HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish Colonial Era
3. American and Japanese Era
4. Post World-War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. The New Millennium
2. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
COLONIAL URBANISM

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

• The story of architecture

under Spain Begins with
the permanent
occupation of the Island
in 1565.

• The arrival of Miguel

Lopez de Legazpi’s
expedition in Cebu that
year ushered in an
important phase in the
development of
architecture and
urbanism in the
Philippines.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

• Found settlement
in Cebu and
Panay
• Moved
northwards to
Luzon and the
goal is to invade
Muslim
settlement in
Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

In 1571, Spaniards successfully occupied

Manila.

They established

• Colonial Settlements
• Chapels
• Forts

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

• Before Legazpi’s death in 1572, he had

already conquered the greater portions of
the archipelago to spread Christianity and to
colonize the islands.

• Spanish colonialism had changed the face of

the built environment in the Philippines as
much as it had altered the social and
economic conditions.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:

1. The establishment of Reduccion

• Forced Urbanization Program and
resettlement
• Resettle indigenous lowland
population in larger urban
communities so as to accelerate the
process of politico religious
transformation

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

• The Colonial space was redesigned according to

an urbanizing program
• The small scattered native settlements were
forced to consolidate into compact Villages
• There were natives who resisted and fled to the
mountains

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The villages were literally in Bajos dela

Campanas (under the bells), which sanctioned
control of native’s’ everyday life by allowing
the clergy to wake the villagers up each day,
summon them to mass and subject them to
religious catechism.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:

2. The creation of land-use pattern

through the Encomienda system.
• Concept of land as a private property
and capital was introduced.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
3. The institution of a hierarchical
settlement system.
• “Pueblos” – Capitals or Towns
• “Cabecera” (head) The core of
municipality or poblacion
• “Barrios” Adjacent Barangays
• “Estancias” – large ranches or first
haciendas

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:

4. The creation and structuring of

towns according to “Cuadricula”
model of planning.
• A system of streets and blocks laid out
with uniform precision
• Hierarchical fashion – Central Plaza or
Plaza Mayor symbolize power

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
LAWS OF THE INDIES (Leyes de Indias)
• A set of planning guideline
• The “Laws of the Indies” were decreed
by King Philip II in 1573.
• The laws guided Spanish colonists on
how to create and expand towns in
Spanish territories
• It establishes the church as urban
landmark and plaza public space.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
Cuadricula
• a system of streets
and blocks laid
out with uniform
precision

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
Cuadricula
• the use of grid
pattern for urban
fabric, together with
the adherence to
the other
architectural rules,
was a consequence
of the ideal Greco-
Roma city concept.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 COLONIAL URBANISM

The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
5. The introduction of building
typologies and construction
technologies through colonial
infrastructures.
• Colonial infrastructures were constructed
of sturdier and more permanent building
materials.
• Distinguish itself from the flimsy
indigenous architecture
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 MANILA-THE GENESIS OF AN
INTRAMURAL COLONIAL CITY

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 MANILA

June 24, 1571 – Legazpi

officially inaugurated a
municipal council and
proclaimed Manila as
the capital of the new
territories under the
Spanish crown.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 MANILA

New activities were introduced which

necessitated the creation of novel
institutions and characterizing urban
life.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 MANILA

Slowly a city was created in

accordance with Hispanic Law and
urban heritage.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

• After a decade, Manila could lay

claim to the possession of urban
elements common with most
establish Spanish cities.
• The City quarter was surrounded by a
spiked log palisade.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

• Central Plaza
• Cabildo – Municipal
Building
• General Market
• Wooden ports
• Garrison of Soldiers
• Residence of
Governor General
• Residence of Bishops
• Cathedral
• Townsfolk house

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Manila was not

spared its share of
disasters and
tribulations.
• Persistently preyed
upon by pirates of
the sea
• Earthquakes and
conflagrations

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

• Most of the early settlement were

constructed with the use of wood,
bamboo and nipa thatch.
• Edifices built by Spaniards were non
permanent, abundant and highly
combustible materials.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

