Circuit

201
Resonant
Parallel
General

4.14 A General Parallel

Resonant Circuit:
A
general parallel resonant in Fig.t.
.17.
i
l*

circuit C is shown
consisting of ideal
elemenis R, L and
S n g of ideal elements

R L

Or

Fig.4.17
The conductance of R is G=
R
The susceptance of Lis
oL

The susceptance of C is
jBe=j =j oC
The total admittance of the circuit is given by, Y =G +j|»C-L
of
ror the Circuit to be at resonance, Y should be a pure conductance. Hence, the imaginary pal O

Y is zero.

. , C - = 0
L
(4.36)
or f,=
or LC
LC 2TVLC

4.15 Variation of Susceptances with Frequency:

G, inductive susceptance BL, capacitive
variation of the conductance
The Fig.4. 18 shows the
f. to
susceptance and admittanceY with respect
Bc
the
= as the frequency increases,
frequency i
constant for all frequencies.
As BL =
a tT
27t *
f L
,

G remains XL
C 2Ttf C. it increase:
hyperbolic variation. As Bc = 0 =

decreases and has an

nductive susceptance
is as shown, which
tends to increase fo
Y with frequency
The variation of
inearly with frequency. also tends
which also
and which to increase fo
tends to
values of BL and
ower values of f due to
the increased
2tfL
fC, both to the left and right of f,. At
2 T
of Bc
=

the increased values

nigher values of f due to

(=G.
 YA

B, 2n fC

-G R
Admittance

B, 2 t f'L

Fig.4.18

for Practical Parallel Resonant Circuit (Q)

4.16 Q factor a

circuit as shown in Fig.4.19.

Consider a practical parallel resonant

R L
ww

Evolts
Fig.4.19
The vector diagram for tlhis circuit is as shown i
Fig.4.20. The current I lags E by an angle oL.
The circuit is at resonance
I= cos d when the reactive
EComponent of the current I is zero. i.c. when I is in
with E. phase
i.e. I=h, cos .
and Ic=Lsin o
, sin At resonance, only reactive currents ilow
through the two
Fig4.20 branches, I, sin oL through R -L branch and Ie through the
Capacitance. These currents
will be many times more than the totai currenl at
there is
current resonance. Hence,
magnification in a
parallel resonant cireuit.
 0O
resonance

series & parallel

The i s o n between
quality factor of a
parallel resonant
O a n t circuit
. Qp Current through defined as ine
is defined the current magn as

capacitance
Total current al
resonance
at
resonance
-
Eo,C (4.37)
=
Zy D, C
E/Z =

RC
x
o, C= R
= Qs
Hence, the
equations for the
quality factors of
resonant circuit are the same.
a
series resoinant
The bandwidth of the
parallel resonant circuit is given
by
B.W. =
Kesonant frequency =
f (4.38)
Quality factor Qp
The relation between
o, and Qp is
given by,
R CR2
VLC L VLC
X = L
R
,CR CR2
The relation between Z, and Qp is given by
L
D
RC
(R +o? L)=R+ =R1+9L|
R
From eq.(4.31) & (4.30a)

=R(1 + Q)
between Series and Parallel Resonance:
4.17 Comparison
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
Parameter
Maximum =
ZT Minimum =R CR
Impedance at resonance,

ECR
Maximum = E Minimum =
Current at resonance, I, L

P.f. at resonance Unity Unity

Resonant frequency, f, 2TVLC 2rLC

( R
factor Qs =
Qp R
Quality
 A series RLC cjrcuit has R =
102, L =0.1 H and C 100 uF and isconnected acroso
resonant frequency (b) impedance
frequency source. Find (a) the
at
a 200 V, variable
a c r o s s inductance and capacitance at this
this frequency (c) the voltage drops
width. (Kuvempu University)
frequency. (d) quality factor and (e) band

= 50.36 Hz
Solution: a) f,=. 27tLC 2x3.14y0.1x100x1070

b) Z, = R = 102,
,R
20020
10
A
21t
3.14x 50.36 x 0.1 = 31.63 2
c) XL =2 x
31.63 20 632.52 V
X
=
=I x
VLr= Ver =

31.63
d) Qs= XL(atresonance)
Os =

R 10
-3.163

== 50.36 = 15.92 Hz
e Bandwidth 3.163
Qs
which the voltage acros-
4.1, find (a) the frequency at
described in
4.2 For the problem
the frequency at which the voltage
across

inductance is maximum and this voltage (b)

