THE PLATE AND RIDGE BOARD

The m a r k i n g s o n t h e r i d g e b o a r d a n d t h o s e o n t h e top p l a t e

on e a c h s i d e o f th e b u i l d i n g m ust m atch p e r f e c t l y if the ro o f

is t o be s q u a r e and e v e n . In o rd e r to accom plish t h i s it is

necessary th a t th e r i d g e b o a r d and to p p l a t e s be l a i d at the

sa m e t i m e . Y ou m u s t e x e r c i s e g r e a t c a r e w h i l e l a y i n g o n t h e

rafter spaces if you a re to e r e c t a good r o o f . Each s te p

m u st be c a r e f u l l y f o l l o w e d .

DIRECTIONS: Hq W t o space r a f t e r s on t h e p l a t e and r i d g e b o a r d .

1. M easure th e to ta l le n g th of th e b u ild in g in the d i r e c t i o n

th e rid g e board' w i l l fo llo w .

2. Secure s u f f i c i e n t 1x 6 t o e x t e n d f r o m o n e e n d o f t h e

b u ild in g to the o th er.

3. C h e c k 1 x6 f o r k n o t s a n d m ak e s u r e it does n o t have a

bow i n it.

Ip. Tack r i d g e b o a r d t o one p l a t e w i t h t h e edge even w it h

the top o f th e p l a t e .

S t a r t m a r k i n g a t one end o f t h e p l a t e and m ark t h e edge

of th e rid g e board a t th e sa m e t i m e .

6. P ro c e e d to o t h e r end and l e t the l a s t r a f t e r f a l l where

i t may.

7. The n e x t t o t h e l a s t r a f t e r m ay b e c e n t e r e d i n l a s t

space f o r ap p ea ra n c e.
 95
8. Remove r i d g e b o a r d a n d m ove t o o t h e r s i d e of c u ild in g ,

tak e care t o p l a c e r i d g e b o a r d i n t h e sa m e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p o s i t i o n on t h e o th er s id e .

9« T ack t i d g e b o a r d on to p p l a t e i-n t h e - p r o p e r p o s i t i o n .

10. T r a n s f e r m arks from r i d g e b o a rd t o p l a t e and p la c e X’ s

in the p ro p er s i d e s .

11. Remove r i d g e b o a r d a n d p l a c e in c e n te r of the b u ild in g .

12. Sources: Where y o u may o b t a i n a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

on r a f t e r spacing .

a. Go t o a house under c o n s tr u c tio n and in s p e c t r a f t e r

lay o u t.

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry e x e rc is e s th a t w i l l enable you to

become p r o f i c i e n t i n r a f t e r lay o u t.

1. Lay o u t t h e r a f t e r s on p l a t e s and r i d g e b o a rd s f o r a

house under c o n s tr u c tio n .

2. Lay o u t th e r a f t e r s p a c e s on a p r o p o s e d h o u s e .

EVALUATION: A short check on r a f t e r lay o u t.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X in p r o p e r space f o r tru e or fa ls e .

T. F.
a. ( )( ) I t is b e s t t o s e l e c t a so u n d b o a r d t o be u s e d

as a rid g e p o le .

b. ( )( ) It is common p r o c e e d u r e t o l a y o u t t h e p l a t e

and th e r id g e b o a r d a t t h e same t i m e .

c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d a l l o w t h e l a s t r a f t e r to f a l l

w here i t may.
 96
JOB SHEET IpO. ERECTING RAFTERS

HOW TO ERECT RAFTERS ON A GABLE ROOF

The m o s t co m m o n ly u s e d r o o f i n t h e b u i l d i n g t r a d e s to ­

day i s th e g ab le ro o f. The m e t h o d o f e r e c t i n g such a ro o f

s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d by th e stu d en t of carp en try .

A c r e w o f t h r e e men i s c o n sid e re d th e m ost e f f i c i e n t crew

t o p u t up t h i s roof. One man i s statio n ed at the rid g e b o a rd

and one e a c h a t t h e two o u t s i d e p l a t e s w h e r e t h e a c t u a l n a i l ­

in g tak e s p la c e . We w i l l d e a l w i t h a l o w p i t c h e d r o o f t h a t

m ull en ab le you to p la c e 2x 12” p l a n k s upon t h e c eilin g jo ist

to a c t as a s c a f f o l d in e rectin g a gable r o o f . In hig h

p itch ed ro o fs it is n e ce ssa ry to co n stru ct a sc a ffo ld to

e n a b le you to r e a c h th e r i d g e b o a rd .

DIRECTIONS: How t o erect ra fte rs on a p;able r o o f .

1. Secure s u f f i c i e n t p la n k in g to p ro v id e s a f e m ralk in g

s u r f a c e on t h e ceilin g j o i s t alo n g the le n g th of th e

rid g e p o le.

2. Lean c u t r a f t e r s ag ain st b u ild in g a t e a c h p o s i t i o n on

p late s o t h e y m ay b e e a s i l 3r r e a c h e d , b y t h e man on t h e

p late .

3. S elect four s tra ig h t r a f te rs f o r gable ends. Always

p lace c ro w n s i d e u p .

