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    Eternal Victory - Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West

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    Eternal Victory - Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and The Early Medieval West

    Uploaded by

    Tamara Petrinska

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 470

    Eternal victory

    Triumphal rulership in late antiquity ,


    Byz antium, and th e ea rly medieval W est

    MICHAEL Mc C O RMI C K

    _, .... . .
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    .........................
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    CII M DR I D G E UNIV ERSI T Y P RE SS


    c....,.qt
    N.", Y. ,k Po" Ch, jI" Mrlb<>u,", Sydnry
    ED ITI O NS DE LA M A ISO N D ES SCIENCE S D E
    L ' H O MM E
    PuhUwd hy ,be 1'1"" Syndla.« of d", Univ<r~'y of C. mhrid g"
    Th Pi" Buildi ng, Trumping'''''' Sit..", C.mhridge el' ,"
    . 0 W"" >OIh S'r«", N"w York, NY ,'''',,, USA
    10 St.lmford Rwd, O.1t.Icigh, Mdbourn< J 166, Au",oli •
    • nd Edi';"'" de l.. M,oon de. Sci<n<co d.< I'Hornm"
    J. Bottiov"d R"p.iI. J7'70 P.n. C«Ie, 0<1

    C M,i"", dco Scirnc<. de I'Homrn, ,nd C. mhtklgt Uni .... ,.,.;'y 1'1""
    19M

    Fin, p"bli,h, J 1916


    Rop,;n",d 19! 7
    Fi .. , p'p<,b,ck «Ii,ion "'''''

    Britls/! Uo,"y e",.I",","t I. ""hl;"",'"" 0.,.


    M<C<>rmkk, Mid",,1
    E«",.I vic'ory' ttiumpholl'lll"r<hip in),«
    Ant'qu",y, By",ntium, . n<! ,10< "'Iy m«li"v.1 W""
    (P ..,.n.!pr ... n, public>ci"",)
    " Triumph. (C .... moni<>)--Europ<-Hilt""y
    L Tid" II . 5<";'"
    J9.· .• ·09. eTj")"

    " U " j>1 '61!0 S h.rdb.ck


    InN 0 J1I )36j9 . P'P",b.iclt
    "ON 1 7) S' 003.7 h.rdb, clt (Fn.« only)
    " " N' 7J j r O)H I P'p<,bacit (Fn.« only)

    To P~111l,
    I" loving memory;
    And f'" 5te /la.barn and Ih~ Ac~ "f Acts

    '"
    Contents

    Fort word Pagt xi


    NOIr ro th. paperM,k ,ditioM xu,
    Abbreviation< xvn

    INTRODUCTION: IMPEUAL TRIUMPH AS A


    HISTORICAL PR08LEM ,
    J INVINCIBLE [ ""PIRE: Tr-H ,nF.OLOGY Of VICTORY
    UNDER TilE PRINCIPATE
    "
    2 OUT Of TilE STREETS AND INTO THE CIRCUS:
    TilE DEVElOPMENT OF IMHRIAL VICTORY CELE_
    !IllATIONS IN THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE 3S
    I. From Con5t~ntine I to Theodo,ius I 36
    2. From the Theodosian succe'lion [0 An~,(;IsiU5 47
    J. From Justini~n to iconocbsm 64
    Conclusion 18

    3 IMPERIAL VICTORY CELEBRATIONS AND TilE


    PUBliC LIFE OF TilE LATER ROMAN STATE 80
    I. Usurpers and barb~ri ~ ns ~O
    2. Impcri~l victory rituals; evidence from R.ome 84
    J. Imperial victory rituall: non-R.oman evidence 91
    4. The christi~niz~tion of imperial victory celebrations 100
    S. The divilion of the "npire and the co llegiality of
    vi ctory III
    6. Victory ,deb rat;"", ~"d the throne J 20
    4 THE nEVHOPMFNT OF lM"EMI"L VICTORY
    CH I I'R~TIONS TN E" R1 Y MEDI£Y"l BYZ"NTIUM IJI
    , . Triumphs of Con ' tantine V 1J4
    2, An 315" of g~nnJk victory cckbutiOlu in the I,tc
    tighth Cl'ntury 137
    J. Amuti~n triumph, IH
    4, Th~ kgitimation of lh,il I I S2
    S, High tide of trium ph , 95(' - 72 159
    6. The celebration of victory under the l"st
    M,c~donj.n' 17~
    Conc\mion ,84

    5 O ~ GAN'71NG" K,(Z " NTINF TR I UMPH

    6 "nl~T"Nl > C HO: VICTORY CELEBRATIONS IN THE


    I.'-1P E ~I"l PROV I N<.; •. S
    ,. Ti<:s that bind '"
    2 , God and col,mry '"
    J, Liule C.",a" '"
    2S2
    Condmion 's"
    7 ' . PH£ M £R"" £MPIREI: TRltJ MPIi Al RUlERSHIP IN
    HA~HA~ I AN AHICA, ~ tJ RGU N [}Y AND ITALY 260
    !. The king .. triumphal majt·,ty in V. ndal Africa ~6r
    2 . Victory cmtom, in {he kin gdom of the Burgundi,m z66
    J. Triumph~ l ideology in Ostrogothic 1t"ly Z67
    4, Lomb"rd king'hip and vinory ~84

    ~ THF KING" VICTORY IN V!Srr;{)THIC n " r S 297


    I, Roy.1 n 'n'mony . nd Vi sigothk kingship 29~
    2 , Roy. l victor y cdcbr.tiom 302
    3 , The social corHext ofVi,igothic victory cclcbr~tion\ J IS
    4, T he rhetoric of victory 32 J

    ~ HOM l"T E AS 'rIQUE 'r o EA~lY fEUDAL SDCl f. T Y ;


    f MANK1SII VIC T ORY C1LE6~AT!ONS }28
    j, Mcroving ian vinory celeb r.tiom 115
    2, The litu rgy of v;elmy in Fr"nci ~ J4J
    C""hnl'!i;", ... JUn ,Hc-,w_",i,,1 ,, " d Ill<' king" vinur y
    j , J(>l

    C""<"I""",, JH4

    ,-""()I. "" jHM

    /!,N" 'W" I'!')' ,:f !"i,,, ,,,), _


    " """ " wed j'n
    I'rr'i"fwl)' "'cd _,((""da'y " ''''''"' ~ I~
    IJt", "'"'1'''li.<1 '1Ji,~'''C5 ~ ,6
    t!ld.. x ~ ''.i

    l'il
    Thi, ,u"ty lx'gan '" lki gill lll. II ,,,,... nch topic in the l.te Nicol.,
    I-luygheh.nt'< Ch urch H i,to,y S"mi,,,, at the fr.ncophone
    U" iV"«it), of LOllv ,in f!"'w into J doctor,,1 di,,"'t.tion. 'VklOty
    "",I 01' ""kbra ti "" in thr ll yzanti n... empirc' ,nd the llnbHi."
    K ;ngti"rn,. A . D . ~ 7(>-Il)(X)w., di,,·ctnl by my mentur, Leopold
    Gen;e", . Jnd ,kfc',,,kd at the Un ;vc,,;ty', In.<till" d'Ctudc'
    m'·diev.k,. in r>.-hy 1')7'). It bo.·,,,,ti'cd f,olll th~ co mment< .nd
    ,ugg"'lio", "I" tfa- '· ... n';n;n!'! «"" ",ille," Me"" Rober! Buicol.
    j''''I''''' h""ai,,~, U(Jj>"ld G<'U;C(Jl, Nicol., Hu ygheb,,'n.ju'lin
    M"s;.y ."d Guy M"rJilk .
    J" lhe U nitni Statc->. ;1w., ,"h". n ti.lly ,"xp~ nd "d ,!ld ,cv;sed.
    Th,' (hronolo!,! ;(.lli"';l' \lTre CXlcn,kd .• nd iu 'cope cvolved in
    rt"<P()"'~ to ,he' "in"""> I'"",id<'d by till' (WO ,·)(t,aordinny
    i"";,,nio"~ I h.,,'" bo." '" pri"il"l,,,d (" ....·..·c. At T I,.. Dl""barto"
    Q,b emlcr ror ilyza"! i,,," Swdic, (W .. hington. I) .C _). whcr~:I
    nlln,bo.'T of d>"p!n, """'n' lir" pn·_",,,t ed a, 'In(orm.1 T. lks ", my
    fri"n,b ,,,,1 col le.gl1e, p"",,,kd 111l1(h insi gh t. ",pport, and wi",
    m,nm·1. iu Ih,' rolleg;. 1 and <'nloghtmed '!mmphnc fostered by
    ,he l)i,,·<"I"'. Gile, Con<ublc _ M y colle.gues and Ic.. hing dutie'S
    in ,I,,· Ikp'" "'e'" of I Io''''t)· of The johns Hopki n' Uni",",,;ty.
    ""d p'rl><"ubrly ,I,,' Eu",pe." Se ''';''. t . ull"r<',\ a (ur<h<'t ol'por-
    to",;,y to pJn;,-ip."" i" ,plend;d oJi""";o,, "I" cun",,1 hi,tor;cal
    rc'~>rd, em,ccn';"g , bro,d r. "ge u( "'pics ,nd problem"
    Any malI' of fh is kiml ""T' " dn'p debt 10 libr.. ie, . nd
    lib"r;.",. In Iklgi"",. rOlhn 1-1_ lh>(o." .nd ,he libr, r y of lh ~
    AhbJ),," d" Mon, ·e';,,,r. Ih,' S",-i'·I'· ,k, 1l"1I,,,d;, fes .nd Ihe
    Bibliot!OC-<;k v, ,, ,k F. ruh,·;t ,In C;udgdcndhcid (K.U. Lcuv~n)
    plJynl J <I"6,i "c ,,,k. In A Illerica. til<" innm,par.bk f.cilit;es ,,,,d

    "
    "alfof I)urn h.""n 0 .1...1 kft their rn'r~ on ncorly evny p.ge. The
    ""d", 'Ill'" know . howe"",. ,h., though ,hi , study h~, bern
    co"dltc,cd ,,,,dt'r privilq;ed bibliographic~1 conditio ",. I decided
    '0 '0
    li mi, (i",;o", of ,.: co ndory Ii't'ra'ltn' thosc ,i,k, which
    "-TlllCd, in 111 r j"dgc-tnm'. indi'pc",,,bk, I" my foo"'o'e •• ,h" i., I
    havc' bem forccd to OI11i , many "ltd ic" which I co",,, I" 'd on
    va rl ou, topte"
    I" 0"" ''''Y "r ,,,,o,hn, l11~ny fri""d, .nd colic.gm·, h.vl·
    ""''',ihul<'<1 '" Ih; , h""k over ,It" y,'~ r<. C"tlvcn,iun u'ges nt e to
    thatlk th oSt' "'0" intimat,",y associ3,ed wi,h it. Space (orces nit' tu
    '0
    i'ti""ice. I am deeply gra,du l L~()pold Genicn" for ,ht' role h"
    h" played in my st udi e, ",,1 for di rect in g ,he di"",,,tion out of
    wh ich thi, book ha, g rown . J" hn Baldw in. John C,Il,h,n, G ilt"
    Co"'tJblt-, Nicobs l 'luy!:heb~e ", and H" be,rt Silvc" ' c luvc
    contributed mort' th an the y know through their conversation"
    coltnsel, . nd frimdship . I "we a hst;ng debt to S,ephcn H Jdrovic,
    fur !:"iding 111)' li"t, haitin): " t' P' in hi,toric,1 ""die" M ust "f
    the,"" ch.ptn, r,,,vc ,' nj"y",r Ih,' d""iicd critici'm ."d imigh t "f
    Alcxantkr K07.hdCln and Nicolas Oixo n Oll1 idl'S . Othe .. who hnT
    rCJd ,,·ctiom and ",ode hl'ipf,,) ' '' ggl,st i,m, incl"de Robe'"
    Benson, AVl'ril C. rrwcon , Ev,ngdo, C hry s.o, ."d M"" in Hcin_
    ,d"U"'L Fiually. l owe ,III ;n c.rc ul .ble ,It-h, to ,he cttdur ing
    erlco""gemcltt ."d "'pp" n of my r,,,,ily, hoth i Irln'cdi ~'e ."d
    cXle",kJ,

    T ,'"awa!l</a, N , r ,
    TI,allbxi ,'i".~, 198}

    X"
    Note to the paperback edition

    The following noles off~, . ddition . l pri"l> ry SO" rce I~Sfi mony th.1
    [hH'c cnC<J"nter~d which n,.y be h.!pf,,1 10 "s~rs of lhi. book, A
    few ",.. te,; .. 1 error~ - for kno w[~dg~ of which J . m indcbt~d to
    reviewers' cue - h,ve bo:cn corrected silently in Ih~ book. I
    :.: Ihe " "" of Ibe bishops wh" wrote to M. u,ic~ were in the
    Lorn b> rd tcrrilory of A'luiici., H . Berg, •Bi"hofc u"d Bi.chof,-
    ,il2c im 0' ''[1'''0_ und Don.","um vun 4. bi, zUln 8. J.hr-
    hllndcrt', Di~ a.'Y"" u"d il1T~ NMhb."" r, ed . H. Wolfrom . nd
    A , Schwarcz (Vicnn., 1985), PI' · li l- r08 , here h - 4 .
    41, n. n: Evangdo. Chrysos has sugge<!cd ro me th. t Con't.ntiu,
    [I ', triumph .n t return to Mil." in ljj mighl he .ddcd to thi.li,t :
    Am",i.nu. M>rcel1 in u.• , RF' g.'SlM '5 , 4. ' l. cd. W, S~yfuth
    dd/,. I (Lcip"i g, ",>78), H·U- 3·
    60: Th""dcric S" .h,,', .«ide"ul dellh in 48 1 ,ee"" to h.ve
    rcsulted in 1 <I",e holid.y : J ord ." ~,, Ro,,", 436. Momm.en
    H· 2~---<) ,
    10. with n. Il): p, Conte h.. pre,ented cOllvincing reUonS for
    identifying Ihe ;,bnd of K.[onymo, with Prot., in the h[.n d, o f
    ,h e ['rince, (Tu rkish Ken . li.d.): A'~lI,,", 52 (1988). J66,
    74-8: for (he [iturgic,[ "'entiOIl of, victor), cd~ br>lion ovcr the

    A, ,hi. ,h, fol lowhlg ''''k''', hi'" (0"" (D my ,,,<",ion, R. eollim.


    "',,,i,,~ ,
    f;"t';.~ N'"~, "'. (19~1 , <In, p, Co"'" II,.,,", )' (,.""), )~>--9; A.
    H;"o<i,,1
    Cud«. C/,,,i,,1 W..IJ. h (19"», "J-~ ' M . H,,,\l<lm.on, F""",,, I ! (,.37), I .06-
    " P. Hoc«y , "",",1'1"".,,, .«li,"''''1"'' I, (•• 01), ."_,, P . Lem." •. R,."
    iI;"""f'''' '79 (1 ?18) , li l-<i; T. C l""ngh;" C,~~"., ,;v;/"";', ",Wiv.J., l '
    (1<ilI.).• 69-" , T,,".
    (j , T>b"w. ~o.Ji ""J;",.Ji, ... " J, '0 (19'1) , . ' .-<i, U, Il.~.
    )0 (.<ilIO), .,.,..S" R. V. " ll.",. lI_i". Hi"..... ) R,,~. OJ ('<ilI I) , 10 '3-<,0;
    H. Wnlf"",, ,\ I/(X;, 11'1 " ."), '"J- <.

    XIU
    Pe"i,ns on 11 Dec.'mh e" A. Dmitrievsky. Opi,~nir /iw'gi/J .
    o i<ikh '''kopiJri I (Kie v. 18\15) . p, 156.
    I oU : Ihe Bulg .. Kh,n Krum i•• upposed 10 h,ve performed the
    {alca/;o o n the me!ropoli!>" o f Adri,nople in 8, 1: Sy", CP;I~II"no,
    Deleh'ye, 415 .4- 8,
    150-1, wilh n . 67-8: Ih. following ye ... Photiu. referred 10
    Mi ch.d Ill's role i" ,h " cdebr.. ion of 861: Homi/i •. 10. 1,
    L.outd,s. \19. 2~- !00. '0, cr. c. M,,,go. "l"h, J /omi/i'J of Pholi'<J
    I'a";a"j, of Com/ami'lOpl •. Dumbanon O,ks Studi... J (C.m-
    b ridge, MoS<., 1958). p. 184; cr. p. 1 7~ .
    1. fY1. n . 811: ,eo: Vi,~ Bld,;i. 1 (!lHG 178) AASS Nov . 4.658B fot.
    lel1th-century OCCUrrenCe of the term .
    133: for anolher victory endowment •• Iso in Ihe empire's western
    re,ch ... , 'lee th,t of Nicepho ,"s I for P, Ir.. (Dolgcr. Rrg"'tn. no.
    165); on which ~f. O. Kresten . 'z .. , Eohlheit de. ~1r1"" I ON
    d e. K.isers Nikepho ros I. Iii, p.tra'. RJ"';JCh~ hiSlo r;s<I,~
    MilUil,mg.", ' 9 ( 1977), I 5-7 ~ .... p. H-{),
    1.51 . n . llO: for evidence of , hi. fo.m"I •• middle Byuntine ,od,l
    diff" , ion. see the g,.mti of Cor inth. cd, B. D. Meritt. Coriml).
    R' >uI/J of Enava/ioM', S" (C,mbridge. M. s,., 19JI). nOs. 200 ,
    lOj,212.nd2'J ,
    336-7; c f. Z59: fo. more 011 C lovis p. ,.d •• nd the hi5!o,ic.1 c ir-
    cum"'nee. in which early German ic le.ders expuienced ,nd
    ,dopted deme"" of impe ri,1 cercnlOn i.l, .ee 'Clovis .t T Dun,
    By zantine Pu b li c Il.itu. l and 'he Origin. of Med ie v.1 Ruler Sym_
    ''''a
    boli.", ' , D~, R ri<l, oii, BMb~r," . • d. E. K. Chry.o, ,nd
    A , Schwarcz. V•• o{f.ntlichu"g~n dc. Instituts liir O"er-
    reichi.che Geschich15forschungeo. 29 (Vi~ lm .. , '9S9). pp. ' j j -

    "
    3311-9: on Thoudekrt ', gold i,,"e,. 5ee now P. Grienon ."d M .
    Bl.ckburn, M,d;,val E",op'" " CO;""l" I, n,~ & r/y Middl, Agrs
    (C,mbridge , 1986) , pp , 11 6- 17.
    J75-7: in early 757. Fu l .. d, .bbol ofSI [Jenis. coll.cted Ihe key' of
    the cilies ' re<tored' to Stephen II by Pippin's ..cond luli .."
    ca m paig n and deposited ,hem itt ,he shrine ofSt Pet c" Lib. pont ..
    Duche, ,, e. 1. • 54. 1- 12. significontiy. on luli.tt source ,bout a
    ceremony in It.l y . App>rcntly itt 794, John offered symbol< o f
    victo ry .ftc< comba' nc ar Burdon. to K ing louis the Piou, , nd
    received lond in return: MGH Dip/omot. Kar~li" o ""n, I, cd.
    Narr ro rhr p"pr,b~(k ,djrio"

    E. Milhlb~ch~r rr ~!. {'906}. no . ' 79 h~r~ 24J.4o-~42.5; cf.


    Biihmn_M ilhlbachcT. R,gwm. 110. 128 .
    386: ,he tut from the A rI<:~ S>Cr>mcnu,y is now edited in 'A N~w
    N in,h-Ccntury Wimc" to the C,wlingi,n Mus 'g~in" th~
    P' g . n, (PHis. B.N. bt . l8'2)". R'V"tb"~hii(/int, 97 ('987), 68-

    "
    Abbre[liatioJls

    AASS Aera 5.",10",,,,. Antwerp. [64)- lrd


    edn. I',r;" Rom~. Dr",.d" [861-.
    An Analula Bol/."didll" , Dr"' .... ls. [882-.
    ACO Aero (M(iliM"'" (It'IIIn.,,;ror,,,,,. ed. E.
    Sehw,r1z. Derlin. [914-74.
    ANRIV Auftritg ,,,,d NitJrrgOl'g J" ,;;mj,(hrn
    Jl'dl. G"rhidrrr ,,,,d K"I",. Rom,;m
    5pirxd dr. "",,,tn F"",nu"g, ed . H .
    Temporini .nd W. )·10.",. Derlin, '<)72 - .
    BHG F. H . lkin. llib/iMhrro hagiogrophi,a gra"o.
    lrd ~dn. Sllb,idi.. h, gi"gr.phic>. 81.
    Ur",,,,1$. [<)57; F. j·blkin. Au(/ori"m.

    BHL
    ,,.,
    Sub,;dia hagiogr:lphic., 41. Dr"' .... I•.

    Biblio/huo hagi"graph;ro lati"a .nd


    S"pplrmrn/,,,,•. SUblidi. h.giogt,phica. 6
    .nt! 12. Dr",,,,),, IH98-1901 ,nd 1<)11.
    as IlFolllino,lav;ro, Prague, [929 - .
    BF· BFalll;,,". R rvur ;III""oliM,ol. J" rl"d..
    by:>olllj"... Dru,,,,ls. [<)24-.
    Rrulllj";J(hr Zr;/Jrhrijr, Leipzig, Muni ch,
    [8,)2- .
    CCI. eMpU, (h,ill;"""''''''. ,uit< I,ll;"•.
    Turnholt. '9H - .
    CFHB G"'p'''/''IIIi"", hiJl.'riar by"a"'i,,•• , [</'7-.
    ClL C"'P'" in,aipr;o",,,,, lal;".",m. Derlin ,
    (86) -.

    XV"
    eLA E.A. lowe. CoJi((s la,i,,; ''''''q''''''''s. A
    paIMoJl.'"J'"j(alg,,;dr I" ","",«aiI'll p,i", 10
    II" ",,,,I, ",umy. Oxford, '\lH ~71.
    eLLA K. G.mocr. Cod;,,, /in.rgiei /"Ii",
    ,,,,,i1";"""!nd coin, Sp;cikgi'''"
    Fribllrgcnsc. SlIb,idi., I, Fribollr~ > 1<)6~­
    CPG M. Gccrard, elm';i /,0/",,,, x"r",""m.
    T"",holll, ".17~ - ,
    CSEL Corpu, ,(1jpla,,,m fecl,,;d"''''''''''
    Imi"o"'",. Vicnn~, 1~(>6- .
    DACL Di(/im",.;', d'arcl,;~I"!lj, dl1bi.",,~ f/ dr
    lil,, ~~j,. cd. F. C.brol Jnd H. L"dcrcq,
    P.ris. 1907- 51.
    DHGE Dj(fiM""i" d'iliSlai .. " a, giog'"pili,
    ({dhialliq" tf. ed. A. n.lIdrilkr, A. I),"
    Meyer, E. V.n C,"wcnbcrgh. Ie
    Aubert, I'~ri" '1/12-.
    Via. am, Die/imina", <I" allllq";'':, )1"<Q"" rr
    '0"'.'"'' d'0l";' /r. /rXIU d In "'''''''''''''1<.
    cd. C. n.rcmbcrg ,nd E. S.glio, P,.i"
    ,877 - '9 29.
    DOP n"mh~1I<m O~b /'~p"" W •• hingwn,
    D.C, '9.P-.
    FMS 1'",hmjlld~II,,!icl,~ Sl"dj~", Miins,er,
    ]9<>7- .
    GCS Die Griechi",hen chri"lich~n
    Schrifmcll~t J~r cr<ten drci
    J, hthundcrte. Leipzig, ,8'l7-.
    GUiliand. R . Guilbnd, {Iud" d~ IOpo.l?','pl,'~ de
    TQPojraphir CQtI,lallljtl"pl( byZdlll'tlf, Be,liller
    byz,nt;ni.";jCh~ Arbei(cn, 31, Berlin,
    19<><J.
    'LS Imer'l'l;o"" /,II'"df "'f(la~, cd. H. Dc",u,
    Berlin, , 892 -,",6.
    JAC ja/"b,u/, fii, Allljk~ ,,,,d CI,,;,mmm,.
    Miimler-Wc~,f.lell, ,')6~ - .
    J ~"in, Crlt by:._ R. J.II;n, CmlJlamiMop/r byzalll'M(.
    D"v~lopp("'ml " . bajJl tI '(1'(1/0'"
    ropog,ap/,iq"'. 2nd cdll, P,'; •. 1')64.
    XV'"
    Janin, EgliYl It. J.n;n, La gtoll,aploi, mlbia,/iq'" d,
    I'm'pi" bp"",i", I., 1;'11' 01,
    Co,waI";""pl, rI I, palri""aI ",mmrll;q"';
    I..R' r,~/i'" n I" llIOII,urh". 2nd ~dn. Paris,
    ,~(~),

    JL P. J.lfi', S. Lowcnfdd cl . 1.. R'lIt1Ia


    p"mijicom, ROIII"'''''''III "b (""dita uc!u;. ad
    ,""""" 1''';( CI",m"" liar,,,,,
    ,\/CXCVIII,
    Leipzig, r8~5-~.
    )08 j ,')lrb"c/, 01" "H"",ic/,i,e/,," Bp"wi";lIik,
    Vienna, ".15'-.
    MGN ,\f"""'"f111il em,wllill' /" ,/orira
    AA AmM'r> ,mliq"iJSimi, IH77 - 1919.
    Cap,r, C.piml''''a " g" '" F,m,w""", cd. II.
    Ilorctiu\ , nd V. K,.llIC, !883-----g7.
    C,,,,,. C"r/r,I", ar'" em"I'"I, cd. II .
    Wcrmin!!holf. 1')06-24 ,
    Dipl"",,,,,, "II'"''
    em"""ia, rx srirp,
    Ka,,,li,,,,,,,,,,. '~Jl - 60.
    El'iH . /:pi.'I" la,·, IX~7 I\lW·
    /'0"" _ F"",,,,IM ,\I"rodll~'ri ,'I KMoli.. ; ."",
    1881.
    r,'rlM 1.11;"1 ",rd,i arv" ,88, - .
    .~o;I''''''' '''''III
    j/"111.",i,,,,,,m In II",m
    "''''/'''''111, ,8W-.
    SRI. Srriptor" "''',.. La",~ob.rJira",,,,, '878.
    SRM Sr,il'l.",,! .m'",
    '\/"'01""11" '''''''', r 884 - 195 J •
    5S 5";I'I''''J. '~11>- ' \lJ~ .
    ,\fIDe Alill!"IJI"II~" ,I,s fll! /;II,ll ft;' oJu ",irnisd"
    G"cI, i'/"~fo",I",,,,~, Inmbllock. !880-,
    Miilln - W;"nn, W . M'ilkr-Wi""n. BilJ/rxikOll Z'"
    BiIdI,.~;;wM T~I)".~,.'pl", I"~II I",'" Tiibingcn. ''/77.
    PC P.w " "',~i" gr.'''((I, ,-d. ). 1'. Mignc. I'"i.,
    1~ S7- ~().
    P,,,,,,I" )1'" la,i".,. e,/. J.I'. Mign . , Pori •.
    IHH - (·4 .
    PLRE A.I LM. j<""'s, J- Ie M,,,;nd,, l. ,,,d J.
    Mor';l, I" M"pvW"phy <if II,~ late' Rmnan
    blll,i,!', C,mb,id!!,', 1971- .
    AbbJfv;at;ons

