MOTIVES AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF PRESIDENT CORAZON C.

AQUINO AS REFLECTED IN HER SPEECHES

DICKSON PUGOT PAGENTE

Abstract

Generally, this research sought to determine the motives and philosophical perspectives
of President Corazon C. Aquino as reflected in her speeches. Three of her speeches were
examined using Kenneth Burke’s Pentadic Analysis. These speeches include: “Restoring
Democracy by the Ways of Democracy”; “Coming to Power in Peace, Keeping the Peace in
Power”; and “The Challenge of the Constitution: A Just, Progressive, and Democratic
Philippines.”
This study found that agent dominates among all the other terms in her three speeches
which shows that she sees agent as the most important of all the other elements in her speeches.
The ideas that fall under agent were categorized by the researcher into four, namely: (1) the
Filipino people agent, which Cory Aquino featured the most in her speeches; (2) Cory Aquino
herself, which she featured the 2nd most important agent; (3) Ferdinand Marcos, which she
equally featured the 2nd most important agent together with Cory Aquino; (4) and Ninoy Aquino,
which she featured the 3rd most important agent.
The Filipino people, as a collective sociological motive arising from the social
environment of Cory Aquino prompted her to assume presidency in 1986, the very reason of
Cory Aquino’s act to assume presidency. Going deeper, the love of freedom as a specific motive
is common between Cory Aquino and her people. It was the love of freedom that ended the rule
of tyranny.
Cory Aquino as a compelling motive to her own self had the control of her own decisions
whether to respond to the call of the people and assume presidency, or to leave the people alone
in their fight for freedom, and having chosen the former, she presented what she can do with her
power, claiming in some of her lines “Through reintegration programs, I will bring the
insurgents down from the hills.” It was also because of her desperate aspiration for change that
prompted her to respond to the supreme mandate of the people.
Ferdinand Marcos as an external motive for Cory Aquino controlled and prompted her to
assume presidency. It was the ways of Marcos that she dissented. Accordingly, Marcos has
caused a lot of terror and violence among the Filipinos when he declared Martial Law. Her
dislike on dictatorship and greed of power became her motivation to continue the legacy left by
Ninoy on her shoulder.
The death of Ninoy Aquino as an external compelling force for Cory prompted her to
speak out, involve herself in politics, assumed presidency, and eventually ousted the ways of
dictatorship. She assumed presidency out of despair over the death of Ninoy, it’s as if her
peaceful revenge to the dictatorship that killed her beloved husband.
Agent, being the most dominant term in her speeches further reveals that Cory Aquino
was an idealist. Idealism is the philosophy to which her perspective was founded, to which she
has much confidence on her ideals and beliefs about freedom and democracy. In fact, her ideals
and beliefs had brought her to power and the same ideals and beliefs that kept her there.
 Finally, the findings of this study would definitely provide the Filipinos an in-depth
understanding about Cory Aquino’s ideals, beliefs, and values – being one of the most important
figures of democracy in Philippine and world history.

