School of Microelectronic

Engineering µe

EMT342
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
Asoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Khairudddin Md Arshad
School of Microelectronic Engineering,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Perlis, Malaysia

THE SLIDE ARE ADAPTED FROM

Dr. Azizi Bin Harun, PhD CEng, MIET
Senior Lecturer
School of Microelectronic Engineering
SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM
AT WORK PLACE
Scope of Lectures
• Safety & Health Milestones in Malaysia
• What is Safety and Health Program
• Statistics
 Safety and Health ….the terms
• Safety means preventing accidents or hazards
from occuring
i.e Safety ÅÆ Accident
• Health means a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely
consist of an absence of disease - WHO
i.e Health ÅÆ Illness
 HAZARDS ID WHAT IS OSH

WHY OSH - BENEFITS

CLASSIFY HAZARDS

CONSEQUENT OF WHAT CONSTITUTE OSH

HAZARDS- HEALTH
ROUTES
DIFFERENTIATE HEALTH &
FACTORS/EFFECT
CONTROL - BRIEFLY SAFETY
LEGAL

IMPLICATION
QUALITATIVE MORAL & ETHIC
RISK MANAGEMENT AND
SAFETY FINANCIAL
RISK ASSESSMENT SAFETY CULTURE
COSTS
QUANTITATIVE H.I.R.A.R.C - TOOL
ACTS
STEPS IN HIRARC

OSH 1994 RISK CONTROL

RISK MONITORING
FAC & MACH 1967
ENGINEERING
ELIMINATION
MINIMIZATION ADMINSTRATIVE
 Factories and Machinery Act, can be obtained from Department of Occupational
Safety and Health

https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/acts-legislation

Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (revised-

1974)
Factories and Machinery Act (Amendment)
2006

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

(Act 514)

Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (

FACTORIES ACT 1967 OSHA ACT 1994

 WHAT IS SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
A workplace safety and health program is a
systematic plan to identify and control hazards and
respond to emergencies.

The program lays out responsibilities, resources, and

procedures for keeping the workplace safe and
healthy.

Its objective is to integrate safety and health into all

work practices and conditions.
 SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM – WHY?

Why Managing Safety and Health?

Mandatory under the law.

It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for
the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their
employees and other related person. ……. OSH ACT
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/acts/
 Why Managing Safety and Health?

Since the days of the Industrial Revolution, when

most factories were death-traps for the workers,
legislation has steadily improved health and safety
at work.

Applying our normal principle that prevention is

better than cure.
OSHA 1994 Requirement

For all industries

If >5 Employees -Safety & Health Policy
≥40 Employees (S30) -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & Health Committee

For high risk industries (i.e. construction, ship building, gas etc.)
>100 Employees - Safety & Health Policy + Safety & Health Committee + a
(Order 1997) Certified Safety & Health Officer

For low risk industries (other than the above mentioned industries)
>500 Employees -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & Health Committee +
(Order 1997) a Certified Safety & Health Officer
 Milestones in the Safety Movement
1890 Boiler Enactment 1890. 1st legislation in the country to address safety issues. Mandatory inspections of
boilers by the Mines Department inspectors.
1913-Machinery Ordinance 1913. Superseded all the Boiler Enactment.
1932-Machinery Enactment 1932. Updated. Addition on provision on registration and inspection of
machinery installation. Enforced by Dept. of Mines.
1953-Machinery Ordinance 1953. Superseded all previous Regulations. 4 Regulations were enacted, one
was Safety and Health and Fire 1953; Enforced by Dept of Machinery, Min of Labor.
1967-Factory and Machinery Act 1967. Superseded Machinery Ordinance 1953. Fill the gaps, cover all aspects
on industry – safety and health in all work place defined as factories (before, people worked in
workplace where there was no machinery were unprotected). BUT work force under agriculture,
forestry, fishing, construction, finance and public services not protected. Enforced by Factory and
Machinery Dept.
1970-Regulations.
1991-Bright Sparklers factory explosion in Sungai Buluh killed 22 workers. Stiffer penalties to employers failed
to safeguard workers. {Bhopal tragedy in India 1984 (3000 killed, 50,000 suffered disability and Chernobyl
nuclear power disaster in Russia 1986}.
1994-Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). To meet Malaysian fast economic growth to become an
industrialized state by 2020 . Plug the weakness of 1967 Act. Provide general guidelines how to
create a safe environment at work. All protected. Except those working on board ships (Merchant
Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Ordinance (Sabah & Sarawak) 1960.
 Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy (1984)?
40 tons of methyl isocyanides (MIC) and other lethal gases including hydrogen
cyanide leaked. Morning of 3rd December 1984.