    RAC RNllfxiko., flir A",ih ""d Crni,'",/,,,,,,


    cd, T. Kbus<:r, Stmtgn!, !9.P-,
    RE l'a"lyl Rrn/"'crciopJd;. der kia"i"I,,"
    Allerrom",w;ssrn,d,njs. cd. G. Wi,ww>
    etal., Stu<tg,rt. ,891-.
    REB Rev" . dr, b"d" by>:a",;"", bri,. '946 - .
    RIC Th, Romm, ;mpoia! (oi"n~e, ed. 1·1.
    M.u;ngly c' ,I.. London, '9l1 -.
    SC Source, dm:'ticnncs, hris, 19~! -.
    Sctdlll~"e s.:ui,,,,nc di studiu del (c ra ro it~Ji'rlu di
    scudi ,u ll'.l to mcdiocvo, Spolctu,
    '954 - ·
    TM TMva"x ",,;/no;UJ, Par;., J96S-.
    rI
    VV Vj~a",ii.kii Vrr""""ik, lmingud, !~94-.
    Wml'nbch - W . W,ltenb.ch and W. l"vi,on,
    levi",n, D",,,ddllJ,d. CfJfioicio/'qllfll." ;m
    C,.c/,;cl"'q",II,,, Milld.//fT. VaTU;' 'lMd Karoli''K,r,
    Weirn"". '9P-.
    Introdllctiorl: imperial triumph as a
    historical problem

    Dcr Ictzt~ Triumph >eh.in! ,m J, )02 von Diodeti.n geh,I,,,,, IU


    ""n .
    J. M..qu"d,. ,RS ,
    W., wi""" wit "ill"rnlich v{Jn Jon mindaherliche" Konig"n ?
    P.E. Schromm. '9~6
    Only . ,m,lI part of the rito.1 ,pr.uto, of Klvereign,y w os !>ken
    ovcr directly by the G"rm.ni~ kingdom. <".bJi,h"d in lotin
    Romani • .
    f).A. Bullough. 1974

    To th~ modern observer. th. siwltion of the Rom~n empire in the


    late ,i xth centu ry . ppe." grim. Barb ..;.n .dvan~es, plague .nd
    civil strife engulfed the ancient edifice, When a ~vere uprising
    ro,~ed Egypt under emperor Mauri ce (A, I) . 582 - 60z). a R o m'"
    gener~l named Theodure w.s dispatched to quell the revolt,
    Before .tuc king. he had tWO recently freed prilO". rs try to
    pnm.dc Ihc insurgcnt, to loy down Ih.';r arms:

    Ob<ervc .11 ) ' OU people who h.v e joined with the rebels: do not war
    'I\.in" ,h,· g.""'"], for the Rom.n em pir. i. neither enf""bled nOr
    vmqui,hed!
    T he reported effcct w as [l'mnhblc: , number of Ji",idcnts
    .b.ndon ed the revolt .nd c . m~ over to the imperial forc ••. '

    , John of N ibu, <:.".,<1" ". R.' t Ch"l<, Ilondon . '9'0), p. ')9. k;nd ly """,,«I ror
    m< on dot b,,;, of th, fth,opi.n by G. F;.",dori. On ,,,. """,K>n,]. M"r<'" 'od G.
    W ;"'. M.,h,".x r-' "".i, .; J. ,!i~.p." .. I'tRrr'" MemQ ;' ", d<: no";,", f"",,iI
    d ' "el><olo~;" o<;"n"l<, JO IC,;"" '9'0- '9), pr· 'Vl , . The hm;n..-y c;"t;on,..-.
    ['Qm). M "~""J,, R ... ,..", S,..""'.... I ' " "~, ,d. II. Do,,-," , nd A. .on Domu_
    ,
    Introduction

    Whether or nO! llie Romans actually used this kind of


    argument may pl'rhap' be quocioned. T hat bte R o man writers
    put weh rusoning into thei r mouth. nnnOt. As Nar:lC1 sup-
    posedly insisted aft(:r defeating the Aiamannians, ct(:mal victory
    was the birthright of Rome.' The incidem could be dl. n. incd if it
    were isolated or limited to the rhetoriol produetions ofh iuoruns
    and poelS. It wu nOI. Abou. the pme lime, the biwops of Isl ria
    wrote to Maurice cxprcs.ing their belief lha, they would soon be
    delivered from the barba rian yoke and returned.o the 'freedom'
    of th e 'holy common wulth' (s~nrla '~J publir~).l In far away
    Arabia, the Koran ",cmed to expect that a lotte ring Ronun
    empire would yet ~n>lch victory ftom the jaw. uf defeat by thc
    Peuians. Aftel th e Romans suffered > cru,hing defeat during the
    Penian inHlion, a Irldition immun e to imperial censorship
    claimed that a reblivc of the Proph et reacted to the new, by
    wagering on Roman victory. ' At the othe r end of the wo rld,
    rumon reached Merovingian Gaul that new, vklory-producing
    saints' rdies had come 10 lighl in the imperial East.' AI blC as 678,
    when the R on,.n. made a new «caly with the .... tabs, wo.cn,
    rukn may have feared that another Byuntine re<:onqucst wo uld
    follow, for they hasoCl1ed to request peace t.calies with Constan-
    tinople .• Through the dark"t hours of the ",venth and eighth
    ",w ok, . ,nd «In •• (.. print. W"'b.>..i<n. '9)7). J9' ltoo, d, iftII .. n, .), ~.E, Stllnmm.
    ·H<t""luft.... icbcn und S" ""y",boI'k·. H"''''~tJk'''~''' ,0<1 S' '''''Y'''o.li. _ &,.
    ".,r•• i~", c.".~." ._ Mit!.. loil .... ""10,,...,,")•• ,10,.,.,..,. M C II , Seh"f"",
    IJ. ) (SM',,,,, '9~6). '067: ..d I), A, Bulloo,h. ·C.m<> ptO~1e pby.d. lJ"m . ... d
    .;' ....1.. P'CP>iI",d. in ....,.0...1 Euru",,' , T .......I ...' of '''' R• .,.ll/i",,,(01 5.... '1 .
    ..... J. " (I97. ). l17- n,. hu" 'OJ .
    , A, .. ~,. H I"...... ' .. 140; '. '. " . '. «l R _K' yolo.lI. CFH8, 'Ilkrl",. t!l'l7)_ ~_'_J:
    d . •.• . Co<'PI"',. 1,., ;+, ,..,; ,)ii. '. ) " - , ",01 , . J .."to «I.) . Di8P< , ,,.t F.R.D.
    Goody ... (C.",bt>dg<. '\170). " - ••nd to. .nt u.: _ h . .. "too,." '" '""on II
    ""1lnJ ... ,,·I't >c. "",h'R A.., m.....,. Con","" /. b \., 1"";';""Pori ..,_" ) .
    ) ...... Jnd Jk>-\!. «I. A • . c.m....... (London. 'V76), l ' .owI 1' ·
    , C"P' t. R-r- '. 160. <d. P. [ walcl ..... LM . H"' ....... n. ,uG H. F.,.... , (, 117)-
    "'.1- ': d . " .11--4 >nd ,I.)O-J. cr. F. 1.oonrom. 11-"";11,01;,,401..,;,..., ,I,..,.,..
    .,t ...... "". •, SwdI ....... IJ (Fxnz.I. 19>1). 19) - • .
    o q.., ..... SO;'" oI-R~"'. 1«'_" <iKd and""'- b, A_M_H. Shboool. ·!l y.... "um
    and the Au,,": l'bo ,m.,. of.hot: 8Y........... ", .. ",,«I '" A"boc: lu" .... ,,·.
    /ly _ _ '-"" . «I. E, "'" M . Jo:""l'" and A. M off.... llyn",;." ........1_.... ,
    (C ... bem, '~'). 1'1" ' )- "" h«' P_ . 1-1 w;,h 0,1'- ) '
    • C"CO<Y ofT""". /I" .......... !il.i K. 7. J'. «1_ II. K,uo<h >lid 'oN . !.t"I(MI. MCH,
    5RM. 1. 1 (I9~')' 1j(l.6- UI.I1,
    • 'Tho".,h, ..,. C/o_'tt'''''''' A.M_ 6,"", ,d. C. Do: Il00'. , (I.t,p';" ,Ull_ I~"'-I,
    ,
    Cl'nl url eS th e church and peo ple of R om~ pr~ycd ceaS( lcMly for
    the 'more complete' return of impe rial dominion to il5 forme r
    ,;<tent.' In par t, !l.ch rcspon",s doubt]"", no'" from the usua l lag
    bctwttn eVCflt ~nd perception.· Om ""me p..t surely nme from
    deep bd i,f in the most pOient of R oman myths: the myth of the
    R oman empire's eterna l vino ry. a myth generated by the
    unprecedented ri$e', power and durnion uf R ume.
    If the simple f~ct of the empire's stupendous KTowth ~Ild power
    crened this belkf, imp"ri.1 authurit;.:s uf succcSlivc ern workN!
    .killfully to m. intain it. From the fourth ,emur y, as extern.1
    thre. ts grew more d.ngerous, foreigners espeei all y were tHgeted
    fot this mess.ge. Imperi.lleg.riom Ir.,·ded 10 ·barb.ri.lI· coum
    to illform th em of th e emperor's mo,r recent trium phs. 9 To justify
    the ass;!)!in.t;on of. barbar;;.n ehieft.in, twO It oma" officer!
    could de";'" no bette r defen", than to cla im that th e kinglet wa'

    F. S;W. ~~ 11< .... • "'ii<- _.-.,;~ .w... rl.>II'.-t>. '9' S). pp ' '''- ' . ........
    du..... ,..... , .... w i,h ,t.. SI. v;e.,.;be. .,r,t.. 8 yun ..... W..... 1""""" >tt<pI<d loy
    <.0.0..._ ... ,. c."Ioot-_., .,~_; ......S ....."' • • •d cdn (M"""h. ' *J). p. '<14
    .. ill> n. o. 8 ... ,,,,", ...... _ <~duck. " .... vay 1<0....... tom"'rd .. who ... "'"Iy
    .... p6<..... 1>y 1l>NpI<.nn· u'"' old......,.,.-,1 " , " , • .1600. ",'h.o<h mUll be ,t.. Lc>mb..rd
    ,.,..l4{ij.r. C . 0.. ea., •. C~ k« ",/0-1.,0;";,. «I. l . 1'>',.... 0 (Niort.
    "ll)...... " <f. LM. " "'''''''n. c;"rt<.1«< I,dono,;..
    '7' wkJr n. ') . pp. '79-10; F. JA>!t..,. /I't"'''''
    ~
    AI.",.,,,, •. ,
    K"',,,.,/r , ,\. k,
    «"""ko. ,_I.
    ._;",r...
    /I';''''', .... "S-" " (M""lm, ,.,.). """. >O<-"'oJ T C. t.o.r"i</r;" v, _ ..,...... ,
    .,z,",;..-, ,. Offlh, ltp.i, 14foMM'" k,/1,,, "",,,-, ;.~·",z C'o;_, ( ~1 - '09')
    (A,hm'. ,~ "'). pp. "'- 1.
    , Li .... oft.,"., k_ ....... I""',jji'. '" 00, ,d. H. Fo,,,,,.,,
    (lltm. '~j') , '".4 - '7 .
    • N. Rei" .. ,. 1Jtr- Ct.. ... ; r .1, ~""__ " k, ,;;",;" 10,, ~,~Io< , i .. ,1 ....1..... ",oIt",.J k,
    J ...... f. )_.,1, .... "" Di". IM..,,,«, ' ''''''). h" colk"<d ",ho. "" im"" 1 on ,h i,
    1Ubjt<"
    • Thu. '" 4so1 '0 ki", ThoOOrri< 11, Hyd., .. ,. ('..... ~.... ,]t>-7, <d. A. T .. ..,~, '. !>C.
    ... (P ..... 'V,, ) ' Jfo: ,r <om", .. ;!.oj. ' . ' OJ: "'V"", of ........... Ii, . ...... wl>oo<
    "",K,,,,I0,.,,,,. ,,, ..........0. 1"" • •;e,,,,,, .....m ,,, ptnum .....mp""'" "' ........
    • xpb..d, ...... ,«1 ' 0 '" <0lI0<<'"' '
    woh .... >011 of Lmrrnl"" : <d. II. 1'<11'<" .11<.011 .
    .tA. 6.. ('''I)' *" 'J (ct. £,. n.~. n o' ~"'pl .... m ", p',"",op.h. "" ..m,...,
    ,,,,,;--.,,,,1: onl, ... "",,,,1M 01 .... d, ......,.n e>n,I"''fI'' "'I' , " ........ '0 M"h.. II·.
    irt"- <MI
    Monr.o pr<Win<;" , A_It.,.,... r,_u_.•.
    <zpl> ... do, ff.. ~ ,,,, """n·••<f<,""""" 'mul ..... "''' . ...... ""' ..... '"
    I, >. rd. F. Ku, ... MGII .~ R <.O (' '''s).
    'J6: d . 0.;1", ... R,~_ . ..... . 11 • • oJ l """g hn. A ..... , ........ 1'1'. '''''-0;
    Th<q:rhil ....
    ",,,,,,,.,,,,,, .. ~, 01. 'K<Ofy .,...... ~n not"", '" lou .. ,t.. PH"''' A ....... ,
    1In-".i...... 119. td. F <.0 .. ,.). V.. U.... d ... d S. Ofmro«r. Sot"'" Ii< I'~ , ~o"< do
    F"",,< • • N (Pori •. '1060). )0. on ,,'h;m ct. IlQl~l'f. /f,~P"'. no . • ) I. r'O< '"'V,vin,
    , .. K!, .,r.ot. v"'tory cc mmun"l""" "'" b<lu ..·. Cn. J.

    )
    blt,eduction

    undermining foreigner;' belief in the emperor', invincibility.' 0


    Nor w~, the insistent mc"~ge of im per i. l victory confined to
    envoys and hi,tori.",. The theme w.s oblig~tory for every
    panegyri5t from Pliny to PisidCl. 11 Imperial art and ceremony
    glorified it, the Rom~n ~rmy'l p~l. word. ~nd bmle cries echoed
    it.'2 Rom.n coin.ge, . n ubiquitou •• nd reve.ling mirror of
    government thinking. is covered with .Iog.n. like 'Etern al
    Victory ' or 'Victory of the Augu.ti'."
    The origin.l cxp.nsion .nd ,arly mlidity ofRom.n power h~d
    prep~rcd men', mind. to be1i eve in the myth , but " coincidence of
    comtitution~1 history tumformed wh~t might h."c been.
    gem·r.t perception into. fundamcn tal concepti<Jn. Th e Icgacy of
    the Rom.n revolution, which grounded the emperor's comti_
    totion . 1 power I ~rg cl y in hi, po.ition .. comman der_ill_chief or
    ;mptr~to,. lent unique urgency t<J the mClsagc of Rom.n vict<Jry.
    The ruler', milit:lry success confirmed hi, right to rule.'~ To the
    con,titution.1 imperative of im peri. 1 victory w .. . ddcd • politic.l
    one, for the .ncient' werc n<J le.,
    'emiti"e than modern. to the
    sweet ,mel! <Jf ,uc,,,... That war ~nd :I huge military est.bli,hment
    .. "'g"h'". IIi" . ,. 9. J . K.yd.!t 'J.·1-'0.
    " A [.w ... mpln fm m m,n y, Pbny. P""'U ,i"". , 6-- '7 ; XII 1'""'1 1' ;" Ioui";. '0. (». ' •
    • . ,J. 1l. ... .Il . M)"nm' (O.fmJ . ",".J ......."'0 I'). ' . '. M )""" 'OJ. '0' '0 (.). 6. '.
    ,.8 . ,c>--, " , , IJ ). <. j -•. ')~ . ' 1-» . <Ie. Th<m;";u,, o..,i, ). cd. H. S<h<n,1 , lid G.
    '0
    )).,,,.,,'y. ' Il" p"~, ,"")). "". , , - , " ,r tjh>.n 'u, ,lIu,,,,,, ,m P<'" I ,;,cwo<> " •
    <om mon 'op" ;n ,I>< P,neS)" ;" ,dd •..,,,,d '" Th«><i",,", t, 0.,,1, ", 0). cd. R.
    Foow", •• (ldp,ig , '00<). <, J.' '-'7' P,orop;u, "[Gu •. I. i,"p""""" 11 .."";",,,
    '.
    PO"'iY'~.'. ,d. C. K'mp<n Ilion". '9 ,~). I.J -' " P'ol S;kn liory. o,'''ip'"'WOl''''
    S'ph.o<. cd . P. h;.dlinJ. ••j ....... " yo. C .., •• J " .. I., S;J,.'iM;",. K"." ",,,~ ,,,' h. ·
    t'" j"''''.;,.,,,,",,, 2", (l< 'p.i~ . '~"1 ••.,..- ,(,; C... mg' P;,i<!<>. ~xp<Ji " , p<"k• • ),
    <00->7- eO. A. Pm"';. S",,:I;, p,,,,>l,,,,, by"n'; •• ,) if".I. ' oJo1. ')<- ) .
    " A. G"",,, L.''''1'''''.' ."', 1'. " 'p"'''.' R"I«"",, ,., I'." +,,11< ''''pi" I'o.i""
    W,,;'. '9J 6). pp. J,If. Th< u", of b,,,", uk, 0' p",,"o,d, Ii . , ·u',w," . ·p.lm,·,
    '!)cu, 'lOb''''om' 0' '"i'''''phu, imp<",o,k' '''' ,,,,,",,,Ikd by V<8<""~ C'pi'""", or;
    ."Ii,,,i,. J. J. <d. C. l .ng Il<ip"g. '! !j). ) j. '4- '~'Ju";n"n', >1m"" "d"",<d him
    '~Ioroo"~ y 'KlOno",' 1~""'AI,,~oo). <.g. Pfo<op,",.II<II•• '.jO. ). cd.j. H, o,y 'od G.
    Wi .. " .• nd cdn. ' Il<;p",. ''''''1. ,."".'
    J - '): b)' ,he n""h «n 'u.y ,I>< ,,«n ' h. d
    ,h,f,cd." By .. n'm. "''''I'' ,",," 'cd 'Th< cnn,e"nqO<'!,J", ·(;"on;o'. R'I"'" IiI.; '" ,
    •. '<.• d. A. l<.miilk,. W,,,'''' .n d L Thom. CFIIIl . .. IB<,\;n . '911).66.1'-): i~ .• ,
    )0 . 1).Jj - 6.
    " \.«. <.g. M. Gun •. R,,,,,,,,
    """I fta", ,.;", (C.",bnJ~, . '9)1). pp. ,)-J' . for ,h.
    '''mch;'' " " o[V ICTOIUA AETEIlN ...... V(j " oJ ,dOled ""<11< kgend., 1« .he
    ,ofc",><<> in RIC. O. 70) ; d. RIC. ,. 1)<-! : VICTOIlIA AVGe <lC .• RIC. I . )7>- j.
    ,. J. G,~<. 'L •• hiol"t<'" J, ... , ,,ro,,,, ,m~ml<', R,,", ~IJ"''''''' , '7' ('9))) , ' -OJ' O«
    "Iuw . CI,. , .
    ,
    continuously burdened the empire', later hi,wry only enhanced
    ttw political appeal of a triumph.1 Ityle of rulership, Cla"ie.1
    civilization', athletic etho, added further impetu' to the lioni~_
    ation of the imperial victor, especia ll y , ince the late antique
    hippodrome resounded equally with "clam .tion, for the vicrori_
    ou. emperor and the triumphant charioteer." Since winning .t
    'pon. w:1S Sl'mantically indistingui,hable from military victory
    (the game. ,hem,elve. weu oft en . gift of imperi.l munificence),
    the Roman crowd easily confounded ,ucce" in the race, with the
    ]]OIion of imperi.l victory, ,. T <'m of rhom:md, of voi,C! chanting
    'Ni-b, ni-h" created .n .wesome background for the 'p"c-
    !:Ieular sdf-manife,tation of the 'victor and triumphator', a, the
    ruler of the Roma", stylcd hi,,,,df. And, f"':llly, imperial officiab
    were dever enough to ,hift the lIloSt important rites of imperial
    power - including victory cel ebration' - to the V:lU th eater
    provided by th" circus and its faIl!,
    The cmperor', perenni" l victory c:l n be traced aero", the
    phy,ical and menul bndscape of the latc Roman world, Coin"
    monument" legal d<'positions, panegyrics, Sunday services and
    gam e. - "II rcAeC! the way. in which this facet of th e imperial idea
    dev eloped, and the significance it "'quired, Above all ~ .nd this
    constitute! the c~ntral them~ of thi, ,IUd Y - triumphal c~remoni~1.
    prop~gand a .nd public dispby celebrated and confirmed the
    victorious ruletship of the emperor. Thes<: ceremonies in parti-
    cuiar yield different kinds of insight into the society and
    govcrnmcll1 which produced them, A specific performance of a
    victory celebration can illuminate the org.nizer 's short-term
    apprai,al of the general political situation, for, as we will Ice , each
    perform.nce w..s c.. "fully ca li brated to the patticolat condition,
    in which power was being exercised, When :I ceremony was

    " Un ,he , /ftnLfY or."""" >1hl<'" ,Old m,tJ"'y .. I""" H, W , Pk , « , 'C, m", P"''''
    "hk", . nd od<ology, >Om< "P"''' of ,10< h"w.y of 'PO" 'M 'he C",u-Rom,,,
    wmld' , A"." I _ S,..;.,.. Z,i'''",;P fo' C"_~i,"" 0., Sp'''' ""d ." K...,...,..b. lr.' I. ,
    1'9711. l' - 10. h.", 76-1. 'l'" I ,"~"",", imp.e, of til< .porting «hoo on •• m.tl
    ", ~,'''m of, ... ;01pt< •• 1.~, ' , I; "my p,O<iu«;"" j, oo tl m.d by R" M"l;db"h, 'D"
    ~<O<'<h'Kh< W Of\"h", ,",J ~i< Ch,i',cn', Z,i',,",;p fo- r'py,,]oRi,"oJ foJH.f"p. i. , ,!
    (''n l ) , w, - ,I, h<<< ' '''' - l o .
    ,. J. G,~<, 'tuopOC "KO.O'''''. l. ,k,o;'" ;'"pi,i . 1< J ..., I'En,pi« <h,' ,;',,'. RmH
    .I'Im,.i"".,. r~il'"ph'" "I;Ki""." ... n"'" '9Jl. )70-_ , h<,. l741f. Un ,10< """",
    I'o'phy"",,i« c.,,, ..,,, IO.fmd , 19711,
    'I~., ... . C .momn.
    , pp. 76 -110.
    In1Toduaio"
    repeated ly performed through thc centuric,. the histori.n who
    collectS the sc~uercd evidence and ~slcmblcs it in its historical
    order will discover ,h.t. for.ll their continuity. later Roman and
    Byzantine imperi.l ceremonie' were subj~ct to the relonrleS! l.w
    of historical change no less than oth er facets of hum'lll .ctivity.
    T he changes .rc sometimes evident only when the ceremony is
    view ed over ,he long term, but they Can provide precious
    symptom' of wider trends in • ,ociety', dcvelopment. In this
    regard. the later Rom.n triomph ceremony .nd connected
    CuStOm, are p.rticul.rly endcing. Their exp.nsion and transform_
    ations in the 'ne w' empire of the fourth century can be tr.cked
    acrm. sevcn centuries .nd more, into the 'Roman' empire of
    Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus and hi, .uccessors. Wh.t is
    more - .nd somewh.t par.doxical - the . ftcr-cffccts of the
    fourth century's renaiss.nce of triumph can be tr. ced beyond the
    fall of the western empire . nd dt·cp into the history of the 'mcet'ssor
    sr.te. ' which emerg ed in the western province •.
    Among the m.ny conditions which conspired in the 'Gcr_
    IIlanie kingdoIIls' coalescence on Rom." soil, [hal of effective
    politicalle.denhip cannot be undereltim.ted. For such. kingdom
    to survive, the rul er h. d to exerci.e Ie~dcrsh ip uver two distinct
    groups: the newcomCI5 themselvC! ~nd the Rom.n sucie·ty into
    which they settl ed. Although it is hard to im.gin~ th.t the
    Germanic inherit.nce wa, not a significant component in the new_
    born monarchies' m.ke_up. thisclemeot i,so metime. exceedingly
    difficult to grasp.'? Assimilation .nd, to some degree .•ccommo-
    d.tion with localari,tocracie. were the order of the day . I. While