Keywords:
 Introduction

The underlying principle behind this study is that language is symbolic and that the use of
certain words and types of speech reflect the attitudes and feelings of the user (Burke, 1945;
Stevens, 2008). Symbolic as it is, the speaker’s use of language, his diction, inflections, the
incorporation of his gestures and facial expression, and the dimension of the situation he sees as
most important can potentially uncover his attitudes towards his environment and his views
about the world. Hence, the use of language as distinct as it is, whether in a private conversation
or in a public discourse can be a springboard to study motives and philosophical perspectives. It
is on this ground, that the researcher is inspired to pursue a study that focuses on motives and
philosophical perspectives of human beings.
Motive is generally defined as “something that prompts action.” However, in this study,
motives are sociological by nature not psychological or biological such as needs, drives, or inner
compulsions as conceived by Abraham Maslow and Sigmund Freud. Thus, motives in this
context refer to forces and factors that arise socially – from a person’s social circles that prompt
or control human actions (Mills, 1940; Karp, 2005). Furthermore, “motive” in this study is
synonymous with “motivation.” Thus, by saying that “every human action has a motive” is
interchangeably similar with “every human action is motivated by something.” Henry Ward
Beecher said in a quotation that God made man to go by his motives; that a man without motives
is like a boat without steam or a balloon without gas. Thus, it goes to say that motives define
human actions, and in reverse, human actions are always motivated.
Aside from motives, this study encompassed further to human philosophical perspectives.
A philosophical perspective is a set of beliefs, standards, and principles unique to a human being.
It is how he sees the world; particularly the people around him and their culture, and the events
and phenomena in his surroundings. Philosophical perspectives, according to Schuh & Barab
(2006), are worldviews that define the nature of the world, the individual’s place in it, and the
possible relationships to that world and its parts. Knowing the philosophical perspective of a
speaker will lead to understanding more fully his personality, ideology, and the dimension of the
world he weighs as the most significant.
The researcher in this study chose to examine the motives and philosophical perspectives
of the late President Corazon C. Aquino (President, Republic of the Philippines, 1986 – 1992).
These motives and philosophical perspectives are covertly interwoven in the language that she
used in three of her speeches about democracy. These speeches include: Restoring Democracy
by the Ways of Democracy (1986), Coming to Power in Peace, Keeping the Peace in Power
(1986), and The Challenge of the Constitution: A Just, Progressive, and Democratic Philippines
(1986).
President Corazon C. Aquino, being the first female president of the Philippines and in
Asia and being an international icon of freedom, has mesmerized the researcher hence the
selection of her and her speeches for this study. These speeches were written and delivered right
after the time when People Power was at its peak. And so these speeches carry a lot of heavy
emotions that could potentially uncover President Corazon C. Aquino’s motives and
philosophical perspectives. Moreover, these speeches share a common theme - democracy.
The researcher believes that there is a need to study on motives and philosophical
perspectives particularly of the late President Corazon C. Aquino to deepen the Filipinos’
understanding on her ideals about freedom and democracy. By that understanding, Filipinos will
hold and protect the same ideals and so possible rise of another tyranny will be prevented. Lastly,
this study will definitely awaken Filipinos’ appreciation on the values of freedom and
democracy. That in times threatened by another form of dictatorship, Filipinos will rise once
again to protect and uphold the rule of freedom and democracy.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the dominant terms identified in the three selected speeches of President
Corazon C. Aquino? How frequent do these terms dominate in the three speeches?
2. What particular pentads in the speeches have the most dominant term?
3. What motives can be deduced from President Corazon C. Aquino’s use of language in
her speeches?
4. What are the philosophical perspectives of President Corazon C. Aquino as reflected
in her speeches?

Conceptual Framework

The framework of this study relies heavily on Burke’s Dramatism Theory. This theory
supports that language is primarily a form of action rather than knowledge. Dramatism’s intent is
to offer a logical method for understanding human motives, or why people do what they do (Fox,
2002). It is the belief that language is a strategic, motivated response to a specific situation
(Griffin, 2006). The Dramatistic Approach makes use of a pentadic analysis. Pentadic analysis is
a methodology for analyzing motives in language and philosophical perspectives. This
methodology allows one to analyze motive in terms of five elements: scene (where something
happened), act (what happened), agent (who acted), purpose (why something happened) and
agency (the power used to make something happened). According to Burke, any complete
statement of motive will incorporate all five terms showing how they interact with each other in
relationships he calls ratio. A ratio describes a motive for an action, and determines how one
term affects the other. Burke also maintained that philosophies can be distinguished from each
other on the basis of which pentadic term appears dominant in a certain speech act. For instance,
materialist philosophies privilege scene, while idealist philosophies privilege the agent. On the
other hand, realist philosophies privilege the act, while the pragmatist philosophies privilege the
agency. Lastly, mysticist philosophies privilege purpose (Griffin, 2006).
Since detecting motives and philosophical perspectives of a speaker is difficult to do on
the part of the listeners and even speakers themselves, this study is conducted to help readers and
listeners especially in identifying speaker’s motives objectively from his simple to complex
speech acts. By identifying the speaker’s motives and philosophical perspectives, the listeners
could definitely evaluate whether to believe or doubt, support or disregard the intention of the
speaker’s discourse in political speeches for instance, such as campaign speeches among
candidates for election. Since people at this time are easily persuaded by the glamour of rhetoric,
there is a need to study about motives behind political speeches. This is one reason that makes
this study unique.
Furthermore, though there were records already about rhetorical studies on political
speeches that used the same approach, these studies are done abroad. What makes this study
more unique is that it focuses on President Corazon C. Aquino’s political speeches.
 THE THREE SPEECHES

