Spanish I Learn - Book2

yolanda.arrowood@gmail.
com 12 Feb 2017
Spanish I Learn
First Edition
Gorby Oz
yolanda.arrowood@gmail.com 12 Feb 2017
Spanish I Learn
Spanish for beginners...
First Edition
Gorby Oz
All information contained in this book can be subject to changes without previous advise to the readers.
Full or partial digital or physical reproduction of this book is prohibited without previous authorization
of the author.
Spanish I Learn
First Edition
Gorby Oz
Otbal Group
La Altagracia, Dominican Republic.
February 2016.
CONTENT
• Lesson 1: Hola
Alphabet and more
Greetings and expressions
Asking questions
Vocabulary 1: Words and adjectives
• Lesson 2: El libro es pequeño
Personal pronouns
Definite and indefinite articles
Verb to be (ser / estar)
Vocabulary 2: Family
• Lesson 3: Este es mi libro
Possessive pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives
Object pronouns
“In / on / at” prepositions
Vocabulary 3: Prepositions and other
• Lesson 4: ¿Tienes un libro?
Simple present: Affirmative
Simple present: Negative
Simple present: Interrogative
Simple past: Affirmative
Simple past: Negative
Simple past: Interrogative
Vocabulary 4: Regular verbs
• Lesson 5: El libro será grande
Possessions
Simple future: Affirmative
Simple future: Negative
Simple future: Interrogative
Present progressive
Vocabulary 5: Various
• Lesson 6: Hay libros aquí

“Hay” (there is / there are)
Plural
Expressions of place
Frequency adverbs
“If” conditional
Vocabulary 6: Opposites
• Lesson 7: Yo debería leer el libro
Present perfect
Should / shouldn't
Can / can't
Would / wouldn't
Could / couldn't
Vocabulary 7: The numbers
• Vocabularies
The body
The house
Clothes
Places
Professions and other
Animals
Fruits
Computer
LESSON 1
Hola
1.1 Alphabet and more...
Let us start with the alphabet, so you will know how to pronounce in Spanish. The
Spanish alphabet has 27 letters:
A (ah) B (beh) C (seh)
D (deh) E (eh) F (eff eh)
G (heh) H (ah cheh) I (e)
J (hoh tah) K (kah) L (eh leh)
M (eh meh) H (eh neh) Ñ (eh nee eh)
O (oh) P (peh) Q (koo)
R (ehreh) S (eseh) T (teh)
U (ooh) V (veh) W (doh bleh ooh)
X (eh kees) Y (jeh) Z (zetta)
Accents in Spanish
In Spanish you will see an accent mark above some letters, e.g. "día"; this means that the
syllable which has the accent mark is the one that you must give more emphasis to.
Example:
Árbol - Tree
Café - Coffee
Lápiz - Pencil
1.2 Greetings and expressions

Hola - Hi / Hello
Buenos días - Good morning
Buenas tardes - Good afternoon
Buenas noches - Good evening / Good night
¿Cómo estás? - How are you?

Bien, gracias - Fine, thanks
¿Cuál es tu nombre? - What's your name?
Mi nombre es... - My name is...
¿De dónde eres? - Where are you from?

Soy de... - I'm from...
Nos vemos - See you

Nos vemos luego - See you later
Nos vemos mañana - See you later
Nos vemos pronto - See you soon
Adiós - Good bye
Gusto en conocerte - Nice to meet you

Gusto en verte - Nice to see you
Que tenga un buen día - Have a good day
Buena suerte - Good luck
Gracias - Thank you
De nada - You're welcome
Por favor - Please
Disculpa - Excuse me
1.3 Asking questions

When we need to make a question, we normally use one of these:
Qué - What
Cómo - How
Dónde - Where
Cuándo - When
Quién - Who
Cuál - Which
De quién - Whose
Por qué - Why
Remember that in Spanish you have to use question marks not only at the end of the
sentence but also at the beginning.
Examples:
¿Cómo estás? - How are you?
¿Qué es eso? - What is that?
¿Dónde está ella? - Where is she?
¿Cuándo es la fiesta? - When is the party?
¿Quién es esa mujer? - Who is that woman?
¿Por qué estoy aquí? - Why am I here?
¿Cuál es mi libro? - Which one is my book?
¿De quién es este perro? - Whose dog is this?
1.4 Vocabulary 1: Words and adjectives

This vocabulary will teach you some of the words that we'll be using in the next
lessons.
Chico - Boy
Chica - Girl
Casa - House
Carro - Car
Libro - Book
Lápiz - Pencil
Dios - God
Día - Day
Manzana - Apple
Amigo - Friend
Perro - Dog
Mesa - Table
Adjetives
Bonita - Beautiful
Feo - Ugly
Inteligente - Smart
Bueno - Good
Malo - Bad
Gordo - Fat
Flaco - Skinny
Rápido - Fast
Lento - Slow
Grande - Big
Pequeño - Small
Normally when an adjective ends in "o" it is male, the female way for this ends in "a".
For example: "Feo / Fea" would be Ugly (male) / Ugly (female).
In Spanish adjectives go after the subject, not before as in English. E.g. "Chico gordo -
fat boy", "manzana grande - big apple".
Important! In Spanish, the adjectives in plural must have the "s" at the end, and the
subject as well. E.g. fat boys - "chicos gordos".
LESSON 2
El libro es pequeño
2.1 Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns in Spanish are these:
Yo - I
Tú - You
Él - He
Ella - She
(Any object) - It
Nosotros / Nosotras - We
Ellos / Ellas - They
Ustedes - You
Note 1: In Spanish the pronoun "It" is not used. For example, "It's blue" would be "Es
azul", which in English literally comes being "Is blue".
2.2 De finite and inde finite articles