Accident is a series of event:

Protective equipment – that could stop the disaster not in full working order

Refrigeration system – to cool the storage tank was shut down.

Scrubbing System – to absorbed the vapor was not immediately available.

Flare system – to burn any vapor that got past the scrubbing system
was out of order.

(source: Goetsch, 2011).

 Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy?

Supreme Court India ordered USD470 compensation. The fund were paid to
Indian Government to compensate the victims.

Criminal negligence
Corporate prejudice – chose a poverty-stricken country as a location that few
would care if something went wrong

Avoidance – putting a plant in remote area/poor country to avoid stricter safety

and health standards of the country that of the parent company.

In US, it led to the passage of - Emergency Planning and Community-to-know Act

(EPCRA) in 1986 (Goetsch, 2011).
 STATISTICS

FATALITY AND ACCIDENTS

IN WORK PLACE
 RATES OF OCCURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS and FATALITY in
MALAYSIA
Accidents per 1,000 workers

Fatalities per 100,000 workers

Frequency Rates of Occurrences of Occupational Accidents and Fatalities (including commuting
Source:Occupational safety and health master plan for Malaysia 2015 (OSH-MP 15)
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR
CATEGORY OF NPD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010
(INVESTIGATED)

*NPD – Non-Permanent Disability

 OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR
FOR CATEGORY OF PD* UNTIL DECEMBER
2010 (INVESTIGATED)

*PD – Permanent Disability

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR
FOR CATEGORY OF DEATH UNTIL
DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED)
 NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX versus NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL
FATALITY OCCURRENCE RATE
Competetiveness Index

Fatal Accidents /100,000

workers
Source:Occupational safety and health master plan for Malaysia 2015 (OSH-MP 15)
Creating a culture of prevention in occupational safety and health practice,
Safety and health at work 2016, DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2016.02.002
 CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENTS
• Industrial Accidents is on the decline but the
compensation paid is on the increase
• Accidents are more severe in nature and have longer
medical leave
• Minor accidents are not reported
• Total number of Commuting Accidents increased by 9%
 Challenges of Occupational Diseases
• Reported OD cases for 2009 increased by 85 %

• Total number of OD is expected to increase due to long latency period,

before the disease manifests and individual susceptibility factor

• New emerging diseases is on the increase

• Medical surveillance is not done according to the regulations for early

intervention and thus disease may appear later with much more
serious complication

• Under reporting phenomena

•
 Why Managing Safety and Health?
Moral and Ethical Issues
• Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image
• Respect their family – pride
• Ethical Issues as a professional (Registration of Engineer, Act
1967 (2015)

Legal Issues (MACHINERY AND FACTORY ACT 1967; OSH ACT 1994
• Claims for compensation
• Disruption during the legal process

Financial Issues - is not a JUST legal, moral and ethical obligation; it also
makes good business sense!!!!!.
• Increase of Insurance Premium
• Direct Lost
• Indirect Lost
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER

THE

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND
HEALTH ACT 0F
1994
 Objectives of the Act

a) to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to
safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
b) to protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks
to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
c) to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted
to their physiological and psychological needs;
d) to provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health
legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and
approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the
provisions of this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of safety
and health.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