University)
the capacitanceis maximum and this voltage. (Mysore

Solution:a) f
Rc2
LC- 2
51.66 Hz
2x3.140.Ix100x10-6_10x[I00x 106
2

is,
The impedance at this frequency
32.44) SQ 33.95 L72.87° 2
x3.14x 51.66 x 0.1 (10 +j
=
=

Z 10+ j
= 2
E 200 191.12 volts
(32.44) =

V =IXL =
x
X, =

33.95
10
L R 2x0.1
b) 27tVLC 21 * 2x3.14 0.1x100x10

= 49.08 Hz
frequency is
at this 2
The impedance = (10-j32.44) 2 = 33.952-72.87°

Z = 10-j2x3.14x 49.08 x100x10*0

200 191.12 volts
x 32.44
=

X¢=
Vc
Vc
= I Xc =z 33.95
3 A coil ofresistance 20 2 and inductance 0.2 H is
connected in series with a capacitor
across 230 V supply. (a) Find the value of the
capacitance for which resonance occurs
at 100 Hz (b) the current through and
voltage across the capacitor and (c) Q factor of
the coil. (Bangalore University)
1
lution:a) f f,= i.e. 100 C = 12.67 uF
27tVLC 2x3.140.2C
E
b)
b) I, = E 230I 111.5
.5 AA
R 20

Vcr= I Xc= 11.5x = 1445.3V JL

2x3.14x100x12.67x100
c) Qs = AL = 27tf, L 2x3.14x100x0.2 28
Qs R R 20
4.4 An RLC series circuit has a resistance of 10 2, a capacitance of 100 uf and a variable
inductance. (a) Find the value of the inductance for which, the voltage across the
resistance is maximum. (b) Q factor (c) Voltage drops across R, L and C. The applied

voltage is 230V, 50 Hz. (Mangalore University)

olution: a) The voltage across the resistance is maximum at resonance

1
1.e. 50 -

27TLC 2x3.14Lx100x10
resonance =0.10142 H 101.42 mH
L = inductance
=
at

2x3.14x50x0.10142
b) Oc= 27T L 3.185
R 0

c)I,= Current at resonance

R
23023
10
A
VR E =230 V
VL=Qs E 3. 185 x 230 = 732.55 volts
Vc =
=

coil connected in series with a capacitance. The

4.5 An a.c. series circuit consists of a

maximum current of 10 A, when connected to 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If

circuit draws a
find the parameters of the
the voltage across the capacitor is 500 V at resonance,

circuit and quality factor. (Karnataka University)

by the circuit under resonant conditions

Solution: Maximum current is drawn

VCy I, Xe = 500, X= 50050 Q

10

.C=
= 63.69 uf
2tf Xc 2x3.14x50x50
Resonaice

L=
50 = 0.159 H
X¢ = 50 2,
At But
r e s o n a n c e ,
X1 =
27tf 2x3.14x50
i.e. 200=10 R, R= 202
VR =
E =I,R
V, or Vc- = 2.5
Qs E 200
H and a capacitance
A series RLC
circuit has a resistance of 10 2. an inductance of 0.3
(6) the quality
The applifed voltage is 230 V. Find (a) the resonant frequency
of 100 uF. current at resonance
off frequencies (d) bandwidth (e)
factor (c) lower and upper cut
resonance. (Gulbarga
inductance at
() currents at fi and f; and (g) voltage across

University)
29.07 HHz
a)
a) f,=
27tLC 2x3.14/0.3x100x10
b) Os=AL2X3.14x29.07x0.3
R 10

At fi. Qs ô= -0.5,
8= -0.5 =-0.0912
5.48

f
29.07 + 29.07 26.42 Hz
of,+f=-0.0912
x
. f =

8 = 0.0912
At f2 Qs8 =
0.5,
31.72 Hz
f, (1 +8)
= 29.07 (1 +0.0912) =

c)f = 8f, + f, =

5.3 Hz
Bandwidth
= f2-fi =31.72-26.42=
d)
e ) I , == =23.
R 10

and f =0.707 x 23 16.261 A

Currents at f =

induclance at resonance =
I, x , L
Voltage across
g)
23 x (2 x 3.14 x 29.07 x 0.3) = 1259.66 volts OT

VI=Qs E = 5.48 x 230 = 1260.4 volts

Note: Calculations of fi and f2, using ô are approximate. The exact values of fi and f2 may
be calculated as follows.