Nouns in Spanish could be female or male, so in Spanish the de finite article "The"
translates to one of these four: "El", "Los", "La", "Los". This is depending on whether
the noun is plural or singular, and whether it's male or female.
The car - El carro (Singular, male)

The girl - La chica (Singular, female)
The books - Los libros (Plural, male)
The apples - Las manzanas (Plural, female)
The inde finite article is "Un" or "Una", depending on whether the noun is female or
male. "Un" is for male, and "Una" is for female. Look at the examples below.
A car - Un carro (Singular, male)

A girl - Una chica (Singular, female)
An apple - Una manzana (Singular, female)
An airport - Un aeropuerto (Singular, male)
2.3 Verb to be (Ser / estar)

In Spanish the verb "to be" can mean one of two things. "Ser" which means "who" you
are, and "Estar" which means "where" you are or "what" you are doing.
Here is the simple present tense of this verb in af firmative:

I am - Yo soy / Yo estoy
You are - Tú eres / Tú estás
He is - Él es / Él está
She is - Ella es / Ella está
It is - Es / Está
We are - Nosotros somos / Nosotros estamos
They are - Ellos son / Ellos están
You are - Ustedes son / Ustedes están
Examples:
I am a student - Yo soy un estudiante.
I am at school - Yo estoy en la escuela.
They are my brothers - Ellos son mis hermanos.
They are in Canada - Ellos están en Canadá.
We are fat - Nosotros somos gordos.
She is beautiful - Ella es bonita.
The book is small - El libro es pequeño.
He is sleeping - Él está durmiendo.
2.4 Vocabulary 2: Family

Familia - Family
Parents - Padres
Madre - Mother
Padre - Father
Mamá - Mom
Papá - Dad
Hijo - Son
Hija - Daughter
Hermano - Brother
Hermana - Sister
Abuelo - Grandfather
Abuela - Grandmother
Tío - Uncle
Tía - Aunt
Sobrino - Nephew
Sobrina - Niece
Nieto - Grandson
Nieta - Granddaughter
Primo - Cousin (male)
Prima - Cousin (female)
Cuñado - Brother in law
Cuñada - Sister in law
Suegro - Father in law
Suegra - Mother in law
Nuera - Daughter in law

Yerno - Son in law
Padrino - Godfather
Madrina - Godmother
Ahijado - Godson
Ahijada - Goddaughter
LESSON 3
Este es mi libro
3.1 Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to stablish a possession relation. In Spanish the possessive
pronouns are the following:
My — Mi
Your — Tu
His — Su
Her — Su
Its — Su
Our — Nuestro
Their — Su
Examples:
My book is small. — Mi libro es pequeño.
Her name is Marie. — Su nombre es Marie.
Your friend is William. — Tu amigo es William.
His car is big. — Su carro es grande.
Our wedding is tomorrow. — Nuestra boda es mañana.
Their house is ugly. — Su casa es fea.
Its color is blue. — Su color es azul.
Louis is my friend. — Louis es mi amigo.
He is with his dog. — El está con su perro.
She is in her house. — Ella está en su casa.
They are my parents. — Ellos son mis padres.
Katy is your girlfriend and you are her boyfriend. — Katy es tu novia y tú
eres su novio.
God is our savior. — Dios es nuestro salvador.
She is my mother in law. — Ella es mi suegra.
The difference between personal pronoun "tú" and possessive pronoun "tu" is the
accent. Accents are important in Spanish, if you don't use them, it may change the sense
of the whole sentence.
3.2 Demonstrative Adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives are:
This — Este (male) / Esto (de finite object) / Esta (female)
These — Estos (male) / Estas (female)
That — Ese (male) / Eso (de finite object) / Esa (female) / Aquel (male) / Aquella
(female)
Those — Esos (male) / Esas (female) / Aquellos (male) / Aquellas (female)
Examples:
This is my book. — Este es mi libro.
That is your friend. — Ese es tu amigo.
These are our apples. — Estas son nuestras manzanas.
Those are their dogs. — Esos son sus perros.
What is that? — ¿Qué es eso?
Is this our house? — ¿Esta es nuestra casa?
Where was this dog? — ¿Dónde estaba este perro?
When is that party? — ¿Cuándo es esa fiesta?
Those are my parents. — Esos son mis padres.
Who are those? — ¿Quiénes son esos?
3.3 Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are those which receive the action of the verb in a sentence. They can
be Direct Pronouns (DO) or Indirect Pronouns (IO). In Spanish these pronouns stick to
the verbs, e.g. "Amarme — To love me", and in some cases they go before the verb, e.g.
"Ella me ama — She loves me". Let us have a look at these pronouns, and then practice
with some examples. The object pronouns in Spanish are:
DO Pronouns:
Me — me
Te — you
Lo — him, it (male), you (formal, male)
La — her, it (female), you (formal, female)
Nos — us
Los - you (all, male, male & female together), they (male)
Las - you (all, female), they (female)
IO Pronouns:
Me — me
Te — you
Le — him, it, you (formal)
Nos — us
Les - you (all), they
In the case of using both pronouns in the same sentence, the IO pronouns go before the
DO pronouns as you'll see in the examples.
NOTE: Something really important! Whenever both pronouns (IO and DO) begin
with the letter "l" (in case of IO pronouns "le" and "les") change the IO pronoun to "se":
Le lo = se lo
Le la = se la
Le los = se los
Le las = se las
Le le = se le
Etc.
This is a little dif ficult in Spanish, but let us try to explain with lots of examples. Let's
say we're talking about eating an apple (which is a female object in Spanish, so we use
the object pronoun "La"). So, in these examples the DO pronoun would be the apple,
and the IO pronoun would be who is eating it.
Examples:
He eats it. — Él se la come. (We're talking about him eating the apple, so we use IO
pronoun "le", but since the DO pronoun "la" begins with "l", we change it to "se").
I eat it. — Yo me la como. (We're talking about me eating the apple, so we use IO
pronoun "me", and since we're also talking about the apple, which is the DO pronoun,
we use "la").
John eats it. — John se la come. (In this case the DO pronoun is John, and the IO
pronoun is the apple. For John the IO pronoun would be "le", but since "la" begins with
"l", we change "le" to "se").
More examples:
I called her yesterday. — Yo la llamé ayer.
She helped you at school. — Ella te ayudó en la escuela.
Tell me your name. — Dime tu nombre.
He remembers us. — Él nos recuerda.
The car is dirty, wash it. — El carro está sucio, lávalo.
They are my brothers, I love them. — Ellos son mis hermanos, los amo.
This apple is for her. — Esta manzana es para ella*.
Marie wants to talk to you. — Marie quiere hablarte.
Give that book to him. — Dale ese libro a él*.
She will go to the church with us. — Ella irá a la iglesia con nosotros*.
I am writing a letter to them. — Yo les estoy escribiendo una carta.
* As you could see, in some cases the DO pronouns which follow prepositions are
substituted by personal pronouns.
3.4 "In / on / at" prepositions

