DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH WORK
IN
ARCOMPRE
AR-5S1
“HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE”

ARHISTORY 4

SUBMITTED BY:

MEDALLA JUVITA S.

SUBMITTED TO:

AR. ROBERT SALONGA

 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
REFLECTIONS ON ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES: THEIR
CHANGES AND CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORAY LIFE AND THE
IDEOLOGY OF CONSERVING ITS ARCHITECTURAL LEGACIES.

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most
prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are from the Spanish Colonial period, though much
Philippine architecture is also influenced by Japanese, Malay, Hindu, Chinese, and American cultures.
The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials
but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers came but not well
documented.
 SPANISH- During this period Intramurous, the walled city, of Manila, was built with its walls,
houses, churches and fortresses. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches
all over the Philippine Islands.
 AMERICAN COLONIAL- In this period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed,
with a large number of art deco buildings, by famous American and Filipino architects. During
the liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945 large portions of Intramurous and Manila
were destroyed. In the period after the second world war many of the destroyed buildings were
rebuilt.
 Pre-colonial Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the main form of dwelling for a family in the
Philippines was the nipa hut, a single room house composed of wood, bamboo or other native
materials. Though the styles of the nipa hut varied throughout the country, most all of them
shared similar characteristics including having it raised slightly above ground on stilts and a
steep roof. Aside from nipa huts, other small houses were built on top of trees to prevent
animal as well as enemy attacks.
 Colonial Spanish Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The
influence of European architecture and its style actually came via the Antilles through the
Manila Galleon. The most lasting legacy of Spain in terms of architecture was its colonial
churches which were designed by anonymous friar.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:

 FALE- is the Samoan word for any type of building,

simple huts .

 TOROGAN- is a traditional house built by the Maranao

people of Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines. A torogan was a
symbol of high social status. Such a residence was once a
home to a sultan or Datu in the Maranao community.

 BAHAY-KUBO- the Colonian Filipino House, is a

mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese
influences.
 Fort Santiago Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a
defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, Miguel
López de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures of the
walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines.

VERNACULAR TERMS:

POST  -  halige / poste COLAR PLATE  - sinturon

GIRDER  -  gililan FASCIA BOARD – senepa
JOIST  -  soleras EXTERNAL SIDING – tabike
FLOORING – sahig/suwelo VERTICAL STUD – pilarete
GIRT  - sepo HORIZONTAL STUD – pabalagbag

BEAM – biga CEILING JOIST – kostilyahe

TRUSS – kilo WINDOW SILL – pasamano
BOTTOM CHORD – barakilan WINDOW HEAD – sombrero
TOP CHORD – tahilan WINDOW OR DOOR JAMB – hamba
PURLINS  - reostra OPEN STRINGER -  hardinera
CLOSED STRINGER – madre de eskalera SPACING or GAP – biyento
TREAD – baytang
RISER – takip silipan CONCRETE SLAB – larga masa
HANDRAIL – gabay ALIGNMENT  - asintada
MOLDING – muldora PLUMB LINE  -  hulog
CEMENT TILES – baldosa
EAVE – sibe CEMENT BRICK – ladrilyo
PROJECTION – bolada DOOR FILLET – batidora
FRAMEWORK – balangkas GROOVE – kanal
GUTTER – kanal WOOD GRAIN – haspe
CONDUCTOR – alulod PATTERN or SCHEDULE  - plantilya
HINGE – bisagra
WROUGHT IRON STRAP – plantsuwela
BOLT – pierno PANELED DOOR – de bandeha
SCAFFOLDING – plantsa EARTHFILL  - eskumbro
STAKE – staka MASONRY FILL – lastilyas
PLASTERED COURSE – kusturada ADOBE ANCHOR – liyabe
SOLDER – hinang
STUCCO or PLASTER  - palitada
SCRATCH COAT  - rebokada SOLDERING LEAD – estanyo
PICHWORK on MASONRY – piketa
VARNISH FINISH – monyeka

a earthfill -------------------------------- eskumbro,

adobe anchor –----------------------- liyabe
alignment ------------------------------- asintada
b
beam –--------------------------------------- biga
bolt –--------------------------------------- pierno
bottom chord –---------------------- barakilan
c framework –---------------------------- balangkas
ceiling joist –------------------------- kostilyahe
cement brick –----------------------- ladrilyo
cement tiles –------------------------ baldosa
closed stringer –------------------madre de
eskalera
colar plate --------------------------- sinturon
concrete slab –--------------------- larga masa
conductor –--------------------------- alulod
d hinge -------------------------------–----- bisagra
door fillet –----------------------------batidora
escombro
eave –---------------------------------------- sibe
external siding –------------------- tabike
f
fascia board –------------------------- senepa
flooring –-------------------------------- sahig/suwelo
floor joist ----------------------------- soleras
g
girder ------------------------------------- gililan
girt ----------------------------------------- sepo
groove –----------------------------------- kanal
gutter --------------------------------–--- kanal
h
handrail –------------------------------- gabay
horizontal stud –----------------- pabalagbag