f
LC
 10 10
26.54 Hz
2x3.14 2x0.3 V2x0.3) 0.3x100x 10

R
f2

10 10
DC 31.6 Hz
2x3.14 2x0.3 Vl2x0.3) 0.3x100x10-

A coil of resistance 20 2 and inductance 4 H is connected in series with a capacitor

across a supply of variable frequency. The resonance occurs at 60 Hz and the current
at resonance is 2A. Find the frequency, when the current is 1A. (Mangalore

University)
tion: f, = i.e. 60= .C=1.76 uF
2TVLC 2x3.14/4C

At resonance, E = IR= 20 x 2 = 40 V

When I =
1A, Z= 5
4040 2
=Z2-R? = V403 -20 =34.64 2
C

Case (i) When oL - = 34.64

LC 1 = 34.64 wC =34.64 x 1.76 x -10 = 60.97 x 10

i.e. x 4 x 1.76 x 10 -

1 -60.97 x 10 a = 0

1.e 7.04 x 10 o- 60.97 x 10 o -

1 = 0

i.e. 7.04- 60.97 10°= 0

60.97 tV60.97 + 4x7.04x10
2x7.04
get, )= 381.24 rad/ sec and f 60.71 Hz
For positive sign, we

Casc (ii) When, L - = -34.64

(C

oLC- I =-34.64 %C =-34.64 x x 1.76 x

l0
or 7.04+ 60.97 - 10= 9
On solving we get, ( = 375.58 rad/sec and f 59.33 Hz
4.8 A coil of resistance
20 2 and
supplied with a constant inductance
nductance 10 mH is in
series
ies vwith a capacitance and is
2A at 1000 Hz. voltage, variable Irequency
frequency source,
Find the cut source. The maximum current is
frequencies. (Kuvempu University)maxiT
off
Solution: Qs = 0,L 2T,L2x3.14x
R
=

R
1000x10x103 3.14
20
=
02-0= 2x3.14x1000
Qs 3.14
2000 rad / sec
2000
f-f =
27T
318.47 Hz

ff= f =
1000
f +f= VG, - ,} + 4t,f, =y31847 +4x1000 2025.2 Hz

f = 1171.84 Hz, f=853.37Hz

100 sin ot is RLC series circuit. At resonant frequency,
4.9 A voltage of e = applied to an
bandwidth is 75 Hz. The
across the capacitor wasfound to be 400 V. The
the voltage
constants of the
Find resonant frequency and the
impedance at
resonance is 100 2. the
circuit. (Mysore University)

Solution: E =2
= 70.7 volts, 4005.66
70.7

resonance,
R =Z= 1002
At

Bandwidth = i.e. f,= 5.66 x 75 =424.5 Hz

Qs
R 100 212.3 mH
But f-f= 2tL 2lt, -f)2x3.14x75
1
Qs i.e. 5.66
0,CR 2x3.14x424.5x 100C

.C =0.663 uF
to inductor with a variable
4.10 A constant voltage at a frequency of 1 MHz is applied an

set at 500 pf, the current has its maximum value,

capacitor. When the capacitor is
Find (i) the resistance
while it is reduced to half, when the capacitance is 600 pF.
one

and inductance of the coil and (ii) Q factor. (Bangalore University)

resonant condition
Solution: When C = 500 pF, current is maximum, representing
= = 10°

2NLC 2x3.14Lx500x10-2

L =0.05 mH
=314 2
and XL = 2 x 3.14 x 10"x 0.05 x 10
 When, C = 600 pF

Xc 265.4 2
2X3.14x10° x600x10-12=
XL-Xc = 314 -265.4 48.62
When the current
is,Z=2 R
R+(48.6)' = (2R) R= 48.628.06
28.06 22
3
314
Qs = = = 11.19
R 28.06

4.11 A coil of resistance of 40 2 and inductance 0.75 H forms part of a series circuit for a

50 Hz, find (a) the line

which, the resonant frequency is 55 Hz. If the supply is 250 V,
current (6) the p.f. and (c) the voltage across the coil. (Gulbarga University)