• A fire from the vigil candles that rapidly

reduced the entire city to ashes
reinforced the need to utilize more
durable building materials.
• It prompted the next Governor-General,
Santiago De Vera, to order that all
buildings of the city be constructed of
stone and tiles.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Building Materials
Bricks or Ladrillos – Uses Kilns or Hornos

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Building Materials
Tejas or V-shaped Roof Tile

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Building Materials
Baldosas – square floor tiles

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Building Materials
Adobe Stone – Soft Stone of Volcanic
Silleria or De Cal y Canto – edifices of cut
stones

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

Building Materials
Placuña Pelucida- capiz shells
Dura la Madera- hard wood

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

• 1645, A devastating earthquake

shattered the ambitious plans of the
Spaniards and it marked a turning point
in the development of architecture in
the Philippines.

• Birth of Arquitectura Mestiza in the

Philippines

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Arquitectura Meztiza

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza
• A term coined by Jesuit Francisco
Ignacio Alcina in 1688
• Structures built partly of wood and partly
stone

WOOD

STONE

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza
• Used wood and wooden frame in the
upperfloor and stone in its ground floor
to make it resistant to earthquake.

• For the Cathedrals, it exceeds to more

than two floors and had walls of about
three meters thick supported by
buttress.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza
• The character was partly influenced
by amateur and artisans, but mainly
executed by the maestros de obras or
master builders.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

Arquitectura Meztiza
• Wood joineries like dovetails were used
in the construction process

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Intramuros: The Bastion of Authority

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Bastion system style
In1590, the walled city, patterned after the
medieval city fortress of Europe, under the
Supervision of Governador-General Gomez
Perez Dasmariñas while it was designed and
supervised by Military engineer Leonardo
Turriano

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Spanish Walled City
or Manila Walled
CIty
• Bordered by bay
and the river

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• 3916 Meters of
pentagonal
perimeter walls of
volcanic tuff
(Adobe) and brick
filled in with earth.
• Native labor was
used to build the
walls

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Stone landings
artillery or casa
matas

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Baluarte De San
Diego / Bastion

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Garita or Watch
Tower

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Entrance revellin bridge

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Revellin

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• Moat

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of
Intramuros

“Puerta de Sta. Lucia”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Puerta Real”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Puerta Parian”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Puerta Isabel”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Gate of Fort Santiago”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Gate of Fort Santiago”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 INTRAMUROS

Intramuros
• It was reserved for the nobility and clergy
• Coolies and Indios were remained
outside the walls
• The monumental structures and other
edifices were all designed to relieve the
conquistador of his nostalgia and
homesickness, away from his temperate
homeland, in a strange tropical colony.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Extramuros: Living Beyond the walls

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Other villages, towns
and arrabales (suburbs) located beyond
the walls
• Spanish term for “outside the walls”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, Pueblo de Quiapo,
Pueblo de Binondo, Isla de Binondo,
Pueblo de Malate, Ermita and Sta. Cruz
Dilao
• Church authorities began to expand its
mission into Binondo, Quiapo, Ermita and
Malate.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Malate, home of ambitious maharlika
(nobleman), tradesman amassed their wealth
from the new imperial order.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, was identified unprivileged
natives who regularly provided fresh foodstuff for
the market of Manila.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, was identified unprivileged
natives who regularly provided fresh foodstuff for
the market of Manila.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, was identified unprivileged
natives who regularly provided fresh foodstuff for
the market of Manila.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Quiapo

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Quiapo

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EXTRAMUROS

Extramuros
• Pueblo de Quiapo

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Arquitectura Meztiza

MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Research atleast 3 examples of “Arquitectura
Meztiza” structures.
• Pictures
• Brief Description (Location, Owner, Year)

• Short Bond Paper

• Hand Written
• Can be done by pair or individual
• To be submitted next meeting, March 7, 2019

2. Map of Intramuros (Max of 5 Students)

15x20 Inches Board, Manual
To be submitted next meeting, March 14, 2019
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
Military Architecture and Defense
Installations

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

• The building of garrisons, naval

constructions, and fortresses was a military
strategy to safeguard and protect the
Spanish colonial possessions.