e m
masonry fill –----------------------- lastilyas solder –--------------------------------hinang
miter joint ---------------------------- canto mesa soldering lead –-----------------estanyo
molding –------------------------------- muldora spacing or gap –------------------- biyento
split knob ----------------------------poleya
o stake –---------------------------------- staka
open stringer --------------------- hardinera stucco or plaster -------------palitada

p
paneled door –--------------------- de bandeha
pattern or schedule -----------plantilya
plastered course –------------ kusturada
plumb line -----------------------------hulog
post --------------------------------------- halige /
poste
projection –------------------------- bolada
purlins -------------------------------- reostra
t
top chord –----------------------------- tahilan
tread –------------------------------------- baytang
truss or rafter –--------------------- kilo
v
varnish finish –---------------------- monyeka
vertical stud –------------------------pilarete

r
w
riser –-------------------------------------takip silipan window head -----------------------– sombrero
rivet--------------------------------------- rimatse window or door jamb –-------- hamba
window sill –------------------------- pasamano
s wood grain –-------------------------- haspe
scaffolding –---------------------- plantsa wrought iron strap –---------- plantsuwela
scratch coat ---------------------rebokada

PHILIPPINE CHURCHES:

The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic country due to the influence of the Spanish colonial era. For
over 300 years, Spain did not only mold our religion and ethnic history but influenced many of our
country’s churches. If you’re thinking of going out of town this Holy Week, we suggest including at least
one of these beautiful churches in your Visita Iglesia itinerary.

1. Betis Church, Guagua, Pampanga

The Baroque-inspired church was built back in 1660. Betis
Church is tagged as the Sistine Chapel of the Philippines
due to its outstanding European-styled murals and
carvings. The interior is hand-painted with frescoes and
trompe l’oeil artwork originally done by Macario Ligon.
Because of its exquisiteness, it is declared as a National
Cultural Treasure by the National Museum and the NCCA.
 2. Caleruega Church- Bgry. Caylaway, Batulao,
Nasugbu, Batangas

Caleruega’s name is inspired from a town in Spain,

which was the birthplace of St. Dominic de Guzman,
father of the Order of Preachers. The Caleruega
Church is rested on top of a hill. The church is
enclosed with vibrant greenery and lovely gardens
that never fail to fascinate visitors. The Caleruega is
known as a place for reflection and relaxation. One
of its features is a retreat house.

3. Callao Cave Chapel- Peñablanca, Cagayan

Callao Cave Chapel is a limestone cave made of

seven enormous chambers: Chapel, Column,
Skeleton, Elephant’s Head, Praying Angel, Rocket,
Lion’s Head and Dog’s Head Formations. Hence, to
be able to witness Callao’s full beauty, you need to
power through an uphill trek. Out of all the
chambers, the chapel is the most captivating. When
the light is cast upon the hall through the opening
of the cave, the effect is magical.

4. The Minor Basilica of San Sebastian, better known as San

Sebastian Church or San Sebastian Basilica, is a minor
basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in Manila,
Philippines. It is the church of the parish of San Sebastian.
Completed in 1891, San Sebastian Church is noted for its
architecture.

5. Miag-ao Church- Well-

known for its artistic sculptural relief carved on its facade,
the church was completed in 1797. The church served as a
stronghold against Muslim raiders back in the old days. Miag-
ao Church is considered an architectural beauty due to its
extraordinary construction and exceptional design. The
yellowish hue of the facade is attributed to the construction resources used such as adobe, egg, coral
and limestone.

6.Paoay Church- Paoay Church, also known as the St. Augustine

Church, was completed in 1894 under the leadership of Fr. Antonio
Estavillo. The structure of the church is called “Earthquake Baroque”
due to its distinctive combination of gothic and oriental designs. Its
facade evokes a Gothic style: the gables show Chinese elements,
while the niches on the walls suggest a Javanese influence. Another
factor that makes Paoay Church a perfect example of “earthquake
baroque” is its outrageous sized buttresses that outline the building.