Restoring Democracy by the Ways of

Democracy (1986)
Coming to Power in Peace, Keeping the
Peace in Power (1986)
The Challenge of the Constitution: A Just,
Progressive, and Democratic Philippines
(1986)

PENTADIC ANALYSIS
(Burke in Ncube, 2002; Burke in Rodseth, 2009)

PENTADIC TERMS OR ELEMENTS

(Agent, Act, Scene, Agency, Purpose)

PENTADIC RATIO

MOTIVES PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 Methodology

This chapter generally presents the methodology employed by the author in conducting
the study. It specifically presents the research design, data gathering, sampling procedure, and
the method of analysis.
The main objective of the study was to analyze the political speeches of President
Corazon C. Aquino within her term of presidency from 1986-1992. This study employed a
research design specifically the pentadic analysis by Kenneth Burke, in an attempt to understand
President Aquino’s motives and philosophical perspectives in developing her speeches.
President Aquino’s political speeches constitute the artifacts for analysis in this study.
The manuscripts of the speeches used in this study were retrieved from www.coryaquino.ph.
The speeches that serve as the artifacts of this study were selected based on its common
theme which is democracy. These speeches were written and delivered right after when People
Power was at its peak. On the other hand, the pentads were determined in the speeches based on
the complete statement of motives. A complete statement of motives incorporated all five terms
(agent, act, scene, agency, purpose) showing how they interact with each other in relationships
he calls ratio. It should be noted that pentadic sets do not depend on the number of paragraphs. It
depends on the identified complete statement of motive represented by the identification of
terms.
As an analytic tool, the pentadic analysis traditionally includes two parts: (1) naming the
five terms of agent, act, scene, purpose, and agency from a complete statement of motive stated
by the rhetor; and (2) identifying the dominant terms through a pentadic ratio.

Labeling the Terms

After choosing the artifact for analysis, the first step was to identify the five terms in the
rhetorical artifact from the perspective of the rhetor and these form a pentadic set. In this study,
the artifacts are composed of President Corazon C. Aquino’s political speeches within her term
of presidency from 1986-1992.
Below is an example of a complete statement of motive illustrated in a pentad. The
pentad shows the five elements of human drama and the ideas from the rhetor that correspond to
each of the element.

SPEAKER/RHETOR: “I strongly believe that through rigid promotional

activities, the school can attract top students. When this happens, our school will
become great. As I see it, we will live in a competitive educational environment.”

TERMS CORRESPONDING IDEAS

Agent the school (unnamed)
Act attracting top students
Scene competitive educational environment
Agency rigid promotional activities
Purpose to create a great school
 Identification of the agent involves naming the group or individual who is the main
character of the situation as it is presented by the rhetor. The agent could be the rhetor himself or
herself or another person or group. The naming of the agent also may involve descriptions of
what the agent is like – for example, kind, vicious, unscrupulous, dangerous, or generous.
The act is the rhetor’s presentation of the major action taken by the agent. The critic who
is studying the speeches of a United States president, for example, may find that the act is the
effort to accomplish health-care reform, with the president serving as the agent. In a speech
honoring someone for her community service, the act might be the creation of a literary program
by the person being honored.
The means, the rhetor says, used to perform the act or the instruments used to accomplish
it are labeled the agency. In a speech about health-care reform, for example, a president might
depict the agency as hard work, careful compromise, or futile attempts to gain the cooperation of
the opposing party.
Scene is the ground, location, or situation in which the rhetor says the act takes place –
the kind of stage the rhetor sets when describing physical conditions, social and cultural
influences, or historical causes.
The purpose of the act is what the rhetor suggests the agent intends to accomplish by
performing the act. It is the rhetor’s account of the agent’s intentions, feelings and values. It
should always be remembered that purpose is not synonymous with motive; purpose is the
reason for action that is specified by the rhetor for the agent, while motive is the explanation for
the rhetor’s action, manifested in the rhetorical artifact as a whole (Ncube, 2002).
Identification of the five pentadic terms results in an overview of the rhetor’s view of a
particular situation.