For these three different prepositions used in English to specify different meanings, you
can use one word in Spanish: "en". In some cases you need to use "el" or "a".
Examples:
At home — En casa
In Washington — En Washington
On the table — En la mesa

At the airport — En el aeropuerto
In 15 minutes — En 15 minutos
On August 17th — El 17 de Agosto
At 07:00 am — A las 07:00 am
As you could see, for dates we use "el", e.g. "On January 15th - El 15 de Enero". And
for times we use "a las" which in English literally is "to the", e.g. "At 06:30 pm - A las
06:30 pm".
3.5 Vocabulary 3: Prepositions and other

Some of the most used prepositions in Spanish are these:
Above — por encima de
After — después de
And — y
Before — antes de
Behind — detrás de
In front of — en frente de
Between — entre
But — pero
Every — cada
Now — ahora
For — para / durante
From — de / desde
Near — cerca de
Away — lejos
Of — de
Since — desde
Until — hasta
Then — entonces
To — a / hacia / hasta
Under — debajo de
With — con
Without — sin
Both — ambos
So — así / tanto
Examples:
I am behind the car now. — Yo estoy detrás del carro ahora.
Europe is away from USA. — Europa está lejos de EE.UU.
I am without you. — Yo estoy sin ti.
The man is big but the boy is small. — El hombre es grande, pero el chico es
pequeño.
The dog is under the bed. — El perro está debajo de la cama.
He is here since 1990. — Él está aquí desde 1990.
My friend is in front of your house. — Mi amigo está en frente de tu casa.
LESSON 4
¿Tienes un libro?
4.1 Simple present: Af firmative
Verbs in Spanish are not as simple as in English. The verb changes in every personal
pronoun. In Spanish the verbs in in finitive form end in "-ar", "-er" or "-ir". E.g.
"Trabajar" (to work), "comer" (to eat), "morir" (to die). Let us work with the regular
verb "Trabajar" (to work). To conjugate regular verbs in Spanish we substitute the
ending "-ar", "-er" or "-ir" by the following:
Yo trabajo - I work
Tú trabajas - You work
Ella trabaja - She works
Él trabaja - He works
(Object) trabaja - It works
Nosotros trabajamos - We work (male)
Nosotras trabajamos - We work (female)
Ustedes trabajan - You (all) work
Ellos trabajan - They work (male)
Ellas trabajan - They work (female)
When the verb is conjugated, these ending letters change, as you could see, depending
on the personal pronoun.
So, if we have the regular verb "Caminar" (to walk), to conjugate it we do as follows:
Yo camino
Tú caminas
Ella camina
Él camina
(Object) camina
Nosotros / Nosotras caminamos
Ustedes caminan
Ellos / Ellas caminan
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo camino y John trabaja. - I walk and John works.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda baila en la fiesta. - Brenda dances at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos corren hacia la escuela. - They run to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablamos, pero tú lloras. - We talk, but you cry.
4.2 Simple present: Negative

The simple present negative in Spanish is as simple as adding "no" between the subject
and the verb.
Working with the same verb (trabajar), we have the negative form as follows:
Yo no trabajo - I don't work

Tú no trabajas - You don't work
Ella no trabaja - She doesn't work
Él no trabaja - He doesn't work
(Object) no trabaja - It doesn't work
Nosotros no trabajamos - We don't work (male)
Nosotras no trabajamos - We don't work (female)
Ustedes no trabajan - You (all) don't work
Ellos no trabajan - They don't work (male)
Ellas no trabajan - They don't work (female)
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo no camino y John no trabaja. - I don't walk and John
doesn't work.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda no baila en la fiesta. - Brenda doesn't dance at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos no corren hacia la escuela. - They don't run to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros no hablamos, pero tú no lloras. - We don't talk, but
you don't cry.
4.3 Simple present: Interrogative

The interrogative in Spanish is simpler than the negative form. You just need to add
question marks at the beginning and at the end of the question. No auxiliary verbs
needed.
Working with the same verb (trabajar), we have the interrogative form as follows:
¿Yo trabajo? - Do I work?