7.St. Andrew Kim Parish- Inspired by a Korean and

European structural design, the parish was built to pay
tribute to the first Korean Catholic priest who studied and
sought refuge in Bulacan. Because of its clean, minimalist
treatment dominated with white, black and gold motifs,
the parish gives out a beaming luminosity underneath a
clear bright sky. In addition, aside from its distinct
architecture, the landscaping is notably inspiring.

8. Daraga Church- Located in a serene hill in the town of

Daraga Sta. Maria Street, Daraga, Albay, the church of Nuestra
Señora de la Porteria (Our Lady of the Gate) is a marvelous gift
from the Franciscan missionaries to Daraga. With an
overlooking view of the Mayon Volcano and the sea, Daraga
Church is said to be one of the architectural and cultural gems
in the Philippines. It is definitely a blend of architectural styles:
Renaissance Gothic and Mexican baroque. Also, the church’s
richly ornamented facade was carefully engraved from
volcanic stones.

9.Basilica of San Martin de Torres (Taal Basilica)- Taal,

Batangas

Acknowledged to be the largest church in the Philippines and

in Asia, standing 96 meters long and 45 meters wide, Taal
Basilica is one astonishing landmark that sits on the crest of a hill right at the center of town. The
church’s most noticeable feature is its facade that consists of a single mass of stone shaped into rich and
complex designs. The historical baroque church is made of coral stones and adobe.

10. Sta. Maria Church- The Church of Our Lady of the

Assumption (Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), commonly known
as the Santa Maria Church is the parish church of Santa
Maria in Ilocos Sur province, Philippines. The church was
designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11,
1993 as part of the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, a
collection of four Baroque Spanish-era churches.[2]
The Santa Maria Church is an attraction to both tourists and
Catholics in Ilocos Sur. It is not only a reminiscent of the four
centuries of Spanish domination of that area but also a unique structure with a diversified architectural
design of bricks and mortar. It was built on top of a hill not only as a lookout and a citadel but as a
religious center during the early administration of the region by both the friars and soldiers of Spain.

11. The Nuestra Señora de Gracia Church, also known

as Guadalupe Church (abbreviated as NSDG), is
a Baroque Roman Catholic church in Makati, Philippines. The
parish church and its adjacent monastery are currently
administered by the Augustinian friars of the Province of Santo
Niño de Cebu. The territory of the parish covers San Carlos
Seminary, the major seminary of the Archdiocese of Manila and
Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary. The current Parish
Priest is Rev. Fr. Basilio S. Sugata-on, OSA. Its adjacent seminary
currently housed 6 priest and 6 young professional seminarians to date .

12. The Saints Peter and Paul Parish

Church (Iglesia  Parroquial  de los Santos Pedro y Pablo),
commonly known as Calasiao Church is a baroque church located
in Poblacion West, Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines. It belongs to
the Vicariate of Sts. Peter and Paul under the Ecclesiastical
Province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen-
Dagupan. The 57, 840 Catholics is under the pastoral care of Rev.
Fidelis B. Layog, assisted by Rev. Isidro Palinar, Jr. and andRev.
Raymund Manaois.[1]
The Spanish-colonial-era Church was declared a National Cultural
Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines and the National Commission for Culture and the
Arts .

13. The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the

Immaculate Conception (Filipino: Basilika Menor at Kalakhang
Katedral ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi; Spanish: Basílica Menor y
Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción), also known as the Manila
Cathedral (Spanish: Catedral de Manila), is the cathedral of Manila and basilica located in Intramuros,
the historic walled city within today's modern city of Manila, Philippines. It is dedicated to
the Immaculate Conception, a title for the Blessed Virgin Mary, the principal patroness of the country.
The cathedral serves as the episcopal seat of the Archbishop of Manila.
The cathedral was originally a parish church in Manila under the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1571, until it
became a separate diocese on February 6, 1579 upon the issuance of the papal bull, Illius Fulti
Præsido by Pope Gregory XIII.[1] The cathedral was damaged and destroyed several times since the
original structure was built in 1581 while the eighth and current structure of the cathedral was
completed in 1958.[2]
The basilica has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII and three apostolic visits
from Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis. On 27 April 1981, Pope John Paul II issued papal
bull Quod Ipsum designating the cathedral as a minor basilica by his own Motu Proprio

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANT WORKS:

1.Francisco Mañosa- Francisco "Bobby" Mañosa (12 February 1931 – 20

February 2019) was a Filipino architect considered as one of the most
influential Filipino architects of the 20th century [1] for having pioneered the
art of Philippine neovernacular architecture. [2] His contributions to the
development of Philippine architecture led to his recognition as a National
Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 2018.[3][4][5]
Although he was popularly known as the architect of the Coconut Palace,
[6]
 his other notable works include the EDSA Shrine, the Davao Pearl Farm,
and Amanpulo resorts.[2][7]
Mañosa devoted his life's work to creating a Filipino identity in
architecture, advocating design philosophies that harken "back to
the bahay kubo and the bahay na bato,” and other traditional vernacular forms. Mañosa became known
for combining these traditional forms and indigenous materials with modern building technology to
create structures which he felt were those best suited to the Philippines' tropical climate.