• Patterned to European Style and

characterized by heavy stonewalls,
moats, and grid road layouts.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Pedro- Cebu (1565)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Pedro- Cebu (1565)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Pedro- Cebu (1565)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

• It was named after the Saint James, the
patron saint of Spain

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

• Approximately 600 American prisoners of war
died of suffocation and hunger in its
dungeons after being caged in extremely tight
quarters. The filthy water of the nearby Pasig
River also seeps in during high tide leaving its
ground damp most of the time.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

• Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
spent his last days holed up in Fort Santiago
before being marched off to Bagumbayan
(now Rizal Park) where he was executed by
firing squad.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)

• Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
spent his last days holed up in Fort Santiago
before being marched off to Bagumbayan
(now Rizal Park) where he was executed by
firing squad.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1617)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1609)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1609)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1609)

• The structure is made of granite blocks,
with walls approximately 30 feet high
• A wide stairway leads to the top of the
port where a concrete house can be
found.
• The fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri in
the 16th century.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario

(1617)
• The Fort San Pedro was built because of a
necessity.
• The need for protection from frequent Dutch
and Moro raids
• An order for the construction of a wooden
fortress at Punta de Iloilo, at the mouth of the
Iloilo River
• Found the image of the Our Lady of the Holy
Rosary or Nuestra Senora del Rosario which is still
exists at San Jose Parish Church at Plaza
Libertad
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar-

Zamboanga Peninsula (1635)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar-

Zamboanga Peninsula (1635)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar-

Zamboanga Peninsula (1635)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Military Architecture and Defense Installations

Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar-

Zamboanga Peninsula (1635)
• A stone fort in defense against pirates and
raiders of the sultans of Mindanao
and Jolo.
• The cornerstone of the fort, originally
called Real Fuerza de San José (Royal Fort
of Saint Joseph)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS
CONVERSION

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

• On 14 April 1521, Rajah Humabon was

christened Carlos in honor of Rei Carlos I
de España

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

• While his chief consort, Hara Humamay

was given the name Juana, after Charles'
mother, Reina Juana del Castillo.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

• The Baptism of Humabon and Humaymay

and Image of The Holy Child is the
beginning of the Oldest Founded church
in the Philippines, Basilica de Sto.Niño de
Cebu in 1565

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

• Prior to colonization the Natives / Early

Filipinos did not worship in temples.
Instead, members of the families,
dependents and relatives met for some
special rituals in private places called
SIMBAHAN. According to Padre
Francisco de San Antonio, OFM

• SIBI, locals built their places of worship

as extension of their Homes

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Early Mission of Simbahan

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

The Early Builders and Missionaries

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order St. Augustine (OSA); Augustinians 1565

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Augustinians 1565
Missions:
• Ilocos Norte
• Ilocos Sur
• La Union
• Tarlac
• Pampanga
• Northern Part of Bulacan
• Manila-Malate & Ermita
• Parañaque
• Pasig
• Batangas
• Panay Island
• Cebu Island
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order St. Augustine (OSA); Augustinians 1565

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

The Oldest Stone Church: Iglesia-Monasterio

de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

The Oldest Stone Church: Iglesia-Monasterio

de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Order of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Franciscans 1578
Missions:
• Southern Parts of
Bulacan
• Manila-Del Monte
• Cubao
• Paco-Dilao-Sta.Ana
• Laguna
• Rizal
• Quezon
• Camarines Norte
• Camarines Sur
• Albay
• Sorsogon SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles y

San Fransisco de Asis

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Order of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Order of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Order of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Jesuits 1581
Missions:
• Cavite
• Samar Island
• Leyte Island
• Bohol Island
• Majority parts of
Mindanao

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

San Ignacio 16th century

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Preachers(OP); Dominicans 1587

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of
Prechers(OP);
Dominicans 1587
Missions:
• Pangasinan
• Cagayan Valley
• Isabela Province
• Nueva Ecija
• Nueva Viscaya
• Quirino Province

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Preachers(OP); Dominicans 1587

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Preachers(OP); Dominicans 1587

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Preachers(OP); Dominicans 1587