Do you know that it is the duty of our EMPLOYER under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act 0f 1994 to:

a) Ensure our safety, health and welfare at our workplace by:

§ the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe
and without risks to health;
§ making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to
health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and
transport of plant and substances;
§ the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as
is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work;
§ maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to
health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and
egress from it that are safe and without such risks;
§ the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe,
without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare
at work.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

b) Formulate safety and health policy:

• as often as may be appropriate revise a written
statement of his general policy with respect to
the safety and health at work;
• arrangements for the time being in force for
carrying out the policy;
• to bring the statement and any revision of it to
the notice of all of his employees.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

c. Employ a competent person to act as a Safety

and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively
for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at
the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and
its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct
of work at the place of work.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

d) Establish a Safety and Health

Committee at the place of work if there are 40
or more persons employed at the place of work
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

e) Consult the Safety and Health Committee with

a view to the making and maintenance of
arrangements which will enable him and his
employees to co-operate effectively in promoting
and developing measures to ensure the safety and
health at the place of work of the employees and in
checking the effectiveness of such measures.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

f) Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and

Health Office of any accident, dangerous
occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational
disease which has occurred or is likely to occur at
the place of work.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

g. General duties of employers and self-

employed persons to persons other than their
employees.

It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-

employed person to conduct his undertaking in such as
manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and
other persons, not being his employees, who may be affected
are not thereby exposed to risks to their safety or health
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
g. General duties of manufacturers, etc as regards
plant for use at work.
(1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or
supplies any plant for use at work-
(a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and
constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when properly used;
……..
(2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or
manufacturing of any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carry
out of any necessary research with the view to discovery and, so far as
practicable, the elimination or minimization of any risk to safety or health to which
the design or plant may give rise.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

Nevertheless, it is our duty as employees to:

a) Take reasonable care for the safety and health of ourself and of
other persons who may be affected by our acts or omissions at work;
b) Co-operate with our employer or any other person in the discharge
of any duty or requirement imposed on our employer or that other
person by OSHA;
c) Wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing
provided by our employer for the purpose of preventing risks to our
safety and health;
d) Comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and
health instituted by our employer or any other person by or under
OSHA or any regulations made thereunder.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994

WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE

FACTORY AND
MACHINERY ACT, 1967
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

Provisions relating to safety, etc
10. Without prejudice to any law with respect to local
authorities, in respect of any factory, the following
provisions relating to safety shall apply:
(a) foundation and floor…..
(e) every openings, sump, pit or fixed
vessel in a floor , or working level shall be securely
fenced so as to prevent risk of persons falling;….
(f) ……

Detail refer to Factories & Machinery Act 1967

 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

11. Persons exposed to explosive, inflammable, etc., substances
In a factory in which persons are exposed to risk of bodily injury from
explosive, inflammable, poisonous or corrosive substances or ionizing
radiations, such measures as may be prescribed shall be taken as will
eliminate the risk.

12 . Lifting of weights
No person shall be employed to lift, carry or move any load so heavy
as to be likely to cause injury to him
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

13. Provisions against fire
Without prejudice to any law with respect to local authorities, in every factory
there shall be taken such precautions against fire, and there shall be
provided and maintained, such means to escape in case of fire other than
means of exit in ordinary use, and such means of extinguishing fire as may
be prescribed.

14 . Construction of machinery
All machinery and every part thereof including all fittings and attachment
shall be of sound construction and sound material free from defect
and suitable for the purpose and shall be properly maintained
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

15. Dangerous parts of machinery

Every dangerous part of any machinery shall be securely fenced unless

it is in such a position or of such construction as to be as safe to every
person employed or working on or entering into the premises as it would
be if securely fenced:

Provided that so far as the safety of a dangerous part of any machinery

cannot by reason of the nature of the operation be secured by means
of a fixed guard the requirements of this section shall be deemed to have
been complied with if a device is provided which automatically
prevents the operator from coming or being brought into contact with
that part.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

16. Projecting material
In respect to such machinery as may be prescribed, any part of any material
carried by that machinery while it is working thereon which projects beyond
any part of the machinery shall be effectively fenced unless it is in such a
position as to be safe to any person employed or working on or renting the
premises.