Pearl Farm Beach Resort

2. Mañosa brothers (Manuel, Francisco, and Jose)- “Mañosa is one of the most influential
Filipino architects of the 20th century,” writes architect and scholar Gerard Lico.  “He staked out the
ground for a vernacular consciousness to flourish in the post-colonial architectural scene. Highly
regarded as the pioneering figure of neovernacular architecture in the Philippines, Mañosa designed
buildings of primal beauty, revealing the vital virtues of Filipino identity and its tropical context.”
 
Now the man who designed the Coconut Palace, the Edsa Shrine, the world-renowned Amanpulo and
Pearl Farm resorts and many other landmarks will finally get his due.
Accompanying the exhibition is a lecture series for architecture and design students that will run
Saturdays at the National Museum Auditorium from February to May.
 
Among the lecturers who will speak on topics ranging from art, architecture and design to nationalism
and nation-building are: architects Gelo Mañosa, Gerard Lico, Christian Salandan and Rosario
Encarnacion-Tan; art historian Patrick Flores; creative designers Bambi Mañosa, Len Cabili and Medilen
Singh, and performance artist Joey Ayala.

Bahay kubo’
 
Mañosa’s touchstone was the bahay kubo.
 
Despite its simplicity, it had survived as a design for centuries,
because it worked. Built out of native materials that were easily
obtained at minimal cost, the bahay kubo was eminently suited to
the tropics. It was low-cost, environmentally friendly and
sustainable—everything that modern architecture aspired to.

Landmark San Miguel

 
But beyond merely looking Filipino, the design had to suit the Filipino way of life. Spaces were
configured to allow for family interaction and conviviality, both cherished Filipino values.
 
Mañosa’s first design successes came while he was working with his brothers Manuel Jr. and Jose—both
fellow architects—in the family firm the Mañosa Brothers. This period culminated in the landmark
design for the San Miguel Corp. headquarters, which drew on the Banaue rice terraces for inspiration,
and was ahead of its time with its “green” design features.

Coconut Palace
 
Beyond that, he had carte blanche, an open-ended budget,
and the resources of various government agencies at his beck
and call. The result was Mañosa’s tour de force: the Tahanang
Pilipino, better known as the Coconut Palace.
 

3.Juan Nakpil- Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil (born Juan Felipe Nakpil y de

Jesus; May 26, 1899 – May 7, 1986), known as Juan F. Nakpil, was
a Filipino architect, teacher and a community leader. In 1973, he was
named one of the National Artists for architecture.[2] He was regarded as
the Dean of Filipino Architects.

Quezon Hall - University of the Philippines Diliman

Quiapo Church

4.Pablo Antonio- Pablo Sebero Antonio, Sr. (January 25, 1901 – June

14, 1975)[1] was a Filipino architect. A pioneer of modern Philippine
architecture,[2] he was recognized in some quarters as the foremost
Filipino modernist architect of his time. [3] The rank and title of National
Artist of the Philippines was conferred on him by President Ferdinand
Marcos in 1976.

Far Eastern University

5. Tomas Mapua- first Filipino architect in the Philippines, was a Filipino architect, educator and
businessman from the Philippines. He was the founder and
first president of the Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT)
together with Civil Engr. Gonzalo T. Vales as co-founder and
founding dean of school and co-founder and founding
president of Central Colleges of the Philippines, after he
established the school on February 25, 1925. [2] He was the
first registered architect in the Philippines and first worked at
the Philippine Bureau of Public Works. He later established
his own construction company, the MYT Construction Works,
Inc.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS:

 LEANDRO LOCSIN- Leandro V. Locsin was a Filipino architect,

artist, and interior designer known for his use of concrete, floating
volume and simplistic design in his various projects. An avid
collector, he was fond of modern painting and Chinese ceramics.

