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Nomogram Astrand Journal PDF
Nomogram Astrand Journal PDF
CATIONS
166-b O@
Q
0
0
162d4 72 20,
l . 900 kgwp in
0*1200 -=-
158.4 68
50 60 70 a0
154.4 61 qintake in per cent of the maximum
150*460
FIG. 3. Mechanical efficiency (m.e.) when cycling
related to work metabolism expressed in 70 of subject’s
116a.156 maximal 02 intake. Calculations are made from results
of previous investigations (I). Note a) the small dif-
142*-152
ference between the values of men (below) and women,
1384418 and b) the fairly small scattering of the individual
values (a = 5.9% for women and 4.6% for men).
13L~drS1
Energy was probably delivered aerobically even at the
130-440 higher rates of work.
126436 .-c CYCLE TEST
122q432
-428
a-l24
a-l20
for women, 1200 for men) where the O2 intake was tween the determined and the calculated maximal
determined. A statistical analysis of the values in 02 intake. For two-thirds of the cases the difference
figure 4 gives a mean difference of 0.023 ~fr 0.059 (standard d eviation) will be less than 6.7% for men
(females 0.010 =t 0.051) liters O2 per minute be- and 9.4% for women (table I). With a lower rate
of work, 600 and 900 kg m/min for women and
TABLE I. ERROR OF METHODS WHEN MAXIMAL 02 men respectively, the standard deviation was
INTAKEISCALCULATEDFROMNOMOGRAMAS COMPARED higher, 14.4a/~ for women and 10.40/~ for men.
WITH DIRECTLY DETERMINED MAXIMUM A second control of the validity of the nomogram
is given by figure 5. For 18 well-trained male sub-
Max. 02 Intake, jects, 18-19 years of age, the maximal O2 intake was
l/min.
No., Sex - Error, determined (5). Additional tests were done, such
From % as a step test on a ho-cm bench, frequency 22.5
Deter. nomo-
gram steps/min, and running on a treadmill set at an
angle of IO. The speed was IO km/hr. The values for
Cycling, 900 kg m/m&. 02 intake and heart rate during these submaximal
27, M 1 4.11 1 4.07 1 ~141 =t .083 0.43 10.4 tests were used for calculations of the subject’s
Cycling, IZOO kg m/min.”
aerobic capacity. The mean difference between the
22, M I 4.15 I 4.17 1 -23 * -59 0.28 6.7
Cycling, 600 kg m/min.
calculated and determined maximal O2 intake was
31, F I 2.87 I 3.00 I *I37 * -77 0.42
0.006 =t 0.066 l/min in the step test, and 0.020 h
14.4
Cycling, 900 kg m/min.* 0.058 l/min in the treadmill test. The standard
29, F I 2.91 2.92 .OIO It .og 0.27 9.4 deviation was less than 7yo (table I).
Step testt For 31 female and 28 male subjects 20-30 years
1% M 1 4.03 I 4.03 I .006 zt .066 0.28 6.8
Running, IO km/hr., I' uphill t
17, M 1 4.07 1 4-s 1 *020 0.23 54
Calc. Calc.
step cycle
test test
Cycling, 900 kg m/m&. and step test$
28, M I 4.09 1 4.12 I .025 =J= .057 0.30 7.3
Cycling, 600 kg m/min. and step test$
31, F 1 3.05 1 3.05 1 .003 & .052 0.29 9.5
Maximal 02 Intake
No., Body Height, cm
Sex Weight, kg
l/min. ml/kg/min.
449 F 60.3 h 0.0 165.8 -f= 0.8 2.90 ZJZ0.04 48.4 =t 0.5
(48.9-7~7) (155.6-176.0) (2.40-3.40) (42.0-54.8)
42, M 70.4 & 1.0 176.7 h 1.0 4.11 =t 0.06 58.6 =t 0.7
determined maximal 0, intake y’min (58.0-82.8) (164.7-188.7) (3.37-4.85) (50.4-66.8)
FIG. 5. For text, see fig. 4. The tests were a step Values are means 3~2,; range, in parentheses, 2 X 6 = 95%
test and a treadmill test. range.
of age, the maximal oxygen intake was calculated events calling for endurance, e.g., running and
from a) the heart rate and 02 intake when doing a skiiing, are characterized by a very high figure for
cycle test (600 and 900 kg m/min), and b) the maximal oxygen intake/kg/min (I, 6, 7).