3.14 55 0.75 259.05 2 =X¢ at 55 Hz

Solution: At resonance, , L =2 x x x

oC
at 50 Hz 2 3.14 50 x 0.75 235.5 Q
X = x x

Xc at 50 Hz = 259.05 x =
284.96 2
50
Z at 50 Hz 40+j (XL-Xc) 40+j (235.5 -284.96)
= 40-j 49.46 = 63.61 2-51.04° Q

a) Current= - 2503.93
63.61
A
b) P.f= cos 51.04° = 0.629 leading

the coil = 1 Zcoit

c) The voltage across

938.77 V
= I R+ Xi = 3.93 v40 +235.5 =

in parallel with a
has an inductance of 0.2 H and is connected
4.12 A coil of 20 2 resistance non-
at which the circuit will
act as a
Calculate the frequency
100 uF capacitor.
value of R. (Mangalore University)
inductive resistance of R ohms. Find also the

20
R
Solution: f, 9TLC L
2x3.14V0.2x100x10 0.2

31.85 Hz

The dynamic resistance is given by

L 0.2 = 100 Q
z,= 100x10° x20
CR
210

emacistance 10 2 and inductance 0.s H Is connected in series with a capacito

itor.
coil of
4.13 A n e current is
maximum, when the frequeney issa
annlving a sinusoidal voltage,
1s connectead lh parallel with the circuit. What capacitanes
nce
Hr A second capacitor
that, the combination acts as a non-inductive resistor at 100 H
must it have, so
is 220 .
Calculate the total current supplied in each case, if the applied voltage
Z
(Bangalore University)

Current 1S maximum 1.e. the circuit is under resonance

Solution: At 50 Hz.
connected in series as 0.5H C
Let C be the capacitance 102
OOO00
shown in Fig. 1.
Xci = X= 2 x 3.14x 50 x 0.5 = 157 Q

The inductive reactance at 100 Hz will be 2 times the

inductive reactance at 50 Hz 220 V. 50 Hz

.. at 100 Hz = 2 x 157 = 314 2 Fig.I

reactance at 50 Hz
The capacitive reactance at 100 Hz is 2 of the capacitive

at 100 Hz
= 78.5 Q
:. Xci =

The impedance at 100 Hz given by,

is
235.5 235.7287.57° Q
(314 78.5) = 10 +j
=
-

Z =
10+j
. Y =
= 0.00424262-87.57° =(0.0001798 -j 0.0042388) 75
connected in parallel With the circuit as shown in ig.2.
Iet Co be the capacitance
102 0.5H C
=j o C2
Y is given by - O0000
admittance
The total
Y =Y+ Y2
= (0.001798 -j0.0042388) +j o C
tne imaginary part of Y is zero.
At resonance,
C 2 = 0.0042388

value of capacitance is given by, Fig.2

The required 220 V. 100 Hz
0.0042388
= 6.75 uF
C2 x3.14x100
At 50 Hz, -E220
10
=22 A R

At 100 Hz, I =
Ex Real part of Y
220 x 0.0001798 = 0.04 A
1 A circuit has an inductive reactance of 200 2 at 50 Hz in
15 2. For series with resistance of
a
an
applied voltage of 200 V at 50
Hz,
current and calculate (a) phase angle between
voltage (b) the current
(c) the value of shunting
circuit to resonance and
the current at resonance. capacitance to bring the
(Karnataka University)
ion: a) Z= R +j XL= 15 20 +j =25 Z53.13° 2
= 53.13° =
phase differenc
b) I= =8 A

c)Y7 25/53.13° =
0.042-53.13° =
0.024 -j 0.032 =
G -

j »C
For the circuit to be at resonance

C= 0.032, CC= 0.032

= 101.9 F
2x3.14x 50
Current at resonance = E x real part of Y =200 x 0.024 = 4.8 A

An inductive coil of resistance 6 2 and inductance 1 mH is connected in

parallel with
another branch consisting of a resistance of 4 2 in series with a
capacitance of 20 uF.
Find the resonant frequency and the corresponding current, when the applied voltage
is 200V. (Kuvempu University)

ution: f
1 Ri C
2TLC

62 10
20x10 -722.93 Hz
2x3.1410dx20x10 4 10
20x10

, = 2 x 3.14 x 722.93 = 4540 rad / sec

R Rc
,
=ER +L Ri+
6 4
200
200 6 +4540 x104+ 4540 x 20x10
 Find the values fo L for
which
rad/sec. (Gulbarga University) the circuit given in
Solution: The total
Fig.4.20(a) 1 at o =
5000
admittance of the circuit is 42 L
w
given by,
-j12 Q
82
4+jX 8-jl2) U, on rationalizing
4-jXL 8+j12 Fig.4.20(a)
4 +Xi 8 +12
4 8 12
4+X 8 +122 8 +12 4+xi)
At resonance, the imaginary part of Y is zero.