17. Machinery for hire or sale must comply with regulations

No person shall sell or let on hire any machinery other than transmission
machinery which does not comply with any regulations made under this Act
applicable to the machinery.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

18. Machinery manufactured or repaired must comply with regulations

(1) No person shall manufacture, repair or install machinery in such a

manner that it does not comply with the provisions of this Act and any
regulations made thereunder applicable to such machinery

(2) No person shall import any machinery other than transmission machinery
which does not comply with any regulations made under this Act applicable
to such machinery.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

19. Certificate of fitness.

(1) No person shall operate or cause or permit to be operated any machinery in

respect of which a certificate of fitness is prescribed, unless there is in force in
relation to the operation of the machinery a valid certificate of fitness issued
under this Act.
(2) -----

(6) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and
shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand
ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to both.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

19A. Power to revoke certificate of fitness obtained by way of fraud or
misrepresentation.
1) The Chief Inspector shall revoke or terminate a certificate of fitness if he is
satisfied that the
2) certificate of fitness has been obtained by way of fraud or misrepresentation.
3) Any person who is aggrieved by the decision of the Chief Inspector under
subsection (1) may, within fourteen days from the date of such decision being
notified to him, appeal to the Minister by way of writing.
4) The decision of the Minister under this subsection shall be final.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

20. Duties of persons employed
1. No person employed in any factory or in any place where any machinery is
installed shall wilfully interfere with or misuse any means, appliance,
convenience or other thing provided in pursuance of this Act for securing the
safety, health or welfare of the persons employed in the factory or the place
where the machinery is installed; and when any means or appliance for securing
safety, health or welfare is provided for the use of the person under this Act, he
shall make use of such means or such appliance.

2. No person employed in any factory or in any place where any machinery is

installed shall wilfully and without reasonable cause act in any manner so as to
cause or to be likely to cause bodily injury to himself or other persons or damage
to any machinery or other property.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

22. Provision relating to health
(1) Without prejudice to any law to public health, in respect of any factory the
following provisions relating to health of persons shall apply:

(a) every factory shall be kept in a clean state and free from offensive effluvia
arising from any drain, sanitary convenience or other source …

(b) the maximum number of persons employed at any one time in any work-
room in any factory shall be such that the amount of cubic feet of space and
superficial feet of floor area allowed in the work-room for each person are not
less than the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial feet of floor area
prescribed either generally or for the particular class of work carried on in the
work-room

And so on….up to 3.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

23. Exposure to elements
Effective provision shall be made for securing and maintaining sufficient and suitable
means to protect any person employed from exposure to the elements, and such
means may include roof shelters and wind breaks for protection against rain and wind
respectively.

24. Personal protective to elements

Where in any factory persons are exposed to a wet or dusty process, to noise, to heat or to
any poisonous, corrosive or other injurious substance which is liable to cause bodily injury
to those persons the Minister may prescribe the provision and maintenance for use of
those persons suitable and adequate personal protective clothing and appliances including
where necessary goggles, gloves, leggings, caps, foot-wear and protective ointment or
lotion.
 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE

23. Provisions relating to welfare
a) Related to accommodation
b) Related to supply of safe and wholesome drinking water
c) First-aid box
 PROVISION OF SAFE AND
HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT
THAT ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS
CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY
IMPORTANT ASPECT
IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION
 Benefits of Good OSH
• Reduced lost time
• Reduced need to provide cover for personnel absent from work
because of injury
• Reduce sick pay payments
• Reduce need for time-consuming accident investigation and
consequent saving in management time and production down-time
• Reduced potential for prosecution and other enforcement action by
authorities
 Benefits of Good OSH …continue
• Reduction in the number of claims for compensation by injured
personnel
• Reduced employer’s liability insurance premiums
• Improved morals
• Improved image of company, both in terms of employer and
competent contractor
CASE STUDIES ON SUCCESSFULL
IMPLEMENTATION OF
HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM
Case study - North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust
The board found itself facing service improvement targets. Using new corporate and clinical
guidance, it set about taking a 'whole systems' approach to managing corporate risk, giving
one of its directors responsibility for the leadership of health and safety for the first
time. Health and safety was also made a key item on the board agenda.