    " Giv,n ,h, w"t,h ,nd 'n'i~ui'y of in~-=" Rom,n. , nd ("""m,nK g"'''p' ,,,,ci,,,d
    on one ,nOlh,,,. i, i, o['m vory ""d '" pinpoin' 'he ' Rom,"' or ·Ger m.n;, · ,h""',,,
    of O<tliln ",,,im,;o,,, Of ,,,,,on,,. The <kb.t< OV<f ,he d"''''<f of ,"," 're" " .
    ,ymhol of .urhoriry ;, • good cnmpk: P.I:. S<hromm. H",,,/r'J,,,, ..l«" ".J
    5"""'1",""li' .•. '!f) -l (II moo ;f"d by N"""'~. MGH. S<h,;["n ') ' IM"ni,h.
    ''/11). pp. ,1-9) ""d A. Alfold, . . H.".-'...... ;"'p";;, The'1"" " ,mOOd"",,,, of
    IOvmisn'y in Rome" . 11 .... ;, ... ; ... ,",1 of 1I"1Ioo-,1,, y. 6) (r919). 1- '1 ,0<1 'Z" m
    Spcmymlooi <1<, Souvcnnit" im AI''''''m·. F"'''"'ifi j., PT ''''~'''"''. 1
    (Winb.d<n. '9601. ) -6. FOI , v;gor"", " ,"ment of ,"" Ge ,m,";, "P"'" or
    ruk"bip in ,he fir" ~e<l<'""i<on, or , ,,,, bub"i," bn,dom •. JM. w.It,«-lbd.ilt .
    ",",Ir Ge'",""K 'j"II,~ip j. &tl...I""; '" ,Iu C ... """,, (Oxf",d. "nl). pp. 81f.
    " Two ""m <x.mpk>; W. Golf",. 8 .. ..,.!""••.,j R...... ,. A .D. ,,$-j" . rlw
    ,,{~.i~, of """",,,,,,,1.,,,..
    (Pri"won. '!>8<>J ' nd E.A. 11>ompron. /I,,",,,, "",
    h'H""" . n, ",I;", oj ,It, "''''".
    ''"pi" (M,d;"," . ' 0"1 . "'p. pp. '7 ,nO 'jolf. Cf.
    6
    Triumph 4f a hi>lorical problrm

    it seems likely. for in'tance. that Germanic 'Hccrkonigtum' con-


    tributed to the newcomer. conceptions ofking,hip, traceS of the
    early monarchies' appropriation of traditional Rom,,,, forms and
    mode. of tbougbt . re much more dininct .'· This is .11 the Ie"
    surprising for the mounting evidence of [he impact of im~ri.l
    iconognphy and ideas far beyond the empire's ancient bound-
    aries.20 Wh ence the growing consemm . mong scholars th . t I.te
    Roman ideas and cmtoms of rulcrship and administration
    impregnated the c. dy institutiom of barbarian kingdoms." Thc
    afterlife of the im~rial id eology of victory opens a new path (or
    exploring the imperial model'. influence on rulcrship in the new
    5OCietie •.
    But it is not an eu y on e. Mo.t of th e b,, ,b.rian kingdoms were
    short_lived and died a violent death. This scarcely fostered the
    generation and prel.Crvation of s jgn;fic~nt amOunts of 10Urce
    material. Ephemeral phenomena like political ceremonies arc
    particularly poorly documented . Moreover. the progrc"ive
    deurbanization of wcncrn society diminished the usual late
    antique andience for political display, the urb an crowd. Over the
    centurics this worked profound change, in the ceremonies' ..:tting
    and significance. Both foc wr. induce the hi,wrian to supplement
    the ..:attered evidmcc on royal victory ceremonies by seeking out
    the old ideology's afterlife and transformations in other settings,
    like the early medieval litnrgy, imcriptiom, panegyrics, accla-
    mation. and coinage,

    V , llie,b .."",. 'Frilhgt",h",htlid" Ak'ultu",;.""pm,..", ;n <l<n g"m.n;",l><n


    St .."n . m Mitt, lm«' (W' Kg""n . O"gut''', L.n~"",,<I<n) .u, d" S;cht d",
    A"hiolog,n', ".,; Id ,. "'".I""" ;.,""" i"",k <Ii " ••i ,.11'.1" ."'i",,,,,. ,
    (Spol<ro.
    !911<1).1-9-!01.
    .. On <h< fi". po;m. "" W, xhb ingt" 'Ol><r go,",,,,;,,,h« H<"kooi~'",n'. D"
    K ..,:ro.,", s.i", J""i.tm .o j ""h,I;'!,," G,,"dl,f" ", Vom'g< und Fn,,,,hung<n , 1
    (Con".nc<. !9j61. pp. !O'-H. "p. 'J!ff.
    " E,!! . K. H.u,k. 'Voo <inc, .p' "n,ik.n R..ndkulo", ,urn hrolingtKh.n [urop",
    PMS, , ('9671, ) - 9). "", '-9: H. V;",k, ./ .. " .... ''" I'",i uDd i''''I''''''''
    G"",,,,~ , ,Of <It:, \Viking<rrd". U, " 1' " Not." Br'"'''( ",•.,1;.";,,, B,' ..... ).
    • d, R, ld,k, (Upp .. l>. !9311.1'I',6,-,, ),
    .. A r<w <x. mpk. from m. ny: L. Schmid,. G, ,,lIk.,, Ur W...... I" . ,nd <dn (Mun;,h.
    ,,,.,) , p. Jj~' cr, p, Co"rro;" u, V..... k ' " l'''jii1'"' (p.,;>, '9JJ), p."): H. u,k.
    'R>ndkultu,', H. Wolf"",. ·Gor.;",h" K';";gtum und ";m;Kh,, K,i .."om voo
    T"..oo.;", <1<>0 G,,,,,," hi. jm,;n;.n t.". PAIS, ' l ('WO) , ,- ,I , "p, ,6: 'Die R.gn •
    • "f .om;",h,m !\od," ",'""oIn .w" in cl<r T " di,ion d« ..",,"" 11'""'. ~"rl .b<,
    b,rin;.rn.. 'p",om; ",I>< tn",tulioo<n' ,
    To ancien! and mt-diev.1 eye" mo.t ccremonie, were nothing if
    not obvious, When .n ancien! writer mentions or describe, one,
    he rardy point, out that the event was in fact a symbolic ge,ture
    from the rep<:rtory of traditional ruier rituals, Attempts to
    expound the meaning of the .ymbolie act arc JUSt as rarc, This " Ill
    for a methodology which fits isolated and apparently insignifi cant
    fans into the broader cultur3land ritual Context provided by th~
    ,tudy of the Cu,tom, and conccptio", with which late antique and
    Byz,"'tin<' society sought, cdebrated and glorified mi liury suc-
    ce's. Without thi, interpretive fr. mework, the woy th e Vi,igothic
    ki ng treated th e defcated usurper Paul Or th" chastiwment the
    would-be king of the Lombard, inflicted on deacon SenD appear
    to be isolated imt.nc," "f hiurrc behavior. Viewed againl! the
    backdrop of late Roman victory customs, however, the pictute
    .her! drarn.ltically and each incident reveals the impe,;,,1 model'.
    contribution to e.rl y medieval king'hip . In other word" conti-
    nnity, COmt-mUS reigm, or i, beginning to reign, that ,ub,untial
    areas of continuity underlay, in both E,1St and West, the p .."age
    from l.te ant ique to early rIledie,'al civilization, But within the
    overall pattern of pnsisting link s, there is many , dialogue
    b,·tween change and wntinuity and not a few cases of new wine in
    old jug" Tracing one dust~r "flate antiqu~ ,tatc symbolism will
    allow us to t~,t • 'ingle facet of this continuity. Even more
    important, though, it will sometimes be feasible to go beyond the
    observation of continuity - which can conceal remrrec!ion as
    well a, p<:rsi,t('nce - and .. k why Germ . nic rukr, apptopri.ted
    "n~ or anot hn clement .nd how they ch'lnged it. As Schramm
    emph.,izcd, th,' borrowing of dements of SI~4rsJrmbQlik is an
    e",emi.lly >ct ivc process which implies adap tation .s much as
    .doption,n Thi, continuo", borrowing was generally an .ff.ir of
    king' down to the coll.p" ofCnolingi.n .uthority, when new,
    terrimria] pow", c<',Hers emerged. Th.t development will furni.h
    a convenient, if not compulsory stopping point for the euly
    medieval We" .
    In the E.,t. condition! of ridership changed significantly a, the
    grc.t cri,," of the ,eventh .nd eighth centuries worked far
    reaching t.. nsformation. in {he empire, it, society ond govcrn-
    TriumpH a, a 1""la ,ical probl~m

    melll. 2J Even ~, IOmc titu<ll clem ent! of BYZ;l1ltinc VK(ory


    cciebra(iom ~nd tbeir monument~l Ictting proclaimed (b" un-
    ,h~k~blc continuity of tbe imperi~1 government with the ancient
    empire of th e Rom.n!. new (rends in wcicty ,,,,d (he mon~rchy
    conditioned the way they were ."emblcd for specifIC perfor-
    mances. No ,cc ount of la(e ,n(ique .nd Byz.. n tine ceremoni~1 can
    ,ffo rd 10 overlook the unique testimony ofComtantinc Porphy-
    rogenitm' tre.ti", on imperial ritu~h. Much remain. undcar on
    (he preci.e v,lue of tbis tenth_century compilation. The in-
    tegration of Cons!,ntine', inform"tion on triumph ceremonie,
    into the fram"work of their overall development will offer ,orne
    cI,rifie~tion. Thi, implie, th~t the enquiry into Byz.ntine victo ry
    celebration, will extend down to the end of the tenth century. The
    most (Onvenietl! stopping point thereafter is furnis bed by the end
    of the Macedonian dyna.ry to which the Porphytll"cnitus
    belonged. Thi, doc, not me,n th at no further v;etOTY celcbt.tion.
    were .raged in ilYlantium or, for that matter. the medieval We,t.
    They were. /::IUt tk tt.nsforlll"tion of both civili~ations ,nd rheir
    incre"singly divergent p.ths of development. not to mention the
    swelling volume of ~ourcc m,teri, l,. dieu,,, that the bIer period
    be t reated on its own merits.
    As it stands. the pre"'nt enquir)" will be long enough. for the
    roOf, of thc I.t,· .ntique and early medicval cult of the ruler',
    victory reach f," back into the cla"ic.1 p,n, denunding at lea"
    cur~ory consideration of rhe principa,,,', triumph.1 celebrations
    and conceptions. In the fourth century. a unique constd lation of
    f.ctors triggered a renaissance of the idc~ and ritual cxprc"ion of
    triumph,l mlclShip. of .. mler whose e,,,,,, ce it w ...' to be victor.
    Once the historical devdopment of late imperi,,1 victory cde-
    bration~ h", been established. iudividu,,1 ceremoni e, can be used
    '" .. window on p],enu"'~n. lik~ the ,ig"iflc,nce of cdebution,
    over usurpers. performance, at Romc ,nd other re,idence..
    Christianity', integration i"to the ern pite' s official symbolism. the
    di.logtlc of unity and the division of the empire. or how power
    ~nd inA"enc~ were proj~cted within the gove rnm~nt. For m.n)"
    centuries. the "fter-effect , of thi .• renew ed triumph ,l ideology
    lingered on among ,he heir< to Il.orn~n power. The late ~ntique
    " .... P. x"f,J." .nJ .... CUI"". ·Cunlmuil)· .nJ Ji""mlmu'ly in lIynn"n< h'<t"'y·.
    B,< " .<> (198 . 1. "-71'.
    leg>.cy to llyz>.ntium will be followed through it, transform ",ionl
    down to the watershed of the eleventh 'en nlTy. The Ceremuny
    Book .nd rdated ,ource, permit a f,nt attempt at uncovering how
    the pabce >.dminiltration went about the busine" of nrg.nizing an
    imperi.l victory cdebr..ion, providing>. .. re it1!igh' into the
    Byz>.ntine government in >."ion. Bu, ,he '_pital wa s nOt the unly
    staKe for imperial display ; the mes'"'Ke "fthe emperor', victory
    w ", al", intended for the bulk of the popul.tion, the 10y>.1 subject<
    who lived out!ide the grc.. bte Rom.n .nd IlYlOntine c.pitals.
    The fole of the ChUTCh in foculing the public mind on imperial
    victory and prepuing the .. mie, of New Rome for comb .. i,
    revealing of the temper of the time, and offen an important link
    between ealtern and wc<tern !uccc",or mcictin , The myth of thc
    bte r Roman emperor's monopoly on victory celebIOtionl is b id
    to fest by one .spect of what must be r,c.'cn .. , the must prevalent
    form of imiralio imperii, the victory cclcbr.. iom honoring local
    commander< , To help "'Ie" imperi.1 victory cmtoms' and related
    conceptions' romific.tiom in the new kingdom' on the' empire',
    edge., ,hr .x;"~nc~ and dcvdoprucm of co u" ccremo,,;ai in the
    Germanic kingdom' which rinKed the Mcdill'nam'.n will "'quire
    SOme discussion. Although th" hi storian of li m;].. institutiOn< in
    h. lf. dozen euly Germanic kingdom' is ,ometimes reduced by
    the ,tote of the WOTce, 10 ,ix diffcrem kind, of ignorance, the
    short-lived kingdom, oflhe Vand . [" Burgundian •. O .. rogoth, .
    • "d Lomb..d, each contribute to undersunding Ihe dcsliny and
    .ftcrlife of th e i Inre rial victory ideology . The Vi, igothic trium ph
    ceremony ,,,d other viclory clIstom! provide new d.ta on the
    Hispanogothic elile" intin.. tc f.miliority with imperial civiliz-
    >.tion .. well .. on the ",ei.1 contcxt uf roy.l rulcrship. Finally. the
    fate of imperi. l victory co,tom, and conceptiOn< in ,he kingdom
    of the fr. nb willle. d from ,he .pproprialio" of Rom an mages
    by the c.rly Merovingi.", through the >. ppe",a"ce of. liturgy of
    victory _nd illlo ,he new development! 'ponsored by the
    C.rolingi_m. when local off.hoots of the old tud ition combined
    with indcpe"delll innovation and ,ppropri_tio~ from the imperial
    p,.. and present of Byzantine It.ly.
    ,
    - - - - --

    III vincible empire: tile ideo logy of 1!ictory


    IIlIder the pril!cipafe

    C0l1c~l i vc m~" j fcstatio"s


    uf joy ",,,I ,d id .( {he S'KCl,,,(ui
    condmioll of a m ilitary mgagcmnlt {x-cur throughout humJII
    ",cicty ~nd throughout hi,tory , from the ca rl in! time, down to
    OUT Ow," V_E >."d V-J D , ys ,,(recent nlen'''t)' _ III ancien' ROTTl"
    huwever. the converge",e of ~ series of ,,,,ique traditi ons alld
    historical dcvclopnl<"tllS triggcr<:d, in the first (entWt)' befure uur
    era, • ""ritable explusion uf viewrr n"kbr'ltiuns and ,ri"lcd
    conceptiOn<. Th i, phenomenon wa, aptly summ:lrizt"d by J c~n
    G age in " famom .."d inth !cmial article on the pr incip"'c' ,
    'th"ology' ,,(imperi ol v ictory. ' D'-'pitl' th,- dr"malic ch.nge. in
    R()m~n government Jnd <Dciety which ;.sued (,om the cri,i~ of
    the third century , there i, clcar cont inuity between the victory
    cekbrllt ion ' of the lata Itom." ~ JI\pit, a"d tho~ of the
    pnnctpatc,
    It i, Nradox ical to " m lr,, ~t th" attent ion h v ished On the >teh"ic
    and R"publi can triu",p h cerc",u",y with thc d"anh of thorough
    . rudie, 011 th, hi,torical devdopmc'nt of the ,a",..
    cerc' mon y under
    the bet tn d o cumented rir curnstam"'1 of thc' principate, Enough
    hal . however, .Irc"dy been Jccomphshcd (0 skctch provision ally
    the "'''in line. of the early Ro""n Empire" HlU>l uUl>lamling
    victory cmton". Imperfect though it mo.t be, th i, ~k<:teh will
    providc' the bac kground indi lp"llIabk to l1l1dnstanding late
    imperial ;lI1d Bynnt;nc victo ry cekbrJtiom .

    • • •
    In i" ' cI'I,; C,,1' It"publ ican form. [he pr e'r ig;ous '"",('fnuny uf
    gi , •t.' tnio~." ... de I, vi< <0 '" "" ri'",Ie-' . /I",", 1" , ,,,.i'I"', ", (, 9 JJ I, , - oJ.
    J r" ~'" •
    m,"i"" of ,I.,. 'mn " h" "~'~r' , OJ H"""kl , C """,o,, , J6 1' <:>0,). ' "' 10' ,

    "
    hiVinciblr empi"

    victory. the tr;uml'n. waS c3rdu lIy ne!tC'd illlhe ,.. chaic formali,m
    of R. orn<lll religion. Whatcvtr it, original nature. the ,,,,cicll! rite
    ",em, deul}" to di'pl,,}" a'pect' of purifrc ation and thanksgiving,
    associated with the cult of luppiter Optimm M ~ ximus and the
    Capitol! ll y the days of the w~nillg Republic, however, il1
    religiou, si,;nifianre had Wm~ to be ec1ip.ed by its politic:!l
    value, a valuc which j. only more cvident for the medioc rity of the
    accompli.hmerm which could sometime! be used to justify the
    celebration of. triumph:' When prominmt m<'n mgagcd in the
    "ramble for power vaonted their jrliril~s. their good fortune or
    d; vine favor, .' an cnenti ,,1qu .lification for lc~deT)hip, what more
    unequivocal confIrmation of jrliriraJ could they d"lire than a
    re.oonding military victory, achievcd under the proper condi-
    tions ~nd SJ.nctioned by thc Scnate .nd the gods in the spccu-
    culn triumph ccrnnony?' It ;$ perhar, no surprise then that a
    shuI' upswing in Victory CUllS c~" be oblCrved at R ome from the
    third century ll.c.' Th,' preoccupation withjeiiciras and victories
    could only h",'c been encouraged by the agonistic conceptions and
    mct.phors of wilHling al 'pon, which permeated the H~llcllistic
    cuhor~l idiom 00 highly prized at Rom e in the f,m cClltoty B.C."

    0/",10,.,,,, ...
    , )1. V",,,d. T,,',",plo,,_ "'. '.i" 'T ,"," , ... '''''l'" , 1 "''"'''1 'j '" Ko ..""
    "i.",plo. Di". (L.y"'", '910),
    j h,mp l" "f 'unw .. "mcd ' ";ump)" ,n , ... hr< R'I'"blK: F.I'",.
    I"p.li /I,"".i , (Rnme_ LO'U). ' " ,nd ,,,,. "J , .
    f.",""'"r""l"
    • H _ hod, A.....""' , "Ii,,,.,, f"","" /.4",.;"., W,m ,,'''". Di" . (C.o.,o.,'8, '0)') '
    «p. PI'· .. -~, w"h ,h< """.!.f""",..", ~f C. Il,u,,,,",,. 'Co... , ""d ",On G)Ue.·, .1/,,,,,",
    11.1""",,", ') ('"J'I , 'J- ~ ' , h", 7~ - ._ Onj')'''''' ,nd , i,wy , >« K_ ComO<..
    1,"1"'''. '. /1".",1" '"' )" '"pl';,,), ,i1"1',"'i",," "'" .'1,"1"""" "'"'"' ~"""
    ,i"h)".,"" Pub l,wi<ln' ok I. F",uiri On . ,,"" " ok. ><Kn<ft bum'm" d,
    )'U,,,,-,,,,,i "" M""'I"JI;", ,0. (P"". ,<Pi). PI" ",8- " '''" PP , ,oiff, ."d ,0.-
    I"''''''''mg ')·n' .... " of 1- G,~<. 'F<i," .... , RAe, 7 ('~I . l' 1- '), "1'_ l' S· Cr. ",,'
    1- R ufu, f<m. """"P' •• ,,' ,/00",,_
    1M .II.;", ,1«,... oj II" '"'1""" " • "")",,,1 ''''''''P'
    " /I"",,, P'f"''' .nd Mon"l!"p"' of ,"" """""",, "",,d,my ;n R~m', '" (RO"" ,
    '.n). pp.'JOIf'"" ,~,rf.
    • ~ "'''"''od. 'V",", ."J I".,,,,,,, H.,.". llu,ko!''') 1<",,,",, ,0 (,."). ,, '- <7.
    lou, "1ft
    , Cf G,W , lIu"'o'''''''k, .1"R""" ..,. '" (;"'~ 1t'",1~ IO.r,,,J, ' I>I>J) , rp . 'f('.• no
    A. Moon'gli.,,~. AI,,,, "",,1.,,"_ 1lu I; .. i" ojll,JI,,,.,,,.. (C, mbILog" 1975). pp_ , ,f(',,"
    H ,II,,, '"'' '"m"" " R 0 m< '" '"" 1""000. s.;,,,,, indl(" " '.. , On ' go",,,,, m." ph on '"
    C",k li«","" "'LII b< [""nd on f. S"ulf". ""';W,'. 'n,.I" ,,,1 IN" ..." oj'" .'""W
    7-"",","" ,,_ G .W_llwm,ly , I IG""o R'p;d,. LIt6. I, '10 -.0. '''~ ",,"3i.tw'. ;.,1"
    167- 0 ,
    Viao'1 ""de, II" p,i"cipalc

    Fr/i,iraJ ami the' rnystiq.,c of victory fitted into the c.~ily


    idculogica l nock uf thc A ugust,n principJte Jnd quic kly became a
    significant bUltrn, of the Il('W order. As G.gc dcnlOll\tratcd and
    many othn. hJve confirmed. the e,"mtial ttait uf this mystiqu"
    w .. th,t the' nnpnor's victorics dernOllSt r"tcd hil 3ptncss for
    rukrship.' Th,· c~l1tra l role of impcrial victurio"mcs, is ea,ily
    gu'pcd in light of the miliury n;uure of the imprrortlT, the milit,,,y
    overtones ofth~ impni"m ~nd the intim~[e link between po"""ion
    of the imperi"m and the right [0 ce l ~br~te a triumph." Th i,
    COllllCCtion <DOll led to ~ new and br_rC>ehing dc"elopm~nt : the
    restrictiun of ,he triumph to the Auglilti ur mcmbers of their
    ho",,,,9
    Un der the princip;HC. w<: 0" ob'ICrvc (he forerunner. o f ~t lc.s(
    th ree main dSpeC!> ufthe later Roman "mpnor's celebration uf
    milit."y s, ' cee~~ : ~\lppIiCJtion dlY~, thc triumphal p~r~dc ,Itld
    victory g~n'~s. At time, of grc.t cri~i. (lr succe,". th" R epublic""
    Sm,lt(· h~d "ftm voted off,cial dJ y' "f mppliution (s"ppliralionesj
    dl1ring which th" temple, were opened ~nd sacrifices pcrform,·d.
    Supplild/jones of (h:mksgivillg camc p~nicularly w hc ;j1S(>ciated
    with the announcement of victmy.'o Like the triumph ceremony
    with which they are", closel y linked. ,upp liC"ation days undl'r-
    wellt clear development in th e la,c R"puhlic ,nd pri,,,ip,te.' ,
    Although their rdigiol1' content never di"pp"ared, it ha, been
    suggested th,! 'he focu, of tbe'c !>Ctvice, ch,nged. From being
    propiti. tory or cxpj~tOry I, erif,,·,,; fucusing On the go<b. the
    jljpplil~ljonei elm,' to center on the prince and hi. well_being,12
    The rhythm and impon~nce of th~nksgi"ing ,,·rvicc. appc" to

    , 'T"" logl<'. pp,6If


    • 0 .. ,'~. ",iI., .. y ""<or< uf '''1"'''''' '' C o mbi'I , ),"1"""'"" PP 7 JIf; <f.j. Ikin ing". 'Vnn
    de, ,,"<'f"'b l, k "" Munmh~·. DK' U"p,ung< d,,' k""''',,; ,ul,,", d« P,;n,;p'''·.
    A,"R w. '. ' ('91')' ' ' '- 9' ' Fo, 'he' hn>. o.',w'<n '''1''''"'" ",,' ,.. ,,;umri>. or.
    Mum "'''''n, R.,.. ' ~ "" 51 .. ,,,,,hl , ("'p,in' , 1).", 1. I OJ')' , 'JIf ,nJ "p . "olf .nd ",If
    • Mum",,,,,, , ~""'''''"'. '. 1).'-<'; d . ,0)-7.
    " n< b,,;< "uJy n''',,;h, l. 1i,lbn, t.. '"ppii,"'i"" .'.<li"" 4.. R'"'" 'i><z k, /(_";.J.
    Ijlb l l ~ ,O< q",".k b F, ,,,hf,k pt"I..><0~.~", <t k",", de t'U,,,,«,,,f de u<~<. [.1 I!''';',
    '9J '), I",,, pr, ...,If cr, ''''' G, W",,",w •. II.<I{I"" ,,"J K.I",4.., R;;"'", Ii.",lb"d, d"
    ,'.I,,,,,,,,,, "."""",,h. fI, J, <, '''" «." (M """i>. J OJ,). r p. <' J If, ,nd K. La< 1<, R ''''''' h<
    R,I,S"'"'!'''/o''"''' .b,J.. , .• (M"""h . ""''''1. PI'. '<j"""".
    " tt.tkin , S"ppi""""'" pp. ,o<)lf.
    11 (; . h<Y"Ulg" , h ''' rr l",''",n d' >c,i"" de g';'" '''''' k 'b",.Fmp;"'·, A,",'R 11', ,.

    ,,
    ,~ " (tl<,{",. '''' ' ) , ,." J9.""" 'H'·
    Invinciblr rmpi ..

    h~ve declined with the p'''''ge of time, even though the latest
    ,tudies maintain that the rite was preserved as ble as A.D. 277."
    The core of im~ri.1 victory celebrations rem . ined the
    triumph. A ,Yltematic analysi, of the developm ent of the
    ceremony under th e empire remains to be written.' " Of the tWO
    m . in description. oflhis c"remony from th" principal", the later
    concerns the triumph of Aurelian in 274. It i. found in the
    ScriplOr!1 his/oria! QuguSlar .nd today is considered quite impbu$-
    ible." T he triumph ccleb rared by Ve'p.,i . n . nd Titus in June of
    71 is known, on the other hand, in the detailed and reliable .ccount
    of Fhvius Josephus. · 6
    A, Joscphus tells it. the event Can be broken down into three
    main stage •. The first look place out,id" the PQmrrium. in the
    Campu' M'lftim area. It wa, e,senti.lly military in n.ture. The
    second was the actual triumph"s or parade from the POrM
    /riumpha1is to the Capitol. The third compri lCd the religious
    ceremooics on Ihe C.pitol.
    The Jud:lean triumph had already been announced to the

    " Thu, Ihl'in. S.ppl'''''... p. "9 .,HI f«yOO'8"'. ·StJ pplkillon ·. pp. q'!-Q. Not<
    how",", th .. ,n bo,h ",h"I",·Ii-lOf IUpplhliolll from :><plim;u, s.cV<lUIIO PlOt"".
    on< i, onty i"pli",I"",,,«I by H .. ooI'" ().9 . u . • J . C.R. Wh; " . .. ". , (Cln,b,id8'.
    M,ll .• '9691. JZI-. (.*.,."" U "~<i<: "~q,{.,. ..o ®'<P) fm A.D . '97 whil< ,he " It
    '" ,II <l<,;,«1 f,om ,II< 5t~.P''' '' .i"..,,,, 11",,,,,., (d. fI<Yoo,~« . ·Supptk"'on·.
    pp. '.'!""91. Should ... , bth.., tho! Ih, 1/,,,.,,, A.,.".;, rno", ",Ii'bk for .i<1o,y
    "'ppl,,,,;o,," th,";, hll ..... tho ... " 1o II< f.,.. oth<, «"m""ieo? Cf. btlo .... n. '\.
    " T .. only ~'n,,,1 1U"",y of In. imp<,i, l «",moor i, C Borini. Tfi·,,,,p/I4li•. 1",,,.,«
    "p"" """.."
    ,0 """,i ... ii,,,,i ,,","nft 1" , (Turin . '9\') . Th, m.n y <l<<<,ip' i,,", of ·,h,·
    ",umph ,,,,mOl\Y ...;Iobk In , . . . ,,",,", "fmn« work, h,.,. in lI,ntl.t. b.:,n
    pl<<<d 'OK«h" froln I ... i'" " " <If of",."", 'p",d O'tI ",,,,,I <.,"uri«. n.,,, i,
    ,nu, no 8u><,",,, ,h" 'LKh. <ompo~" P"''"'" ,,",ily <o''''' p''''d, '0 ' pm"'"I ..
    p<,fo,m,nct of,.. "'''Mny. s.c, nOl><,"k" W. £nI<II . "T,i,mphu,·. R~.1'"
    ('919). " ) - )II ."m )o l if•• od E.W . M<II<fI. z ... ,' H",,,",,!,,,, I" I., Hi""".
    A'J.JI•. Un"""'"'""'" " I. .. P""'J'« On K,i", (;.11,,"", . .. A."I,.. ". A."qui";
    ,. J (Bonn. '1>6lI) . pp. ,cr-I .
    " M,,,,n. H"'''"'1''''. pp.,o, - , o.
    I . fl>v;UlJottphUl. lk "11, .. 4.,,.. 7. 111-0'. «I. II. Nin< , nd J. von !">ton.on. Fl •• ;;
    'r<"
    1. l<p"; 6 (B<ri;n. ,19'). JM. '6-)9 •.•. Ill." ..,;."" ,,[ ,n .. "',mon, 'PI"''' on
    lOt A,," ofTitu" I « I.S. Ryb.:'lI. Rift, of"'" ,,/'S""" ,n Rom .. '''. M,n'oirl of ,n,
    Am,,,,," A,,"'my;n Rom,. H (Rom,. '9lJ). pk. )I- H . Fo, oth<, d",,.,,ptiom
    ~f to, ',iurnph in 01,,,;<>1 li''''''«. >« t" «f<lttK" in lhl<". "T"umphm·.
    pp. j"'-" .