12 X, on simplifying, we get
8 +122 42+Y?
4 +Xi
-52 XL + 48 =0. On solving, we get
3 Xi
52 V52-(4x3x48) 0.978 2
16.362 or
X 2x3
0.196 mH
16.36 mH 0.978
O5000 mH = 3.27 mH or

.L= 5000
5000
for which the circuit given in
values ofC
4.1 Find the
750 Hz. (Mysore University)
102
resonates at
Fig4.21
admittance
ofthe circuit
the circuit given by,
is given
The
Solution:

Y=Y+Y
=

10+j8 6-jXc
Fig.4.21
rationalizing,
we get
on
8
10- 6+c
+Xc =
10 6
X 164
Y 10+8 164 36+X 36+X

the imaginary part of Y is zerO.

At resonance,
8
= 0
36+X 164
i.e. 164 X¢- 8 X 288 =0

i.e. 2 X - 41 Xc+ 72 = (0
 41tv41 -4x2x72 41t33.242 = 18.56 2, 1.94 Q
Xc-
2x2 4

X c I = 18.56 Q i.e. = 11.44 F

2x3.14x750x18.56
= 109.45 uF
Xc2 = 1.94 2 i.e. C2 2x3.14x750x1.94

in Fig.4.22 resonates at all

4.18 Determine Rz and Rc for which the circuit shown
frequencies. (Kuvempu University)
Solution: The circuit is resonant at,

f,=
R
2TVLC 4 mH 40uF
R- C
circuit resonate at any frequency, if
The can
Fig.4.22

R=R
4x10
. R=Rc= 40x106 = 10Q

Fig.4.23 is resonant. (Bangalore

for which, the circuit shown in
4.19 Find the value of R
University)

10Q
R

j10Q il5Q

Fig.4.23

The admittance of the

circuit is given by
Solution:
RL-jl010+jl15
+
Y 100+ 225
R+ji0 10-j15 R+100

10 15 10
- R5 + 325 R+100
Ri + 100 325
the imaginary part of Y is zero.
at
For the circuit to be
resonance,

15 10 = 0.
325 R; +i00
10.8 2
On solving, we get R =
214 Resonance

S2 are connected in
40 Two impedances (10 + j12) Q and (20 -JI5) parallel
and thi
combination is connected in series with an impedance (5 -j Xc) 2. Find tho.
he value of
f o r which resonance occurs. (Mysore University)
Z=5-j X) + (10-j12) (20-j15 =17.24+j (4.22 - X)
Z=5-j Xc)+ (10+j12)+(20-j15)
For the circuit to be at resonance, the imaginary part of Z is zer0.

Xc=4.22Q
 INITIAL CONDITIONS

Introduction:
5.1
sources, current sources, resistances, inductances and
network consists of voltage
Any electrical
equations are written
analysed, the integro-differential
such networks are to be
capacitances. When
solution of such an equation consists of two parts viz (i) Complementary
and solved. The general
and (ii) Particular integral.
fiunction
which also represents
is the solution of the homogeneous equation,
The complementary function
the type, value and
the system. The transient response entirely depends on

the transient response of

the steady-state
1he elements in the network. The particular integral represents
arrangement of the excitation. The
depends not only on the system, but also on
the system, which
response of and the particular
solution of the homogeneous equation
complenmentary function is the general
solution of the non-homogeneous equation.
integral is the particular
number of constants in
w e come a c r o s s n
While solving a differential equation of the n"" order,
evaluate these
to be evaluated to get the exact solution. To
which are
the complementary function,
Constants. n number of initial conditions are required.
elements of the network
conditions of a network are the conditions prevailing in the
The initial
at the instant of closing the switch at t =0.
conditions in a network may be
t 0 is taken as reference. The initial
switching operation,
=
In a
currents charges existing on them at through them or
the voltages a c r o s s the various elements, the
0. Immediately before a switching
operation, these
i.e. at t =

the time of switching operation

at t 0-. Immediately after the switching operation,
as v(0-), i(0-), q(0-),
=

quantities are referred

at t 0+. Knowing the values of voltages,
these quantities are referred as v(O+), i(0+), q(0+), =

introduced immediately after

0-, and the changes
the various elements at t
=

Currents and charges on

be solved
additional equations can be written, which can

theswitching operation i.e. at t

=
0+,
The conditions
to èvaluate the
constants.
differential equation,
Simultaneously with the general conditions.
network at t =
co, are called the final
Cxisting on the various elements of the
to t =0- and
The initial conditions in a network depend on the past history of the network prior
also depend on the nature of the elements in

the network structure at t =

0+, after switching. They
that the switching time is
zero.
thne network. It is assumed
 & mitial Conditions
Transient Behaviour
222

the initial conditions IS useful in the following wavs:

The knowledge of
Fig.5.1 to evaluate the constants during the solution of a
differenual equation,
I. They are necessary

The knowledge of
the behaviour of the elements at the instant of
switching
i
is
dispensable
2.
in the understanding of nonlinear switching circuits.
responsC,
are
neiptul in
derivatives of a
The knowledge of the initial values of one or more
3.
the solud
of response, thus serving as the check
on
anticipating the form
wnlCn 1s essential
individually and in combination,
4. Userul in getting to know the elements
in the analys1s of networks.

5.2 Initial Conditions in Elements

in manemadcs, initial
integro-differential equations
wie soIVing problems on networks, using solution using
the given
find the
and the iob of a mathematician is to
before
Conditions are always given initial
conditions first,
determine the
conditions. But, an engineer has to correctly
a difficult.
which is more
finding the general solution, these values at
elements at t
= 0-, finding
of the
voltages and
currents
values of
Knowing the
conditions.
constitutes the evaluation of initial
=0+.

i) The resistor:
the resistance R by closing the
voltage V is applied
across
When a

switch K. the current through R is given by:

V
R iR
V R

indicates that the current through the resistor R

This equation
the current changes
(a) changes instantaneously. Hence, in a resistor,
instantaneously and the energy is dissipated as heat and it does
not store

any energy.

ii) The Inductor:

When a voltage V is applied across an inductor of inductance L

henrys, the voltage across the irductance is given by:

L VL=L (2)
dt

Fig.5.2
If the current flowing through the inductor is D.C.. then di
dt
0.
Hence, the voltage across the inductor is zero. Hence, under steady state conditions, the inducio
acts as a short circuit.
 The current through the inductance is given by:

0-

(3)
0

The first tcrm in the R.H.S. of equation (3) represents the initial value of current through the

inductor before closing the switch i.c. i, (0-).

When the switch is closed at t = 0, equation (3) can be written a

i(0-) dt (4)
i (0+)
-
=

time. Thus the integration fromn

It is assumed that the switching operation does not consume any

0-to0+ is zero.

written i, (0+) = is, (0-)

Equation (4) can be as

This means that the current

Thus the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
is the same.
through the inductor before and after a switching operation
current. If the
O.C., if it does not carry any initial
Hence, at t =
0+, the inductor acts as an
then immediately after the
current lo before a switching operation,
inductor carries an initial
of l.
it acts as a current
source
1.e. att=0+,
SWitching operation
ii) The capacitor:

is given by,
K The current through the capacitance

(5)
dt

dvc = 0 and hence ic = 0. Thus for D.C

If a D.C voitage is applied, dt

Fig.5.3 acts as an O.C.

quantities, capacitance

the capacitance is given by,

The voltage across

0 (6)

ic dt =je dt e d -co

which is constant.

i d t = Ve(0-),
written as
att= 0), theequation (o) may be
When the switch Kisclosed

idt =
Ve (0-)+0
(0-) +
V (0+) =
Ve
0
 1stent Benaviour & Initial Conditions
5.3
'. Vc (0+) =
Vc (0-
Thus the voltage the
across capacitor can not change instantaneously.
ience, if a capacitor does not have any initial charge at t = 0-. then at t
voltage
will be zero. Thus, the capacitor acts as S.C at t = 0+. If at t = 0-, the capacitor has an initial vol
oltage
of Vo, then at t 0+, it acts as
=
a voltage source of Vo.
* ' Bves the conditions of the elements, before and after closing the swi

Table 5.1: Initial Conditions:

at t= 0+
Conditions of the element at t =0- Condition of the element

R
R

o.C.
L

L
O00
C S.C.