This has resulted in a much better integrated health and safety management system that
increases the opportunity to identify and manage all corporate risks, and a much more open
culture, improving reporting and monitoring. The board actively promotes a culture that
gives staff the confidence to report incidents.

This has resulted in:

§incidence rates reduced by 16% over two years;
§insurance premiums reduced by 10% - financial implication.
Case study - British Sugar

The company had an excellent safety record and had no indication of the devastating
events that were to happen – in one year three deaths occurred. Although health
and safety had always been a business priority, a change in focus was needed to
achieve behavioural change. This included:
ü the CEO assigning health and safety responsibilities to all directors, and
monthly reports go to the board;
ü creating effective working partnerships with employees, trade unions and
others;
ü overseeing a behavioral change programme and audits;
ü publishing annual health and safety targets, and devising initiatives to meet
them.

Results include:
• time lost to injuries reduced by 43% over a two year period;
• 63% reduction in major issues over the course of a year;
• much greater understanding by directors of health and safety risks.
Case study – Mid and West Wales Fire and
Rescue Service
To give health and safety a high priority, Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service
recognized that it was critical for its leadership to demonstrate to its staff that accountability
for health and safety was a fundamental element in the success of its overall service delivery.
The director of service policy and planning was nominated as the health and safety
director for the service in order to clearly define the importance this subject held within the
organisation. The director implemented a revised health and safety framework, which
included a programme of fire station visits to engage the workforce, and placed a
renewed emphasis on improving incident reporting, investigation and monitoring
procedures.

The service has reported:

§£100,000 reduction in insurance liability premiums in one year through improved corporate
strategic risk management;
§50% reduction in sickness absence through work related injury over a two year period;
§50% reduction in injury incidence rate over a three year period.
Case study – Sainsbury's

An external health and safety audit identified a need to develop a unified approach, and
also recommended more direction from the board, to develop an effective strategy.
The result was a radical revision of the company's approach, including:
the group human resources director creating a health and safety vision, supported
by a plan with targets over three years;
training on health and safety responsibilities was introduced for all board
directors.

This has resulted in:

• the board providing a role model for health and safety behaviour;
• 17% reduction in sickness absence;
• 28% reduction in reportable incidents;
• improved morale and pride in working for the company;
• raising the profile of health and safety so it is becoming embedded in the culture
of the organization.

http://www.hse.gov.uk/leadership/casestudies-success.htm
THE GOAL OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROGRAM IN WORK PLACE IS TO
ESTABLISH SAFE WORK
ENVIRONMENT
 Safety and Health – How it Evolves
§ PREVIOUSLY, EMPLOYERS NOT CONCERN FOR SAFETY OF
WORKERS & IN FACT LITTLE INCENTIVE TO BE
CONCERNED. SAFETY PROGRAMS WERE IN FACT NON-
EXISTENT.

§ WHEN THE INDUSTRY IN THE WEST FACED WITH LABOR

SHORTAGES ESPECIALLY DURING WW1 AND WW2,
EMPLOYERS COULD NOT EFFORT TO LOSE WORKERS TO
ACCIDENTS OR ANY OTHER REASONS.