If. I f r i d g e b o a r d i s made u p s e v e r a l p i e c e s i n s t a l l roof

p i e c e by p i e c e u n t i l end o f house i s r e a c h e d .
 97
5>. W ail f i r s t le n g th o f r id g e b o a rd to f i r s t rafte r.

6. Make s u r e r a f t e r is f l u s h w i t h e n d o f r i d g e b o a r d on

t h e p r o p e r m ark and ev en w i t h the t o p o f th e r i d g e b o a r d .

7. N a il, a n o t h e r on t h e same s i d e o f t h e r i d g e b o a r d b u t

about fiv e spaces away.

8. R aise th e s e r a f t e r s u n til seat c u t a t th e bottom f i t s

a t th e b o tto m f i t s a t the p la te .

9. T oe n a i l t h e m i n p l a c e w i t h 16 p e n n y n a i l s .

10. P lace o p p o site r a f t e r s on t h e o t h e r s i d e of the r id g e ­

board.

11. W ail them i n p l a c e at th e seat cu t.

12. R aise or low er rid g e b o a rd u n t i l r a f t e r s m eet e v en ly a t

top of b o a rd .

13. W ail t h r o u g h r i d g e b o a r d o r t o e n a i l t o r i d g e b o a r d .

lip. Plumb an d b r a c e t h i s sectio n to c eilin g jo ist.

15. W ail r e s t o f r a f t e r s in th is sectio n in p lace.

16 . N a i l one r a f t e r on a s i d e an d t h e corresponding r a f t e r

on t h e o t h e r s i d e .

17. N a il bottom end o f r a f t e r f i r s t to provide a s t r a i g h t e r

rid g e.

18. A strin g s t r e tc h e d alo n g th e o u ts id e of th e r a f t e r tail

w ill aid in l i n i n g up t h e t a i l s of the r a f t e r s .

19. Move t o o t h e r e n d o f b u i l d i n g if tyro s e c t i o n s of rid g e­

board are used.

20. N ail o u tsid e r a f t e r to o u te r edge o f r id g e b o a rd .

 98
21. N ail an o th er r a f t e r on same s i d e of rid g e board near

cen ter of rid g e .

22. R aise in p o s i t i o n and p la c e in sid e end o f r i d g e to its

p o s itio n ag ain st e r e c t e d r i d g e b o a rd and n a i l in p o s it­

io n .

23. N a il o p p o site gable r a f t e r in p o s itio n and n a i l .

2l|_. P lace r a f t e r over rid g e j o i n t and n a i l .

25. E re c t b alan ce of r a f t e r s in p o sitio n .

26. Brace this end of roof in proper position.

27. S tre tc h a lin e along rid g e and s t r a i g h t e n out according­

ly*
28. Sources: W h e r e y o u may s e e a g a b l e r o o f b e i n g e r e c t e d :

a. Go v i s i t a lo c a l b u ild in g job and w atch a g a b le

ro o f b ein g e re c te d .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry e x e rc is e s t h a t w i l l g iv e you th e

e x p e rie n c e n e c e s s a ry to e r e c t a g a b le r o o f .

1. E r e c t a g a b l e r o o f o n a new h o u s e .

2. Erect a roof on a practice house.

3. E r e c t a r o o f on a m o d e l h o u s e .

EVALUATION: A check fo r s t u d e n t u s e on t h e e r e c t i o n of a

g ab le r o o f .

1. CHECK L I S T : P la c e an X i n th e p r o p e r s p a c e .

YES NO
a. ( )( } D id you have a l a r g e enough s c a f f o l d t o do

the job?
 99
b. ( )( ) D id a l l y o u r r a f t e r s come o u t t h e same

length?

c. ) Was y o u r r i d g e board s t r a i g h t ?

d. ) D id you use y o u r s t r a i g h t e s t r a f t e r s ' a t th e

end o f y ou r house?

e. ) D id y o u e r e c t one s e c t i o n of the rid g e at

a t ime ?

f . ) Are the to p s of th e r a f t e r s evenw ith th e

top of th e r id g e board?

) D id youn a i l the s e a t s securely?

h. ) Was the rid g e board s t r a i g h t a f te r th e ro o f

was e r e c t e d ?

x. ( )( ) Was t h e r i d g e l e v e l ?
 100
JOB SHEET [p.. GABLE STUDDING.
HOW TO LAY OUT AND INSTALL GABLE STUDDING

It is necessary to c lo se in th e ends of th e .g ab le in

o rd er to seal In th e a ttic . T h is o p e r a tio n , th o u g h a sim ple

one, req u ires g re a t care in In sta lla tio n to p re s e rv e the

appearance of th e house.

DIRECTIONS; How t o l a y o u t and i n s t a l l g a b le s t u d d i n g .

1. Square a lin e across the p la te d i r e c t l y below t h e

c e n te r of th e g ab le.

2. I f a window o r v e n t I s to be i n s t a l l e d , m easure one

h a lf o f th e o pening s iz e on e a c h s i d e of th e cen ter

lin e a n d make a m a r k f o r t h e f i r s t s t u d .