Identification of Dominant Terms

After naming the five terms of the pentad, the next step was to discover which of the five
elements identified dominates the rhetoric or is featured by the rhetor. Discovery of the dominant
term provides insight into what dimension of the situation the rhetor sees as most important.
The way to discover the dominant pentadic element is to use what Burke called ratios. A
ratio is a pairing of two of the elements in the pentad to discover the relationship between them
and the effect that each has on the other. Each of the five elements, then, may be put together
with each of the others to form these ratios: scene-act, scene-agent, scene-agency, scene-
purpose, act-scene, act-agent, act-agency, act-purpose, agent-scene, agent-act, agent-agency,
agent-purpose, agency-scene, agency-act, agency-agent, agency-purpose, purpose-scene,
purpose-act, purpose-agent, and purpose-agency. Below is a tabular illustration of the twenty
(20) pentadic ratios:

PENTADIC RATIO
Agent-Act Agent-Scene Agent-Agency Agent-Purpose
Act-Agent Act-Scene Act-Agency Act-Purpose
Scene-Agent Scene-Act Scene-Agency Scene-Purpose
Agency-Agent Agency-Act Agency-Scene Agency-Purpose
Purpose-Agent Purpose-Act Purpose-Scene Purpose-Agency
 To use the ratios, the critic pairs two terms from those identified in the pentad. There is
no right order with which to begin this process; the critic simply dives in and begins pairing
various elements of the five named. With each ratio, the critic looks for the relationship between
these two terms in the rhetor’s description of the situation, trying to discover whether the first
term influences the nature of the second term.
The critic may begin, for example, by putting together scene and act in a scene-act ratio.
The critic’s explanation of this ratio involves asking whether the nature of the scene, as described
by the rhetor, affects the nature of the act the rhetor describes. An act-scene ratio, in contrast,
would explore whether the nature of the act dominates – where the way the act is described takes
precedence over the nature of the scene. The critic may discover that there is a significant
relationship between the two terms in a ratio or may find that the first term in the ratio has little
impact or effect on the second. The critic continues to pair terms in ratios to discover if one term
seems to affect the nature and character of another. Review of several of the ratios will produce a
pattern in which the critic discovers that one term (or sometimes more than one) is the central
controlling term and defines the other terms in the pentad. For example, analysis of one pentad in
a speech might reveal three instances in which act dominates in ratios, one in which scene,
purpose, and agency does. In this case, act would be the dominant term in this pentad because
that term dominates other terms more frequently.
Ncube (2002) in her study used colors to illustrate whether the first term in a ratio
influences, controls, or requires the nature of the second. She used a lighter shade of green in a
ratio with weak connection, and darker shade of green in a ratio with strong connection. In this
way, determining the most dominant term in the pentad would be easy.
The researcher on this study adopted Ncube’s way of determining dominant terms as
shown by the sample tabular illustration below.

PENTADIC RATIO
Agent-Act Agent-Scene Agent-Agency Agent-Purpose
Act-Agent Act-Scene Act-Agency Act-Purpose
Scene-Agent Scene-Act Scene-Agency Scene-Purpose
Agency-Agent Agency-Act Agency-Scene Agency-Purpose
Purpose-Agent Purpose-Act Purpose-Scene Purpose-Agency
Note: Lighter shade means weak connection; darker shade means strong connection.

Dominant Term: Scene

The term that will be the most frequent as a controlling term in all of the pentads in a
speech becomes the dominant term for that speech. So, for example, if a speech has 13 pentads
and act was dominant in those pentads six (6) times, agency three (3) times, agent two (2) times
and purpose two (2) times, the act will be named as the controlling term in that speech.
Combination of all controlling terms in each speech will be the next step to do. This is to
determine the controlling term of the artifact. The most important motives and philosophical
perspectives then will be situated in the most dominant or controlling term of the speech.
As part of the process of interpretation, Burke’s notion that the analysis can be deepened
by identifying the philosophical system to which a dominant term corresponds is applied. For
instance, if the controlling term is an act, the corresponding philosophy will be realism. This
philosophy views that “universal principles are more real than the objects we sense through our
senses.” If scene is the controlling term, the corresponding philosophy will be materialism. This
philosophy views that “the system that regards all facts and reality are explainable in terms of
physical laws.” If the controlling term is agent, the corresponding philosophy is idealism. This
philosophy views that “the mind or spirit as each person experiences is fundamentally real.” If
agency is the controlling term of the speech, then pragmatism is the corresponding philosophical
perspective. This philosophy views that “the means is necessary to attain a goal.” If the
controlling term is purpose, then the corresponding philosophy will be mysticism. This
philosophy views that “the element of unity is emphasized to the point that individuality
disappears.” These philosophies can be used to refine the analysis of President Aquino’s political
speeches.