    "
    Victory linde, rile fI,incil'"re

    Roman world with J ,pcei.l rommcmorativc coin is\Uc."


    Although the Sen,t,· had amh oeiz"J Y"' p.si:lI' ~nd Titu s to
    celebr.,e "'p,r,te triumph •. they decided on , join t ccremon y. foe
    th e event which would open the d,y·' fe'tivitie,. the .rmy had
    bern led out of the city and drawn up in mi lit;"y or".y in front of
    thc PcrriwJ OoOfaviae ." At da wn. the emperors. cbel in tradition.1
    purple robe. Jnd wearing laurel ,neath,. kft the Tem pk "flli,. At
    th e portico. they wer<· met by the Sen,te. k ading offici.b and
    Equites. They mounted" tribun. 1 which had ocm comtructed in
    front of the portico and took ,heir p lac~s Oll ivory >calS. The
    so ld ier! , cc!.imed them , nd Ve' pa,i. n dnd T im , pnformed tlll"
    ·costomar y pr>yer". After Ye'p",i,n m,de • brief ,dd re" to [he
    urn y. the soldien were dism i'>cd Jnd ~nt loa traditional banquet
    furni shed by the emperor. Ynp.,ian "!ld Titus proceeded to the
    porra triumph.lis. where they had. bit,· to e"t a"d ch"n~l"ll ;n \u the
    triumph.l eo'tun1l".'9
    Now the ""cond pha\-e of the ,"ietory cekhr>t;on could hegin .
    After slcrifices to till" deitin ofth,· trium ph.1 gate . the· para de· gut
    underw,y. Su th," all wou ld have a eh. "ce to see it, the itine .. r;-
    wound its way to the C.pital thro ,,~h ""iuus IheOfM . TIll" p"ra dc
    inelf ,omined of" tremend ous displ. y of lu xur y itc·m,. preci"",
    SUtoes of the R O(l1'" god s. ,",rioo, b,,~sts , ,,,1 \-even hundred
    richl y clad '''ptivL'oS wno had b""n ,ekned for th"ir impressive
    ' PP"" rancc. 20 T hen e,m" fluat' dc·pining va riuus ><:e n" from th e·
    w", followed by the boot y. The focal point was formed by tlll"
    triumph.ton themselves, intruduced by ,talUe, of th,· god ,\c"
    Yictori • . Vespa,i, n ,nd Titus ,eem to have ridden in triumph,l
    ch:lriotl wh ile Domiti"" rode ,longsidc them Oil h""eb ack. The
    p"r.d~ , "d~d on the C"pitol . • t the Temple "f luppitcr O ptimus
    Maximos.
    The third ' tag e began as 'OOIl,' ,he jcw;, h leaJer. Simon ben
    Goria, had been executed in the Forllm. JOIephu, du<:s nut de,cribe
    th~ .,crific" which m. de up thi, part of the c"emollY. At thei r
    conclmion, the emperors withd,,·w to the palace. Th,,, evelling,
    " S« b.low. n. ! 7- ! .
    ,. Jot<ph"'.1. "' - • • N",,_mn f)",,;oon . ", . r " . r.f S.II . PI",.." ,00 T . "',"hr. A
    '''1'"I''pll'',1 ."''''''"'1 -f _im ' R."", (1.• .,.1<.,. 'O'~ I. p. .'7·
    " Jot<ph",. 1. "J- J'. N ;,><_ . nn n,,",", on. J'7 . ~ ,~37·
    " Ihil. ,. I II: jiO.' - 7: d~ , . '" '; ,,~ . , " ' u.

    ,,
    /nvi,,(iblr fmpi,.

    they celcbtJted, victory b,nquct , while gTnn,! festivities reigned


    throughol.lt the city'!
    J""'phu\ ,,,coum yields <.ever,1 signific.nt f,Cls. In th~ fir.t
    pl,ce, it is quite dear that as of A .D. 71, the ad","t", w".llil! quite
    diltinct from dIe triumphal entr y. since they were cd"br>!ed
    within "" vnal ,1.Y' of on e "nother," The v"iou, ph,\.es of the
    {,iumph ,,,n be di.tingl.lished nOl only by their chronologie,,!
    sequence; e>ch po>sc",'s • pntimln topographic, l ch",,,cter
    which an bc aS$oci.tcd with its intended audience and focus. The
    first dement i. military in ch"racter, Its "udicncc i. the "rmy.
    Scnatc and ;;ovcrn men! and it take, place omside the pomfTium. lJ
    The ,,:cond ph."" of the' celebr"tion i, directed to the urbon
    population at luge and mow. through the city: the u'e of the
    th,atra i, explicit! y lin ked with the vasmc" of thi, ,udience. H The
    third phuc wnstitUled the c,,,,'mia! rdigioll< n:lI1san ion of the d. y
    and prcmm. b!y involved a more ,deC! audience bec , u", of the
    ,p"cc limitatiom of the A rc" C~pirolina." T he first three 'tages
    I.. ted so long th, t Vesp.si.n, then in hi, ,ixtie" i, reported to h.ve
    u{{ered ~ bo" mOl QJ] his fatigue,' b The tin ~l ,(,ge in the d,y's
    eventS onCe ~g,in involve, • selcct audience: th~ gU"'11 .t the
    impni"l vinory b.nquC!. hdd , t the p"l , cc_ Ullfortun,udy.
    Josephlls i~ mute on tbe guC't lis!.
    T wQ obviou s poi ntS c~n be m~dc about ,his kind of st.ged evcn {
    under the c.. ' Iy princip~tc _ I{ W.S ..1l urba" phenomenon. ;ntend~d
    to re~ch ~ ma,~ .udience. Various elements of the ovcrall ~udicncc
    m"y be distinguhhed according to the setting of th~ v"rying

    " Ib,;. 7. ' )9-j7; 519 ·!-\9U7.


    " l b.; . 7. L' 9-" . NR'",_wn D,,"mun JI6.,Q-\S7_. "" d", . J,,",", ofT,,", " Rum<:
    fu. th .. of v<>p.~.". i!i4. 7 . ~ -n Jlo. '.-jJuo. '" do< ?" ..... , "'" of "".
    kn",,·I,·d~<, " i, J,if",ull ,,, f" d>< .... " " ",h",h ,he ''''1'''.0,', "",,",., «, .. J '" b<
    "I<b,,,.d "'pm td, f.o m 0" '"umph_ Thi, w" ","i" l. '"" "'" by, .. fuu"h
    c",,",yThc r'Q~ Ir"'" comphemd by '"" in~"e,,« wh ich t""
    ","mph ««mooy
    «me <0 "m i", M ,h, .,J"",",,
    d. G . K",,?1"'1. '''''J''''-'
    ""J Ad,,",.,., _."
    )'~I.",IH,. '6<j (,96\1). 1)Q----9 • . ()fi ,h< J<o,oos"ph;, ,,;.1"'''<, .nd S_G .
    •'h,C",m"k . 'Ch.ng< .nd ",.H,"UHy '" t,,< '""~" ; 'Y ' II", uf th, ,"",m""y
    M..,.,",., H",."" " ( ' 07') ,1" - I' . on 'h< Ii,,,,.)· ..id.,,«_
    " Cf 1'1""<f- A,hb y, 1);".... ' 1, p. JO\
    ,. 'l '. N",,,...,,, D"";"",, ' ' ' ·1 - 0.
    J' '''' P~'''' 1.
    " PI"neo -A.bby. 0;";"""1. pp. '71f_ 0" ,h, .. ,,,[,," un ,h< C.p'''''' ..., £hI,,,.
    'T"u mph u'. P_l ' O.
    " Su"",, ;u, . fk .", '''''''"'", V"p',;.n . '> . ,cl_ M. Ihm (l<ip. i ~. ' ''''''I. )0>-)' - jOj. j _
    ph~J.C' of the cn~muny . Sn:onJly. the triumph of June 7' was
    "nincmly political. II e, nno, be forgotten that. Ie'l th." {wcmy-
    four month, earli~r , Ve'p,,,ian had NT" hailed as c'mperor in
    Egypt whilc Vitelli", Clti0yc'd thc purple in the vcry c.pilal which
    W;l1 now the sn'nc ofa grcat <rillmph . Jcrmakm h., bem c.lkd
    the ' HH'ian Anium' and it w,. natur, l th,1 the new murper ,,,d
    hi, hc'ir ,J" ,i gnate shmdd try 10 max imi ze their politic. 1 c~piu l by
    empha'izing the "J:lgnirudc uf the victory wo" over tht· Jewi,h
    rebd s.
    Ther,' i, .. funhc·r. related facel uf victory celebraliun un which
    Josephus is ,i lent. Other mtlrec., ,how quite cle, rly th,t, by thi,
    date. triumph.1 game, h~d b~com" a CtlllOlllMY clement Ofluch
    cckbr.tiom." Fur inltJllcc. various spectaclel formed '111 imprcs-
    ,ive rJrt of ch e festivitie. marking C],udiu' Driti,h trimnph
    of A.V . .u .H 111 like nla11ncr. Domiti:m cdebraled his PS<." tlJu-
    victory over fh"l)aci,,,, nuf on ly by. triumph.l par.dc, but .1.0
    by foutro cc'. ",iliUry di,p],y ' in the Circu, and mock se.
    b.ttln.H
    R oman e l11 p.:ru" COil tinued to cekbralc Iheir teal or imagined
    viamie, down to [he end of the prineip'{c ,md imo the tctrarchic
    period. Sit";e ,he evidC11ee concern ing the latter i, too me,ger to
    alluw dcuiled cumparison with the renewed cc remonie~ of the
    Chris ti an Rom"n "mpire. we cannot f.il tu tdke into . (Count wh~t
    i, kn own uf victury cdcbratiuns uf the c"rli"r third (enwry. The
    unreliability uf the His/aria augusta ubliges US to focus on three
    indepeJ1d"mly attested state ritual" Septimiu, Sevcru, Parthian
    tri umph. thc' victory n'kbratiotls of A .D. l3M .nd Diuclet i.n·\
    cc renlOni"r ,w. Il_,ong .t Rome.
    III '9~, Septimim SevCfm di,patehed > victory bullet in to the
    Senate and people of Rumc . • ""ouncing " "d perh,p., exaggcraf-

    ,. Whet I" , ,h<'" " , ny COIH><"",,' b"""e<n ,h" <"""'<I,, or i", ~",1 V;""'"1
    «kb",;o", , nd M nm m",,,', ' '-<'' 'l" ,h " ,ho:- /." J, /l.o","i '"0 .... ",i~i",lIy P' " of 'h'
    ",h. i, " iumph mcn,, ",y ,,,u.;m.n 01""" q,,,"io,, 5<, T Mom", ,,,n. R . .. i,,10<
    r..",,,,,..... ,
    (1k, I;n. "7V) . "Of: d . G. W"",,,,,.
    RtI ,~ .... PP"P-J .nJ ,h,
    ", 'i mm of A. {" g",;oi. Ruh",/", '"' I" j'u x '''""'" ," ,'J",,, , ',,,",,1'"1.;'" J"hi""i"
    "I,." ,"" . Pubh,·,,;,,", ill· I, F"ui,i .... '"'''' ,\0:- I"Umvwi,i J< S""OO",~ . 'J
    (S """,,u,~ . ' 9')) . P· 1) · Accmd ing ,n P;g. ,,;oilpp_ ~J-" n . • ). ,he "jump", l
    g,m .. m" h.., I><on '" "'''''"'''0" '"f
    of l"e I!.ep"bll<.
    " f)", C""",. 00 . 'J. ,_h.rooU.I' _,,,,v.i,,. , ( Hed,,,. ,8 0 8). 6!0.>0 - 68 J .6.
    ,. Ib,J .. h, . ~. , - ,. B"""",,i n . J (tk, l,,,. '00')' ,,,.'0-17.
    Invincibi ••",pir.

    ing hil success aga imt the Parthi,ms . t Ctc.iph on. Th e Senate
    voted 'full honurs' and granted Severu, th e right to be,l< the
    victory tide Pa'lH;w< ",axi""". 3o The ,Ctu,1 celebration of the
    triumph wal pmtponcd for four years, when it could be combined
    with two other public events heavy with politic.l overtones: the
    muri.ge of the fOllTlc'Cn-yen-old heir . pporent Caracall. and the
    tenth . nniveru ry of Severus' .ccession. A. in 7[, the combined
    fcstinl provided an ide. l opponunit y for projecting the incipient
    dyn,my', pre'tige" The celebrations included <I ceremonial
    welcome and triumph al entry, marked by accbm . tion" sacrifiCes,
    festivals and 'victory spectacle. involving wild bem IhoWI. They
    l"'ted ""ven day' and muiled the distribution of comiderablc
    brgess, although the I. tter ",em, to have been linked more dor.ely
    with the .nniversary." The nat year saw the COmtruction of the
    triumph.l arch which Itill dominate, th e Rom "n Forum H
    The cclebr<l tion. set off by the conclusion of the siege of
    Aquilei. and the .ssalsination ufthe emperor Maximinm (A.D.
    2)8) .fford a rne glimpse into victory pr. ctice, Olmide the capit. 1
    ,nd its tradition.1 ritll.1 framework. The murderer, first ,ct w,.
    to lend Maximinu,' head to the senatori.l em peror Clodius
    Pupienus M.ximu" then encamped at R.v enn,, _ All al ong the
    way, cities opened their gate •• nd delegations of laorel-bearing
    citizens greeted the me"cnge" and the head, H The arriv,,] of the
    ghastly symbol .t Ravenna and the <I,moonccmcnt of Maximinu,'
    troops' recognition of the senatorial empero," wcu immcdi" tciy
    "nsw ered by s. crifices and acclamations."" When the ~crifices
    produced f.vor.ble orne"" M.xim", transmitted th e hc"d and .
    reporr on the 'effortless victory' to Rome. The bearen stuck the
    token of victo ry on a pole .nd proceeded to par.de it through the
    city. An a""mb]y took pbce in the Circus and la rge-scale s"crifi(es

    ,. H,rod'.", I. 9, u , Wn;",k". 1.)" . lI,rodi, ", who m~>« f,w oppo"""""" ' "
    ";,k,,,,, s..pdm;u, s..""",, d,;m, ,h,,"" u"d",ooI; '"< Pm,,"
    c<mp';~" I,,~<l¥
    bc<.uJ< o>f in po«"d. 1 .Jv'""~. f", "" "pu"';O". hi,...,,," b,wd On .kf."i"g
    Rom," .,,">«: I , I , 9. Whitt, ... 1.) " .
    " 11'.. comb;n""," of ,"o>< holio..)·, ;, m,d, qui" ,b,"y
    Doo, 11 (X'ph il,"", 70) , " j.
    1Iu~,. .. ,jn. l-lJ1."-J •.
    " Ho,oo;,n, I, '0, ' - I , Wh""k" ' .Jl<-6; DiD, 11- " , - ). I\o;".,.,in I ,1H- ' -Jl!, 1,
    J«m, '" ",rOt 10. mul';pli<i,y 0( '1'<""''''_ Fo, tho '''8m. "" RIC, • . 1. 01 _9.
    " eIL ,h. I. 'OJ!' C/, K.hl... Rt. 7A , t'Olol. 10' - )·
    " Herod,,", I . 6, ), \{Ih",,'« ..,11, " I' il_ , " o. 11 - 7; U'iC_
    were unden_ken by the (Oempcror Ihlhinm, while the magi.-
    (rate., ~n'tor< and p"0pl~ rejoiced_ L,mel_wre athed m",,'ngcrs
    ha'tened to . nnOunCC the victory to ,he provinee. J 6 Maxinlll'
    meanwhile headed for Aquilei., where he w,,-, met by it< citizens a,
    w ell., emi,s,,-rie. from the town. of Italy . T hey were drc«ed in
    while and bore <tatoe, of their god, and any golden crowns that
    l.y to hand , .s they .howered Maximo. with <lcd<lmations <l nd
    Hower<." After 'pending two d.y. ma king ,acrifice. in the city,
    M aximu, . ddre«cd the pacified ,.. my 'Illd promised them a
    ,ob,tantial largess. '" Fin<lll y, the 'victorious' emperor returned to
    Rome, where he w'" met by an O(([mUS composed of hi, impnial
    colleague Balbinu., Gordi"-n C,,-c,.r, the Senate and people, He
    was received and ."claimed 'like :I triumph.tor',n Th.t these
    celebratiOn< of 1)8 h.ve been generally overlooked help. explain
    how Constantine ', triumph. l etUry of 3 '1 h.s ,ometime, . p-
    peared puzzling to 'p"cialim mon° fJ[][ili,1r with e.rlier triumph •.
    Two generations bter, the <lging Augusti Diodcti. n <lnd
    Maximian m . rked the eulmin<ltion of their rule in " cump05itc
    politic.l ext" v. gall» wh i~h included. lung-ddnred triumph, ."
    The celcbr<ltion at !tome ~)so marked the twentil-th anniversary
    ofDiudeti.n'. ruk , It may Wl'1I have bl'en intended to comolidate
    the prestige of the new teu<lrthic ~y~te'" . nd prepare the
    populatiun uf the capit.1 for the abdi c. tion . nd tr<ln lition, to
    which M .ximi~n was bound by.n o",h ,worn in ,he Temple of
    Capitoline Jupitc r doring this 'Try festiv.!'·'
    The ,light mr viving evidence of th,' victory celebration focmc.
    on the triumph.1 parade, T he ceremony Wal • joint o"e; it i, not
    " IhU" I, II, , - ~: "'\KI-', "/,04 .. I. 7 , >: "'w-.,
    " !hid" I. 7 , )-7: "'9~-! ,
    " I, 7. I : ',)00: . " *'
    ~0~;~roc ..,1 Ii 6~!,,,,,, '''9~~'';;'''' ""'~'P 9p .. ~p,,;,,Yf"
    o>«<lI,O"O.JOO" of An"oc~', ".di"~ ,~p"~~"",,,,,c, if cm«". ",,,,,td m"n th ..
    ,hI! '''"mp~ . 1 c""y w"
    cokb",«1 JOm, I)' b,' ,he coxmp<'o" , To" w"u ld f" ... <It
    w; ,h ,h< ,wo <mp<'o« ' co l k ~ ,, ' <"ret", of po"'<<-
    .. tf;nd<,J [""oP'"', ~,,, i ,,, ... _9. ' 7, '. ,'J. H Dwy",n. MGII.AA., (, 8,"), ,M , ,"i,
    '0"''' ;n " "i."""8 i, ." num,,,,,i, ~",,,"",'_ A, ""r .. '9' , M. m<" i"", h.d
    .I",dy ,omp l i ",~""d ,h< Aug""; on ,h<i, h,b" of d<1.ymg ,o<i, ";"mph by o< m~
    ov<, bu,y wi,h mo" ,;"o,ie<, XII r"" .. "1. 1.• , J. Myn"", .lj9_'1 - W On ,~<
    ,<I,b,,,,,,,,,, IIn;n; , T,,'""p!..lo., pp, '!i--9 . nJ "P, w. En"hn , 'V'!o"uo " Rl', 1A,
    ('9<1) , "'9- 9J, hm '.4~ 9 ,
    .. XII p", "\7). 'J. 6. M)'no". 'on,,,
    10: cr 11.' , r,m,lin , 'Mmm i.nu'. I!~. '; ('9)01,
    ,;I6-J'", ,",,, >J'O' TO< ,hwry h" b«-n ",,,k,d bu' not ",{ut<J by l;.s,R,
    nom." T.W;",,.,., <k l),oci<, ,,"·. I'r<"., ( '01)). "0 . 7. "p_ ' ) 0-",
    .,
    ["vincible empire

    unlikcl)' tn :" . ito ord,r to concretize ~!l i"cess~nt theme of


    t<:lr~rchic pr0l'lganda. the August; entered the city in the s.me
    vchick .41 Th e parade' wa, impressive. The triumph:lflt emperor.
    chHiot w:" preCl'dcd by fermla ur h:l!ld_c~rricd flo,ts with inuges
    of the c~ptives who h"d been I.ken from the Pe"i~n roy.] f"mi ly
    and which rCc>l\ the paraphernali, of the Fbvi,ns' triumph ,"'
    Thinee" c, ptured clephJtltl. their drivers and tWO hundred and
    f,fty horses formcd part of the parade, . long with other booty
    t" ke'll from the I'C"i:"'1,44 Although the I.conic writlcn \DUrees
    do 1l0t mention it. there is no re ..on to doubt that Diocledan.,
    religious cons,:rv"t;ve, continlled the tradition of concluding ,he
    triumph,,1 p",.de on th,' C.pilOl, .s indeed hi, panegyri,t h"d
    amnned he would rOllneen years e.rlier ,4S In different temp1c~,
    the cmperors dedicated the imagn ofth,' c.ptured Per,ians as well
    al th irty_ two l'llem y tunics decor . ted with peHls. · · A sub,unt;,l
    l:.rgcss was distributed in thc Circus, but it is llot known whether
    this donation was ,pecifically >ssocia!Cd with the Vicenn.]i., the
    triumph. or both_ 41
    Under the princip.te. then, it i, dc:" th:" the archaic .. cr~l
    clement of the triumph continued to be dominated and .ub.umed
    i,,,o i!1 politica l dimemion, )u" .s the univenality of imperi~l
    victory ideology come into being I.l the expeme of the hi,toric~ l
    ,peei fi~i ty of particuhr victories. so the imperi ~ 1 victory fe~lt
    sel'mcd to be losing .ume of it, link with specific victori~.. , allea'i
    imor.r., it was now pm,ible to delay the ceremony ,nd schedule
    it at the tom peror', political con veniencc. Moreover. the !riu mph',
    combination with other enemonies offered thc "dvam"ge of
    'p re>d inj.; it, t.. ditional pre";gc ;md speeueubr impael to the
    mor<' routine cxtr.v.gances of imperi.1 annive"~ries_ At a time
    when the Rom an gove rnment h"d to face up to a declining
    " Fu'",p'u, , ~ , '1 , '. J)"'y><n. ,60\,'0. ""m""" "" Iy 0,,,, ",ump",1 _Of: "n« <U""rn
    Ju, " wno' . In ,8~, '" U"'O' I"J .1«.Jy "p«,,,,d hi, «p«"tk>o ,~ .. ,he "'u~""i
    wu-uIJ "''" J. ). "lrb,,« , '''"'"rh ,n ,he "pi"l. ,;di,,~ ;n one do""", 'uno <"piun'
    m""h; ,u,," ', XII r-.. '0('). 'J , '. Mynon 'JO-7 ·
    " Eutmp;m. 9, n. ' . Droy><n. ,60\.'9->0: d_ W. [",,1;0, 'Zu, O"poli,ik d<. K' ;o<n
    [);Qkl< ,i.n·. $ i'z'",! , ..... 'c/ot< J" b.rm'' '"," A."",.;, .. , W,=""~4t<", 1'10,1",._ .",.
    11 .. , (' "H), '. J' J_
    .. C"""'t"P''''· ),.. ,d . T. Momm",n . .ltGH.I1I1, ~ (,"1>,)..... ,. ~,_f C ....
    ~odoru, . 0"""",,,, <d . T. Momm«" . .\fGf-/-I1I1 . " (,&<.>,)_ t )0 •
    ., XII pa" .. 10(». ' J, >, Mynon, ,),.6- ) .