3. S ta rtin g at t h i s m ark l a y o u t t h e s p a c i n g l 6 ” on c e n t e r

to th e o u tsid e o f t h e b u i l d i n g on e a c h s i d e .

Ip. S t a n d a 2xlp s t u d u p r i g h t on t h e f i r s t m ark nearcen ter.

5. P lace i t a g a in st th e sid e of th e g ab le r a f t e r and plumb

i t .

6. M ark a c r o s s th e edge of th e s tu d a t th e u n d e rs id e of

th e r a f t e r .

7. S t a n d a 2xl|_ a t t h e seco n d m ark.

8. P lu m b a n d m a r k a s i n t h e f i r s t stu d .

9* M easure th e d i f f e r e n c e In le n g t h betw een th e two s t u d s .

10. Make e a c h r e m a i n i n g s t u d th is d istan ce s h o r t e r than., th e

p rec e e d in g one.
 101
11. M a rk a l l r e m a i n i n g s t u d s .

12. G u t two s t u d s for each len g th , one f o r each sid e of g ab le,

13. N ail the studs in p o s itio n flu s h w ith th e o u tsid e of

th e r a f t e r s and p l a t e .

lip. f r a m e i n o p e n i n g i n t h e same m a n n e r a s y o u w o u l d a window',

15* Sources: W h e r e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n may b e f o u n d ,

a. Go t o a n e w h o u s e u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d i n s p e c t

g ab le stu d d in g .

ASSIGNMENTS: E x ercise to e n a b le you to e x p e r t l y i n s t a l l

g ab le stu d s.

1. In sta ll th e gab le stu d s i n a new h o u s e .

2. Cut th e g a b le s t u d s in a p ra c tic e house.

3. In sta ll the gable studs in a m odel h o u se .

EVALUATION: A s h o r t c h e c k on g a b l e stu d s.

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la ce an X in p ro p e r space f o r t r u e or fa lse .

T. F .
a. ()( ) I t I s b e s t to sta rt In th e cen ter of the

g a b l e when l a y i n g out th e stu d spacin g .

b. ()( ) It is p referab le t o l a y o u t an o p e n i n g a f t e r

a ll the stu d s have been l a i d o u t.

c. () ( ) You s h o u l d plumb t h e studs b efo re m arking.

d. ()( ) It I s common p r a c t i c e to n a i l the stu d s flu s h

w ith th e ou tsid e of the r a f t e r and p l a t e .

University of S o u th e rn California Lfferfef^

 102
JOB SHEET i|2 . HIP AND VALLEY ROOFS
HOW TO LAY OUT AND GUT HIP AND VALLEY RAFTERS

The h i p and v a l l e y r o o f s a r e b e c o m in g more p o p u l a r e a c h

y e a r and a know ledge of th e la y o u t and e r e c t i o n o f th e h ip

ro o f is needed. The m e t h o d o f s t e p p i n g o f f the len gth s and

cu ts o f h ip or v a lle y r a f t e r s is very sim ila r to th a t of the

common r a f t e r , e x cep t t h a t th e u n i t o f ru n of th e h ip or

v a lle y r a f t e r I s g r e a t e r th a n the u n i t of run ( 1 2 ,f) o n a

common r a f t e r . The common r a f t e r m e e t s th e r i d g e b o a rd and

the p la te a t a 90° an g le , w hereas a h ip or v a lle y r a f t e r

o
m eets t h e s e m e m b e r s a t a n a n g l e o f o t h e r t h a n .9 0 • We m u s t

cu t the common r a f t e r s to f i t w herever th ey meet th e h ip of

v alley r a f t e r .

DIRECTIONS: How t o l a y o u t a n d c u t h i p a n d v a l l e y r a f t e r s .

1. D e te r m in e r u n and r i s e of r o o f .

2. Cut s u f f i c i e n t common r a f t e r s to fram e i n a l l b u t th e

co rn e r sq u ares of the r o o f .

3. Cut r i d g e b o a rd to l e n g t h o f b u i l d i n g m inus t h e span

of the b u ild in g .

I).. S e le c t p ro p er siz e hip r a f t e r s to c k to span c o rn e r of

roof.

5. S cale le n g th of hip i n sa m e m a n n e r u s e d t o s c a l e len g th

o f common r a f t e r .

6. Add l e n g t h o f t a i l .
 7. P lace r i s e p e r f o o t on to n g u e o f s q u a r e and r u n on b o d y .

(17" is a lw a y s u s e d a s u n i t o f r u n p e r f o o t when l a y ­

ing hip or v a lle y r a f t e r s . )

8. Take an e q u a l num ber o f s t e p s u s i n g t h e s e f i g u r e s f o r

each fo o t' of run in th e ro o f .

9. The s e a t c u t i s m a r k e d on t h e body a n d t h e plumb c u t

on t h e t o n g u e .

10. Be s u r e t o a l w a y s u s e 17 " a s t h e u n it of run.

11. The h i p r a f t e r w i l l f i t i n t o th e a n g le s fo rm e d by th e

t h r e e common r a f t e r s , th erefo re i t w i l l be n e c e ssa ry

to c u t t h e plumb l i n e in several bevel c u ts.