V, qoC

elements as given in Table 5.1. They

initial conditions of the
There are some exceptions to the

are
changes instantaneously.
is applied to an inductance, its current
i. When an impulse voltage
is applied to a capacitor, its voltage changes instantaneously.
i. When an impulse current

Procedure for finding the initial conditions:

network. It 1s

There is no unique procedure to be followed for finding the initial conditions of a

move. I nc
of chess in which the strategy is chosen depending on the opponents
like the game
The normal procedure is as follows.
procedure depends on the particular network being considered.
0, can
i. The initial values of voltages and currents i.e. before closing the switch at t =

found directly from the schematic diagram of the given network.

att
find out, what happens the clement
Foreach element of the network, we must to

i.e. after closing the switch. Final Conditions

ii. A new equivalent network t = 0+ is constructed as per the following rules:

of
S
a. Replace all the inductors by open circuits or current sources having vai
current flowing at t =
0-
 C, if there 1S any
voltage source of yo/
by short circuits or
b. Replace all the capacitors
initial charge.
C. Resistors are left in the network without any change.
Then.
currents are solved.
From the network at t
=
0+, first the initial values of voltages and
iv.
their derivatives are found.

5.4 Final Conditions in a Network:

conditions of elements in networks in

A table similar to table 5.1 may be derived for the final

reduce to
of constant output (b) sources which
which all excitations are provided by 1. (a) sources

inductor currents and

zero for large t i.e. sources like e", e sin t etc. (c) initial capacitor voltages or

the final conditions can

networks in which the final values of voltages and currents are constant,
(2)
be derived using the following equations.

Vi=L di and
dt dt

The deri vatives have zero value, when the quantity in the steady state is constant. Table 5.2

gives the initial and final conditions of the elements.

Table 5.2: Initial and final conditions of elements:

Initial condition att = 0+ Final condition at t = co

R R

L S.C.
O00

L
O00

C
H O.C
C

V C C O.C.
V /
 WORKED EXAMPLES

10 2, L 1 H, C = 10 upand
di shown in Fig.5.4,
V 10 V, R = =
=

In the circuit
University)
and (0+). (Kuvempu
findi(0+).(0+)
dt dt

dT1-o R L Solution

When the switch K is closed at t=

C V= Ri + L
(l)

Fig.5.4

Att O+, the network is as shown in Fig.5.5.

v
i(0+) i(0+) =0 (2)

Fig.5.5
Substituting (2) in (1), we get,

V=Ri (0+) +L(0+) +0 dt att= 0+ is ve (0+) =0

d

(0+)
dt
==L = 10 A/sec.

Differentiating (1), we get,

dt dt

Substituting initial conditions, we get,

R(04)
dt
+1. (0+)
(O4) +
04)
=0 +
d?
C
i.e. 10 x 10 +L di (0+) +0 =0
dt

di (0+) = -100 100

dt L
= -

100 A/ sec.
 state is reached with the switch K open and
at
5.2 In the network shown in Fig.5.6, steady
t 0, the switch is closed. Find the initial values of all the loop currents. (Mysore

University)
R Solution: We don't know the currents and voltages
B C
across the inductor and the capacitors before closing
have to be found. At t = 0-, i.e.
E the switch K and they
state conditions, K is open. L
acts as a
under steady
TC S.C. and Ci and C2 act as open circuits.
(1)
KX i(0-) =
iL(0-) =
iL(O0+) =

R, +R2
the capacitors is equal to the
The total voltage across

LE i C
voltage across Ri.
. Ve
R V (2)
(0-) + Vcz (0-) =1i( KiR. +R,
G
A Fig.5.6
are same as they are in series.
The charges on the capacitors

9 i ( 0 - ) = q2 (0-)

i.e. C, Vci (0-)=C; Vcz (0-),

Ve0C
Vcz(0-)
R
V
R +R2
Ve0-)+Ve0)-2*
Vez(0-) C Vcz0 o-)
R =Va (0+)
Vcz (0-) =V C (3)
(C, +C2) R +R2
R
Similarly, Vci (0-) = V| C2 = =Vc1 (0+) (4)
C, +C2 R, +R2.
The network at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig.5.7.
 B
R

D
Ve(0+)
R,
i,(0+) (0+)

V (t)V.0+)
i,(0+)
R+R
but,
G
A Fig,.5.7
ABCDEFGA
law to the closed loop
on: APPIying
Kirchhoff's voltage

R
-v(C +C R
JR, +R2
= 0
i (0+) R- |C+C,R+R2)
CR +C,R
i(0+) R2 =V|C+c,)R, +R:)J

CR2 +C2R2 V
R
=C
V + C,) (R +R2)] R+R2

V
i* R,+RR2
V
V (0+)
i ( 0 + ) - i s (0+) = R +R2
R +R2

i s (0+)=0

For the
closed loop of i2 (0+)