heart rate and 02 intake when doing the mentioned On the other hand, when testing a subject for a
step test (methods and subjects are described by job of a fixed demand for oxygen intake, e.g., in
Ryhming, ref. 2). These two values for maximal industrial work, his aerobic capacity is decisive. It
O2 intake were compared, and the mean difference is suggested that the metabolism during a job
between the means was 0.003 rt 0.052 l/min for involving large groups of muscles should not exceed
the women and 0.025 =t 0.057 for the men. The 507~ of the individual’s aerobic capacity (I, 8).
standard deviation was 9.5 and 7.3% respectively. It should be emphasized that the nomogram is
These results are illustrated by figure 6 and table I. based on results from experiments with healthy
subjects 18-30 years of age. We do not know its
DISCUSSION validity when testing younger or older people or
When testing circulatory-respiratory fitness, a patients with diseases in the oxygen-transporting
type of work must be chosen which engages large system. Therefore, results obtained from tests
groups of muscles and the work level must be rela- with those categories must be evaluated with
tively high. The duration of work must be long special criticism. Experience combined with further
enough to permit the adjustment of circulation and research should decide upon the application of the
ventilation to the level of exercise. The above- nomogram and interpretation of the results.
mentioned results are derived from a single work As stated above, in normal conditions the heart
test with the subject stepping up and down a rate during work is determined by the metabolism.
bench, cycling on a bicycle ergometer, or running However, in a hot climate, when dehydrated, when
on a treadmill. The duration of work was 5-6 exposed to hypoxia, the subject will attain a higher
minutes and the determinations of oxygen intake, heart rate when performing work of a given in-
etc., were done during the last minute. It was tensity as compared with normalcy. Applying the
found that a test with a submaximal work level nomogram would give a measure of the reduction
could give good information about the subject’s in his aerobic capacity induced by the extra load on
aerobic capacity. The best results were obtained circulation.
when the test work was of such a severity that the SUMMARY
heart rate during steady state attained a level some-
where between 125 and 170. Within these limits A nomogram is presented where an individual’s
there is normally an almost linear increase in me- maximal attainable oxygen intake (aerobic
tabolism with heart rate. For the examined subjects, capacity) can be calculated from heart rate and
the maximal heart rate reached during exhausting oxygen intake (or work level) reached during a test
work was about 195 (6 = IO). This means that the with a submaximal rate of work. As test work a step
slope of a heart rate-oxygen intake curve is deter- test, treadmill test or cycle test can be chosen. It is
mined by the subject’s aerobic capacity. We do not suggested that the individual’s aerobic capacity
know whether there is a linear relationship between per kilogram body weight per minute will give a
the cardiac output and the oxygen intake, nor the good measure of his physical fitness. Values for
variations of stroke volume and arterio-venous 02 healthy, well-trained men and women 20-30 years
difference as the stress on the circulation increases Oi’ age are presented.
with heavier work load. Consequently, the physio- REFERENCES
logical explanation of the findings of a high correla- I. ASTRAND, P.-O. Experimental Studies of Physical
tion between the heart rate when performing sub- Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age. Co-
maximal work and the maximal oxygen intake is penhagen: Munksgaard, 1952.
far from obvious. 2. RYHMING, I. Arbeitsphysiologie 15: 235, 1953.
Table 2 gives values for maximal oxygen intake 3- ASTRAND, P.-O. Meddelanden jr& Flyg-och Naval-
(l/min and ml/kg/min) for healthy, well-trained medicinska Ntimnden 4: 16, 1953.
men and women. The maximal oxygen intake 40 WAHLUND, H. Acta med. scandinav. Suppl. 215, 1948.
probably varies with the muscular mass, and the 50 ASTRAND, P.-O. Arbeitsphysiologie 15: 251, 1953.
ratio of muscular mass to body weight should in 6. ROBINSON, S., H. T. EDWARDS AND D. B. DILL.
Science 85: 409, 1937.
many instances be an important factor in deter-
7* CHRISTENSEN, E. H. AND P. H~GBERG. Arbeits-
mining the individual’s capacity for hard work. physiologie 14: 292, 1950.
Thus, the maximal oxygen per kilogram body 8. CHRISTENSEN, E. H. In: Symposium on Fatigue,
weight will give a good conception of physical (Ergonomics Research Society). London : Lewis,
fitness. Athletes famous for their good results in 1953, PP* 93-108.