12. F irst deduct t h e I4.5?0 t h i c k n e s s of th e r i d g e , to allo w

for the r id g e b o ard t h ic k n e s s . ( U s u a l l y It?" is deducted

f o r m ost p i t c h e s . )

13• Mark a l i n e p a r a l l e l to t h e o r i g i n a l plumb c u t to take

care of t h i s d e d u c tio n .

lJ|. To c u t b e v e l o r cheek cut it is n e c e s s a r y to m ea su re

th e d ia g o n a l betw een th e r i s e per fo o t of run and th e

u n it of run. (17n )

l5« L ay t h e s q u a r e on t o p e d g e o f h i p r a f t e r and p la c e the

u n it of run (17") on th e body in c e n te r of r a f t e r .

16 . P la c e th e d ia g o n a l m easurem ent found i n s t e p lip o n t h e

tongue in c e n te r of r a f t e r .

17. If tongue i s n o t lo n g enoughf o r any of t h e s e m easure­

m en ts d i v i d e b o t h num bers in h alf.

 10 li.

18. Mark a l o n g t o n g u e t o c e n te r of board.

19. R everse square and draw l i n e on o t h e r s i d e f o r m in g a

poin t a t top o f r a f t e r .

20. M a rk p l u m b c u t down a l o n g e a c h s i d e of r a f t e r connect­

in g t o b e v e l c u t on to p edge o f r a f t e r .

21. Use o r i g i n a l r i s e p e r f o o t and u n i t of ru n (1 7 n ) on

»

s q u a r e t o m ark plumb c u t s .

22. Gut s e a t c u t s i n sa m e m a n n e r a s f o r common r a f t e r s but

use r i s e p e r f o o t on to n g u e and u n i t o f r u n f o r h i p

rafte rs (17” ) .

23. To b a c k o f f a h i p r a f t e r in o rd e r to re c e iv e th e jack

r a f t e r y ou m ust draw a c e n t e r l i n e alo n g a p ie c e of

s to c k 1 5 / 8 ” w ide. Then u s i n g the u n i t p er f o o t of ru n

fo r hip r a f t e r o n t h e b o d y and t h e r i s e p er fo o t of run

on t h e t o n g u e , m a r k a l o n g t h e t o n g u e f r o m t h e cen ter

to o u t s i d e edge and r e v e r s e square fo r o th e r sid e .

2l|_. Use t h e s e a n g l e s as a p a t t e r n and p la n e o f f top of h ip

r a f t e r w ith a p la n e .

25. If ^pan i s in uneven f e e t i t w ill be n e c e ssa ry to take

th e n e c e s s a ry p o r tio n of the l a s t u n i t of run ( 1 7 ” ) on

th e l a s t step .

26. Take one m ore f u l l step on r a f t e r , m ark a lo n g body o f

square, tak e p o r t i o n of s t e p a n d m ove b o d y u n t i l r e ­

quired le n g th is e v e n w i t h m a r k , m ake a l i n e alo n g

to n g u e and plumb c u t i s lo cated .

27. V alley r a f t e r s are la id out in the same m a n n e r b u t o n l y

one h a l f inch is su b tracted fo r th e th ic k n e ss o f the

rid g e board.

28. Sources: W here t o o b t a i n ad d itio n al i n f o r m a t i o n on

h ip r a f t e r s .

a. Go t o a l o c a l job a n d i n s t p e c t h i p r a f t e r s in p lace.

ASSIGNMENTS: S tu d en t p r o je c ts to g a in ex p erien ce in layin g

o u t and c u t t i n g h i p and v a l l e y r a f t e r s .

1. L a y o u t 8- h i p . r a f t e r f o r a new h o u s e .

2. Lay o u t th e h i p r a f t e r s for a proposed house.

3. P ractice lay in g out r a f t e r s of d if f e r e n t p itc h e s and

runs.

EVALUATION: A check f o r th e lay o u t of h ip and v a l l e y r a f t e r s

1. TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X in proper space fo r t r u e or f a l s

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e st to sc a le le n g th of r a f t e r s to

s e le c t h ip sto ck .

b. ( )( ) Y ou s h o u l d u s e a d i f f e r e n t u n i t o f r u n when

lay in g out h ip r a f t e r s .

c. ( )( ) The f i g u r e 17” i s g e n e r a lly used as th e u n i t

o f r u n whe n l a y i n g o u t h i p r a f t e r s .

d. ( )( ) You g e n e r a l l y a p p l y t h e same m e t h o d i n lay in g

out hip r a f t e r s a s y o u u s e wh en l a y i n g out

common r a f t e r s .
 io6
e. {)( ) You s h o u l d d e d u c t one h a l f t h e I|_5>° t h i c k n e s s

of the rid g e to a llo w fo r th e size of the

rid g e .

f. ( )( ) It is w ise t o d iv id e t h e f r a m i n g members i n

h a l f when t h e y become t o o l a r g e to p l a c e on

th e ton g u e.

g. ( )( ) You s h o u l d o n l y s u b t r a c t o n e h a l f i n c h when

lay ing out v alley r a f te r s to allo w f o r th ick ­

n ess of rid g e board.