¿Tú trabajas? - Do you work?
¿Ella trabaja? - Does she work?
¿Él trabaja? - Does he work?
¿(Object) trabaja? - Does it work?
¿Nosotros trabajamos? - Do we work (male)?
¿Nosotras trabajamos? - Do we work (female)?
¿Ustedes trabajan? - Do you (all) work?
¿Ellos trabajan? - Do they work (male)?
¿Ellas trabajan? - Do they work (female)?
Examples:
(Verbs: trabajar) ¿John trabaja? - Does John work?
(Verb: bailar) ¿Brenda baila en la fiesta? - Does Brenda dance at the party?
(Verb: correr) ¿Ellos corren hacia la escuela? - Do they run to the school?
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablamos, pero ¿tú lloras? - We talk, but do you cry?
4.4 Simple past: A firmative

If you already know the simple present, then this will be really easy. Instead of changing
the ending letters of the verb for "o", "as", "a", etc. as we changed them in the simple
present, in the simple past we changed as follows.
We'll work with the same verb "trabajar" (to work):
Yo trabajé - I worked
Tú trabajaste - You worked
Ella trabajó - She worked
Él trabajó - He worked
(Object) trabajó - It worked
Nosotros trabajamos - We worked (male)
Nosotras trabajamos - We worked (female)
Ustedes trabajaron - You (all) worked
Ellos trabajaron - They worked (male)
Ellas trabajaron - They worked (female)
As you could see, regular verbs in the simple past don't change as they are in the simple
present for the pronouns "Nosotros / nosotras".
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo caminé y John trabajó. - I walked and John worked.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda bailó en la fiesta. - Brenda danced at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos corrieron hacia la escuela. - They ran to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablamos, pero tú lloraste. - We talked, but you cried.
4.5 Simple past: Negative

The simple past negative in Spanish is as simple as adding "no" between the subject and
the verb.
Yo no trabajé - I didn't work

Tú no trabajaste - You didn't work
Ella no trabajó - She didn't work
Él no trabajó - He didn't work
(Object) no trabajó - It didn't work
Nosotros no trabajamos - We didn't work (male)
Nosotras no trabajamos - We didn't work (female)
Ustedes no trabajaron - You (all) didn't work
Ellos no trabajaron - They didn't work (male)
Ellas no trabajaron - They didn't work (female)
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo no caminé y John no trabajó. - I didn't walk and John
didn't work.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda no bailó en la fiesta. - Brenda didn't dance at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos no corrieron hacia la escuela. - They didn't run to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros no hablamos, pero tú no lloraste. - We didn't talk, but
you didn't cry.
4.6 Simple past: Interrogative

The interrogative in Spanish is simpler than the negative form. You just need to add
question marks at the beginning and at the end of the question. No auxiliary verbs
needed.
¿Yo trabajé? - Did I work?

¿Tú trabajaste? - Did you work?
¿Ella trabajó? - Did she work?
¿Él trabajó? - Did he work?
¿(Object) trabajó? - Did it work?
¿Nosotros trabajamos? - Did we work (male)?
¿Nosotras trabajamos? - Did we work (female)?
¿Ustedes trabajaron? - Did you (all) work?
¿Ellos trabajaron? - Did they work (male)?
¿Ellas trabajaron? - Did they work (female)?
Examples:
(Verbs: trabajar) ¿John trabajó? - Did John work?
(Verb: bailar) ¿Brenda bailó en la fiesta? - Did Brenda dance at the party?
(Verb: correr) ¿Ellos corrieron hacia la escuela? - Did they run to the school?
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablamos, pero ¿tú lloraste? - We talked, but did you
cry?
4.7 Vocabulary 4: Regular verbs

Verb Meaning
Abrazar Hug
Agregar Add
Alcanzar Reach
Amar Love
Arreglar Fix
Atar Tie
Ayudar Help
Bailar Dance
Beber Drink
Besar Kiss
Cambiar Change
Caminar Walk
Cargar Load
Cocinar Cook
Compartir Share
Contestar Answer
Decidir Decide
Deletrear Spell
Desear Wish
Disfrutar Enjoy
Empujar Push
Escuchar Listen
Esperar Wait
Estudiar Study
Extrañar Miss
Girar Turn
Gritar Scream
Guardar Save
Hablar Talk
Imprimir Print
Limpiar Clean
Llamar Call
Llenar Fill
Llorar Cry
Matar Kill
Mirar Look
Necesitar Need
Observar Watch
Orar Pray
Pecar Sin
Pintar Paint
Preguntar Ask
Prestar Lend
Quemar Burn
Respirar Breathe
Saltar Jump
Tocar Touch
Trabajar Work
Viajar Travel
Vivir Live
LESSON 5
El libro será grande

5.1 Possessions
In English you use "'s" (e.g. "John's") to indicate possession of something. In Spanish is
much easier to do this. You just need to say the object + "de" + the subject.
You say whose the things are just by saying: the thing is "de" whoever. [Capisci?]
You'll understand better with the examples.
Examples:
1. The apple is John's. - La manzana es de John.
2. Sophie's book is blue. — El libro de Sophie es azul.
3. My friend's house is big. — La casa de mi amigo es grande.
4. Your father's car is fast. — El carro de tu padre es rápido.
5. The woman's hair is black. — El pelo de la mujer es negro.
6. I listen to the sound of the car. — Yo escucho el sonido del carro.
NOTE: Important! In case of singular male de finite article "el", we don't say "de el
carro" (example no. 6), so these two "e" come together: "de el" = "del".
5.2 Simple future: Af firmative

As you already know the simple present, this will be really easy. Instead of changing the
ending letters of the verb for "o", "as", "a", etc. as we changed them in the simple
present, in the simple future we add the letters that follows.
We'll work with the same verb "trabajar" (to work):
Yo trabajaré - I will work

Tú trabajarás - You will work
Ella trabajará - She will work
Él trabajará - He will work
(Object) trabajará - It will work
Nosotros trabajaremos - We (male or both) will work
Nosotras trabajaremos - We (female) will work
Ustedes trabajarán - You (all) will work
Ellos trabajarán - They (male or both) will work
Ellas trabajarán - They (female) will work
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo caminaré y John trabajará. - I will walk and John will
work.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda bailará en la fiesta. - Brenda will dance at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos correrán hacia la escuela. - They will run to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablaremos, pero tú llorarás. - We will talk, but you
will cry.
(Verb: ser) El libro será grande. - The book will be big.
5.3 Simple future: Negative