(0+)- i2 (0+)] R, + Vci (0+) = 0

-

fi
i.e. li (0+) - i2 (0+) ]Ri = Vci (0+)

i.e. i (0+) Ri - i2 (0+) R = V C R

C +C2 R, + R2

VR R
V C2
i2 (0+) = R+R2 C +C2 R +R2 V C
R R +R2 C+C2
5.3 In thenetwork of the Fig.5.8(a), the
switch K is closed at t 0, with the capacitor =

uncharged. Find the values of i, , di di

at t 0+, for element values as follows.
=
dt dt2
V= 100 V, R 1000 2 and C 1
=
= uF. (Karnataka University).
R
R

C V
i (0+)

(a) Fig.5.8 (b)

The network at t = O+ is as shown in Fig.5.8(b). Network at t = 0+
V 100
i (0+)= =0.1 A
RR 10000 (1)

When K is closed at t = 0

V Ri+ on differentiation, we get,

0=R
dt (2)
i (0+)
or
0 = R(0+)
dt
+
C
Substituting i(0+) = 0.1 A, we get,

d (0+) == - i (0+) 0.1 -

100 A /sec. (3)

dt RC 1000x1x10-
From (2), we can write,

di
R on differentiation, we get,
dt

di di
R Substituting(0+) = - 100 A/sec, we get,
dt C dt dt

ddi
(0+) = d (0+) (-100) = 10 A/sec
d RC
RC dt 1000x1x 10

In the network shown in Fig.5.9(a), K is closed at t= 0, with zero current in the

di di
inductor. Find i, andatt= 0+, if R = 102, 1. = 1 H and V = 100V. (Bangalore
dt dt
 Our d
Initial Conditions
R
R

i (0+)

(a) (b)
Fig.5.9
Solution: When K is closed att network at t = 0+
=
0, From the

V= Ri +L di i (0+)
= O0 (2)
dt (1)
On differentiation, equation (1) becomes,
diV-Ri (3)
dt
i.e.(0+)= - V-Ri (0+) 00- 100 A/Sec
dt L L

Differentiating (3), we get,

di
d R di
dt
dt L dt

i.e. (O+) =- (0+)= -x100 = -1000 A/sec?

dt

shown in Fig.5.10, K is changed from position a to b at t =0. Solve for

In the network
5.5
dinda at t =0+, if R = 1000 2, L =1 H, C = 0.1 uF and V = 100 V. Assume th=
dt dt

capacitor is initially uncharged. (Mangalore

University).
he

Solution: When the switch K is

K
R
position a, the network is und
b
steady state condition. L acts

V 100V short circuit

L 100 = 0.1 A
C i(0-) =
i(0)R 1000 R
Fig.5.10
i (0+) = 0.1 A
C. the inductor has an initial current of
O.1 A
When K is changed from a to b, i (0+) =
0.1 A
 Ri+ L dt=o (1)
It is given that
i.e. Ri (0+) + L (0+) +
li(0+) dt =0 i(0+) dt =ve(0+) =0
dt

di0 + ) = - 100 A/sec

1000 x 0.1 + 1 (0+) + 0 = 0 i.e. (
dt dt

Differentiating (1), we get,

R+L + =o i.e. (04) +L (0+)+ 0+)-o

dt dt2 C

0.1
i.e. 1000 (-100) + 1 (04)+ = 0
dt 0.1x106

.
di (0+) = -9 x 10° A/ sec
dt

.6 In the circuit shown in Fig.5.11, switch L is opened at t = 0, find the values ofV,
V,
dt
and d ' v
and d 2 at t = 0+. (Karnataka University)

Solution: When the switch K is

closed, all the current flows through
the S.C. The capacitor is not charged
10 A ( ) K 100 23 ur as it acts as an O.C.

Vc (0-) = 0 = v (0+)

Fig.5.11

When the switch Kis opened,

dv V
10= + dy 1.e. (1)
10 100 dt dt

dv (0+) =10- v0+) =(10-0)- = 10' V/sec

i.c.
dt
(0+) =|10-100)C Ix10-6

Differentiating cquation (1), we get,

dv
= 0 (dv
d dt 100
dv x 10'=-10 Visec
i.e.
d
(0+) =
2
Ix10100