 107
JOB SHEET 1+3. JACK RAFTERS
HOW TO LAY OUT AMD CUT JACK RAFTERS

H ip jack r a f t e r s are tho se r a f t e r s t h a t e x te n d from th e

p late to th e h ip r a f t e r and fo rm t h e tria n g u la r spaces b e t­

ween t h e tw o. They a r e s e a t e d o n ' the p l a t e in the same m a n n e r

a s a common r a f t e r and t h i s cut is laid out in th e sam e m a n n e r

a s a common r a f t e r . The p l u m b c u t is also the same a s a common

rafte r; b u t due t o t h e a n g l e where, t h e jack m eets t h e h i p , it

is n e c e ssa ry to b ev el the c u t. You m u s t c u t v e r y a c c u r a t e l y

to in su re th e correct f i t a t the i n t e r s e c t i o n of th e tw o

rafte rs.

DIRECTIONS; How to lay out and cut jack rafters.

1. L a y o u t a common r a f t e r s .

2. The l e n g t h o f t h e f i r s t jack r a f t e r is e q u a l to t h e

distan ce from th e p o i n t in the seat cut to the secon d

s t e p t a k e n w hen l a y i n g o u t a common r a f t e r .

3. The l e n g t h o f t h e th ird jack i s eq u al to th e six th step

o n a common r a f t e r .

k. The l e n g t h o f the t h i r d jack is equal to th e six th step

o f a common r a f t e r and e t c .

5. T he p l u m b b e v e l c u t i s n e x t l a i d out a t the f a r t h e r e s t

p o i n t from t h e seat cu t.

6. To c u t t h e c h e e k c u t p l a c e t h e u n i t o f r u n f o r a common

rafter (12") on t h e b o d y o f t h e s q u a r e and th e len g th

 108
per fo o t of run f o r a common r a f t e r , lip 3 / 8 " on th e

t o n g u e m ark on o u t s i d e edge o f tongue f o r cheek c u ts .

7. The p l u m b c u t i s m a r d e d a c r o s s . t h e f a c e of each sid e of

the r a f t e r f r o m e a c h end- o f t h e lin e j u s t draw n f o r the

cheek c u t.

8 . _ Use t h e same f i g u r e s u s e d to d raw t h e plumb c u t on a

common r a f t e r ,

9. Lay o u t and c u t j a c k r a f t e r s in p a ir s .

10. Make s u r e t h e cheek cu ts a r e drawn i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t ­

i o n s f r o m e a c h o t h e r o n t h e tw o r a f t e r s .

11. Lay o u t a r i g h t an d l e f t jack f o r each le n g th needed.

12. Y ou may c h e c k l e n g t h s of jack r a f t e r s by u s in g the

t h i r d row o f y o u r r a f t e r tab le on y o u r s q u a r e s .

13. C h e c k c u t s may a l s o be f o u n d on t h e s i x t h r o w o f y o u r

rafter tab les.

li).. V alley jack r a f t e r s e x t e n d f r o m t h e r i d g e b o a r d down t o

the v a lle y r a f t e r . You f i n d t h e len g th s in t h e sa m e

m a n n e r a s y o u do h i p jack r a f t e r s .

15. Cut t h e plumb c u t o f t h e v alley j a c k i n t h e same m an n e r

a s y o u do a common r a f t e r .

16 . You l a y o u t t h e c h e e k c u t i n t h e sa m e m a n n e r a s u s e d i n

la y in g out the cheek c u t f o r th e h ip r a f t e r .

17. Lay o u tv a l l e y jacks in p a irs, one f o r t h e r i g h t and

one f o r the left.

18. Sources: W here t o g a i n a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on th e

 109
In sta lla tio n of jack r a f t e r s .

a. Go t o a l o c a l j o b a n d i n s p e c t jack r a f t e r In sta lla tio n .

ASSIGNMENTS: L ab o rato ry exp erien ce to enable s tu d e n t to b e ­

come p r o f i c i e n t i n cu ttin g jack r a f t e r s .

1. Cut ja c k r a f t e r s f o r a h i p and v a l l e y r o o f t o be e r e c t e d

o n a new h o u s e .

2. Cut j a c k r a f t e r s fo r a p ra c tic e house.

3. Cut ja c k r a f t e r s fo r d iffe re n t p itch es and r u n s .

EVALUATION: A q u i c k c h e c k on c u t t i n g jack r a f t e r s .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X in p ro p e r space f o r tru e or fa ls e .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d f i n d t h e le n g th of hip ja c k and

v alley jack r a f t e r s in the same m a n n e r .

b. ( )( ) T he p l u m b c u t o n v a l l e y jacks a n d common

rafters is the same.

c. ( )( ) It is b e s t to cut jacks in p a irs.

d. ( )( ) It is w ise to consult r a f t e r tab les to check

lay in g out fig u re s.

e. ( )( ) You s h o u l d s u b t r a c t r i d g e t h ic k n e s s from

jack r a f t e r s .
 110
JOB SHEET I|4- HIP ROOF ERECTION
HOW TO ERECT A HIP ROOF

The f i n a l step in the la y o u t and e r e c t i n g o f a h i p r o o f

is th e assem b lin g of th e p a r t s and p l a c in g and n a i l i n g them

in th e i r p ro p er p o s itio n . Much t i m e a n d m on ey may b e s a v e d

if you c an a v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y m ovem ents a n d o p e r a t i o n s . The

purpose of t h is u n it is to s e t up a p ro c e d u re w hereby you

can e r e c t a h ip ro o f w ith the l e a s t amount o f w a s t e d e f f o r t .