§ THIS LED TO GREATER OPENESS TO PROVIDING SAFETY A

SERIOUS CONSIDERATION BY EMPLOYERS
 Safety and Health – How it Evolves
• INDUSTRY BEGAN TO REALIZED THAT:
• IMPROVED ENGINEERING COULD PREVENT ACCIDENTS
• EMPLOYEES WERE WILLING TO LEARN & ACCEPT SAFETY
RULES
• SAFETY RULES COULD BE ESTABLISHED AND ENFORCED
• FINANCIAL SAVING FROM SAFETY IMPROVEMENT COULD BE
REAPED BY SAVING IN COMPENSATION AND MEDICAL BILLS

• WITH THESE REALIZATION AND INCENTIVES, EMPLOYERS

BEGAN TO PLAY ACTIVE ROLE IN CREATING AND MAINTAINING
SAFETY AT WORKPALCE – THERE IS ORGANIZED SAFETY
PROGRAMS
 Safety and Health – How it Evolves
• THE ENGINEERING ASPECTS – DESIGN IMPROVEMENT THAT
SIMPLIFIED MANUFACTURING PROCESS, MADE LESS
DANGEROUS. MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS ENGINEERED IN
WAYS THAT REDUCE POTENTIAL HAZARDS.

• EDUCATION ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM ENSURES

EMPLOYEE KNOW HOW TO WORK SAFELY, WHY IT IS
IMPORTANT TO DO SO, AND SAFEY IS EXPECTED BY
MANAGEMENT

• ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM MKING SURE

EMPLOYEE ADIBE BY SAFETY POLICIES, RULES,
REGULATIONS, PRACTICES & PROCEDURES
 Safety and Health – How it Evolves

• THEY ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCIDENT

PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN MODERN WORKPLACE

• THE WIDELY USED TECHNIQUES IN ACCIDENT

PREVENTION PROGRAMS SUCH AS FAILURE
MINIMIZATION, FAIL-SAFE DESIGN, ISOLATION,
LOCKOUT, ETC ARE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF A
BROADER SAFETY PROGRAMMES THAT HAVE
EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS (since 1800s).
 Safety and Health ….the terms
• Safety means preventing accidents or hazards
from occuring
i.e Safety ÅÆ Accident
• Health means a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely
consist of an absence of disease - WHO
i.e Health ÅÆ Illness
 Hazard
HAZARD –condition with the potential of causing:

• Injury
• Diseases
• Damage to equipment or structures
• Loss of material or lessening of the ability to perform a
prescribed function
• Damage to the environment
• Or a combination of the above

- It is something that can cause harm if not controlled

- the outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled
hazard
 Workers don t create hazards.
Hazards are often built into workplace.

Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents and

illnesses. Existing hazards should be removed from
the workplace.
When hazard is present, the possibility
of these adverse effect (such as injury,
diseases, damage to equipment etc)
occuring exists…. RISK

RISK - a situation involving exposure to danger.

 so….. Safety
Frequently defined as freedom from hazard

-NOTE: It is practically impossible to eliminate all hazards.

-Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure

to hazards (the antonym to danger)
 What is Accident?
• Unwanted and undesirable
• Unexpected
• Involves a deviation from what was intended, i.e. a planned safe
operation
• Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant and equipment
or materials, including the finished product - or at least the
potential for injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near miss
accident’)
• Involves a chain of events, rather than one isolated event

Accident - an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly

and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury.
• Breakdown of Accident Costs for
the Industry

• The costs can be categorized into

- Direct cost
- Indirect cost
 Direct costs
§ payment for work not performed;
§ medical and compensation payments;
§ repair or replacement of damaged machinery and
equipment;
§ reduction or a temporary halt in production;
§ increased training expenses and administration costs;
§ possible reduction in the quality of work;
§ negative effect on morale in other workers.
 Indirect costs
The costs of an accident or illness can be 4 to 10 times
greater than the direct costs, or even more!

An occupational illness or accident can have so many

indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to
measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is
the human suffering caused to workers' families, which
cannot be compensated with money.
 Indirect costs

§ the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;

§ a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust;
§ it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the
original worker;
§ time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of
reports and filling out of forms;
§ accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence
labor relations in a negative way;
§ poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result
in poor public relations.
THANK YOU