    " I'i"
    • , Ch","_ }J" Mu,"", ,,," , "! ,,.- I ,
    Cf. fllC 6, <J Ii" ,h< ,i",,,",li. "",,,i,,".
    '"
    Vil/o,y ,,,,.Ie, rloc p,iHcipare
    C(OllUIll;C , ; m.t iun. tli~ com bination of f~,ti "als doubtless rcduced
    the l;n ,,,, d,,1 uutL,y' which "Kh cd~bt"tioTll would haw "nt~ikd
    had thc'y ocell ,t'g('d '('paratdy. This w .. all the more inviling
    ,in~e th~ trillmph remained clo'ICl y connected with a CJpit.1events
    and thl' ""'re:TOrs h,,,1 kfllx·hind. Al th e Sa mc lime. th~ ~vent' of
    23H ,how [h,t long I",for~ the reign of COTlluntinc I. victory
    cd~bra[iu", uf "nothn ,urt wne taking plac~ in the province,.
    The'e' w ere nccc"aril y independent of Rome' \ ':lc red topography
    JIlJ fo llowed the person of d1<: trillmph,"t emperor; til" p. tteTll
    would continue into ,he te'lrnchic period. It fore,h~dows lhe
    tetl .l;SSatICe ofittlperi~l victory fest ival s;'1 the fourth century.
    So much for imperia l triumph. down to the ('"rly fOllrth
    ce"llIr y. Uut dlrl~ cOlTll'ar at;ve'ly rnc ''l"r~lnun;~s war nOt the
    ollly means by which Roman emperor. could magnify and
    pwjeu the, ir victor y. V""m,,nt . tit\lbtu r~. mu,mr"ent,. imperi.11
    eoilllg~ ~n d Rottl~n rdigion .11 rdkct~d .nd refr.n~J different
    a ,p~c(, of ,he impcri.1 id~o lugy of vinory , The id~nlifiC>tioll of
    em petor and vicw t w ~s e ~ [~rnaliz~d and r"infurced by eu,ton" of
    itrlpeti~1 cm! u,,, ,,. A"gm(" , him sel f wure triumpha l drc" at
    fc.ti vlis ~nd ' pe~tarl~s, I hI SucenSOr, continucJ to extend it, usc
    unt il. in til<' th ird century , an uppmite developmcnt '>Ct in, by which
    the r,'.~a niw"I"Jaii< bcc~mc in c ,e~\i "gly identif,cJ with ~u"lular
    fcsti vitiC$, 4.
    JUst >I ,he cmperor cnllveyed ~n image of hi, funetiall 'Illd
    'Iualifications by his choic~ of public gar b. \0 the names or title. by
    which h,' "'. ' addres",'" cou lJ III inur vary ing ~speets of i mperi~ l
    ideology, In th,' fir't thrn' cc'ntllrie, we find vinor y titles of t wO
    m~in 'ype" ad dit iona l pe"o,,,, 1 name, or cognaml'''' derived
    froll] the ,,"me, of vdtl'l"i,hcd 1'<.'<>l'ics (,ognomin~ d,viaaTum
    X'Mli"",) and the epilb~t '"ncon'l"cccd' (if/via".; 6:I'IK'lWC).
    Cog no me", derived (rom the ,,,me, of cOll'lucrcd people, go
    bac k to the R epublic and were 'ystenul;zed under the e"rly
    ernpin· ... Like th~ triumph itse lf. s,,~h title, \Oon came to he
    re"rleted to the cmpaon. '" Th",e cognomina seem tu h~ve Ix:cn
    •• \.0 A. A'f'i ldi. ' jm;g" i<n un<! T"<I,, dcr , ,,,,,,,,,1\<0 K.i",, ·. Mi''',I".~ " ,
    I " ," "",. A ""..,s".~,,,"," I.""",, , R ""'i""'
    A ", i i.Hi , jO ( '9 H), J - , j ! . be« l j -. J.
    «p, p lf.
    n" "i'l,"",i"", .., ,.... ;" ..." K.;"" V.""",hu"!,. ru "'" $i'R,,",i",-
    •• i'. ~ "' ;" ..
    """ .., ",,,. ""J ' "'''''" J"',huoJ"i<. Hypomoem, " , lJ (Guu;ng<n. '969) , pp, 2<>If.
    ,. I', G, o,,,, ", ,""~un do , (AD . •• ) " , f>< I,,, non_,mp<,;" <. . mpk ,;t<d by K,,< ;' ~ .

    !",~ "i'u i"",, p. '-f .


    I"~i",ihl •• mpiro

    confcrr~d by the Senat e, perh.p. in connection with the arriv.l of


    a victory announcoment. ' I Several key moments stand oUt in
    their evolution. Until the end of the first century, the emperor.
    med only the tille GUm"nitus. '2 T raj.n's Dacian victory triggcrs:l
    new development, which sees the emperor ."uming a nu m ber of
    differen t vinory name. eomtructed on the .ame pattern. By the
    end orhis reign, Traj;m appeus with the combinalion Gmll"ni(us,
    Da(iruJ, ParlhlcuJ." T he development be c.me a trend under
    Lucius VerUl and M arcus Aurelius. The former appears.
    moreover , to have adop ted the victory nameS A rm",iacus and
    M . di(w$ for two minor victories . This in turn cau!cd him to
    innovate by qualifying his Potthims epithet ., maximus.' · T he
    whole 'y'tem flourished under Septimius SCVCTU. and hi •• uc_
    cessors, wh en :motl.cr bsting innovation occurred: henceforth the
    victory nameS were autom atically shared by som, whether they
    had participated in the campaigm or not ." Specific victories now
    became an inheritable ch aracte ristic of th e emperor, and the
    precise link w ith the concrete historic:!l circumsrance, of a
    puticul~ r victo ry wa, loo<cned. At the ,arne time, the wg""m;na
    d. vi£la rum gmlium con!inutd to multiply. Aurelian (170- 5) 1t-
    tained a neW pea k, boasting nine such titles.' 6 The tctrarchy
    txte nded to the new 'ystem of cocmpcrors the principle of shared
    victor y titubture'7
    The development of i"vii/uS is not quite as d ear. This i, largely
    du~ to a failure to diningllish 'official' from 'unofficial' us~gc."
    Julius C aes.. scem, to h. ve bid lOme claim to the epithet. His
    attachment m~ y well have been inspi red by /. f1scination with
    Alt xandcr the Great.'" Augustus, on the other hand, discouraged
    the use of i"v ir/us as a formal title . He is, for <:x~mpk, reported to
    have refuled the Senate', request th:1l the epithet i"viw ... be
    .. I.U.. p. I i I. oiling lh< no< of T"j.n·, ,i,]< P. "",,.,.
    " II", d. q;_ . ;~_, pp.) •• nd J6. "/0;; .. pp.<\<J-S • .
    " lfi; .• PP.9SIf. "11«1.• p_I I).
    " IIH"- . p. '17. "11;1 .. p_171: d . I><low. C~_ I ·
    " Thi, "i'~'m "p",,,ul,,ly v,lid for ,I>< olh" ... il< , dmtf. bk l1ud y of >_W<m~ ",'.
    'Vic"'r .nd lovi«", ', d . hi. ·v""",. vi,,,i.' . RE. ! /.. (I~J!I . ,dS-joo . On In.
    nru ..i,y oflhi' di~in<lion. >« R. F,,;'Stolb •. 'Ioo/!i,jolk K.i"",i,ul"u"",, im "-
    und •. J.h,hundm h. Ch,." . .\1""... H,I""".",. >6 (196<)) . 11-)9. 1><<< " - '0 .• nd.
    in • """,wh,, cliff""", ><1>><. f._ v.n·, D,,~ . ·L. p'py,olo,jo <t I"h i"u;" du Ii.u'_
    Empi'" It, fo,...1M d<. <ml"'''"''' 11.'\11< W. '. , (I\"hn. '<17<1. 1)7- n. h". 10ff.
    .. Wrin"o<~ . ' Vi"or .nd lnv",,",·. pp. " 9ft".
    Viclory ut/ de, ,hf P"tlcip,'1e

    to Tiberius. 60 Thi, let may have helped Set tht pmem


    ~ttribut~d
    by which the offici~ltilUl,ture of th<' emperors, " it occurs, e,g.,
    on the milit"y diplom,s, generally ,voided hlV;(/uS until well into
    the turmoil of the third century,·' Non-official evidence offer,
    , conlr"5ting picture. The tl:u tcring literacy U5,!o:C of inv;woJ is
    attested as early;os Horace an d Ovid.· 2 It crup, up onder Domiti~n
    in M,mial "nd Swim and ag,in in Pliny's p,negyric On Trajan (8,
    2) ,·' Particular! y edifying is the evidmce from the ',emi-offlci,,]'
    realm ofimcription. which. as Imhof noted, provide a striking
    p.",llcl to the geographic,,1.pre~d of the imperia l cult,·' Thm the
    ~orli~st epiguphical atteltation (:hf.IKI/T [ (I~)) come~ from Greek
    A,i. Minor. in the reign ofTr,j",-·' J1.1It IS characteristic is the f.ct
    that the fint Latin attestation ,how, up .lmmt " century later and
    occur. in Afric" . Thi. inscription i. H,o ciated with Commodus'
    !.Clf_identific>tion ~, Hereole, In vielm,·· According to Storch, the
    e"dicst .ttestations frum Rome and It,,]y eome from the reign of
    Septimiu, Severm (J 93 -21 I) "nd Car>.c"lla (2 I , - I 7) . BUl inscrip_
    tiom with th e invicruJ epithet re .. lly become common there only
    after Severm Alexander {22l - 3S) ,"' Th~ ,low gruwth in {he
    popubrity of ,"vir/US in Latin inscriptions finds ~n interesting
    par.llel in the p.pyrologic.l mat~ri:J1 from Egypt, wh~re the
    Gre~k equivalent i. quite rare , AI/HI/toe does occur, however,
    rwice in refeunce to Sep,imiu< SeveTus lnd Caucalla together and
    three times fOT Caracalla .lone,O"

    .. 1/>;1 .. P, 'N
    " To juds' by ,t> . h",n" ['om ,o. m il""1 d'plo" .. , clown to A.D. '5<' d . ll.
    N,,><lh.uf. elL. [0., '1 . ,nd M, Imhof, "">i",,, IIl<i"' 8' 'u' .1<, Th<"muoub<".
    Xl'. Ai",,"," H<I,,,"",,,. [.
    (19J7). 197-2IJ. h",
    199. Fo, in>i""' ,." <oin •• 1«
    .. low, n. 6<,0,
    .. Imhof. 'I. ,i""'. p.10?
    .. W<'n"ock. 'v;<"" .nO 1""<1"'" p, ....
    • • On 'h, ;n",,;I>'"""" .nd ,I>< probi< m uf i"'I'<,;.1 ,,, Imn,,. "" )",001'. 'I""~I"'.
    p, '09·
    " I/>;d .• p, .o!: ed , T . Ih"kon. [)j, '",,",iji," "'" M.~""i' "" Sinlo,. InKh,ifm'
    g,,,,h',,,h« St'dlo" ' u' Ki<i" " ',n. i (Bn.m, '01'). nn, ]. p. 'JJ , d"ed <<KI of
    '01_",.
    •• Imhof, 'I."",.,'. p, '''"' ed, "'-. e ' g"" ",I.. I."n'p"'"' I"i"" 4'Aj<i,/", IP,,;,. ,.>,).
    nu. ~u from ... .IT '"'_., 0., Co",,,,,C>Ju> 'oj, of I!.«uk, ,nd th" in",ript;,m.
    Wein>!ocx. 'Vi,w, .md In v;«", '. p, ,,,.
    " "'-.R S'm<h. 'n.. .h.ol",;" 'heology of ,i<~o'1' i" pi", in doe I", Emp;,,', Ci.n;"
    ""',.i....li•. >9 ('97», '97 - >06. hm 100- <-
    .. P. Bu,"h. L" ,,,"I,,,",,, i"'p"i. k, kI, I" P'PY'.' , I" "',,"" " I" i",,;p''""' "inp1,
    If it i, [rue th,t the offici , 1(o"'ecr.tion of inuit/", as an imperial
    epi'het coincided with it! acceptance by ,he imperial coinage , then
    the ·tirst hint comes from the Ori,..,t, on the revcr",: of coi", i,,,,cd
    by e,"e," mints in A.D. ['n - 4. The title oCcur, on the obverse of
    .n aurem i"ucd at Romc in 201, i.e., in the reign ofSeptimiu5
    ScvcrO.l! ,nd C.rac,lIa. Again, however, tht lide unly beg in s to
    ,how up with any frequency on obverse, from the reign of
    Aurelian .·-
    The uveral l p.tte", i, dear: in the' lir" three centuri" of the
    empire, «,[(,i" reigns emerge .. more sensitive to impcrial victory
    epithets. Domiti.n :Itld Traj:lIl\ era is followed hy 'omething of a
    re'pite under the AnlOnine " while, renewed in crease is observ-
    able late in the seco nd century, an innc.l<: which (ulminates in
    the appear"nce of inviwoJ as an impcri .1 epithet On the coinage. As
    in coins . .u in the use of the wgnaminngrm;"m d~u iaar"m, the reign
    of Aurelian m arks a high point. While it might be thought th. t
    this was a moot unlikely momem for touting the emperor',
    victoriOl!sneSS, the chronological dis[fihution of ,h, evidenc e
    .uggests a connectiun wilh Ihe growth in populuilY of the cui, of
    the 'Unconquered Sun', Sal Inviaus. It i, dear, mureover, thot the
    ,doption of ;IIv;(!jjj as ~ regular imperi.1 epithet was ~ very slow
    process, pi,t;ng i""ov~tion ~g~inst what ,ppears to have been the
    comeTvatism of offici.l impcria I titulature. It is equally instructive
    that mo" uf the cv idm ce indicates that the CUStOm of referring to
    the empcror a, invimH in . documnltary context advanced from
    the more dilt.n< ('(helo", of ,ociety toward the empcrut and that
    thi, pr.nic,' sprc. d from the Greek East .nd its Hell enistic
    ""ditio", to the Latin We"!"
    Among the mo.! eloquent wime,,,-', to the privileged pO$ition
    of th,- victory ideo logy in ,he concep'o. l underpinning' of the
    empin' are the vario"1 mon"mcnU which publicized and cternal-

    / J' .f:.·" . p.c'!, P 'rYIQlo ~",. b,u.dlcnm, • (Ill ..."d•. 19<io), rp. 98 .no I~ - J.
    Nor, IOc IWO ,,,,I,,,d O<'"n"'«' "f,h< .. no< <pi''' ' fOI V<>p"i, n Ii>; ... p. ) ! ) . n.!
    An'on," ", P,u, (" 'J" p. 76) .. ",011" rOc qu,hfKitK>l' of Jolt. [)omn. "1'~l~P
    :!" '~l"" alp>,".I"",,' ",hl<h "'''"'' ,h,i« (ji>iJ., pp. ,o'-J). A'/K~lOC. i.
    orh,,,.' ,,,, . tt<lt<d only fOI .~",<li , " (,wie<: ,lid.. p. "J) .
    •• S'm,h, 'Thwlo~y' . pp. '0'-).
    " C, I',e,",. L, "",, .it ", //i,;",.,..., '- N,>uvdk CI;" . 6 (I' • .;" '97!). 11)- 6.
    Viaory "lid" the prin[ipalr

    iznl th~ victorious acnllnpli,hml'lll' ofthc princes." The 'Cvcr~1


    hundr<'d triumphal arche, erected und", the cm pire offer the mo,t
    obvio", illustt"t;on of thi! point. 12 Althol1gh origin , lly they ",em
    to h. n' b~en ~s.'odated with the ith'erory of triumpl,.1proce"iom
    , t Rom e, it W"' not J on~ b"for~ th~s<: ..ches bcg~n to ~dorn the
    provinc"s as well, Ilomaniling the architectural I<lndl c ~ pe of
    the outlying territorie, and relay ing the mC\s~ge of imperial
    victory .n The me"~ ge could only he uinforced by the relief,
    show i,,); triumph,l p rocc~,io '" which figured prominently on
    many of these mon uments . mlking the cere mony one of th e ' most
    fully illu,tntcd in ,,,t'.14 At Rome. thc vicwriou$ c~mp~igm of
    Traja n and M ~rt:U1 Aurelius rccei ved spectacu lar ~nd enduring
    re<'o~nition jTl their columns."
    Pcrl",p' the mmt complete ,mdy of , single type of triumph~J
    mOnllrm'm is t hat whi ch PicJrd dcvoted to monumental troph~e':
    it provi<k, an .pt illustr.tioTl of the dcvelopm ent of onc f" cet of
    trium phal art. 7t' From A ugu,tu< on , m,ny kind, of monumental
    troph,e~ were con'trucu'd in the capital, and in the prov inces Oil
    site. of ill1peri~1 victorie,. Prec i,ely in his r~i ~n, the ,,,me kind of
    fmjor shift (all be observed th~t WC h.ve -cen in other domains:
    the mOTlullle,,(~1 trophy became .n impe rial prerogative."
    In the ~mpir<'\ carly centurie" the iconograph y of these
    1ll00lUments displayed precise loc~1 , nd temporal ,llusion!.
    Th anks ({) [hem, Picard w~, ~bk' to detect ~ significant ch~n~e in
    " S« J. G.gi , ' Un thi m' d< r", i'''I"",t rom"n: I. V><'Qi" d' A"gm'.-. fro l,ft""I';"
    ok 1<_" ,l fiianJ" 0',,,10,,,10, ;. " <l"1oo".w . • 0 (,~, ,), 6, - 92 .• nJ. "' gen", l, ~ .
    tj" lh,nt , C;'''"'' ",d ,",.10 ;, /I,,",,,, ,,'. llo, "" oj J'''"'' " J.,,,,
    JI.'U, ,. /1o .....
    ,,, 11""" ""J ,,,nag<. M<mu;<1 uf ,he C""nwo<u< Ae.,J.,my uf Sco<n<<,. ,.
    (Cop<nh'gon. 'Y(>l) , pp . 7' ff. 91ff, Io.ff. <to .
    " S« th, (h r ooo~ , ,, I Ii"'n~ in Vi. Kit,I". 'Trtumph",. RI'. 7A l (19)9). )7)- 49J.
    ~'" ,0, 9 .
    " Thm f. No"', Tri umph unO T ,i "mphl>og''''. V.,,,,I' J., B" I,-",,,,. W"-'"'l
    ( ' 02) - 6) , ,.7->Ol. 1,,,,,· ,6" ",,], " .). ,, ,,d ""If.
    " S« ,I., ,",Vl . h,~ ' .. mpl" cl<xum<n'N .oJ d,,,,,,,,,J by t,S, RY""K. R;/".
    pp . , . , - 0' wid, II~', n- ~ . ; quo,.,,,,n f<o m p. ,.r.
    I;""
    " 1<..- ," get"''' I Co . (k",,;, 1.""1",,• • , .. ..
    im";',,, '~,.I, i ",,!d , "_'"pi, " ;1;,,,,;
    (K~"", 'if_'). pp . "If.
    " G .c. P'wd. lA, ""r"" I'",
    """ j"" C""",Iou",," ,1"1';'..;""" I, "i,:r;.. " .. " ,.",ph. 1
    ., R ..... B,bl;.,tI"'-tu< rio ~,ok, r" "I """' d' I\,hin" " <k 11.0"",,. ' !7 (P.,i,. ' 9J7).
    pp. 'FIf.
    " Th< I"r ",~"ologi<>Hy , "o,,<d ""P"""" ";l<~ b. ('icard" """,i.t<d w;,h M.
    Non iu' G. llu, .... ""' " p",,,d . "vol, of'l>< Tre.iri;n '9-" B. c.: r",,/oh,. p, ,~? ,
    J.lViM(ibl~ ~mpire

    trophy iconogr.phy in lO B.C., wh en the restitution ofCrmu'


    'igna replaced Actium .. the dominant manifestation of Augustus'
    eh.rism.tic victoriomn.".'" Thus, too, he could uncover a new
    shift under Vcsp.sian, Iellening the fact th.t 'Jeru",km WI.. the
    FlaviI.n Actium',. development which translated into an upsurge
    of triumph. 1>rl under Vesp.si.n .nd Domiti.n."ln this dom.;n
    .150, the third century emerge. os. critic.lturnillg point. On one
    h.nd, the dcdic.tion of I.(tOld trophaea mOnUmentS J,ttmS to end
    fOIcvtr .fter A.D. no ,00 On the other, the 1m phose in the history
    of the Rom;" , trophy, in which it su rvives as a decorative element
    of imperi.1 iconography, shares an essential characteri stic with
    other manifest.tinn, of victory ideo logy: troph:!cI. tend to lose
    their specific historic.1 .nd geogr.phicol references . "d become
    universal, . b,tract symbol, ofimperi.l victory.o,
    Th e facet of imperi.l prop.g.nd. which rem:!inl moSt acces-
    sible to m to<by is embod ied in the Ron",n coin'ge,'2 It w:!, the
    coinage which r,byed to the farthest re.ches of the empi re the
    kind of th em", embodied in the monuments of the e.pit.l .nd
    provincial c=tcn. t l lmpcri~l vi~'ory provided, in ,hi, ~rc. ~.
    well, one of th e most pervasive of th~mt~, and there exists rich
    materi.l for a sltldy of victory iconogrophy, of the occasiom and
    motintions for various issues. of the more di,t''''l ec hocs of
    eommemo.. tivc or :!nnivcrsary issues ,o. The goddess Victori. in
    " loil., pp. 'ulf. " 1. '1., pp. );J-' ,nd Jl9 - OO .
    oo 10i1., p,.n " 1',.1,. pp . .0b9If.
    " 00 'he prOP'II,nd"';< "I"'''
    of iml"'" .t ,_lollY = . "', . •1.. M .P. Ch" l"w""h ,
    'Th< v;"'''' of, Rom,n <ml"""" p,up'g,nd, ,nd ,h< ",,,ion
    <>f \N:li<f '. I',,,,,d_
    i.t,.j '" B,,,i," A<.oIm<,. 'I ('917) , IOI-J). «p . 103-11 , fo, <h< propts, od> 'm_
    1"" of ;mp<,;,1 """'g'. M . Gun'. R.,."" ~iJl"'l Jr ... "i", s."" .", of ''''l'''i.1
    "i• ." '.,~' ~iJl.. i""
    ("p,;n'. Comb,;dg'. (961). pp, nlf. ,od 11. .... "" ... ,.... ,"'"
    """'. A. ,x'""""'r ,noJ, .]I., ",,.;,",.. ~ ""d ....,II~ ",",",,.",,Ii,,,,
    oJ",,,,,,,,,,
    r"" , .9 B,C.-A./). J/j (C'mb,id~,. (910). p. ,", "",ooogh ,hi, "I"'''
    of '",1"'.,,1
    <o;o'g< w .. m;n;m;"d by AHM . J""'~ ·Nu ,""m.,,,,, ,nd .'"o,y '. F~,.y, ,.
    R.""", """"1' p,,,,",,d,. H, M,"i'II, (O. /Q,J , , •• 6). pp . " JJ. "p. '. - , 6. it h.,
    "",n ol<f,mkd. , .¥. by C.H.V, Suth«i,"d, "Tbe ;m,lI;g,bihty ofRom,n <mn 'yp"'·.
    )o.,,",I.J R_ •• 51,o't!. ' 9 ( r9l?) . , 6 - J); <f. ,be ""n! ".'" "~Jy uf D.H. h,n_
    Sm;,h. ·Ob'<'1< ron"" prop'l,nd'. o...I< ..i Tid""i . .';,,.;, .. ,,,,. , ... ,i(''-''
    <I'JI~"" 6 ('9'77). '11- (\!l,
    " H. S, J. Hm, J ud, .. ,"d I\.otne, The 011",,;,1 comm,nt>ry·, ) ••"" ..1 .j 1lu.1»;t",. 1
    51.JitJ. n.'.J (191' ). 17'-9S. h«< 17.,
    .. Do",;,,," ""Y h.v< <o mm,mo""d ,I>< VI<<O,," <>f N«o D,u,u, in A,D, ! J , >Nh,i<
    ,h, ,nn; """y of M,ium ",m, to h, .. b«n "m<m\N:"J on cotn'~<" 1m " ,h<
    ,hi,J ""'",y: G"n', A""i",,.,y i",,,. PP,OJ ,nJ I I, Ii. '00 ' ml ,) 1-9,
    Vi[lory "nder 11., l',i""Pdl'

    her different aspect~, trophi es, trium phal proc~!!iom, portu y~l! 01
    imperill violenc~ or clemency to the v.n'lui ,hed are unly > few
    im.ge. whi ch vi.ua lly Wnlnllrized the div~"i{y . nd ubiquity of
    imperi.l vicwriomncls,"" W b~t Ie mai,,~d unintelligible by im:lge
    alone W:I' clarified ur reinforced by imcriptions lih DEVICTA
    IVLJA EA, R-OMA V1CTR1X, TR IVMPHVS PAR TH1CVS,
    FORTlT UDO AVG . INVICTA , INVICTA VIRTVS and
    VICT(OIUA E) AET ERNAE -"·
    The 'Iudae~ cart~' serie! of Ve'p"ian i, one of the few which
    h.1 bt-en ,tudied in somc dc!>il "nd mly illu,tr. t~ for u. two
    import:mt facets of su~h coinage, VICTORIA AVG VSTI ,eo-
    terce •• howing Victury writing Otl ~ !hicld hung on , pa lm tree
    and sometime, including . c.ptivl', wcr" il,u"d in "'~ r y Ilrg e
    numbers' in A.D.7I, :llollg with the IVDAEA CAPTA types,"'
    On the evid~ nce of die n14'k., th~sc coi", have be"n .ttributcd t<>
    the spring .nd sommer uf th.t )T<lT. This meam th"t they were
    being cir~ul"t~J heJo .. the triumph of Ve ' p,.i:ln lnd Tim., in
    prep_ration fur th:1l event. ·' On the other hand , thi, .. me
    connell.tiun of wins uffers a good example of ho w ~ provinci,,1
    mint pick ed up .nd tran.latcd the imperial th eme in the fotn, of.
    10Yl!.AIAC EA/\())KYIAC issue""
    Although they differ from win~g" in nature, significance and
    mrviv.l rate, imperial med.lJiom d;'ph y a ,imila r conccrn with
    Victory :lnd victorie. right from their eH1i~!t 't:lges of deve1op_
    ment ,90 Second-century med.lliom .llude directly to triumph

    .. On Vic,,,,,. .., A.R . 1k1l;"~''''''' M . A, 1k,I'''':<lU'' , Vic'''p""i"'rr', NUlllll "'>tk