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

Labelled the country’s first National Artist in 1972 by then President Marcos,
Fernando Amorsolo is often known as the ‘Grand Old Man of Philippine Art’.
The Spanish-trained realist developed a backlighting technique, where his
colorful depictions of local people reflect the radiance of the Philippine sun.
The figures and illuminated landscapes magically glow on the canvas. Despite
his deteriorating health and failing eyesight, he remained prolific until the
end, producing up to 10 paintings a month until his death at the age of 80.
Amorsolo’s creativity defines the nation’s culture and heritage to this day.

The Vargas Musuem – found inside the campus of his alma mater, the University of the Philippines,
displays a notable selection of his work.

José Joya (1931-1995)

A Filipino pioneer of Abstract expressionism, multi-media painter

José Joya uses bold and vibrant colours with a variety of painting
techniques, layering, loose impasto strokes and controlled drips. His
harmonious colours are influenced by Philippine landscapes and
tropical wildlife. His mastery lies in gestural paintings, where the paint is applied spontaneously on
canvas, sometimes directly out of the tube or through the use of broad strokes with brushes.

Pacita Abad (1946-2004)

Born on the northern island of Batanes, the internationally revered artist

first obtained a degree in Political Science at the University of the
Philippines. Her staunch activism against the Marcos regime in the 1970s,
led her to move to San Francisco to initially study law – but she found her
true calling with art. Her paintings consist of vibrant colors and a constant
change of patterns and materials. Earlier work dealt with socio-political
depictions of people, indigenous masks, tropical flowers, and underwater
scenes. Pacita created a unique technique called ‘trapunto’, where she
stitches and stuffs her vibrant canvases with a wide range of materials such as cloth, metal, beads,
buttons, shells, glass and ceramics, to give her work a three-dimensional look. Her many travels across
the globe with her husband have served as an inspiration for the techniques and materials used in her
art. Pacita has participated in over 60 exhibitions across the United States, Latin America, and Europe.

She is noted to have worked on more than 5,000 pieces of art – her masterwork being Alkaff Bridge,
Singapore, a 55-meter bridge covered in over 2,000 colourful circles. It was completed a few months
before she passed away from lung cancer in 2004.

Ang Kiukok (1935-2005)

Born to Chinese immigrants, Ang Kiukok is the pioneer of Philippine

modern figurative expressionism. Rewarded as the country’s National
Artist in 2001, he was one of the most successful commercial figures on the
local art scene from the 1960s until his death from cancer in 2005. Like
Amorsolo, his paintings are popular at auctions and have received
exceptionally high bids at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. He is known for his
distinct cubist and surrealist portrayals of the crucifixion of Christ and
mother and child. However, he is acclaimed for his series of Fishermen at
Sea, which connects both energy, faith and the struggle of fishermen under
a vibrant crimson sun labouring together to bring in the haul for the day.

His notable works are represented in the Cultural Center of the Philippines,

the National Historical Museum of Taipei and the National Museum in
Singapore.
 Benedicto Cabrera (1942-present)

Fondly known as ‘BenCab’ in the Philippines, Cabrera is the best-

selling commercial painter of his generation and a prominent head of
the local contemporary art scene. He studied under José Joya at the
University of the Philippines and received his degree in Fine Arts in
1963. His fruitful career has spanned five decades, where his
paintings, etchings, sketches, and prints have been exhibited across
Asia, Europe, and the US. He currently resides in the chilly northern
hill station of Baguio, where he established his own four-level BenCab
Museum on Asin Road that features an eclectic selection of
indigenous artifacts, personal works, and an overwhelming collection
of paintings from contemporary Filipino artists.

Kidlat Tahimik (1942-present)

A close friend of BenCab and Baguio native is critically acclaimed director

Kidlat Tahimik. Known as the father of Philippine independent film, the
government recently conferred upon him the Order of National Artist for
Film in October 2018. Born Eric de Guia, Kidlat Tahimik means ‘silent
lightning’ in Tagalog. Before entering cinema, Kidlat studied at the
prestigious University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, earning a
Masters in Business Administration. His work is associated with Third
Cinema, a film movement that denounces neo-colonialism and the
capitalist system. His films have been prominent at film festivals across
America, Europe, and Asia.

Eduardo Masferré (1909-1995)

Further north of Baguio, in the mountainous province of Sagada,

Eduardo Masferré was born to a Filipino mother and Spanish soldier. He
is regarded as the Father of Philippine photography. He documented
with great detail the everyday lives of indigenous people of the
Cordilleras. The self-taught photographer processed his own film in a
makeshift darkroom and managed to even produce prints without
electricity. His photographs capture the culture of the people in his
community and serve as a documentation of their customary practices
and rituals. Masferré’s photographs have found their way into
exhibitions around the world. The Smithsonian Institution carries at least 120 prints of his works for the
National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C.