The simple future negative in Spanish is as simple as adding "no" between the subject
and the verb.
Yo no trabajaré - I won't work

Tú no trabajarás - You won't work
Ella no trabajará - She won't work
Él no trabajará - He won't work
(Object) no trabajará - It won't work
Nosotros no trabajaremos - We (male or both) won't work
Nosotras no trabajaremos - We (female) won't work
Ustedes no trabajarán - You (all) won't work
Ellos no trabajarán - They (male or both) won't work
Ellas no trabajarán - They (female) won't work
Examples:
(Verbs: caminar, trabajar) Yo no caminaré y John no trabajará. - I won't walk and
John won't work.
(Verb: bailar) Brenda no bailará en la fiesta. - Brenda won't dance at the party.
(Verb: correr) Ellos no correrán hacia la escuela. - They won't run to the school.
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros no hablaremos, pero tú no llorarás. - We won't talk,
but you won't cry.
5.4 Simple future: Interrogative

The simple past interrogative in Spanish is simpler than the negative form. You just
need to add question marks at the beginning and at the end of the question. No auxiliary
verbs needed.
¿Yo trabajaré? - Will I work?

¿Tú trabajarás? - Will you work?
¿Ella trabajará? - Will she work?
¿Él trabajará? - Will he work?
¿(Object) trabajará? - Will it work?
¿Nosotros trabajaremos? - Will we (male or both) work?

¿Nosotras trabajaremos? - Will we (female) work?
¿Ustedes trabajarán? - Will you (all) work?
¿Ellos trabajarán? - Will they (male or both) work?
¿Ellas trabajarán? - Will they (female) work?
Examples:
(Verbs: trabajar) ¿John trabajará? - Will John work?
(Verb: bailar) ¿Brenda bailará en la fiesta? - Will Brenda dance at the party?
(Verb: correr) ¿Ellos correrán hacia la escuela? - Will they run to the school?
(Verbs: hablar, llorar) Nosotros hablaremos, pero ¿tú llorarás? - We will talk, but will
you cry?
5.5 Present progressive

Present progressive is a verbal form that expresses an action that is taking place. In
English is when verbs end in "-ing", e.g. "Working".
In Spanish you need to end the verb with "-ando" or "-iendo", e.g. "amando" (verb:
amar) - loving, "caminando" (verb: caminar) - walking, "trabajando" (verb: trabajar) -
working.
As in the simple present form, we substitute the ending letters "-ar" of the regular verb
with "-ando", and when the ending letters are "-er" or "-ir" you substitute it with "-
iendo".
In English you can use the present progressive to say what is happening now or what
will happen in the future, e.g. "I'm working tomorrow". But in Spanish the present
progressive is used only to say what you're doing at that moment, not in the future.
Examples:
(verb: trabajar) I am working. — Yo estoy trabajando.
(verb: hablar) She's talking with the doctor. — Ella está hablando con el doctor.
(verb: nadar) My friend is swimming. — Mi amigo está nadando.
(verb: ver) They are looking at the cars. — Ellos están viendo los carros.
(verb: comer) He was eating apples. — Él estaba comiendo manzanas.
When the verb ends in "-ir" and the vocal of the syllable before is an "e", e.g. "venir" (to
come), you substitute "-ir" with "-iendo" and change the "e" in the syllable before by an
"i". So, in the case of "venir", you'll change the "e" by an "i", the result will be
"viniendo". Also, when the verb ends in "-ir" and the vocal of the syllable before is an
"o", e.g. "morir" (to die), you substitute "-ir" with "-iendo" and change the "o" in the
syllable before by an "u". This result would be "muriendo".
In case of monosyllables verb ending in "-ir", we substitute this with "yendo" instead of
"iendo". Check the examples
Examples:
Herir (to hurt) - hiriendo
Hervir (to boil) - hirviendo
Ir (to go) - yendo
Morir (to die) - muriendo
Oír (to hear) - oyendo
Pedir (to ask for) - pidiendo
Podrir (to rot) - pudriendo
Reír (to laugh) - riendo
Seguir (to follow) - siguiendo
Sonreír (to smile) - sonriendo
Venir (to come) - viniendo
5.6 Vocabulary 5: Various

Days and week:
Sunday — Domingo
Monday — Lunes
Tuesday — Martes
Wednesday — Miércoles
Thursday — Jueves
Friday — Viernes
Saturday — Sábado
Day — Día
Week — Semana
Weekend — Fin de semana
Yesterday — Ayer
Today — Hoy
Tomorrow — Mañana
Months and year:
January — Enero
February — Febrero
March — Marzo
April — Abril
May — Mayo
June — Junio
July — Julio
August — Agosto
September — Septiembre
October — Octubre
November — Noviembre
December — Diciembre
Date — Fecha
Month — Mes
Year — Año
Decade — Década
Century — Siglo
Colors:
Black — Negro
White — Blanco
Gray — Gris
Blue — Azul
Red — Rojo
Yellow — Amarillo
Green — Verde
Orange — Anaranjado
Purple — Púrpura
Brown — Marrón
Pink — Rosado
LESSON 6
Hay libros aquí