Findings

The findings revealed that all five terms (agent, purpose, agency, scene, act) were
featured in the three speeches of Cory Aquino, agent was featured 23 times in 26 pentads.
purpose follows dominating 5 times, while agency, scene, and act equally dominate twice only.
Agent overwhelmingly dominates in 23 pentads: in Pentad 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26, respectively.
It should be remembered that motives in this study are sociological by nature that refer to
some “motivating external forces” that prompts human beings to action. These motives were
found in the controlling term agent that includes: “Filipino people”, “Cory Aquino herself”,
“Ferdinand Marcos”, and “Ninoy Aquino” respectively. Based on this general verbalized
motives, specific motives were also identified such as “love for freedom,” “desperate aspiration
for change,” “dislike on the ways of dictatorship and greed of power,” “despair to Ninoy’s
death,” and “peaceful revenge.”
Since agent is the most dominant term in her speeches, idealism is President Aquino’s
philosophical perspective. Idealism is a view of reality as mental, implying that the world is not
separate from the mind. Idealist as she is, Cory Aquino believes that her ideals on democracy,
freedom and respect to basic human rights are fundamentally real.

Conclusion

The dominant terms identified in the three selected speeches of Pesident Corazon C.
Aquino are the following: agent (dominates 23 times), purpose (dominates 5 times), agency
(dominates 2 times), scene (dominates 2 times), and act (dominates 2 times). Out of 26 pentads,
agent overwhelmingly dominates in 23 pentads. These pentads include: Pentad 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8,
9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 respectively. Motives in this study
are sociological by nature referring to some “motivating external forces” that prompts human
beings to action. These motives were found in the controlling term agent. These are “Filipino
people”, “Cory Aquino herself”, “Ferdinand Marcos”, and “Ninoy Aquino” respectively.
Specific motives were also identified like, “love for freedom”, “desperate aspiration for
change”, “dislike on the ways of dictatorship and greed of power”, “despair over Ninoy’s
death”, and “peaceful revenge.” Since agent is the most dominant term in her speeches,
idealism is President Aquino’s philosophical perspective. Idealism is a view of reality as mental,
implying that the world is not separate from the mind. Idealist as she is, Cory Aquino believes
that her ideals on democracy, freedom and respect to basic human rights is fundamentally real.
 Recommendations

Researchers who plan to employ pentadic analysis on their qualitative studies should
really allot an ample time since this methodology demands a lot of it. Further studies should be
conducted using Cory Aquino’s other political speeches. Her other speeches may feature a
dominant term other than agent. Likewise, further studies should be conducted on the speeches
of Cory Aquino using another methodology, like agitational analysis. Moreover, further studies
should be conducted on speeches delivered by other public speakers in the Philippines and
abroad. Lastly, further studies should be conducted on language used in films, homilies, sermons,
daily conversations, and even in the marketplace using pentadic analysis.
Table 1: Summary of Dominant Terms in the three Speeches
PENTADS DOMINANT TERMS CORRESPONDING IDEAS

Pentad 1 Agent a president-turned-dictator (Ferdinand Marcos)