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century

(OFMcap)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century

(OFMcap)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Regional Identification:
Adobe &Volcanic Tuff in Central Parts of
Luzon

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Regional Identification:
Coralline and lime stone in Visayas and
Mindanao

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Regional Identification:
Sandstone some parts of Panay Island

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Regional Identification:
Bricks in Northern Parts of Luzon

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA

Levels of Roman Catholic church

1. Basilica
2. Cathedral
3. Parish
4. Chapels
5. Monastic/Religious Congressional
(Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery
etc.)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
Cathedral/ Catedral- The principal church of a
diocese housing the cathedra or bishops
throne

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
Cathedral/ Catedral- The principal church of a
diocese housing the cathedra or bishops
throne

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
Cathedral/ Catedral- The principal church of a
diocese housing the cathedra or bishops
throne

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
In every cathedral has a Bishop, It has also
Bishop’s Palace / ARZOBISPADO or OBISPADO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
Archdiocese of
Nueva Segovia,
Vigan

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

IGLESIA
Archdiocese of
Nueva Caceres,
Naga

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Highest Terrain in the community

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Highest Terrain in the community

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with ascending or undulating volutes topped
with Finials

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with ascending or undulating volutes topped
with Finials

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with ascending or undulating volutes topped
with Finials

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with detailed kilned ornaments

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Churches are Also Fortress

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Churches are Also Fortress

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Churches has unrelated and eclectic style

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Churches has unrelated and eclectic style

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Philippine churches has Locally Mediated
ornaments

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Philippine churches has Locally Mediated
ornaments

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Philippine churches has Locally Mediated
ornaments – Mudejar

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Philippine churches has Locally Mediated
ornaments – Mudejar

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Twin churches

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Twin churches

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Twin churches

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Steel temple of Asia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Steel temple of Asia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Steel temple of Asia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting

• Steel temple of Asia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

FACADA PRINCIPAL y FACADA POSTIGO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

BUTTRESS- CONTRA FUERTE

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

BUTTRESS- CONTRA FUERTE

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
BUTTRESS- CONTRA FUERTE

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
NARTHEX- ZAGUAN

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Holy Water stoup- Pila de Agua Bendita

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CORO-CHOIR LOFT

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CORO-CHOIR LOFT

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Under the Campanario, Retablo Menor, Baptisterio

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA FACADA PRINCIPAL

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA FACADA PRINCIPAL

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE view to PRYBESTERIO/SANTUARIO
Y CRUCERO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE view to PRYBESTERIO/SANTUARIO
Y CRUCERO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA CRUCERO ALA IZQUIERDA, LADO DE
EVANGELIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA CRUCERO LA DARETCHA, LADO DE
EPISTOLA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE CENTRAL

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE CENTRAL

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE CENTRAL

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
RETABLOS- Decorative altar piece which serves as the
backdrop for altars Retro(lat) Back, Tabula(lat) Table
Retablo Mayor

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Retablo Menor - Lado de Epistola, ala Daretcha

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Retablo Menor - Lado de Epistola, ala Daretcha

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Retablo Menor, Lado de Evangelio, la Ezquierda

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Pulpit/ Pulpito
Pews/ bangko

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Pews/ bangko

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Pulpit/ Pulpito

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
TRIBUNA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
TRIBUNA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Sanctuary- Prybesterio/Santuario

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Sanctuary- Prybesterio/Santuario

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Sanctuary- Prybesterio/Santuario

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Comulgatorio - Communion rail

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Sacristy- Sacristia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Sacristy- Sacristia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Camarin- storage also pilgrim’s area

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Convent- Convento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Iglesia y Convento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Cemetery- Cementerio/Osuario

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Cemetery- Cementerio/Osuario

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO SANTO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
POR MUJERAS

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent: Monasterio de Santa Clara

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent: Monasterio de Santa Clara

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent: Monasterio de Santa Clara

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent for Mestiza and Natives
Beaterio de La Campaña

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent for Insulares:
Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Oldest Nunnery Convent for Insulares:
Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Isabel

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Rosa

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

Ecclesiastical Buildings
Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Rosa

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Architecture for Colonial
Administration