6.1 "Hay" (there is / there are)
In Spanish we don't need a "there is" for singular and "there are" for plural as in English.
We can say "there are books on the table" using "hay" as follows: "hay libros en la
mesa", and we can also say "there is a book on the table" with "hay" as follows: "hay un
libro en la mesa".
Examples:
There are eggs in the refrigerator. — Hay huevos en el refrigerador.
There's a book on the table. — Hay un libro en la mesa.
There is food in the microwave. — Hay comida en el microondas.
There are two girls in the Spanish class. — Hay dos chicas en la clase de Español.
To say this in the negative way, we just add the "no" before "hay". E.g. "No hay comida
en el microondas" (There's no food in the microwave). Negative forms in Spanish are as
simple as adding "no".
In the interrogative form, we just add the question marks.
If we want to say it in the past tense, the verb changes. But it's important to know that it
doesn't matter if it's singular or plural, we use the same for both in the past tense. The
past of "hay" is "había". Let me get you some examples:
Examples:
Are there eggs in the refrigerator? — ¿Hay huevos en el refrigerador?
Is there a book on the table? — ¿Hay un libro en la mesa?
There was a book on the table. — Había un libro en la mesa.
There were eggs in the refrigerator. — Había huevos en el refrigerador.
There wasn't an apple in the refrigerator. — No había una manzana en el
refrigerador.
Was there a car in the garage? — ¿Había un carro en el garaje?
Were there books on the desk? — ¿Había libros en el escritorio?
6.2 Plural
In Spanish it's pretty easy to pluralize a word. Just adding an "s" at the end if the word
ends in any vocal. If the word ends in any consonant, we add "-es". When the consontan
is a "z", we change it for a "c". Let's go with examples:
Examples:
Sol (sun) - soles
Libro (book) - libros
Carro (car) - carros
Pastel (pie) - pasteles
Canción (song) - canciones
Celular (cellphone) - celulares
Casa (house) - casas
Lápiz (pencil) - lapices
The books are small. — Los libros son pequeños. (libro)

My friends are good. — Mis amigos son buenos. (amigo)
Your shoes are black. — Tus zapatos son negros. (zapato)
The mice are ugly. — Los ratones son feos. (ratón)
My teeth are white. — Mis dientes son blancos. (diente)
6.3 Expressions of place

To specify a place near to us, we use "here", which in Spanish means "aquí" (or "acá"
which is the same). When you talk about a little further place we say "there" in English,
which is "allá" in Spanish (or "allí", which is the same").
Examples:
My book is there. — Mi libro está allá.
She is there with her friend. — Ella está allá con su amigo.
I am here eating an apple. — Yo estoy aquí comiendo una manzana.
They are here since yesterday. — Ellos están aquí desde ayer.
Were you here today? — ¿Estabas aquí hoy?
Is my father there? — ¿Mi padre está allá?
Here is my homework. — Aquí está mi tarea.
Rose lives there since 2013. — Rose vive allá desde el 2013.
The dog is here, in the house. — El perro está aquí, en la casa.
6.4 Frequency adverbs

Ever - Alguna vez
Always — Siempre
Usually — Usualmente
Often — A menudo
Sometimes — Algunas veces
Rarely — Rara vez
Never — Nunca
Almost — Casi
A lot — Mucho
When asking "How often...?" in Spanish, we ask: "¿Qué tan a menudo...?".
Examples:
How often do you see the doctor? — ¿Qué tan a menudo ves al doctor?
I never eat meat. — Yo nunca como carne.
Sometimes he sees you. — Algunas veces él te ve.
She usually goes to the gym. — Ella va usualmente al gimnasio.
Do you ever study at home? - ¿Alguna vez estudias en casa?
6.5 "If" conditional

As we've said before, accents are important in Spanish. We already know that "Sí" in
Spanish means "Yes". But "Si" (without accent on "i") means "If".
Examples:
If you come tomorrow, we will go to the park. — Si vienes mañana, iremos al parque.
I will buy the car if it is white. — Yo compraré el carro si es blanco.
If she remembers, she will come today. — Si ella recuerda, ella vendrá hoy.
I’ll eat if you eat with me. — Yo comeré si tú comes conmigo.
If he answers the phone, I will speak. — Si él contesta el teléfono, yo hablaré.
If the house is big, then I’ll buy it. — Si la casa es grande, entonces la compraré.
If they call you, you will go. — Si ellos te llaman, tú irás.
6.6 Vocabulary 6: Opposites

The adjectives here are in male, remember that if you want to say it in female form, you
have to change the ending "-o" by an "-a" (e.g. "feo - fea"). You'll see some examples
later.
Largo / Corto - Long / Short

Bonito / Feo - Beautiful / Ugly
Oscuro / Claro - Dark / Clear
Feliz / Triste - Happy / Sad
Grande / Pequeño - Big / Small
Alto / Bajo - High / Low
Cerrado / Abierto - Closed / Open
Ancho / Estrecho - Wide / Narrow
Dentro / Fuera - Inside / Outside
Verdadero / Falso - True / False
Principio / Final - Beginning / End
Antes / Después - Before / After
Encendido / Apagado - On / Off
Todo / Nada - Everything / Nothing
Examples:
La TV está encendida. - The TV is on.
La noche está oscura. - The night is dark.
Nosotros somos grandes. - We are big.
Juan está triste. - Juan is sad.
LESSON 7
Yo debería leer el libro

7.1 Present perfect
The present perfect is a verbal form in which the verb in past participle goes with
another verb which is called auxiliary verb.
English example: I have(auxiliary verb) eaten(verb).