DIRECTIONS: How t o e r e c t a hip r o o f .

1. D eterm in e th e p ro p e r s iz e a n d n u m b e r o f common, v a l l e y ,

and ja c k r a f t e r s .

2. S elect s tra ig h t, sound s to c k f o r a l l r o o f mem bers.

3. Eay o u t th e common r a f t e r s .

ij_. C u t common r a f t e r s .

5>. Lay out the hip r a f t e r s .

6. Cut the h ip r a f t e r s .

7. Back o f f h ip rafters.

8. Lay out jack r a f t e r s in p a irs.

9. Cut out Jack r a f te r s .

10. Make t h e r i d g e b o a r d b y d e d u c t i n g t h e span from th e

le n g th of the b u ild in g and deduct th e th ic k n e s s o f the

rid g e board.

11. Cut r i d g e b o a r d .

12. Mark s i d e p l a t e s alo n g each s id e the l e n g th of t h e ru n ,

 Ill
m inus one h a l f t h e t h ic k n e s s of th e r i d g e b o a rd , from

each corner of th e b u ild in g .

13. P lace r id g e board a lo n g one p l a t e w i t h r i d g e b o a r d

e x te n d in g betw een l i n e s m arked i n fro m e a c h c o r n e r .

Ilf. L a y o u t common r a f t e r s th e same a s i n a g a b l e r o o f .

15. Remove r i d g e b o a r d a n d move t o o p p o s i t e p l a t e .

16 . T r a n s f e r m arks to p l a t e at common r a f t e r d istan ce.

17. E r e c t and b r a c e a ll common r a f t e r i n t h e sa m e m a n n e r

used in e r e c tin g a g ab le ro o f .

18. B race t h i s p o rtio n of ro o f.

19• L ocate c e n t e r o f e a c h end o f b u ild in g ;.

20. E r e c t common r a f t e r a t e a c h end w ith plumb c u t n a iled

to end o f r i d g e b o a rd an d s e a t c u t i n c e n t e r of end o f

b u ild in g .

21. P lace h ip rafters in the c e n te r of th e corners o f the

b u i l d i n g , m aking s u re c e n te r of hip r a f t e r b is e c ts 90°

an g le of co rn e r p l a t e s .

22. Push s e a t a g a in s t corner of b u ild in g .

23. Toe n a i l rafter s e a t to p la te .

21}-. N a i l plumb c u t a t a n g l e f o r m e d by t h e two common r a f t e r s .

25* M ark s p a c i n g f o r j a c k on e a c h s i d e of corner at each

c o rn e r of th e b u ild in g .

26. Check t o s e e i f h i p o r v a l l e y r a f t e r is stra ig h t.

27. Tack ja c k r a f t e r s , a p a ir a t a tim e. Do n o t n a i l h o m e .

28. N a il s e a t cu ts f i r s t , cheeks second.

 112
29. A fter jacks are in p lace, d r i v e home n a i l s b u t k e e p

th e h ip r a f t e r stra ig h t.

30. Sources: W here to g a i n v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e

erectio n of a hip ro o f.

a. V isit a l o c a l house under c o n s t r u c tio n and in s p e c t

a hip ro o f.

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y p r o j e c t where you can g a i n e x p e r i e n c e

in e re c tin g h ip r o o f s .

1. CHECK L I S T : P la c e an X in th e proper space.

YES NO
a. ( }( ) D id you c u t p r o p e r number o f e a c h t y p e r a f t e r ?

b. ( )( ) D id you s e l e c t a l l stra ig h t stock?

c. ( )( ) Is the h ip r a f t e r backed o ff?

d. ( )( ) D id you a llo w f o r the th ic k n ess of the

r id g e board?

e. ( )( ) Was y o u r r i d g e b o a r d t h e p r o p e r length?

f . ( )( ) W ere y o u r r a f t e r spaces correct?

g. () ( ) Are y o u r r a f t e r s 2lplt o n c e n t e r ?

h. ( )( ) D id you t r a n s f e r m arks from r i d g e t o the

op p o site p la te ?

i. ( )( ) D id your e n d common r a f t e r s fit?

j. ( ) ( ) D id your jack r a f t e r s fit?

k. ( )( ) Is your hip rafter stra ig h t?

1. ( )( ) Are your r a f te r s se c u re ly n ailed ?

m. ( )( ) D idyou t a c k jack r a f t e r s i n p l a c e by p a i r s ?
 113
JOB SHEET 1*5. INTERSECTING ROOFS
HOW TO ERECT AN INTERSECTING ROOF

The m o d e r n h o u s e o f t o d a y i s u su ally c o n s tru c te d w ith

m an y p r o j e c t i o n s from t h e m ain p o r t i o n o f t h e h o u s e . It Is

t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y to b e a b le to in te rse ct th e v ario u s

roofs in th e p ro p e r m anner. We w i l l d e a l w i t h r o o f s of equal

p i t c h as t h i s is u su ally th e case in the m a jo r ity of h o u se s.