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Monumental Civic Architecture

• Epitomized the Spanish administrative
institution

Governor’s Office and

Central Government House
House

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

• One of the most important administrative
structures in the archipelago
• Seat of colonial governance and housed several
administrative offices and archives.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

• Underwent several modifications and
reconstruction works.
• The main façade was refashioned in a style
inspired from the renaissance

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Palacio del Gobernador General

• Also known as Palacio Real
• Residence of the highest official of the land

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Palacio del Gobernador General

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Palacio del Gobernador General

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Palacio del Gobernador General

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa del Ayuntamiento and Palacio del

Gobernador General

• Both were European style with spacious inner

courts
• Both did not last long enough.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana
• Customs and Finance House
• Classicist Architecture

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Architecture for Colonial Administration

Casa Aduana

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Educational and Scientific Facilities

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Educational and Scientific Facilities

• The missionary task of bringing education, health
care and social welfare to the indigenous subjects
were zealously fulfilled by the various religious
order
• Two types of school buildings surfaced during
spanish period:
• “Colegio” or “Universidad” found in urban areas
• “Escuela Primaria” found in different pueblos

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Educational and Scientific Facilities

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769)

• Located in Cebu City and known as the first
educational institution established in Asia by the
Europeans outside Manila
• Currently, University of San Carlos, CEBU under
SVD fathers. Founded Padre Antonio Sedeño, SJ

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

• 1910 restoration of the Escuela under Jesuits
• Oldest existing Seminary, now part ADMU
Katipunan
• Founded by Padre Pedro Chirino, SJ

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

• La Pontificia y Real
Universidad de Santo
Tomás, Universidad
Católica de Filipinas
• Founded by the
Dominicans / Fray Miguel
Binavides, OP, Primera
Obispo de Nueva Segovia

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

• 1605 Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo

del Rosario
• 1611 renamed as Colegio de Santo Tomas

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

• 1611 renamed as Colegio
de Santo Tomas
• 1645 promoted to
University level
• 1690 received the title
Pontifical
• Notable personalities have
attended school in this
institution, including
national hero Dr. Jose Rizal
and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

• January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain
granted the title “Royal” to the University of Santo
Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s defense
from the British forces.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

• January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain
granted the title “Royal” to the University of Santo
Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s defense
from the British forces.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Universidad de Santo Tomás

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran

• Founded in 1620 by Don Juan Geromino

Guerrero, Spanish military captain
• Administered by the Dominican Friars
• Oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest
secondary institution in Asia.
• Many Philippine presidents have graduated from
this institution

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran

• Originally orphanage
for the Spanish Boys
• Secondary education
with bachelor degree
in Arts
•

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

• Escuela Municipal de Manila (1859–1865)

• Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1865–1901)
• Ateneo de Manila (1901–1959)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila
• exclusive school for the Boys with bachelor
degree in Arts

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Ateneo de Manila – ERMITA CAMPUS 1921

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de

Manila, Manila Observatory (1865)
- Exemplified the effort of Jesuits in the pursuit of
scientific knowledge
- established by the Jesuits in 1865 at the tower of
San Ignacio Church, Intramuros

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de

Manila, Manila Observatory (1865)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

In1878, Padre Fedirico Faura,SJ

inventor of Faura Barometer
became the director
Cable connections had been
established with other countries
overseas request typhoon
warning received and granted
by the observatory

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

• 1884- The Spanish Government declared Father

Faura’s weather bureau as a state institution to
be known as Manila Observatory.
• It was relocated to a new building in Ermita as a
normal Jesuit School.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Educational and Scientific Facilities

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Educational and Scientific Facilities

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Escuela Publica

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Escuela Publica: Escuela Normal

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

Escuela Publica: Escuela Normal

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Educational and Scientific Facilities

• In 1900 the first private school to offer an

academic title for Maestro de Obras was the
Liceo de Manila.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Bahay na Bato:
The Realm of Aristocratic Domesticity

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

Casa mestiza or Bahay na bato is evolved from

Bahay Kubo/Austronesian House
• Became the inspiration in developing a similar
house having the same feature but on grader
scale