In Spanish the auxiliary verb "to have" means "haber". Just for you to know, the verb "to
have" has two meanings in Spanish, this is "tener" and "haber". In this case we are
working with the meaning "haber".
The conjugation of the verb "Haber" is:
Yo he - I have
Tú has - You have
Él / ella / (object) ha - He / she / it has
Nosotros / nosotras hemos - We (male) / we (female) have
Ustedes han - You (all) have
Ellos / ellas han - They (male) / they (female) have
So, going back to the English example before, we have: "I have eaten" which in Spanish
is "Yo he comido" (verb: comer).
It is really easy to turn a simple present verb into past participle in Spanish, you just
have to change its ending letters "-ar", "-er" or "-ir" to "-ado" or "-ido".
When the in finitive form of the verb ends in "-ar", then it must be substituted by "-ado":
"matar / matado" (to kill), "sangrar / sangrado" (to bleed), etc.
When the in finitive form ends in "-er" or "-ir", then you have to substitute this by "-ido":
"venir / venido" (to come), "saber / sabido" (to know), etc.
Examples:
I have walked. — Yo he caminado.
He has helped me. — Él me ha ayudado.
They have danced here before. — Ellos han bailado aquí antes.
I've worked a lot today. — Yo he trabajado mucho hoy.
We've cried for two days. — Hemos llorado por dos días.
Practice this and don't get confused with the past simple or present progressive. :)
7.2 Should / shouldn't

As we know, "should" is a modal verb of English. In Spanish means "debería". And, as
everything else in Spanish, we can get its negative form by adding "no" before it.
The conjugation of this is:
Yo debería - I should
Tú deberías - You should
Él / Ella / (object) debería - He / She / It should
Nosotros / nosotras deberíamos - We should
Ustedes deberían - You (all) should
Ellos / Ellas deberían - They should
Examples:
I should go to my house now. — Yo debería irme a mi casa ahora.
People should show respect to the flag. — La gente debería mostrar respeto a la
bandera.
You should not smoke here. — Tú no deberías fumar aquí.
We should go to sleep. — Deberíamos ir a dormir.
Should I work today? — ¿Yo debería trabajar hoy?
She shouldn’t say that. — Ella no debería decir eso.
7.3 Can / can't

As we say "can" in English to let know that Yes, we can!, in Spanish is the verb "Poder".
In the negative form, we just add a "no". Let's see how easy.
The conjugation of this verb is:
Yo puedo - I can
Tú puedes - You can
Él / Ella / (object) puede - He / She / It can
Nosotros / nosotras podemos - We can
Ustedes pueden - You (all) can
Ellos / Ellas pueden - They can
Examples:
Can I go to your house tomorrow? — ¿Puedo ir a tu casa mañana?
She can't go to the party today. — Ella no puede ir a la fiesta hoy.
David can do that homework. — David puede hacer esa tarea.
You can come to my father's house. — Puedes venir a la casa de mi padre.
Can we call the police? — ¿Podemos llamar a la policía?
I cannot study with the radio on. — No puedo estudiar con el radio encendido.
7.4 Would / wouldn't

To make a sentence with the verb in conditional form (would do, would be, etc.) in
Spanish, we just add "-ía" to the end of the verb. E.g. "matar / mataría" (to kill), " fingir /
fingiría" (to lie), etc.

In the cases which the in finitive verb ends in "-nir" or "-ner" (e.g. "venir" (to come),
"sostener" (to hold)), we substitute "-er" or "-ir" by "-dría". E.g. "Venir - vendría",
"Sostener - sostendría".
No! Don't give up!! Let's see some examples:
Examples:
(verb: ver) I would see you. — Yo te vería.
(verb: ser) He would be a doctor. — Él sería un doctor.
(verb: bailar) Would you dance with me? — ¿Bailarías conmigo?
(verb: venir) Would you come with us? — ¿Vendrías con nosotros?
7.5 Could / couldn't

"Could" is also a modal verb of English. In Spanish means "podría". And, as everything
else in Spanish, we can get its negative form by adding "no" before it.
The conjugation of this is:
Yo poría - I could
Tú podrías - You could
Él / Ella / (object) podría - He / She / It could
Nosotros / nosotras podríamos - We could
Ustedes podrían - You (all) could
Ellos / Ellas podrían - They could
Examples:
Could you open the door? — ¿Podrías abrir la puerta?
Could you do me a favor? — ¿Podrías hacerme un favor?
I could go to Canada next month. — Podría ir a Canadá el próximo mes.
You could write a letter to her. — Podrías escribirle una carta a ella.
I couldn’t see you in the park. — No pude verte en el parque.
She couldn’t stay yesterday. — Ella no podía quedarse ayer.
7.6 Vocabulary 7: The numbers

Cardinal numbers:
(1) uno
(2) dos
(3) tres
(4) cuatro
(5) cinco
(6) seis
(7) siete
(8) ocho
(9) nueve
(10) diez
(11) once
(12) doce
(13) trece
(14) catorce
(15) quince
(16) dieciséis
(17) diecisiete
(18) dieciocho
(19) diecinueve
(20) veinte
(30) treinta
(40) cuarenta
(50) cincuenta
(60) sesenta
(70) setenta
(80) ochenta
(90) noventa
(100) cien
(1000) mil
(1000000) un millón
After number twenty (20) you add the numbers from one to nine and the preposition
"and" in Spanish ("y"). E.g. "21 - veinte y uno", "34 - treinta y cuatro", "99 - noventa y
nueve", etc.
Números ordinales:
(1st) primero
(2nd) segundo
(3rd) tercero
(4th) cuarto
(5th) quinto
(6th) sexto
(7th) séptimo
(8th) octavo
(9th) noveno
(10th) décimo
VOCABULARIES
Vocabularios
8.1 The body
Cuerpo — Body
Cabeza — Head
Frente — Forehead
Nariz — Nose
Ceja — Eyebrow
Ojo — Eye
Oreja — Ear
Boca — Mouth
Mejilla — Cheek
Diente — Tooth
Lengua — Tongue
Labios — Lips
Cabello — Hair
Cuello — Neck
Hombro — Shoulder
Pecho — Chest
Brazo — Arm
Mano — Hand
Dedo — Finger
Uñas — Nails
Estómago — Stomach
Codo — Elbow
Muñeca — Wrist
Espalda — Back
Cintura — Waist
Pierna — Leg
Pie — Foot
Rodilla — Knee
8.2 The house