    N"" u "" Monoll"'ph,, ' •• (Now Yo", '96'), Pl' . J' If, .n" "p. T. Hol"h" , Vier",;.
    ,....... . .-1"1140~,,, .... (J,,,,, ...lo""J'" Z"' G,.-",II1< ""4 IV,,,",,,, .sa " ..i,,",
    Sitl"I''';" ."" "'" A'f""i'" !.;,'"'" [,oJ. ... , J. ]",'""dt«, ",
    Ch,_(.'1,;" " 1967),
    pp . • 6 -7 "'Q
    9,11":). D.",,,,", 'l< ,hi:"l< i<""ug"ph~", d, I. ';ol<n,,', S,. ""
    P""" .... D.M. R~ i " , ,,,,,, ( ~, l",,'>. '0,,), pp. ,]J _." '''~ ",;1,,,",, G,,,",,,
    p,. ,.ito .
    .. RIC", 67, 70 ' nJ 7" H); PIC,., ' ,'" '" ,,>~ 'J" 10! , n" "9 .
    " IT H"'K, 'Tn, P.k,ll""" j ...." Cop .. m'n> of V"p";' " ' "0 Ti"" ."d ,h, b . on
    tl>< <<Mn. of Ag';f'P' " '"""oJ " ,.k, ,h., f ln ·'.n', JI.'" .. i,,. ,,,~ C"",,;ck, ' JS ( '97S) ,
    ' 0- ' ), 11<" '" cr.
    II. M.,,;ngly, C,i .. if'" R_ .. E,"p'" '" ,10. 8mi," At.".,", ,
    (london, 19)0), .I,-. t.; .
    .. C M . K my, "I'll< j .... " C'P" .. ,"";; nf V"P' \I'''', /" ..1 ,';","",",,~ ] .. " . 1, J
    1'96)), . )-6, nmg, '1'.I<,,;n',n', p. , H.
    .. 0"'11, 'P, I",;".,,,', p, '" " . • 'nJ p",;m .
    .. JM.C Toyn!><o, R. .. ," .',1, . .11;."", Num ;,m,,,,, S",di<l. J {New y",l, 19 .. 1.
    pp. H]If.
    lnvi"rihlr fmpire

    cercmon iC',91 while legends li ke GERM AN IA SVDACTA Or


    VICTORIA AVGG are frequent in Ihe la rges~ of Marcm
    Aureliu s." The domin~nce of rn iht.ry iconugraphy centering on
    the imprti11 penun whieh emerge< in th e third century makes it
    difficult , even for, 'peci, list, to different i,te between mOre
    gene r ~1 issues , nd t ypes eo rnrn ernu r1ting sf><...:ific milit>ry or
    ceremoni,1 0(("ionS,9J Nunnhcle", Toynbee has bttn able to
    di"ingui,h h.lf. duzen triumph,l type' between A,D . 239 . nd
    259. 94
    Anmller power ful ch.,mcl in the victory ideology of imperi.l
    civili~.tion flowed from Rom.n religion. T he cult of Venus
    V ict rix had pb yed • pro rnincn I role in the politic,l confli cts of the
    I.te Republic. 9' In the coin.ge of the fi rsl . nd second centuries wc
    find the emperor< p, ying oce ••;otI11 tribute to the victorious
    .. pen, uf thc cl •• ,ie.1 gOO! uf It.ome, to luppi ter Victor , M.rs
    Victor, tu Venus Victri x . nd M inerv a Victrix ,96 T he Victory uf
    the emperor him,elf cu uld be hunored by the erection of an . Itar
    un milit.ry p.rade ground •. 97 Although the cult of ,he godde"
    Victoria is wdl . ttened in the c;"ly empire, in the ",cond . nd third
    centuries , he grow' into , m()r~ ab ,tn't qu.lity o.nd prepare> to
    make room for new deities.~ ' It wou ld 'ppear that the r.nk an d
    file', enthu li:>.m fur the victoriuu s aspect of thc cI.ssical god. w.s
    growing tepid .nd it would not be lung before new Currents
    flowing into Roml- from the East offered them a novel mixture of
    religious fervor and victory mystique. W hether Commoduo
    . , L"",u, V"u",,,J Com moo"" i.,4. pp. " - l, CL Cl' y. 'I\o"" n ,mp'",1 mIX!>lholl"
    i.",...i...,) .... •,"i'''''''I"'
    ,I.. d", ."d po'!" ,.., of , ~, ,,,,,,,'. A"" .. Vll f C ...pi,
    Wm,. Wl~) , pp . 'JJ-~l (d. "p. 'J)-<;) h" .. ~u,<l 'h" ,he bulk of" II bron><
    m,d, Il."" " .," ,n " nded " N,w y , .. ', Kifn. Trillmph, l i"",, would ,hen b<
    ,,",wing ,he m,m", y.-.f. ,,,umph on 'he "'x< K,lend, of J"w" y,
    " TQ,nl><" M,d.lli"",. p. 'J6; on ,h, « ",",,,i,,,, of uKh gif" wi,h th, "my, 11..
    M" Mullen , The <"'pow,', I"~",,,,,' , 1.0''''""'.'' ('96') , 1J9-06 .
    " 1'0I nl><', M, •• lli"",. p. ,oo,
    .. JI-il II;' onl. """,, I ,'-"' ,h" .,j",""" m, d,II,om b< be"" .. ,...too 'h," tho><
    ",,,,,,,,<rl ,..
    i, h i"'pe'''] ,"',"';." f", ;" ,hi, p< ,;,,J ,he f",me< w" ".".,,, ,;Iy , more
    f"~,,," , ,,,,,,,"",,1","u",,,," ,h.n th, I",,, .
    .. ><,< '. g.. Wd""",'k, 'V."", ."d I",;,,",'. pp . ,,,;if.
    • • W"""",, k, 'Vin o, .• ic"i,', pp.',", _, ,"d , nn VKto,y ' pith." of 'h , II.nm,,,
    Jd ,,<! In g",,, . I, il iJ .. pp . .l '~' - 7 .
    " 1- tldg<bnd , 'Rum," "',m y I\digion '. ,1I','R W. l. ' ". , (<<" ' I. "7<'- ' JOJ . h«c
    ,,96·
    .. !-lUI"'!'H, Vi a",;• • p.l", ; d. pp. '7oK.
    Vioory ,wde- rhe principa(r
    di'pia Y' the inAucnc~ ufhil person al cult of Hercu les Invictu,,99 or
    that oflhe ri sing Mithra ic .nd "" Iu CU llS, ,no it is irrcfuublc th.,.,
    the <olar thmlogy cXlmdcd it, "vay uver th~ minds of rulen ~t)d
    rllkd .li ke, it pcnelr>ted older and better eSlahli,hed cui", whence
    Sat"pis l"v;clUs, etC., ' 0, .nd rcached . culmin.tion in Aurcii:IIl',
    cn,hrincml·nt ufSollnvinus"1 tlw heart uf Ruman religion and
    the ,·,t.blishm.."r of a calendar fca.1 which is ,till with us, the
    NMalis Solis, on December 2, .'°1
    T he Roman c.kndar rev..,l, too how the victury idculul'Y
    could help i III pan shape to the civil year. For it w • • not enough to
    celehulc a victory at the mument it waS achieved. The bsting
    pulilicol si gnif' c.oce of victories like th . t of Actium , Jerusalem,
    or , for th.t m mer, the M ilvi. n Bridge, .nd their symbolic v,lue 3S
    the opening of a new chapter in the political life of the st.te,
    prO"ided J powerful incent ive to keep their memory alive in the
    population, .n jllce,,!ive w hich w., p",feaiy malched with th"
    .nti'lu~ mentalily', proclivity to annu.1 commemoral iom. lU .'
    Augustus him,,--If ,et the example by founding annivers.ry
    cdeb .. tium for Ani"m. IU4 Umkr Nero, the' Sen:ilc ordercdJ,,;ar
    for the days on which a victory w", ob tained . nd .nnounced. _~
    well ~, for th.t on which the motion was m_de . ln .'
    Enough evidence has mrvived to give" fair ide. of t he extent 10
    whkh victory con,mernorJtiom influenced the overall makeup of
    th e dinJf.;al;' W,-l"ow, fur cx~mplc, of about thirty new festival
    d.Y' introduced betwee' '4 5 RC. . "d AD .37. While the m.jority
    commemorate imperi.1 dcdic"tion,. 'Ialal~s , diviniz.cion, and the'
    like, fully one_third pnpctu.t,' the memory of victorics or

    •• W<,",,""k. 'Vi"", ,oJ hn-i"o'. pro ,., J.


    '" Th", , h< 1«" <i.,,~", '" F. CUO"~H. T,x,'I" ""'""..... " fi.f" ,it """oj, .... .of'"""
    '" .\/i,h,.. , (Hru,,,,h. ' Sw). "'ff"; cf. M.J V«m.",,,n . Mill,,,,. ,h, S",,, CoJ
    IlunJ~" , ' 96J). I'P' jJ-O
    ," K. l",,·. R""" " ,", Rd•.• i'"'l'"I","" . H.ndo",,), <1<, .o.tr"'om,,,,i''''nKh.f!. J. ~
    IMo ""h. '960). PI'· Jlj-JJ .• nJ "p. Huhd"" . V~,,,, pp. '1>9- 7'- ...
    ' " f. .o.t<1,«",. Vi, S,k/'''.',i", Ih",okf"" . 19J9). pp. >nM.• nJ H. Uo<"" , v.u
    W,i'."" ';1<" . ,,,d ,·In {Hunn. 191I), pp. )<Sif . nJ '"'p . rr. JJ!ff".
    '" W. Sd"",J,. (A"" I"t i .. til",,",". I'.,hgi"mgfo<h",h<iid.< V","dlC end Vo",·
    ""it"". 7. , I(:"'",n. 190'). pp . I , . On imr<n,l."niv« ... ,~ in ~"'< ..I, ' « , ;04 ..
    pp. )0" .• nd "p. P. Hm. ' K,;,.,f.. I<,1." P,;n, ip"",i'·. J!NPW" , ,~. '.
    " ) j->OO.
    ,.., •.17-'!.
    ' " U", C, ,,,,!>. j) . I. j . Il<,~ ",,, , ,,
    , .. T,,·;,",. tI """I". " . " . , . ",I H. ~""l< '"' ' > IO, fmd . J~9' ). ,,,, ."_,, .
    Invincible tmpir.

    triumphs. 106 In f.. ct. thc fClfival calendar grcw so rapidly that
    periodic purges were required under C.ligub, Cbudim .nd
    Morell< Aurelius. ,o7 Although thc details of fCld".1 day. may
    indeed h.. ve varied from one province to ~nother, I 01 it il de. r th . t
    vicmry commemoratiom pl.yed " significant role oOllide of
    Rome ~I well.nd th.t they thereby helped 'prc.d for and wide the
    mes5age of imperial victory. 100 As the Frria/, D"ram,m proves,
    . nd •• we might well h."e eKpeCted. th e Rom . n . rmy', offiei.l
    c.lend<lr did nOt overlook imperi.l victory .nni"crs.rie•. 1 '0 Nor
    5hould we forget th.t decorated f"lival calcndan with vicmry
    commemorations were once a prominent f,.ture of the porticoes
    of Rom.n citic •. ' "
    Tho,", who were not directly invo lved in the vinory com-
    memoration! of th e di' rjfTi.!i coo ld have p<lnicip.tcd in .nother.
    undoubtedly more popular form of victory <Inniversary: the
    .nnu<l1 victory game •. Here toO, the empire follow ed .nd bui lt on

    '" A. o.g, ...i.l'saip';''''' /"Ii" I). ' (''.>6)) . J6o}.


    'K"''''f'"" ,
    ,. , II"',. p. ) •• ; d , 11",. p, 'IJ~,
    lO. R,O, F;"k. AS H""y ,nd W.F, Snyder. 'Th, h,;.k Do, ...... '. Y.k O ."i,,1
    ~'"'i", 7 ( 19.0), '-»>. h<<< J6.
    '" Th u, P. O . y. 701 (A .D. '<Xl--'), ;" wh ;,h ,h",u,ho,,"<m P''' "P'''''' .....,k"','"
    In
    ,h, p<t;tion '0 ,h, "mp<ru" by «m;nd;ng 'Oom of O.y,ny",hu,· f.i,hful
    «><>r< ,,,ion in 'Oo '"", 'g,;n" 'h" ./<w' ,nd of hi, f<lIow ci,i,,,,,,' "HIU.I
    romon,,,,otolion o[!hot ' ''''''y ' ,d. B.P . G",nf<tt 'nd A,S, Hun,. n.- O~ )'<lry",."'
    P.p-pi, (london , '90') ' 16j,)4-I: ~.I frl ~al Yll. <~, ,e;., h ...,~jw, ~!'IPO'
    Ida",,, fr o<>< ~'''I'I"pl\o..,.~, Awnd;ng ' 0 R.O, F;"~. 'Via",'-' P."lok • • nd
    kind,<d Vi"""'.. '. Y. k ct."k,1 5,.1'". ! ( ,!'<,) , 1 1_10'. Oo", ""'. ,hi,w" ,
    'J"'l'''"''''a. 10<.1 ["ti •• 1. Cf. 'h" ,uil",rf",ini I,,,,d in • "knd" of, "mpk.
    r<,h,p' ~," ..<d .. O"y,h)·n,h u,. /,om th< ill< «mnd 0' m ly ,h;,d '' '''''my ,nd
    which ,0mm,mOI"" j,,,,IK," of M. Au",hu", P. O.y. , ))).;,6. <d, E.G, TUm<,.
    Oxy"Y" ••' P,,.,ti JI (London , I~J. n ,f. 71-6,
    ," Thu,. ;n ,he ", Iy ,hj ,d ""IO'y, .... ,! J.nw, y. ,It< ,otto" XX 1>,I,"y""",.,,
    ""'f,,<d in comm' mon' io" of tho P,,,hi,n ,.,wry of S.p,j,,,iu, s. .."" ,nd
    "",h,p' of T roj, n: p, Duro 14. I, 1,-1 6. <d. R. Muich,t. 0.",,,, I",."" ,"", .,-"".
    (Zu,.,h, '\17)). no, J09. p. 4·
    ", Thu, 'Oo [,.,<0 " ' " "I..,d" ~i"uv"<~ nu' I,,"~ 'go" Rome "".1<, S,n " M,,;,
    M'ggior<: p, M'g;, II "I",..,;, dipi",' .,," S."" M"" M'n'''' , A,,; d<lb
    ron,;E,;. ""d<mi . 'Ont"" di ""h<olog;" l<n. J . Men",,",. , I. , (V" k ,n C;I,.
    197». p.,i, ... ig n"d ,n" f,,,,,,o '0 Ih, foo"h """u.y. bu, "8um,n" f", • 10«
    >«on~ or ,hi.d_«n!Ury ~" . hI;, .... n ,nod< b, M.R . ~,lzm.n. 'N<w ";d"",, for
    ,h, d.I ,jng of ,h. "I,nd" .. S.n" Mo.,. M.g~io",;n Rom". T,..,,,,,,-... 'J,1t<
    A,""~,,, PIo'J.I,,{i,,/ A s"",'", .... 'I I (19 1, ). >11 - '7, .nd L I..- ;n, 'It ,"o",id".
    ";00 c[ ,h, d.lte of ' Oo f"l"m .. " 1, nJ,, .n~ of;t< poh'",,[ f<>,i ..I>·. A ..... ~."
    ; .. ,",/ 'J """",,,IoU, '" ('9") , 'l9--Jj.
    Vi<lory ,onder II.. pri"cipal,

    the Republican tradit ion concrcdzed in the L,jai V'lloriM Su/lianM


    or thc Ludi Viaoriae C.rsari" The latter, more-oyer, are .lso known
    to h:.ve been ob",rvl-d O1mide of Rome , Thl-Y would occome the
    Lud; ViC/GriM Carsari, fI Claudi; and continue to b... cdebuted a,
    late., the reign ofTrajan,'" Hadrian too fostered Ludi Parlhid in
    honor of T ,.jan >, victory _j l.\
    Thi, r<lpid review of victory celebrations and customs under the
    principate will "'rdy require amplification and correction befor~
    :. defmitive image of carly imperi , 1 victory fe~m ~nd their
    development Can be tracLd. T he ev idence at hand ",flice,
    non ethelesl to indicate the effort devoted to the celebration and
    m:.gnific.tion of imperial victorie, and vielOry for thc bencfit of
    the popubce, It mgge," that impni:.! victor), ceremonie, and
    ideology were prop~gandized enough to reverberate through
    Roman wciLty , Yet we might w.-l! wond~r to wh:. t extent the
    combined organ, of imp ... r;.! prop.g:lIlda . ctu~lly bore fruil ,
    whether, in other word" the imperia l comciomn e" of it,
    victorious ch:.,.cter ever penet,.t~d beyond th~ "'ling elite of the
    capital and province" and whClher meh pcn~tration has left any
    tr<lee, at ~Il? The role of the urb~1l pOl'uhlion a, audience for the
    moSI Spc(!~(ular ceremonil-' and th e development of m:."
    enteruinment in connection with imp ... ria! Sl1cce'~ natl1ra! ly
    incline us to <Inswer in th, affirtn~tiye, A few sttand~ of cvidcnce
    tn.y SCrv~ to reinforce thi~ view ,
    The gre~t POCtl of thc e~rly etnpire ],y;,hed their vcne, on the
    triumph" on the victory monument , ~nd l>n the victory my'ti'lue
    of rheir imperial p.(ro", _ Wh . t mOre effeniv,' way could they
    h.ve fl>und to ing,.ti:.tc them ,e1vc~ than 10 echo the moSI insistent
    themes of imperi.! prop'g. nd.?' " Virgi l (Am, 6, 7R<,i - 85<,i),
    St.tiu, (Silt', 4, t , 39- 43) and Marti.! (Ep(l:r _libr, 8, 65; 9,101).11
    'ing th ... imperial song of victory . Morc ,ignif,ean< of the pcn~_
    tr~tion of triumph. l theme, i, the f.et that the l>utw:lrd form.

    ," D<g""i, 1"",i1""'''', p .• '6, cr, 1', ]-1m, 'Un,,,,udmng'" ,urn P,,,hlo,,&, ~"
    ,;;mi",h," K, i"", i, n"h "">er"" W'ilo_ un~ f},,,,,, i",,,",if,,"' {[)i"., M"",,
    ''11 J), p. ,0, "" Ct,u" i", ' ,k!Ory 'nni "".,y .
    ," Ow, C,,,;u,, 6<,0, >. J, !lois"",,", J.22J .J-, . Not< 'no ,it",ion '0 ,h,i, wpp" .. ion
    ,f"" m,,,y ye'" ,
    ". A .M, T.;,,,,,, 'L" Ii,t,n, du tnomp"' d,", I, p<><'", C! I'", "'"' 1<, H •• i<",'.
    ~.'"." J" 1''11 J), ,8j- JO" "''' .8 J-~" S« too ,",we, "" 'h, 'PI"''''"'' of 'h<
    ,duioto.y epi'h<! i"vi"., in O, id ,00 S",iu,.

    J'
    Invincibk f mpi ..

    of the imperial victory ,eI~br'tion so domin a t~d the go"eul


    notion of victory th.t .11 kind , of mythic.l v;ctorie5 were
    de"'rib~d in term, recalling the imperi.1 ceremony. Thi, exten.ion
    of the triumph.! theme goes beyond the triumph ofD.cehus (0 the
    victory of Jupit.'r over the Giant. and indeed, to Statim' de,crip_
    tion of Theseu' victory ,deb u tio" ov~r the Am.zon, (TI,eb_ 11.
    S19-39),' ,. The gre,u poet, ",t the tone for lower o rders oflittcra-
    !Curs .nd the theme of Roman victory became so trite th.t
    • gifted .. tiri,t could turn it to comic effect. The pompou! epic
    of Pctronius ' charbtan and sometime vcr,ifier Eumolpus opens;

    Orlx:m i.m totum victm Rom.nm h. lx:b>t,


    qu, m>tc. qu, tc",e. quo ,idu, ,,,,,it utrumque,
    N~c ", tiatu. or .. _

    Beyond ",ch imit,uivc doggerel, beyond the r"efied ambience


    of literary m.sterpieccI .nd their audience in the ,chools. the
    imp,ct of the imp~rial ideology of victory con be t",ccd in •
    number of objects from daily life. It shaped irmglio gem. or 101."
    pa' te. for ring,rone. and w., used to d<:cor.te bronze perfume
    p''''_ A, Vermeule h •• ,hown, many of the", picce, were directly
    in . pired by 'pecif,c coin issue, _' '6 Trophic, too find their w. y not
    only onto gems, but into l.mp decor.t;ons .'" The triumph.1
    procession it",lf .hows up . s decoration on the ,ilver cup from
    Boscore.lc,' ,.
    Another imtmce of the victory mystique', wide diffu,ion
    which rev"als the inRuene~ of coin irn<lgery eom~' from ~rch~c­
    ologic31 finds from the provinces and . in puticular . from the
    Danube regions. It t~kcs the sh.pe of clay relief pbques . nd b~kers'
    mold, for Hat ,.ke" one of which even h.. - in addition to the
    legend V ICTOI{IA AVGVSTI - . baker'. I.bel duhia: ·.w~t-

    co. Cf, T.,," ... 'Tnompl><·. pp. 'Ollf.


    , .. CT . V"m,ul, . .... ,1'«1> uf V;,,",,,, on Rum. " <UOn>. S"" " . "J i" ,no,,,,,,,.. ",, 1
    .,,' , ',',,",, ... ,;, C i",I", (19J I) , l-' J (ulfp,;"'J, cr, ,t!< l<>J mo lJ " produ« d •• •1"
    f.~ _ i' ,
    , " Pk"J , -r"pM", PP lJ;1f ",d "'-, ,
    ,.. Il yb<rg , R i,,,. pp_ " ,If. 0 .. ,I>< J .tf" ui<y of .J<" "fyillg ,hi, u;um ph, T. Hoh<b<r,
    ' [)" ( ;"' ~i<hl>.ulf",u"g;" <Ie, rum.",h," ll'pr'><""'I<>I"h",,' , J ,It 'I", ~ "',
    "'",,3><" , ,,It...,, .,,"," I." "",,. 9J 11980), >OJ-»' . h", ll ' lf.
    Victory Ulu/er the l"i'''ip~lt

    cakn'."9 According to Alfuldi, mmt of the\~ pl~quc! and mo lds


    would have b~cn \!Sed during {h~ im peri.1 huliday, ufJmuny in
    th<."" S("cond and third centuries;'"" they appear to offer moving
    te'timony to th e loc, l popul >rity of th~ Kni" ,idu. ' 2, Though
    th~ motif, range from an e,gle to , gt.d iatori. 1 contest. , whole
    S("rie, of item, fucn,n on impc·ri,1 victory. Thu, we might im,gine
    Glkes showing emperorl on horwb,ck. riding down barbarians.
    triumph proc~"io"" Vi ctor y writing on a shield and the presen-
    tation ofbarb ~ rian captivn tu the emperor. In Holid.ys in the
    hinter land of the lim~s therefore included the offering and dis-
    tribution of object. and pa'lrie, emphasizing the ~1I-encomp~5Sing
    victory of the comnundcr-in-chicf.12} On~ tinal example will
    illustrate how victory ideology extended beyond holid,y' into th e
    ancient citizm's d~ily leisure hours. pervading even a l,te <l ntique
    g, ,,,e. Although it, nan,," and rule, rem.in ob,eure, the gam<· w>'
    played on a bo.rd which consi.ted of . i x groups ofspace' or letten
    aligncd in three rowS on "'One ,lab, pl~ecd On the floor of public
    place,.'" T he letters usually spelled chee rful mes,~ge, ,hnut
    gammg ur hedonistic sJug~m like:
    VENARI LAVARI
    LVDERE R IDERE
    OCCEST VIVERE.'''
    'Hunting, b,lthing, gambling, laughing: th.t" living'·
    ". A. Alf" ld i. "T,,,,modd und R d ",f,",,~. i 'k>n, "" <l<n n""."to"(\<m ·. I.... " ...
    m"'''. '.
    ,1 'l"i ' " '''' "",.",i.. I", I,",i", K"~,,",, 'y """"oc",. '.
    Dh",,,,,,,,,,,", p.
    00 IBud' r<". '9"1 . rp · " ' - " . h<<< 1 '7 · On 1.",owinK' f,,,," ,,,in,, PI'· Pl '0"

    ".
    l'~ · Sw«"<e.k" f", the V,,,,,,,,
    J"".
    Il 'J .. )'I'. J I ,- ,.;: fo,
    ,1"~"i: ;hiJ .• "n. <J. p. ))7-" .
    p. J>j . p!-J J . No« huw,"" ,k .. J. W. S. !.:,"'"mon.
    ·L.. c·Ro""" ""h<,,,, .• « w;,h "hd d",,..t;u,, f"""d '" No"h<m_Afd< •• nd
    E~yp' ·. (),"h<"',"d,X<" .\I''''J..li"~," . ,' h" R~·.,,",,,,,," """ ""d"'J.." " 1"';0.". OJ
    (1 '16'1. lJ-9l h" "" Iy"& " I"sc. ,dmJ sroop ."d ."'~'" them '0 lh< foorlh . od
    IIf,h W"Uf,,",.
    '" ·fh", A' fotd i. .To""",,",,,,". pp.)1 J - • .
    ,n"
    ,,, St< "'J><<ti .. .,y il>;d .. pt. . XLtX. ' .n;t t. , J' LI. j- , . nd UH.•, LVIl.),
    XlVttt .
    '" I< " dilf"u" ", d"« min, ", who< ""nt 'he mnkh wnuld h...e h«n u><d fm
    .mif"i.t p,,"i<. (I'h' ) '" fm ';mpi' "'" fo. mnm"'l'"on d",ing f<,,; ... h. tn
    .dd " ",n '0 Alful ~i. ·T"n m"dd·. p. )'9. •," J. And,". L·,li""",.""",, I. ",i,i",'
    Ra_ (p,,; •. ' '16 '). pp. "J - ,I .
    ". tn .J~il"'" '0 ,il. <olk<""n. "f ~'Uf" m.[<",h <i"J in ,ho f"l lowinK no'''. "" ,he
    comp,",.<n"'·c .. ,icl< ofbm«. ·Lu~";,,, "hut",·. RI'. 1) ('9'7). ,....,., 10'9.
    M. tkm . ·R';mi.d., Spi<lufdn·. 110."", .I,.di,". A.p.", ••, J" .011 .."""" ..;,,,"_
    '" ""'f' R".".,oi /(,>." ~, ..;","" (Ikfhn. ,I",,). pro »J- JO. h«< nu .• ~. p . • )1.
    Invindhl~ m.pi"

    In ,tHk contr~ '( - to modem sensibilitie. at lc~Sl - Sl,md, a group of


    g. ming board, from Rome and Trier whose datable elements h. ve
    been a,\.Oeiated with the tetr.rchy. There the 'pace, are not ,pelled
    out in ~ humorou, vein. Imperi.1 victories mark the progreS' of
    players:
    PARTHI OCCISI
    BRlrr[O] VICTVS
    LVDIT[EJ ROMANI.
    'Th e Parthiam h.. ve been killed, the Briton vanquished: play.
    Romms!' The specific rderence here m.y h.ve been Galerius'
    ,uccess in the Ean .. nd ConSl<Intim Chlorus' Briti,h victory of
    296.1:16 From the C:lpital on thc northern frontier com e." fuTthcr
    imtance in which imperial , 'og.m intrude on • popular game,
    perhaps on the occasion of young Con'tantine's victories over the
    Franks and Alamannia".:
    VIRTVS 1M PERI
    HOSTES VINCT!
    LVDANT ROMANI.'"
    'Vigor orche empire, enemie. bound: let the Roman' play" No
    channd w .. too mod est. no _'peet of daily life tOO remote to
    trumpet the cleHCll. most in,istent note of imperial prop.g. nda.
    A, we read on another gaming board from the Cimetero di
    Priscilla in the ancient capital:
    At the v,mqu;,h ed fOCI
    italy rejoices.
    Play. Rom _ns!'"

    ", C. 1-I"<I,,,n. 'N"", tn",h"f,,,,·. Mi,Uio...p. dt, "'.'''~'" .,,"""Iop"'" I."i,"".