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

Bahay na Bato
• A new type of
domestic architecture
emerged from two
centuries of gestation
• Combined the
elements of the
indigenous and
Hispanic building
traditions
• Prevent the dangers
posed by fires,
earthquakes, and
cyclones
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 BAHAY NA BATO

Bahay na Bato
• The simple house of nipa y caña could no
longer satisfy the demands of the new urban
elites and the provincial aristocracy

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

PLANO DE CASA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

PLANO DE CASA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Two Storeys, at times, Three
• Ground floor is made of cutstone or bricks
• Upper floor is made of wood

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Grillwork that protect the ground floor windows
• Second-storey windows are broad with sliding
shutters whose latticework frames either capiz
shells (placuna placenta) or glass panels.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary
windows called ventanillas, (small windows),
reach to the floor. Protected with either iron
grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and
sliding wooden shutters

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary
windows called ventanillas, (small windows),
reach to the floor. Protected with either iron
grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and
sliding wooden shutters

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• The house is capped by a high hip roof with a
45-degree-angle points to repel rain and
discharge warm air.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part as
storage area

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part as
storage area

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Entresuelo (mezzanine area) – raised a meter
above ground. Used as offices for servants
quarter.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two
landings led to the upper floor and directly
onto the interior hanging veranda (caida).

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two
landings led to the upper floor and directly
onto the interior hanging veranda (caida).

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two
landings led to the upper floor and directly
onto the interior hanging veranda (caida).

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being
received. This is the most immediate room from
the stairs and was an all purpose room for
entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being
received. This is the most immediate room from
the stairs and was an all purpose room for
entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being
received. This is the most immediate room from
the stairs and was an all purpose room for
entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were
held during fiestas and special occasions.
European influence was evident in the
furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or
piano adorning the sala.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were
held during fiestas and special occasions.
European influence was evident in the
furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or
piano adorning the sala.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with
silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glass-
paneled cabinets or mesa platera.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with
silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glass-
paneled cabinets or mesa platera.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive “banguerra”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive “banguerra”

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Banyo or paliguan (bathroom) - Adjacent to the
kitchen. It was often built separately from the
toilet.
• Latrina (toilet)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Batalan – metamorphosed into the azotea, an
outdoor terrace where the residentsand their
guests usually relaxed.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Balon (well) and Aljibe (Cistern) – beside the
azotea for food preparation and laundry
activities

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Volada, cantilevered gallery extending from the
exterior of a building

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Cuarto - Bedrooms

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Examples

• Syquia Mansion, Vigan

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 BAHAY NA BATO

BAHAY NA BATO Examples

• Pamintuan Mansion

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Infrastructure and Industrial

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Ferrocarril (Railway)
• Officially initiated in 1875 by the royal order
issued by king Alfonso of Spain
• Planned by Royal engineer Eduardo Lopez
Navarro (General Plan for Railways on the
island of luzon)

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Ferrocarril (Railway)
• This plan aimed to construct a line network
totaling 1730 km
• Cagayan Valley, Central Plains and Bicol

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Ferrocarril (Railway)
Tutuban Rail station
• Manila to Dagupan line
• Designed by Juan Hervas

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Ferrocarril (Railway)
Tranvias
• Sponsored by
Jocobo Zobel de
Zangroniz
• Designed by
Luciano Bremon
and Adolfo Bayo
• Founded the “La
Campaña Tranvia
de Filipinas”
• Manila to Malabon
line
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 Infrastructure and Industrial

Puentes / Bridge

Puente Grande
• The first bridge to
ever cross the
Pasig River was
the Puente
Grande, a ten-
span bridge
opened in 1630 by
the Spanish
colonial
government.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Puentes / Bridge

Puente de España
-1875
- designed by Jose Echevarria

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Puentes / Bridge

Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)

-Arroceros to Quiapo Link
-Constructed in 1852 with toll basis
- designed by french Engr. M. Gabaud

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Puentes / Bridge

Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)

-Arroceros to Quiapo Link
-Constructed in 1852 with toll basis
- designed by french Engr. M. Gabaud

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Puentes / Bridge

Puente de Convalencia y Ayala

- Malacañang to Convalencia
-1880
- designed by M. Gabaud

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Farolas / lighthouses

San Nicolas Light House (Pasig Farola) – designed

in Renaissance Revivalist Style.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Waterworks and Utilities

Carriedo Water Works- a

piped-in water system
opened in 1882.