Unequal p itc h ro o fs are trea te d In a s i m il a r m anner, b u t th e

in te r s e c tin g roof is tre a te d lik e a sep arate one.

DIRECTIONS: How t o erect an i n t e r s e c t i n g roof.

1. F in d th e l e n g t h o f th e m ain r i d g e b o a rd .

2. Cut r i d g e b o a rd and sp ace p l a t e s and r i d g e b o a rd s f o r

common r a f t e r s .

3. F in d l e n g t h o f i n t e r s e c t i n g r o o f by m e a s u rin g from th e

o utside of the p la te lin e of th e p r o je c tio n to th e

cen ter lin e o f t h e m ain b u i l d i n g .

1*. D e d u c t one h a l f the th ic k n e s s o f th e r i d g e b o a rd from

th is.

5* I f h i p r o o f i s u s e d on p r o j e c t i o n d e d u c t t h e r u n o f t h e

common r a f t e r o n t h e p r o j e c t i o n r o o f r i d g e board.

6. Cut- t h i s rid g e board to len g th .

7. Mark t h e spacing f o r th e common a n d j a c k r a f t e r on th is

rid g e board, a n d f o r common r a f t e r s on th e p late.

8. E r e c t common r a f t e r s a n d r i d g e b o a r d a s in a g ab le ro o f .
 llif

9* B race r id g e s a n d h o l d them l e v e l .

10. E rect v alley r a f te r s .

11. I n s ta ll v a lley jacks in p a ir s .

12. K e ep v a l l e y r a f t e r s stra ig h t.

13* If a hip ro o f is used i n s t a l l h ip and h i p jackr a f t e r s

on t h e end o f p r o j e c t i o n s .

1 ip. Sources: W h ere t o get a d d itio n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on i n t e r ­

sectin g ro o fs.

ASSIGNMENTS: J o b e x p e r i e n c e s w h e re y o u c a n g a i n a c t u a l on

the job t r a i n i n g .

1. C u t t h e f r a m i n g members f o r an i n t e r s e c t i n g r o o f .

2. E r e c t a n i n t e r s e c t i n g r o o f i n a new h o u s e .

3- C ut t h e f r a m i n g m embers f o r a ro o f of a proposed house.

EVALUATION: A short c h e c k on i n t e r s e c t i n g r o o f s :

1. TRUE-FALSE: P lace an X i n p r o p e r p l a c e f o r tru e or f a ls e .

T. F .
a. ( )( ) I t is b e s t to t r e a t an i n t e r s e c t i n g r o o f as

a sep arate ro o f.

b. ( )( ) It is w ise to e r e c t th e g a b le s e c tio n of the

roof f i r s t .

c. ( )( ) It is g o o d p r a c t i c e t o s e c u r e l y b r a c e an

in te rse c tin g roof.

d. ( )( ) You s h o u l d m ake t h e r i d g e b o a r d t h e same

le n g th as th e b u i ld i n g p r o j e c t i o n .
 115
JOB SHEET ij-6. ROOF SHEATHING

HOW TO LAY ROOF SHEATHING

The r o u g h s h e a t h i n g f o r m s the fo u n d a tio n fo r the f i n i s h e d

r o o f and t h e perform ance o f th e r o o f in g m a t e r i a l s depends

upon th e p ro p e r a p p l i c a t i o n of th e sheath in g . The u s u a l

sh eath in g fo r com p o sitio n of f a r and g r a v e l i s 1x6 o f a

good g r a d e . If a t i g h t e r r o o f i s w a n t e d T&G- i s also used.

F o r wood s h i n g l e s or shakes, lxlj. s h e a t h i n g i s used. The

tig h tn e ss o f th e r o o f depends upon y o u r a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e

ro o f sh eath in g .

DIRECTIONS: How t o ap p ly ro o f s h e a t h i n g .

1. S e lec t th e s t r a ig h t e s t m a te ria l fo r your s ta r tin g board.

2. S tart a t th e low er o r t a i l end o f t h e r a f t e r .

3. A pply the f i r s t board c a r e f u lly a n d make s u r e i t is

stra ig h t.

1|_. If so lid sh e ath in g is used fac e n a il s h e a t h i n g o v e r one

sid e of ro o f a t the tim e.

5* If It is a gab le r o o f y o u may c u t o v e r h a n g a t g a b l e end

after a ll the sh e a th in g has been a p p lie d .

6. On h i p r o o f s , wh en a s k i l s a w is av ailab le the in te r­

s e c t i o n o f t h e r o o f may b e c u t a l l a t once b e f o r e p r o ­

ceed in g to th e o th e r sid e.

7. On wood s h i n g l e roofs, sh e e t th e g ab le o v e rh a n g and t a i l

overhang i n s o l i d l y so t h e s h i n g l e s w ill not sh o w .