Casa — House
Apartamento — Apartment
Sala de estar — Living room
Comedor — Dining room
Dormitorio — Bedroom
Cocina — Kitchen
Baño — Bathroom
Garaje — Garage
Patio — Backyard
Balcón — Balcony
Sótano — Basement
Ático — Attic
Jardín — Garden
8.3 Clothes
Camisa — Shirt
Camiseta — T-shirt
Polo — Poloshirt
Pantalones — Pants
Zapatos — Shoes
Botas — Boots
Falda — Skirt
Vestido — Dress
Blusa — Blouse
Bata — Robe
Calconzillos — Underpants
Bragas — Panties
Pantalones cortos — Shorts
Pantalones fuerte azul — Jeans
Gorra — Cap
Sombrero — Hat
Calcetín — Sock
Corbata — Tie
Traje — Suit
Chaqueta — Jacket
Bufanda — Scarf
Correa — Belt
Lentes de sol — Sunglasses
8.4 Places
Hogar — Home
Escuela — School
Peluquería — Barbershop
Biblioteca — Library
Librería — Bookstore
Museo — Museum
Hospital — Hospital
Iglesia — Church
Supermercado — Supermarket
Cafetería — Cafe
Parque — Park
Tienda — Store
Universidad — College
Hotel — Hotel
Campo — Country
Playa — Beach
Restaurante — Restaurant
Cine — Movie Theater
Parada de autobuses — Bus station
Parque de atracciones — Amusement park
Salón de belleza — Beauty salon
8.5 Professions and other

Ingeniero — Engineer
Médico — Doctor
Abogado — Lawyer
Arquitecto — Architect
Contable — Accountant
Empresario — Businessman
Empresaria — Businesswoman
Dentist — Dentista
Bombero — Fireman
Electricista — Electrician
Jardinero — Gardener
Ama de casa — Housewife
Enfermera — Nurse
Mecánico — Mechanic
Joyero — Jeweller
Plomero — Plumber
Profesor — Teacher
Camarero — Waiter
Camarera — Waitress
Escritor — Writer
Policía — Policeman
Cajero — Cashier
8.6 Animals
Animales — Animals
Salvaje — Wild
Mascota — Pet
Caballo — Horse
Vaca — Cow
Toro — Bull
Burro — Donkey
Gallina — Hen
Gallo — Rooster
Pollo — Chicken
Perro — Dog
Gato — Cat
Ave — Bird
Mariposa — Butter fly
Ganzo — Goose
Pato — Duck
Pez — Fish
Cabra — Goat
Conejo — Rabbit
Cerdo — Pig
Ratón — Mouse
Rana — Frog
Oso — Bear
Mono — Monkey
León — Lion
Tigre — Tiger
Elefante — Elephant
8.7 Fruits
Fruta — Fruit
Fresa — Strawberry
Cereza — Cherry
Melón — Melon
Pera — Pear
Manzana — Apple
Naranja — Orange
Banana — Banana
Pomelo — Grapefruit
Uva — Grape
Sandía — Watermelon
Melocotón — Peach
Piña — Pineapple
Guayaba — Guava
Limón — Lemon
Coco — Coconut
Aguacate — Avocado
8.8 Computer
Computadora — Computer
Computadora portátil — Laptop
Computadora de escritorio — Desktop
Monitor — Monitor
Pantalla — Screen
Teclado — Keyboard
Ratón — Mouse
Impresora — Printer
Altavoces — Speakers
Escáner — Scanner
Cámara web — Webcam
Micrófono — Microphone
Red — Network
Carpeta — Folder
Archivo — File
Correo electrónico — E-mail
Download Spanish I Learn (available for Android only) and take the tests of these
lessons to see how good you've become in Spanish.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.otbal.spanishilearn

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com 12 Feb 2017

• Lesson 6: Hay libros aquí

1.2 Greetings and expressions

¿Cómo estás? - How are you?

¿De dónde eres? - Where are you from?

Nos vemos - See you

Gusto en conocerte - Nice to meet you

1.3 Asking questions

1.4 Vocabulary 1: Words and adjectives

2.2 De finite and inde finite articles

The car - El carro (Singular, male)

A car - Un carro (Singular, male)

2.3 Verb to be (Ser / estar)

Here is the simple present tense of this verb in af firmative:

2.4 Vocabulary 2: Family

Nuera - Daughter in law

3.2 Demonstrative Adjectives

3.3 Object Pronouns

3.4 "In / on / at" prepositions

On the table — En la mesa

3.5 Vocabulary 3: Prepositions and other

4.2 Simple present: Negative

Yo no trabajo - I don't work

4.3 Simple present: Interrogative

¿Yo trabajo? - Do I work?

4.4 Simple past: A firmative

4.5 Simple past: Negative

Yo no trabajé - I didn't work

4.6 Simple past: Interrogative

¿Yo trabajé? - Did I work?

4.7 Vocabulary 4: Regular verbs

El libro será grande

5.2 Simple future: Af firmative

Yo trabajaré - I will work

5.3 Simple future: Negative

Yo no trabajaré - I won't work

5.4 Simple future: Interrogative

¿Yo trabajaré? - Will I work?

¿Nosotros trabajaremos? - Will we (male or both) work?

5.5 Present progressive

5.6 Vocabulary 5: Various

Hay libros aquí

The books are small. — Los libros son pequeños. (libro)

6.3 Expressions of place

6.4 Frequency adverbs

6.5 "If" conditional

6.6 Vocabulary 6: Opposites

Largo / Corto - Long / Short

Yo debería leer el libro

English example: I have(auxiliary verb) eaten(verb).

7.2 Should / shouldn't

7.3 Can / can't

7.4 Would / wouldn't

fingiría" (to lie), etc.

7.5 Could / couldn't

7.6 Vocabulary 7: The numbers