The water daily

consumption was drawn
by means of pail and
kept in jars TAPAYAN to
which small alum crystals
TAWAS were added for
purification for drinking.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial

1809 Calle Escolta- The Premier Business district in

the Philippines. Some of the entrepreneurs are
European commercial, British, French, German and
other expatriates.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial

Carinderia with Turo-turo (ready to eat

restaurants) and with Sari-Sari/Tiange (Small
quantities shop)
Market, Mercado
Drugstore, Botica
Commercial building, Alcalferia
Warehouse, Almazen
store house, Camarin
Factory, fabrica

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial
Oil house, acieteros
Silk house, Alciacera
Rice dealers, arroceros
Soap makers, jaboneros
Silver and Gold smiths, platerias
Salt maker, Salinas
Sugar house, azucarera
Teatro de a lai libre(open air)
Cockfighting Arena, Sabungan en Rueda, earliest
amusement gaming system, cockfighting a
vernacular pastime

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

Commercial

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

JAIL
1857, Calabozo, Jail
Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila
Bilibid Prison, Radial Configuration with a central
panopticon tower. Designed by Emilio Diaz and
Armando Lopez Ezquerra

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

JAIL
1857, Calabozo, Jail
Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila
Bilibid Prison, Radial Configuration with a central
panopticon tower. Designed by Emilio Diaz and
Armando Lopez Ezquerra

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

BANK
Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna
Isabela II oldest existing bank in the country
located also in Casa Aduana
-owned by the familla Zobel de Ayala

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 Infrastructure and Industrial

CONCLUSION
• The legacy of Spanish Colonialism gave Filipinos
built forms and architecture
• New concepts of space
• New forms of identities
• New power relations
• New ways of orchestrating the everyday
colonial experience

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

References:
-Required Reading: Lico, Gerard (2007). Arkitekturang Filipino: History of
Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines
-Ching, Frank (2007). A global history of architecture
-Fernandez, Rino (2013). Diksyonariong Biswal ng Arkitekturang Pilipino
-Cabalfin, E (2014). What kids should know about Philippine Architecture
-Agoncillo, T (1990). History of the Filipino People 8th Edition. GAROTECH publishin
UP, Diliman
-Alarcon, N. (1991). Philippine architecture during the pre-spanish and Spanish
periods. UST Press, Sampaloc, Manila
-Gallende, O.S.A. P. (1987). Angels in Stone Architecture of Augustinian churches in
the Philippines 1st Edition. G.A.Formoso Publishing, Makati
-Jose, R. (1991). Simbahan, Church art in colonial Philippines 1565-1898. Ayala
Foundation, Makati
-Javellana, S.J. R. (1991). Wood and Stone For God’s greater glory: Jesuit Art and
architecture in the Philippines. Ateneo Press, Loyola, Quezon City
- Javellana, S.J. R. (2010). La Casa de Dios: the legacy of Filipino-Hispanic Churches
in the Philippines, Ortigas Foundation inc., Pasig City
-Lico, G. (2013). ISTILO pocket guide to architecture style in the Philippines
-Laya,J. Gatbonton,E. (1983) Intramuros of Memory, Intramuros Administration
-Laya,J. Toralba,M. Tinio,M. Philippine Heritage Homes a Guide Book (2014), Anvil
Publishing, Mandaluyong City
-Noche, M. (2010). Retablo: the living shrines of Faith, Filipino Heritage Festival
inc/Museum Foundation, Ermita, Manila
-Tinio Jr. Martin, Zialzita Fernando. (1987) Philippine Ancestral Houses.
-Tettoni,T. Reyes,E.(2012) The Philippine Style: Design & Architecture
-Cabigas, E. http://simbahan.net/
-Cabigas, E. http://langyaw.com/