 8. P lace th e Ixlf. s h e a t h i n g f o r sh in g les on s i x , e ig h t, or

ten inch c e n te rs , d e p e n d in g upon t h e amount o f t h e

sh in g le t o he e^iposed t o t h e w e a t h e r . (T h e o n - c e n t e r

spacing is the same a s t h e a m o u n t o f t h e shingle to

be e x p o sed .)

9. P a c e n a i l a l l b o a r d s a n d d r a w t h e m t o g e t h e r so t h e size

o f the cra ck s w i l l be m in im ized .

10. On g a b l e e n d s o f r o o f t h e f a l s e r a f t e r s may b e n a i l e d

to th e overhanging s h e a th in g to d r e s s up t h e e n d s .

11. Sources: W h ere t h e s t u d e n t may i n s p e c t v a r i o u s t y p e s

of ro o f sh eath in g .

a. V isit a lo c a l house under c o n s tr u c tio n and in s p e c t

so lid ro o f sheathin g .

b. In sp e c t the sh eath in g ap p lied f o r sh in g le s at a

l o c a l housing p r o j e c t .

ASSIGNMENTS: L a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s where s t u d e n t w i l l g a i n

ex p erien ce in la y in g v a rio u s ty p es of roof sheath in g .

1. In sta ll t h e r o o f s h e a t h i n g f o r a c o m p o s i t i o n r o o f on

a new h o u s e .

2. A pply th e s h e a t h i n g n e c e s s a r y to s h i n g l e a barn.

EVALUATION: A stu d en t check on r o o f s h e a t h i n g .

1. TRUE-FALSE: P l a c e an X i n p r o p e r space f o r tr u e or fa ls e .

T. F .
a. ( ) ( ) You s h o u l d s p a c e s h i n g l e sh eath in g t h e sa m e
 117
d istan ce a p a r t as th e amount o f t h e s h i n g l e

to b e exposed to the w e a th e r.

b. ( )( )It is b e s t to sh eath th e g ab le ends of a

shingle roof in so lid ly ."

c. ( )( )It is n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r you to s h e a th the

ta il ends of th e r a f t e r s in s o lid ly fo r a

shin g le roof.
 118
RESERVE SHELF L IS T

(T hese books were u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s

p ro ject and w i l l se rv e as e x c e ll e n t r e f e r e n c e m at­

erial for the s tu d e n t of c a r p e n t r y . )

* '

1. B a u e r , Ed^/ard C . : P l a i n C o n c r e t e . M c G ra w -H ill Book

C o . , New Y o r k , 1936.

2. B urbank, N elson L .: C a r p e n t r y and J o i n e r y W ork.

Siram ons-Boardm an P u b l i s h i n g C o r p . , New Y o r k , 1 9 ^4-0 .

3. B urbank, N elson L .: House C o n s t r u c t i o n D e t a i l s .

S i r a m o n s - B o a r d m a n P u b l i s h i n g C o r p . , New Y o r k , 19^2.

Ii. D a lze ll, J. R a lp h .: B u ild in g T rades B lu e p rin t

R e a d in g . A m erican T e c h n ic a l S o c i e t y , C hicago, 1 9 I4 8 .

5. D urbahn, W a lte r E .: Fundam entals o f C a r p e n tr y .

V ol. II. A m erican T e c h n ic a l S o c i e t y , C hicago, I 9 I4.8 .

6. Graham, F r a n k D . , a n d E m e r y , Thomas J . : C arpenters

and B u ild ers Guide V o l s . Ill and IV . Theo. A udel

•and C o . , New Y o r k , I9I4-6.

7. G riffith , I r a Sam uel: C a r p e n t r y . The M a n u a l A r t s

Press, P eo ria, Illin o is, 19*4-6*

8. L air, E. A .: C arpentry fo r th e B u ild in g T ra d e s.

M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o . , New Y o r k , 19U-7 -

9. P a c ific Coast B u ild in g O f f i c i a ls C onference:

 119
U n i f o r m B u i l d i n g C o d e , C o l l i n g P u b l i s h i n g Co.

Los A n g e le s , 19^4-9•

10. Townsend, G i l b e r t , D alzell, J. R a l p h , McKinney,

Jam es: How t o E s t i m a t e f o r t h e B u i l d i n g T r a d e s .

11. Townsend, G i l b e r t : S te e l Square. A m erican Tech­

n ic a l S o ciety , C hicago, 1914-8*

12. Townsend, G ilb ert: C arp en try . A m erican T e c h n ic a l

S o ciety , C hicago, I9 I4 8 .

13. Underwood, G .: S ta n d a rd C o n s tr u c tio n M ethods.

M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o . , New Y o r k , 1931*

ll|_. W ilson, J . D ouglas, and W erner, S. 0 .: S im p li­

f i e d Roof F ra m in g . M c G ra w -H ill Book C o . , New

Y ork, I9 I4 8 .

15. W ilson, J . D ouglas, and R o gers, C l e l l M .: C ar­

p e n try M ath m atics. M c G r a w - H i l l B ook C o . , New Y o r k ,

1*9-
University of S o u th e rn California Library