    Ii, .. ,,, .. A."iI""~ .• ~ {"'''II . 'I'-Jj. 1><" , ,1 >-).
    ", thm. ·Sp;.Il>.fdn', no. 00. p. ,)1. Cf. ,h, pho'~"ph ."~ <omm,n'"y by N.
    G.",h.". Rav.U .. , i_",ipli ... , ,.,iIi,"",,", I. C""/, ... ,10; .... ,;, .. "'.",- . .
    ",,1,.1....... r. "" .. iff< Ii</.!i"", (p.,;,. W1J). ,SI---<j. no. I, )9.
    '" H""n.". ·tn><hoif, .... p. lor 'I-IOSTES VICTOS/lT ALlA CA VLJET I [L VDlTjE
    ROMANI'. Oth<r p"",bi< """,,"m,,' of'l>< .. mc kl«n& A. !'<"u•. "T.\"olc
    I"",,", "";,,,'. £,il"rh ~ • . Iii,;", ,,,Ii.,,,
    .I, '';' '';;_' I {1906 {'.0')1. ))-71 . hCI"<
    no> . .. ~) . pp. 7<>-1. cr. '00 thnl. ·Sp.,l"f,ln·. no . )0. p. 'l" ' .. -1 ICf.NTfSI
    PACATEI ILVDlTjE ROMANI".
    2
    - - - -- - --- -

    Out oj the streets alld iI/to the cirws: the


    developmen t of imperial victory celebrations in
    the later Roman empire

    When it )"" not ' impl y .,mmed th.t they disapl'c>rcd, the con-
    vention al wisd om wncl"rnjng imperi~l victory celebrations after
    Diodetian h .. comi,red in two m.in points. It h,. pre,umed
    that the hi'lOrical trend s apparent in celebra tions of th e third
    century continued . nd prevai led in the Comtantini,m empire.
    Ike .. " ",, the .1I_pcrv ..;vc ideology of victory h.d crept into so
    many ccrcmonic. Jnd public attributes of the imperia l offICe.
    specific celeb,;uio,,! of jmperi.. 1 victories are thought to h"vc
    declined in historic. l ,igllificamT. Til;. w.s app. tcnti y borne ou t
    by the 'exh austive' find ing . of one specialist th at unly fuurteen
    victory cele br:uions ore . ttejled for the three centurics bctw~en
    the first Chri!ti.n ,·mpcror and Hcrocliu s.' Th e ~cond rnai" len et
    follow. from the lirst: what celebrations Ihne were remained
    quite stereotyped and revea led little mb,tamive ch~ngc down to
    the Byzantine ceremonies of the tenth ce ntur y.'
    The following pages will present :I qllite different vic w of thi s
    f"cet of the ritual develo pment of the latn R oma n rnonnchy . It
    will becom e app ..cnt that th e 'ne w· empire witnened an
    cxtraotdinary resurgence in the frequency and import of imperial
    victory fcstivah. Furthermore, th",e cdebration' comtituent
    clemen ts will be seen to evidence rcientle.s ch .. ng" in th eir
    number. n,u ure and identity within th e context of over. 1!
    J. Kollw '''. 0",;;..,,, .. 1'1""0 .1<, '''''''',j,",,..,,," 2<i'. Swdkn 'u r 'p''''''ixm
    Kun,,·
    g=hi<ht<. " 1E1<rlin. ,v"J. pp. 6J-<i: ,h" Koll wi .. ,hough, h< h.d ' ppro"h<d
    V.It.J'"~'l'<i< ;, <I"" hom p. '"l, n.•. Cf for ,II< ~,,0<,,1 ch"""'''''K', ".K .• H.
    W«d<. ·Zu. En;,hlung <I« Th,od<:»iuIObd;,krn ;n I"."bui'. /J, .. ""I"
    M;",i"'"R'o.
    ' \ (>06\J. <;1--91. "p. '9!: d . Ph . Knulmu "'. Bo{",,!'W, ~II'" ~.I .~."',,~"".. ,. ,
    (Alh<n •• 'W i). 11-00·
    , KoIl,..i". PI,,,,". p_"'.
    [),vdopmftl' '" tl,r later R om an rrnp,rr

    continl.lity. A critical jtl vcntory of rigorous ly d,-mumtr"blc


    imperial Lekbratium teve,,1. th" t their frequency w .s ab ou t three
    timn the previuu, esti mate . In tern" of their hi ,toric.1 develop-
    ment. the late .n tique ceremonies will appe ar tu f,,1l intu three
    broad phase" st retchi ng from Cunstantine tu Theodmius the
    Gre" t, from Theudmiu, ""'e"n" to [he re ign nf Anasu sius and
    from Ju ,!inian down to the ou tbtco k of iconucl"sm. Once the,e
    aspects ufthe ce remuny's history will have been c<ublished, we
    will be "ble tu mDVC' beyund the b. ld enumeratiun uf celebution,
    and ev idmcc to the question uf specific cel ebrations .nd their
    contribl.lti om to our under<t,nding uf the public life Df" dying
    emp1re.

    !. HOM CO NSTANTtNE t TO TIIEODOS!l!S I

    Th e first ph.,,- in the dcvclupmm( Df I.ter Rum.n vlctury


    cdeb", tium beg im with " Hurry Df (,-,(iv.ls . Cunstantine I
    cdebr:l1cd tWD victuri" at Trier. eu ly in his reign. in late ]06 ur
    early 307 and again in 30M Dr 310. rJl arking SUCCeSses DV"r Ihe local
    bub .. i.m. l The festivities in the circu s nut unl y cntert. ined th,-
    pDpulatiun Df his ca pit al wi th the specta cle Df fcued b.,buians
    being thruwn to the beasr.; they were doubtless . imed as well " t
    lending credibility to hi, umrp,tiun by demunstr:lling his mil;t"y
    .bilit y.4 But the decisive mDm ent in Constantine's c, dy reign.
    gcncr~ll y lssociated with his vision .nd incipient commitment to
    Christi.ni ty . CaUle in the struggle with his rival M~x entius. The
    btter' s def,·.t and de~th ou tside R om e npened the w"y fDr
    CDr> stln tine's triumpha l en try the next day. T he p~ude w . <
    dumin .ted by the dc~d emperor's head. roi",d high for ~I l to ",c.
    Th e fe'tivitie, included an lddress to the Sm. te, spect.cles in the
    victDr's presence and [he di'p,tch Df victory annuuncement, tD the

    , XII ,... .. " (1). '0. j _ ~. My""" . '9) ·1<-1 9' d . 6 171. <>. ) . i.ii.. 19,.,6-IO j . ) :
    Eutr0p;ul. & .... '0. ). 1, I)",y"," . 1"/0.20-17'.' . Cf. E. S"m. Hi".i" iJ" a.".E"'r'''.
    <d .J.Il. 1'.I>nql'<.' Ilbug", '0)0).1) w,.h n.17 (p. OJ') . nd 80 ",,,h n. '0) Ip. 0101 .
    • nd '"'p. T.n. Bu" .... 'Th, .,<1"'.... of C""".n.",,,·. Z,,, .. Io' ift 1"' I"n,ot"ti< " ..
    E';~ ..p'i • • ,0 (, 01"). " Y- JJ. ,nd C,""... ".. ..,I f~"hi" (C.mbr,dg< . M..... '9! '1.
    Pp. '9 'od ]<: B,,,,,, p"f,,, to d. " ,h, ,,«>tId "lump" ,n J03. Cf. follow,ng 00« .
    • Thu' <c;n'i' """,,,,,d w,," ,h, ,«cnd ferri.. ] «n, eon".",;"< Vi"., ""'"'""'
    .!'"'i"." RIC. o. ";0: of. I j ".... Co./I.." .... p. >0. Th. ceremony" D<"" ,,,,,md,d
    on /L-S. '9)7. m' r ",(" '0 On< bf ' "'"" '''10'>«.
    COIlS/an/in, I/o TilrodOliu1 I

    provinces. ' It has been sugge'tcd, moreovn, th . t for the first


    time, an arriving Roman empnorfailcd to perform the CUStOm~ry
    visir to the ,hrine of the Capitoline Jupi ter." The foundation of
    .nnivcr':l ry g.me, and the erection of commemorative monu-
    ments li ke the Arch of Constantine ensured the event'. lasting fame
    (sec f,g. r) ,'
    Scarcely two yea" went by before Constantine muld again
    eclcbu[C • victory over the Germ . nic barbaria", in hi. northern
    c.pit.l, perh.ps in mnjunction with hi, durnnnlin, hi. tenth regnal
    annio-c".ty. Thj~ triumph, .s it w.s called .•gain fe.tured the
    gh . 51ly ,pcctacle of wild beam tcaring barbari an c.pdve, to
    shred.: it may well have included a panegyric and ,pedal coin
    i,,,,e ,- Another victory celebration \, not .ttested until
    Constantine's defeat of Licinim in 324 :lnd hi, annexation of the
    10.<1. Thc\C fe<livides may h.ve coincided ,,:ith the promotion , of
    Constantius to the tank. orc.".r and those of Helelta and Fausta
    to that of Augmtae. 9 At any ratc, the cvelll was permanently
    , fo' , ,k,,,l<o d,,,"",,,,,,, of ,hi, «",,,,on)',"" "'low. Ch. J, " Fy, ,lK ''''My
    d;'p,,,h« w ,10< pmvin,"", N"",",. XII ,..." • ('01, l', 1- 9, M)'oon,
    ,<'7 ,' j - ,N!, " . "m"" ~ t<coO! "oJ""
    o( ,I.;, ""m""~. '" "p. S,G , M"-Co"",, k,
    II" "". ""_"I ,. I"" ""',.i'" Th< '"n,(o,m";'-" or
    'lK d,....,,1 h'''''g', 1
    Ilk,k,ky, '910), pp , Jjifw; ,h full ,ef<"nw,
    • So, ",low, Ch , J.~ , pp, '0' - ' ,
    , TlK ,,<t. n ' "".,,~ jn <I" C;"""~,"p""' """; JJ. , >9 {),1o"'. IIIJ..",", D i.;I.• ight
    ,(t<. 'S O"ob., (h ,:",. 'Y'""n'l, A, j)"g""i. In" "p'i"",,, 1"li.. 'I , , I' "" 11, 'J1: ,f.
    ,u mm , p, Jl7, T lli> 000" b. ",'h.. ;, m"n' b, I•• ; ",'"n; in XII r-__ " 191, ,~," .
    M,"o". , 11. 1)-'" fu, . ~;if"'ng op;n;"", IKlow , Ch.]. n, 9J. Th, monomen"
    induokci d .. , "(",, d to by Eo"b;o. ,nd Rol;n"", 1/",,,..
    "d",."k. 9 , 9 , '0_ ' " ,d.
    E, 'Khwn" .n d 1'. MYmm"-",,, CCS, 9, , lL<ip';g, '9<>-11, <» ,J- !' ,nd ' n ' - 9, ,nd
    ,h< "iumph,1 " ,10 "''' ,ho Cot",,,um. on which th, , .."n,i, 1 wo,k .. moo", H.P,
    L' ()""S' , oJ " . "On G<,hn. 0.. 'p",..,,'t.- B'II,,~ ..",. J<, K ... ","".,"":!,,",,
    S,ud "," ,ur ' p' "",;k'n KU""g<Khicht<, '0 (H<r1in . 'VW), For ,II< i""" ;p,jYn. IL.~.
    1.l>9., fo, "';"'g' ,,><><i .. <:<1 wi,h tI",
    yic,o.)', RIC,6, """oJ "'), no. 3 '"; .;1, IIIC,
    1, ,"'i-1 ,
    • Eu"btu!, V", CO""'"""; ( ~IIG. lO r'I, ' , O' . 06, <d, f, W",k<lm.nn, GCS. iJ7)
    Ilk rlio , [I'-Il I. !O . ,~ - ,0, l ; X Ij 1"'"" " (91. , J, 1, My''''''. , 87 ,,6- , n6, n ll<d '10",
    'Humphu,'. i~ ' , .. " ,6, "" ,he ,,><><i,,;oo of ,hit '<XI ",;,10 ,h,,,, f",,,.i,,,,, E,
    G,II«o<'. "''''Ut ;,." /'''n!.' IP";" 191'1. ,06; RIC, 7, 'H ,nd 16,- ], n , ' , Cf.
    1"'''«, ·VK'O''''''. p. 'jl.
    , S<><",<>. Hille". ",It,..,,~ . , '.!. PC. 67.6, U (fy. ,10, .up<'-;' ,,;, ~ yf,h;, ,dn '" CPG.
    ""'"I; ,f (,,,,t ..i,,,, Hi"",-. ,,<1,,'-'"''''
    ,,6. ,, <d, G. L ", .d,~, ."d M. H,;",m. nn.
    GC~. " Il,i p"~. '9'~1 . , ).'0- >; Co,,,,,,,,,,,,,', 0'1'0 ro(<I<"" w i, '" '''' 1m", in
    F.o"hiu" V. Cmu,,,,, ,,.', '. ",. Winhlm,,," " .,6--7)."
    cr, l<XI £"",b,,,,. H.' .. '0,9.
    7- '. x h ... "" ;,""" ,"- l l; RIC, 7. '0. ", 6: for ,h< po.~bk p,omO!ioo" '" IIIC. 7.
    '''--,0.
    Fig>l" I. Comuminc"lriumphal entry ;nto R ome (iI« pp. )6-7: j I)
    COllS/mrtiM( 110 TIJeodOIiu$ 1

    comtnemor,ted hy :m nu,l Judi lfi"M'plutin'u It i" mi,fortune


    that nO furtht'r detail, are known of the celebrations. fur they seem
    to hlve m:lIked , erucialturnillg point in ,hc dcvdopment of tht-
    monlrchy , nd il1 ritual app, .. t", ."
    T he e,rlie't vic,o'y celehr. tion, It Con\[,n(inople may h,ve
    occurred , fter ,he succelS of Comuntine ln d hi, SO" Comtl ntin e
    !I ~g,imt the Goth " in the wimCT of J J 1-2. Thi, at least h wh.t i.
    ~uggcslcd by one of Cunstant;","s victory title.. " medallion and
    the identif,cation uf the' Guthi, Column at Constantinople with
    this oc"..;on,' 2 It;, lllo ro"ible th,t. like the three hl,hl,i,n
    SUCCeSses alrc,dy noted, the eight oth", victori", ovn barborian.
    offici ,ll y ,cknowledged by the empe'or :I t th e end of hi, ,eign
    were distingui,hed by triumph,l festivities, If so. however,
    nothillg is kllown . bout them,"
    In )43. Con't,ntim II m~d~ a panially ,uccc"ful ;n~ur,ion into
    Persian territory which he cclebrated at Antioch. H Th e ob-
    >c[v~n~~S included both • mcmo .. blc Pdr~de displ.ying the
    haplc .. c.ptive, and the dispatch of offici.l victory bulklins,
    knowll a, tmv/KlrL 'lpfiJiJirLrrl or 'imply blldKl'1..' · They .1",
    called for the p,rtidp~tion of many bi,hop' from Constantim'

    ,. 00"""X" •. JJf. " " S<pt<mb< ,. L.oi "i.",p",I" , 1.h'II' '''' '55: cr, romm,
    pp . ,'O - tt . Not< ,h" ,he bml< ' ""k 1'1><. on 'he 1,>,,,,.1,, T",,,,i, fe, wlwrn
    C oo".n,;n. ,.m 'UPp""'" 'n b,,< • ' 1', ,, .. 1 "nul";ono [";to"'" dt
    • d. F. P',hlm.yr.oo R . G,;;oo<1 Il<tp.;g. '?bb) , ,6; . IJ- [._
    ,.,,.,iO.,. ".
    'J .

    tl S<. bolow. Ch, J .• .


    " O. Fi<b;~« .nd l, >chmiJ" 1.""'!ft",,.,,,.. I".~ ,., C • .-i< ir'" dn O'W"'''''''",
    f{.;,.,h,b< ",hd<m;. <1<, W;" .n<ch.f«n, Ph;l..h;" . Kl .. lknkKh,;[«n , On. !
    IV;"nn. , '9 (7). p_ l<I. nO . '6.< (ILS. 1'0): J. t!jt!, Cp/' 'Y~" PI" I j - 6: Miill,,· W i<n",
    Bil&x;~,,". p. j). On tJ.. m,d.II,,,,,,, Tuynb.e. M,J./U""" p. [[ 6. "'j,h CO,"";O'"
    of RIC, 7, '9j- h, n. Jjl; Ex"'p" V,/" i"",. 1. J'. , d . J Mu"'" . n" Y. Ydkov, ,nd
    edn (I.<; p,ig. ,.,..,1). Y.• ..,. .nd F,om<. Chro"""., . • . JJ', oJ. R . Iidm. GCS, .' ,oJ
    roo Iil<ti;n, 'Yj6), , j) .6-7: cr, ,.,;n. Ba,·Emp",. I, l>V, 'nrl !J"""" 'Vi" ",.,,',
    p.'j'-
    " 1D<y m d,,<" , od <num""te~ ,n Ib""-,, 'Yj('utld , p. ' I) ,
    t. Theoph,~, "'.M. j i ) •. lk Iloc,. )7" , wh<<< ,h< "" ",h",,,l ",m 8p'~J'~w.,"
    u",d. Cf JB. llu,y . '()u< of ,h< 1J. "k ofS,,' ~ m' , N7.. ) I' !""') , J "' - j .nd O. ",.d,
    C,,,lti,"" 0/<, U''''R''',f'~'' ... <i. ,. W,II , • is,u''g''', n.d·l. 1i .nd • W
    " "',h.n. ~"'. Iii",,;. -1,;,."",,.. ,0." .d. I1.G. Or'''. -1,"",."., w".... , ., (!!<T.
    lin, '9)\-41),'"'-" - '): Lib.niu" o,-"i. J~, I., ,d. R. f""",«, • (1.<;1";8.
    l \<>3l.')0" 4-,6, Por 'he d,,,,. ,r TO . B"n". 'Em!""" .nd b~h"p' .....D.
    )'4-)44' Som, p.obkn,,' • .-1""",""),",",/ .-1",i",
    'f lii""I, j ('''''), JJ - 1). here
    67""9. O!, i~"IK" ,,nPP',", "" ""low, Ch , ), pr, ,oo/f
    J9
    p~n of til<" empire, in wh~t i. the flr,t solid and direct evidence of
    "" oif,( i ~J role for the Chr;,tian church ill imr<'ri ~l victory rite1.'6
    Imperial bcncfactinllS tu the cit ie, ill th<' arc" m~y h~ ve been made
    on thi, occasion," In Jny C:I"', the succes' appe~t1to h~ve been
    comm<'mor"ted by annua l rare,,"
    M~gne"tiu,' defe.t . t the h:llld, of Cnllsu ntiu, 2nd hi$
    sub>eqllem micide triggered a <erie' of ob~rv3nce, wh ich
    culm in~ted in the famom vi,it to Rome five year. b ter , A t least
    one congr,tu latory legation to the vinurio,," emperor i, known
    from ,he period i mnlcdi~tdy foJluwil1g the victory of Septembcr
    ))2." The usurper', he~d w~, ,ell t ~rollnd the province. for the
    mu ~ J ri m,,1 dhplay,~O The offici~ l reoction of the ancient c"pit~ l
    w", ,ummed up by 2 d~dic, tion 10 the 're'torer uf the city of
    Romc and the wurld and exting ui ,her of the pe.tiferoll1 umrpa-
    tiun, Our Lurd Fl avim J ulim ConH,ntius, Victo r .nd T rium-
    phatot, ever Augmm,',2 ' AlThough ~ number of unrd. ted
    victori" w ere oiflCi"lly ,nnounced in ,he capit~1 1 and th,' pro-
    vince. during COIl,unti" , ' ctlsuing .<tay jn the West , there i, no
    explicit reW Td of victory celebratiOn< ill hi, prncnce before the
    vi1it to Itome in 357,22 At th:1t time, he W", able w comb ine
    ob,,-·rv.ncC\ for hi, twentieth ""nive,,ar y of ern pire, his viuNM"lia ,

    .. lid""","" ,i,,: ,k",kJ d,,,,,,,,,,,,,, belo,", CI,. J, , _


    j«,
    " J" I"". 0,.,", " '7 , <oJ, ). jI"-I,,, I. ' (I'"i" ' 0)')-16 " 1-'",
    " P"kmm, Sil v,"" !.ot""",,, J' J,nu .. y, <d . II . D<g""' , I.''''pli... " 1..1,.... 'I-'
    (1""J) .'-"<' cf "''''m_ p_ ..,. ..d t!. St<m, U C , I",I"" I< JJ.- f,.I< ... "'" Itx,," '"'
    ," ill"".,i••", ~,b l "-,,It<q"" m-h"o",g'~u< <l I, i"moq""" JJ (1',,;'. '9JJ). pp. 3) 11'_
    ,. T hu, A, Ch,, "~n<>l , I... ;"/t""" "'''i"" II,,,,, ,,'OJ I, &,-f .. pi" , Publico, ..... <k I>
    <,
    ",wt,i <1<, 1,,,,,, ",;"no<, hum",,,,, d' IItK'" H W.. i" ''i'lo) , p • • n , .no ul/'"''
    J. I. p.i!",." d, Ro"", •• &O_I'",;i" , ~tu<k' P"""'P"K"phHjt><',. (P";,, '116'),
    p . [po U . CIL. 6, l7J9- • • • nd PiRE. ' , 6J', 'o,r,,", J' .
    .. IImm"n", M,o<.I l;n"" II " ~""" .., " '" ,d_ C.U, CI"k, , (Be, I;", 19' 0 ).
    2''-_', l l , ,bo"t. f,wn" who h,d " k«l C-""".",,", '0 be >u"
    '0 pm<kJuti,n',
    I".d ",,"nJ " h< b,d ,hot of M'in<n,i"" ,f I'L~ I', J , "",S 'Th",d",", ,'_
    " ILS. 7 )" Cli, 6. " JI. ";,,,d b)' Co","n '; ", 'ppoin'«" P"f«, uf R"m,.
    N,,,,,,", c"",.I". b<,,.,-,,,, ,6 S<p ..",b<, JJ' .nd ~ lJt«",b< , 15J; of. Ch''''g""l ,
    h"", rr , 'jJ-I>. h<" 1" 'lOd !'illE, " 101 'C, ... li"., IIno,ht, «hu of'h" .klO'Y
    I;k , iy (" m« ;n ." h . li", m;l<<<o", r.om ) )2-., CIL, ), kryJ 0' IL~ , ?!?
    'l ;be",,,,,b", o.b" R om,ni, <o"""."o,'b",.,; p. " omn;"m p.n.inc4t ., dd, no.
    F!. tul. C"",,,,,,,;o ""g. " H C:hud,o C:fln"'" " ~ c:,,,,.; '. Cf. too JLS , 1)<, Cli, ~ ,
    , , 17,
    " On 'J.n",,)· )11. Th,m;";m ",f<",d ,,, th< mo l"'"d< or.;<t",y bull";", whkh
    h," ",;.,d;o C"",,.n"""pi< "'''' 'he <ml'< ' o, ', d<pm"" f",
    ,I>< W,,,, 0.... . ,
    Sd"n~ 1 ,"d I)<)wo<)" , ." ,,-' - 6; ;'" p"rh,1" onty ,""'oric bu, d, Co"",,n',",'
    with thme marking the defeat ofMagnentius, almosl half a decade
    ~ner the fact . They compri",d a triumphal entry. addTe"",s 10 the
    Sen~tc ~nd peopk hone races, the reception of ddq,alions with
    panegyrics from othn citie,. and a commemur~ti ve monument.2J
    A YCH later, COllSlantius <I~ged hi, l~st r~co rdcd victory fe.tiv , l
    when he t"ok the vicwry title S"''''Mic''J f", the secun d time and
    edebnled a triumphal entry into S;Tmium. "Julian's reign ha, left
    no tr.ce of viewry cdebratiom; th:u ofV:lkns is relllHbble only
    for a new vOlTiati"n on [he euston,.ry rite for the !uppress;on of a
    rival "mperor, in which ,he head uf the dcf... ted Prucupius was
    <-en t to the senior AugU<lm in Gaul. " In fact. the slackened pace of
    recorded victory cckbratiuns was reversed only at a rather
    unexpected moment: in the , flerrn .lh or the c,,,,bing defcat .t
    Adrianoplc.
    The Guths' dc,truction of the Roman ",my and it, com_
    m:",dn-in-chief in J7~ had a profoundly di,turbing etf"ct on
    contemporaries.'· It j, in Ihis contc"t that we mu,t vi ew the
    aImo,[ frenzied ,·tfom ur tbe higl"',! autburiti", 10 magnify even
    minor sue""",,, in ,ub"'quent 1''':1". Bately a year after Adril_
    nupk, vi cturies uf the new junior emperor Thcodosim I were
    oiflci"lly ;>lll1ounccd at ConSllntinoplc on 17 November 119. The
    offici.1 communique cI.imed dde"! nut only of the Goths, but of
    Ibe Ala", ."'\ Hun, as well. The report was probably marked by
    the victory race. which were custom",y in the ,"stern eapit~l.27

    " tt., t" tho S<"." <>f C~""'"""Drk "I' The"",,,",' l><h. lf. ,J. H. S,h<" kl <t " ..
    ,1>;'; .• J ( lc<p"~. '07') , " ' .1-;0. lJuri,,~
    l", .r. y i" Ir. ly CO"'''" t;u, di'p"ch<J
    ,octo.~ hulk-om", ,ho p,m'mo., ti". "tee<" ""'" .~""" 1'" ",,, ..011" ru. ,ho><'
    of)"I,,";" G.ul , Ammi."u< M"cd li"u<. '". ". '1- 7<l. CI>, k. l.lO'.'j- 'o, .,'.
    " F~f • <k .. ,ko "",,,,,,. "" 1><10". Ch . J .•. A,,"OI'~ "«0' .ruJ,,,. "'" ,*
    M"Cu,,,, ,, k. ,1" .oj """"'"7. pro W - .j·
    ,. Ammi."u, M""dliom L7. IJ . JJ. u .. k. I.IJ ..,' 'J' of. "'~ .• ". I). '). Clu~ .
    ','». 1) " 'I'~ ". 'j. JJ. ' . ')< .j "Jul;, ... O,o,;o J . !.I);<k, ..... » •. 1,-1 7 . cr.
    Xo". (;'". k.". '. '1).
    " Amm,,"u, M",<ll iom '1. ' . '0. Cluk. ,., (I!<,Ho. to' JI. , " .1j - LJ ; th, h"d h.d
    !O l>< f<!mn,d <0 <h, [,,' ,n ,,"wi,,,, t"
    Jd,,,<k,, of I'h,lipl"'l""i' '0 ,m,,",,".
    ,~i ~ .• '~ . ,o.~. CI .... P ' . ''' .•. A " I, .. i"",",, N'<~"l<J;. ,,·i<l, tho "g,nd
    '-4 '
    S""i .., ''' p, .I...., ;, I'<,h.p< "bt<o '0 ,ho ","f,,' of P,,",,opiu,, RIC. 9. >.J.
    " 1'. Coo","". N,,,.,,, Ii"""" '"~""." i,"".....,R,,,•• "i~,. po <do (I'.. i,. I~).
    pp. »If: <f. F. P,,,",,,,d. 1(.... "''', ••. [;,"b, ,"' I, ,..."i.,,,_ ",,,,.,, "."1"0.:<;.1,,",
    I." •• rip"f'" "'R"''''"",,i"J. B,hlin,h« . ..1,·«.... '0"""". 7 (Rome. 11'67).
    p. ! J .
    " Tho<;, .... h" TI ..""""" "f' in 'H' ""C" ,;c""~ ""II""". ,h,· H,p,...J",,,... i, 1;II,d
    Drvdopmrnt in tilt 1m" Rom"n fmpi ..