Scene fourteen years ago (dictatorship)
Pentad 2 Agent Ninoy Aquino
Pentad 3 Agent Ninoy Aquino
Pentad 4 Agent I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 5 Agent nation (people, women poll watchers)
Pentad 6 Purpose to put in position Mrs. Aquino as President and
Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice President
Pentad 7 Agent I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 8 Agent we (people)
Purpose to restore democracy (implied)
Pentad 9 Agent Predecessor
Pentad 10 Agent We
Purpose to bring the insurgents down from the hills
Pentad 11 Act finish the work that we are in; to bind up the
nation’s wounds
Pentad 12 Agent I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 13 Agent Filipinos
Act fulfilled the first and most difficult condition of
debt negotiation
Pentad 14 Agent we (herself and President Reagan)
Pentad 15 Agent they (people)
Scene slum area or impoverished village
Purpose Democracy
Pentad 16 Agent Marcos
Pentad 17 Agency by a government panel
Pentad 18 Agent People
Agency beating pots and pans, honking horns, and
shouting in the streets
Pentad 19 Agent I (Ninoy Aquino)
Pentad 20 Agent Marcos
Pentad 21 Agent Marcos
Pentad 22 Agent People
Pentad 23 Agent People
Pentad 24 Agent Filipinos
Pentad 25 Agent I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 26 Agent representative sectors of our society
Table 2: Frequency of Dominance of Terms in the three Speeches
PENTADIC TERMS FREQUENCY OF DOMINANCE
Agent 23
Purpose 5
Agency 2
Scene 2
Act 2

Table 3: The Dominant Agent and its Corresponding Ideas in the Speeches
PENTADS WHERE AGENT DOMINATES CORRESPONDING IDEAS
Pentad 1 a president-turned-dictator
Pentad 2 Ninoy Aquino
Pentad 3 Ninoy Aquino
Pentad 4 I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 5 nation (people, women poll watchers)
Pentad 7 I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 8 we (people)
Pentad 9 predecessor
Pentad 10 we
Pentad 12 I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 13 Filipinos
Pentad 14 we (herself & President Reagan)
Pentad 15 they (people)
Pentad 16 Marcos
Pentad 18 people
Pentad 19 I (Ninoy Aquino)
Pentad 20 Marcos
Pentad 21 Marcos
Pentad 22 people
Pentad 23 people
Pentad 24 Filipinos
Pentad 25 I (Cory Aquino)
Pentad 26 representative sectors of our society
Table 4: Categories of Ideas in the three Speeches under the Dominant Term Agent
PEOPLE (featured 10 times): MARCOS (featured 5 times):

nation (people, women poll watchers) a president-turned-dictator

we (people) Marcos
We Marcos
Filipinos Marcos
they (people) Predecessor
People
People CORY AQUINO (featured 5 times)
People
Filipinos I (Cory Aquino)
representative sectors of our society I (Cory Aquino)
I (Cory Aquino)
NINOY AQUINO (featured 3 times): I (Cory Aquino)
we (herself and President Reagan)
Ninoy Aquino
Ninoy Aquino
I (Ninoy Aquino)
Table 5: The Motives of President Corazon C. Aquino in her Speeches
VERBALIZED MOTIVES SPECIFIC MOTIVES

The “Filipino people” as a collective sociological motive

controlled, influenced, and prompted Cory Aquino to assume
presidency during the People Power Revolution in 1986. It
Filipino People was the “Filipino people” who entrusted her the leadership
of democracy that would sweep away the rule of
dictatorship. Unquestionably, one common motive between
Cory and her people is the “love for freedom.” This motive
has become the lifeblood of the People Power Revolution.

“Cory Aquino” as a compelling motive to her own self had

the control of her own decisions whether to respond to the
call of the people and assumed presidency, or to leave the
people alone in their fight for freedom. Though, the impact of
People Power might have greatly influenced her decisions,
Cory Aquino
still it was her, that made the last decision which was then to
assume presidency. It was her “desperate aspiration for
change” that prompted her to respond to the supreme
mandate of the people.

“Ferdinand Marcos” as a compelling motive for Cory Aquino

controlled and prompted her to assume presidency. It was
Ferdinand Marcos her “dislike on the ways of dictatorship and greed of power”
that motivated her to lead a radical change since Marcos had
caused a lot of terror and violence already among the
Filipinos when he declared Martial Law.

The “death” of “Ninoy Aquino” as an external compelling

force for Cory prompted her to speak out, involve herself in
politics, assumed presidency, and eventually ousted the
Ninoy Aquino ways of dictatorship. Her coming to presidency was
motivated out of “despair to Ninoy’s death, as if her form of
“peaceful revenge” to Marcos as he was accused as the
mastermind for the death of her beloved husband.
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