    Th~ ""m~ victori~, were . nnounced in thc ~ncicnt capital too,


    wher<: Symm>ehus informed the Scnate .nd di,p.tchcd con_
    guml.tion, to the emperors " Thc Ycry ncxt yen, n~w
    vic toriel - thi! time won by both Augusli - wne ~nnounc~d to
    the popul~tion of Const~ntinoplc,29 On 24 No yember )80,
    Theodosius !" ged a tTium phal entry into Const~ntinoplc. eyen
    though in the hostile eyes ofZosim us or his source, the emperor',
    ~chieyemcnts were much Ie", th~n billed.""
    Th~t the p!ychological need for milit>ry mec~" w •• f." from
    fulfilled even fiye yen, ~ftcr the dil,"ter in Thucc can be
    me~surcd from Themistius' contort ed effort. to portuy the
    Gothic tre~ty of October J82 and the coosu l~tc honoring it. chief
    negotiator ~s 'yinory cclcb .. tioos ' ~t which even the 'vanquished'
    Gothl p;mi,ip~ted." Three years l ~ter we hC~T of the city of

    with ,h,,;ou, '" .mny holid.y. h, v, bern <kd.t<d ,h" ,h< c;,,,rn, n,<d to ' e<t hom
    th,i. ",,' d, Y" 0.. " ';<h<nkl·Do wn,y, !. b,» ---;\, C""'" 1.. ;0 Co,,,,,",;",!'" I;"." • .
    )19 , <d, T, Momon",". MGH, ,1,1 , 9 (. !9')"4): ef. M""U",", Com<>. O"'i,"",
    •. 119. <d . T. Mom.m<n. MCH. ,1,1 . j j ( I l9 ~I,60, 0" ,I>< ",1«" <1"''''<0 of th, ..
    ,0«<,," ,nd '0"", uf J""', s."ck, G,,,";,'''', \' ~",
    , . Sym ,n "hu~ fr o I, 9\.' , <d, 0. ';<<< k, MGH,,1.1, 6.' (111 11.11 .• 6--.: cf. x«k,
    il;,;" exi. , nd J.f. M,It"'w" W",,,,, ,n'"",,,.,,,,
    oM '''p<r;.1 '''''' , .1 ,P. J'l - m
    (Oxford , will. p, 7', with n. I: p. 15. em ,,,,o,y ,nnouncem,"" , >« !>claw, Ch , I ,
    p. '90·
    " C ..... Cpl;"." , . )30, Momm,"", M GH, ,1.1 , 0 ." ) .
    .. "-",imu" Hi""i. """ " , ll, " ,d. F. P..choud, , ., (P"i,. '11701 ·,,,,,·, - 6. In hi,
    (ornrn . (pp, ' 0'- 11 p'","o"'! "";n,,in, th ", ro. z",imu" ,OM w" no, , <"I
    "iunlph, it "''' '" 'piond;d 'h" i' ",,,,molod , " iumph. A,i<k fmm 'h< difficu l,y of
    di"iniui"' ini ' "'umph. 1<n"y woich =m, lik. , ";umph f", m , ""I "iumph , 'h<
    ",u«. of ,hi, und""t>nJin, pwb,bly I"" in ,f.< .Ji,,,, ', h,vm~ ,,,,,,, •.,.d 'h'
    WaJUP of,,,,,.) w;,h til< p" ri'ipi,1 ph" ... ",I><, ,h,n wi,h ,I>< p"J>OO, ,,,,,.1 ph",,,
    which i, p",.:c<i<o: __ nl Wa~<p '~I .i~ ~ a'Ji'O 9pi'~Il<>' .~'w, . ". WOOl
    7-",;m", =m, 'u I>< .. ymS is ,hot 11I<oooo;u, ' n"t<d tl>< " pit. l. ,<1,b"''''g •
    "iumpo " ;ff,,, ",me m,sn;fi<o" ' ' '''o'Y: Z",imu, i, implying th" ,f.< ' '''O<Y '""
    qui" im'g"if."",." follo w, [,om ,he p'«<ding """ion: •. 1 ' . tlf, iloi, ., '~J . ' If. Cf
    Ph;lu«o'g'u" Hi".,i. ",kJI.";,,, 9, '., ,d. J. Bide<, GCS, " (Lei]>lig, '9')),
    ")-1-'0: 0,,,,;".,H;"",i. odu"", .. ,.g_s, 1, )4, 5- 6, ,d. C. Z,ng<"",i"", CSH,
    I (. U'I·l'l. ,-) ,nd M,,,,,llinu, Com", •.JIo, Momm",,,, 6I.J---;\. On ,he mino,
    ,0"""" cf ,h, VKlOri., . • bov<, n. >7-
    " Or.,i, ,6, Scl><nkl-[)own,y, I.JOLl6- .0: d . ,-, 81.6_ J) .,d 0.-", .. ) 4. «I. H.
    Sch,nkl. G, Down<y ,nd ".F. Norm"". ,(Ltiprig. 1111'1 .»8.1 - 5, For ,n ,.,Iu,';""
    of'he ''''''y .nd bow dilf'",n' ;, ...., from ,I>< Iyrkal ,ffusiott. ofTh"ni<ttu •• S";,,,
    8"."",p;", " '9<' of. M , P",n. 1.0 ""li"<4 fOIi" Ii TroJc,i, ",1/.
    1."I"'i"i,,"1 " ..
    ""'ro (Rome, '''''. 1, pp. ,?If, , nd G. D'it''''", Tempit< lOm. in d'Ori,n , • • lV ' ,"'de
    (,""'I , .-.p,
    "k> ,,,,Ii,;.,.. poh'i'l." <k I'Il,ll<ni<m' , Lt !'m<>ign.g, d, Th<mim.,.'. 7'.11. 1
    h,,,, 1O)1f.
    COnJlaMlint [ 10 Theodmi,jJ [

    Rome's reaction to " victory won Jgaimt the S~rm~tians by ;I


    general of Valentinian II, The ".tement to the emperors th,t the
    initi,l victory bulletin wa~ 'cunftTlned' for the urhan popubtion
    by a triumph~l spect.cle which included a procession of ch. in ed
    bHbHi.n" hints ,kill fully at the credibility problem engendered
    by the casc.dc of 'mec""e' th:1t followed one of the gravest
    defe;l.ts in Rom , n history.'u T he bnbni.n pri,oncr, were
    condemned to delight the Roman crowd by their death, in <l
    gladi.tori. 1,how; the City Prefect composed a letter of congratu-
    lations to the emperor; in which he informed them of the
    ce1ebr.tions,JJ Nor wa, New Rome neglected, for on r 2 October
    186, Theodosiu, solemni~ed the def" t of the barbari:1tl king
    Odotheu, :a the hand. of the general Promutm by staging a
    triumphal entry imo his cJpita1.'4 The triumph w., ~h,red with
    his son Arcadiu., who would have re.ched the ripe old ~ge uf
    about nine at that time.'" It !.Cern, to luve been commemor. ted by
    • triumph.l column raised in the Forum T , uri,'·
    Th e cleHc<t expressio" ofthcdfect uf Adr;:!noplc ,o,ne~ from.
    comp.ri.on of Ihe frequency of victory cekbt"tion, before that
    dislster <lnd in its ~fterm a th. In the ,even dec.dcs between the
    .ccc"ion of Cum tan tine and the death ofV.lem, there arc twelve
    explicitly documented victory ceiehr~tiom or .nnUllncement" ur
    Ie" than two per dec. de. In the fint dead~ lfter the defe~t, the
    figure lc~ps to six explicitly .ate'ted victory ceiebrJliullS ur
    ~nnouncem ents . Thi. indic<l te, th<>t the rel~tio" between military
    me""" or defeat .nd imperial victory celebratium wa. more

    " ~ymm><hu" R.u.ri, f,. '. cd. O . S,"", MGH,AA , 6.1 ( ISSj) .jI J ," ---<)' ·dudum
    f.,do "'"I'<"" II. Qm, no, pop"I", « <!O,"m f ""<11 S."n", rum, " nu"" wnf"mm
    nun,;",um "'"i,'. 'p<".<ulo "i" ",ph. I,' . C r. 1< ) "9-)0, · .;d;mu" qu" 1<,0"
    m;"","",",. ,:, On 'he iocn';'y of 'he ~<t><".1 (1l, "W') c,<cd in R, I, fl, ' . il> i~ . ,
    w.,
    j ,6 .• ---<,> •• nd "'" d.". s<.ck. G,,,I0.,-),,,. J . ' 0' . 11>< f.c1 ,ho. !buto ,"mui in j Sj
    (PLR~, '. '9j9) ."Y "'U'" ,hu 'h< J.u 'ng to lS, i, p"fmt>k n""",h<l" ".
    " Symm.rn"" 1111. <l. ' . s..,k , l'J"I- J ,6." cf. Rd. f l, ', ,.il ., Jl ~.'j . nd 1-3 .
    .. C""" c,Ur."" •. )s.I, Mom,,'''n. ".' of. Mmdhnm Com<>, •. J!~. Momm",n ,
    bl,' - 1;cf. lI. Lippold, 11I<"..,,;.,«,C,,,,,.,,, u j., Z,il, ,"'!<dn IMu"",~, '9"'» , pr,
    ',6-7,
    " 0,.,. Cpli''''' • . 1",- ,il.; on "",,,diu. ,~<, rI.R E, l. w, '"""><i,,,,
    I·'
    ,. On ,hi, wi"",".J'";"' Cpl, ;Y< " rr, 'r - z; G. &0<" , L. ' 0"'""" ,,,,Ii,,
    jJl",i,".
    P."I<",i " .. ~j, ~""ol"jid, ,lIIi"~i (Rom<. ' 9M). pr· IJIf. I'm ,h< prublo:m' in
    "";boting 'h< lou." ,.", h <0 ,h ;, 001,,,,,,,, I n below . n. "".
    lRv'!opmrm ;n Ihr laler Roman rmpirr

    comple x Ihan migh! appear ." To Ih~ p.ychological need for


    ,ucce', ~f{er a crushin g defe.t ought to be added financial
    considerations. The frequ~nt associ ation of victory annOunCc-
    ment ...nd exception.l tn levies in the form of the a~"'m
    eorOl,a,;"", mgg"n an ~ddition"l motive for the government to
    multiply in cl.in" to .ucce,.. It i, cert~inly no ~cciden, th.t in
    August of 379 Theodosiu. lcgisl>ted on the aUrU", offered. among
    othcr reasom. for 'res prosperc ge't~e'.'" This link between
    victory :mnounccmcnt. and exceptional ," xc' expb.inl why
    Ammi.nus M.rccllinus ~lluded to ,he 'damages' Consuntius'
    victory bulletins emailed for the province •. 39
    The rim.ls which .ttended ,he repression of Maximu,' Ulurp a-
    tion were quite Ipe({~cu lar. Shortly .fter his initi al success.
    Theodosim st.ged a viclOriomcmry into Emon. (mod. Ljublj~n .)
    which W>l described >I a 'triumph'. and ,he wars outcome was
    hcr~lded by " series of ceremoni" and public reactions from
    !hroughom the empire. llm the most memor:lblc fcstivities
    occurred during ,he emperor's vi,it to Rome, :I vi,it which was
    timnllO coincide with the first .nnivers~Ty of M. xim m' de~lh. 00
    " Th, comp'"'''''' " •.,"" Ih, 'O<!o'Y " I<b,,,iort, 0' . "oo"o"n><o" of )79. )to IIwoo
    '''''00'''''''''''' . >oJ , ,,,,y ufNovtonb<'I. )IJ, )U . • ",j )19 rm tl>< .!.".!. (,om )79~'
    )!~. 1-0' ,I>< p,, « di"~ 1","00 , lOe coun, WI! .... bl,>h<J " followlO )0Ii-7. )03-'0.
    J". <• . J',. )'0 . )1'-' . )') - 0. l!7. )51"""9. " wdl " " I",,, 'wo v;';to.y
    .",ooo"com,,,,, du"n~ Coh". n""" "' y;n ,I>< W.. I I'bo... n. "I.
    " C,,",x rlo<ob,i"'J. n. 'J, o. ,J. T . Momm .. n .nJ P. K,ug« (Ik'ho, '''''jl.
    1) " 1- 6 : d . O . ';<<<k. R'N""" On K.i", ."d P'p",fo' l i.).n")1' I" .~ •. C I".
    IStti"~"" ' '9'91, p. 'Jj. On tl>< , .."'". "'.... 'i." 'olJ;" ",o"n, ...1 'qui,,!.n'. T.
    """"m
    KI •• "" . . co"'."""o»·,Q,."' .... IJ. "'!>.;"". pp. '9'-)'''"J. Km y.onopuloo.
    Do> fi'''''''''''''" O<J fr" •• F,",i"i,,"," S,.."', Stido""mopi ,,,,1>< .... bm<tl. J'
    (Mu"Kh, '9J!), pp . ,~,-.,.
    " J 6. " . ,""" n o,., ! . lO).'-). &, '00 P,. Ch'Y"",om, Compo,... "IiI" ," ,.,,,,,~ i
    (ere, 4 5001, />(; . <7·J90·
    •• On 'h, lriumph,I"'.'"'"' inlO ~mnn., P,c,,",. XII pMo., '(HI,)7, ' _ 4. My""'"
    III "7-' " .'). M... m"' h<>O 'PI""" ,,, hn< 100," ",hj<""d 10' pm.!. of ;"",I,
    'nd ,h<n ><n' "ound , .. pmvine", P""''"', XII pMo., • ("I. )1. J. Myn"". '"]·1-6 ·
    .nd Olympiodo."~ .pud Pholiu,. Mli"Io<,. . cOO. 10. ,J. R . 11<"'1 . , {P.. i •. '9J91.
    ' 7)."-'6; cr. w . &",Iin. ·M"'imu>'. RE. ' 0 (19)01. 'WS- jJ . 1><<< 'jJo . • nd A.
    Pi~. "i<tl .",1 A. Chm.. ~nol. L',,"J'i" {~~'i," (PJ-~J! (Po"" '97.1. p. • 1 1. ""'!o'Y
    .noou,><,m<"" w«, ,,,,.inly >Cot '0 'M prov,n,,,, for LiNn i., .11""" '0 00<"
    "" v,1 in A",,,,,,,h: t'p. gu. '-). ,d. R. Fu",,, •. Li~ ... ii 'F" '. " (L<:ip,;g ,
    I~"I .> p - J. Coo~","I"o,y .!.!.g"""" wm 1<"" '0 ,I>< V;';lO. from v.OOy, m.j<>r
    ",tit" of ... h"h Ihl<' "" 100 i.d<""f><d wilh P'''''''OI>: An<io<h, L,b""",, f,. ' 71. "
    Fn,,"", , ' .)0.1 - 1.1< ""n, in J!! .>oJ bot< ~olJ cro wn" ef. P. P,!Ot. U.",'.," lot "it
    """i"r,l, ,; "",, ...10< '" IV' ,;;(/, 'p,il J. .e. (h,;" '9JJI, pp . • '!-19. Em, .. ,
    CC"SI"'Hill' II" Th."d"lius I

    A parade, addrClle!. largess Jnd a panegyric were 311 on the


    agenda. " The victory w' l l.sring ly enshrined by ""v~r.l monu_
    ment, in thc' ancient capir.1 and by the erection of an obelisk in the
    Hippodrome uf rhe nnv une ,·2 As lare a, the sixth century, the
    ROIll .. n sUte cominued to Ill .. rk rhe dcfc .. t of M.xim u, with an
    offici.l holiday, a, we learn from .n oflhanded rem.rk or
    Prucopius,"
    A second thrcot confronted Theodmius' throne when EUgL-nius
    revolted in the Wnt. At first rhe outcome appeared dubious, '0
    th at Theudo,ius' fmal victory K-.;med to many contemporaries
    htd,· ,hort ofmir"culou,.·· The usurp,:r', head Wa, displayed to
    hi, troop' in order that the y might recognize their defe.t; it W 3I
    then sent around It. ly to convince 10c.1 forces ofth~ futility of
    rC!;'t.ncc." Again victory bulletins were dispatched,., the reply
    of Ambrose of Milan {c"lif"". Special th.nksgiving masses were
    cdebr.led immediately: they comtilUte the eadie't dearly "{tened
    Christian victory ""rvices performed .1 imperial dem'lIld.··
    Thcodo,iu, may h. ve marked the c.-em with. gala vi,illo Rome;
    he ccrtainly held vktoty "ces at Milan. during which he Wa!
    uvercome by his fatal illnc!l, <1 f>~ulinlls of Nol~ composed a

    !.ih.mm. "p .. ~" , '. f"<,,, ...


    ",6'''-7 ,>, ""h;<h ,ho"'" ,h .. 'hoy ....,,< , g"""
    m"n, of p",<n';ng p<','iQm ' 0 ,100 'mp<m. ("p . • • " . •. il14 .. 1_') - '0) . Alox.nd,;.o
    p,";"ch Th,oph; lu, h,d ",n t ~if" w i,h h i, "'p,,,,,,n'''iv< '0 Rom< bof",< ,ho
    ou<Com""." kno..-,,_ T, king nO ,h,,,,,,, "'It" 11 ... v>~ .. i<' of di,in< f,.o" h.
    "n"U>l"d hi'" w"h 'W~ 1<"", of ='~"'UI"I00", doub,k .. .0 he would l>< . bk to
    ,-"",in" th< ,",' j""", ,h .. hi' ]YY'iry ,n,,,t.,,d ,100 ~u"on ...
    ."d
    .. cr...low, Ch . j, >. ~o,. r<<<", di",""ioo d,,, ..1«1 biblio8"phy, M"Cor",,,~.
    11" ,." """,0«7, pp, \Olt
    " I" 11..0""<. 'h, eM, P",I'" Cri"n;~' Ru~u. Alh;"", m,de, "ipk dedi",i"" to th"
    " ;r"' voc,o" Th",""";"" v .kn,in ;,,, IJ . 0<1 Arc.d,m: ClL 6, ) ,,1)-' •• nd J6<o\9
    «r, ItS, 7'0) ; ,f, Ch""~,,ol. /""". pp . '))-6 .n~ PLRE. L. )1- 1_ In C,",",n_
    'i ""pl.. th, <von' w .. m"hd hy 'h< ,,;,iog of, ... O" li,. ofTh<odosiuo: d, G.
    llmn>. D", 010<1". ""J " "" 110", "'j"no 'lippoJ,"", '" K"""",,,".p<'. I"",bult,
    ~"''''~lUo~'n. 7 (Io.unbul. '9)') , .nd II . W"d,. 'E,""htun~',
    •., I'",cop'u" &11•. J ••• '0. II,u,y, '-1'6.) 1_ s.. ''''' bdQw, 0, ' ...
    .. In .~di'i"" '" ,h, p'n<gY'K ",f"",d '0 On n_ . 3. >« A"gu";",,. D< ,ioj'''' D<i, " ,6,
    ,d . 11_ Domb", ,od A_ K.lb, CCL, H I '911J · ,6" '1- " • .,d OtOOU" Hi,I. .... ,..t,
    1, Jj. 'Hf. Z, os"m<;"" ' ' ' .11f_
    " Zo<'mu,. H;", n•••. •. \ 1. \. P,,,·h,,ud. ,-,_pl_. - v; ]"h" of An,o..ch, fK i.';,/ij., fg,
    '/9, <d. C D< ll"",. h",p" "'"..;" i.,," ' ..p_ C"""",,in; Po'P~l,,~,"i" , ..j,"" j
    {Ik.lm. ' ')O')' ''9-ll-120_! .
    •• Am"",,.,. fp .. 0 ' , Pl.. ' "-")7 H. For (I.,,,il,d di",u!!ioo, ><, below. Ch.) ••.
    ., Th, . i,;, 10 R""" ;, ="'ru,,,,;.1. 10 ",..,m 'oily ,ef,,,,d ,0 by )"",imu" Hi", """" .
    D.vdopmml in th, laI" Roman empi'.

    victory oruion for thc occasion. Although it ha, not survived, it is


    known w have in.incd on the tole of Theodosiu, ' faith and
    praycrs in the battl e', outcome, 4, Other obscrv~nccs were held
    throughout the empire on th e 10c.. 1 level.· 9
    What then Were the typic:!1 elements 'lSSociated with impni:!1
    victory cele br:uion, between Constantine and Theodo,im I' In
    the imperi al presence, they fC:!lured triumphal entries and paudes,
    the performance of panegyric. and circus celebr:!tions. In the
    West, the latter included gladiatori:!1 or beast ,hows, Chariot race.
    were popubr throughout the em pire. The ,uppression of •
    usurp1tion USU11ly involved the triumph al parade Or di'pl:iy of the
    enemy's head. !n area, beyond tbe imperial presence, new . of the
    victory was communic1ted by mean, of victory dispOilches, often
    accomp:!nied, wh ere relevant, with the display of the enemy',
    head. Provinci:!1 dcleg:!tion, were senl to the emperor; at least
    some such delegatiom brought with them the tradition .. ! victory
    gift of the ~w'wm co,on~,iwm. Jmperi .. ! victories received en during
    commemoration in the form of monum ents, of which the most
    popular in ,hi. period were the triumphal column and the
    triumphal arch . Medallions or speci.1 coin islUes arc :!150 aUe'ted.
    Th e memory of p..st succeS$CS w•• petpetu.tcd in public life by
    mean. of ludi ~,/tftlj, holidays and .nnive"..y races held on the
    dateS of great victories. The m1jOr cclebr1tiom tbem",lve, took
    place in variou. capital Or hC1dqu..tCI cities like Trier, Sirmium,
    Antioch, Constantinople .nd Mibn, but the source< dwell with
    greatest delectation on the g:!b, held in Rome. The tr"dition. l
    imperial monopoly uftriumph docs not :!ppe"r to b.ve we1kened
    thus fu. Fin.lly, the tim de:!r 'ign' of offlCi,,1 Chri'li.n involve_
    ment in the solemnities appe:!r at • r"tber lote date.

    <. \9. I. P,,,,ho~d . u.»~.J~_)' •. !; P,uci<nJOu,. Ceo". 5,.""MJo.",. I, <ollf. <d .


    M.P. C"nninsh. m. CCL. 1>6 (1966). wolf: 11><000"' l""o,. Hi""i. "d.. "",,,,, .
    /;p;,...... >76-1. «I. G.c. H.n"",. GGS. !)~l (Ik,iln. 1\>711. i) .<>-,]. Amoo& ",on'
    ",hob". T.O. Ib,.,,,,. ·Con".n, .nd G ..,i,n in Rome', H",.",I 8,.4,... i. C to"k,1
    /'I,il.I,,,. 7911971). I'S- lJ. hm 1)0. r•• o" ,he hi><o''''ily of II", .i,il. ",hi]. A.
    Lippold. "J"Ot.,k" ... p. ) I. "Pro><' it. po;"';"i ou, thO! the ch'OIloi<>l<y or ",n"
    Ie."", li,,1e ,oom fo. il .
    .. J",om,. tip .. }I. I. «I. t. t!ilbt,&. CSf./., )' (1910).Jj7.1.-JlI. I • • nd Genn,diu,. n.
    .ir" ,"I.""h.,. <9. ,d. E.C R;,h .. doon. T<x« u"d Uo""u,bung<n. I•. I (l.<'p.;g,
    111I<i1. 7~·1 - • .
    .. Jon" of AnI'''''''. n. ;",,,10";,. fi. 7•. D< Boor. t ·x",,,.loj,,,,,k•. ) . 1>0.6 - 1.
    'fh toJosiar' SIIaHsioll 1(' Allas/asias

    2 . FROM TilE TIlH100SIAl'i SUCCBS1Ul'i TU ANASTASIUS

    With th~ p~ ..ing of Thcodmim ~nd the nomin~l ~ccc"ion of hi,


    young sons, the circumsunce~ of the thron e experienced no linle
    ch'lI1ge. These new conditiOn< cou ld not but hove repercm,ions on
    the public display of the monarchy and itl officcrs. Thc Spanish
    emperor i~ uW-'l lly credjted with ~ low opinion of his sons'
    c~p~citic" hence the tuteJ.ge of powerful official. hke the M."er
    of Both Servicc5 Slilicho in the We,t ,,"d the Pr"elOri~!l Prefcct
    Rufinus in the EaSt.' o A later Sou rce d.ims that Thcodosius ~nd
    Are~dim both took me~mn" to cmun, th,t their som were
    prevented from ~ecomp.nying the ~rmie. on c.mp.ign. ~ ( Since
    the emperors could 'c~rcc1y h:lve ignor ~d the recent di5~ ,tc" of
    V~ler", M~ximus and Eugeniu., tht n 'port fits wdl with th~
    context. At 3ny ute the (~ct re1l1~im th~t th ese emperors did not
    person.!!y Ic~d their armie" thereby inaugurating " tn dition
    which w •• to 1-'1" over two centuri •• ," Tht· new c", tom w ..
    he.vy with con"'quencc for victory cdebr~tion •. for it me~nt th.,
    imperial triumph,,1""tic. w"rc now dep ri ved of ,heir dun,,,. The
    new style of scdent.ry cmperors residing in Comt;lIItinoplc
    con tributed to 1nlking impcri~ 1 coming, .nd going' r~ther b,"~1
    occurrence •. However they may have been billed at the time. any
    entries by emperor> into their upit.l wert· no longer homt'com-
    ings from the periJ. :lnd glorin of th e front, but merely procn,iom
    from ~ suburban pa l~cc." Another com-c'quenee of the limited
    cap~cities or intere'! of Theodosius mccC!>ors w>< !h~! the old
    emperor's p~s,ing mhered in.n era in which the Augusti reigned
    but did not rule, in which the Center 'tage would be dominated by
    gre.t bureaucr~u, men who n.tur~l1y ,ought to m~tch the reality
    of supreme power with it. external trapping. and perquisite,. A
    final factor to ben in mind lS we revi~w th e development of
    victory celeburion' in thi, period w~, th.t the new rt"iigion now

    " S",in. 1Io,_E..,;". l. ,,6,


    U John l.yd",. lk ...t i"",i ••" 1"1"'1, RO,"""i. '. " ,00 j , , ( , <J . Ie Wii" " h (i<ip"R.
    l\>O)). 61·~-" .n~ (Jo.,-q.
    " 11>< ,,"~'gu< "f , in;"" "",,,,, w(!h WhKh Th<nph)·I ,,'", Si",,,,,,((<> Ii""
    M.uric<·, "t<mp' ,,, mnJoc' ,~ , ""'Y '0 """ .~.i,," ,.. A,·", "p",b.bly " ,
    <xpr"'OOn of rho "",",ocncy'",pp''''';''" (0 Jirw j"'l'<ri.1 p"'i,ip"x", on (he w",
    Hj'lC1jM. J. 16. (If. "p . ' . <d. C De 11<,,,,- 1'. W(I(h, ><><1 <Xl!l ( L6p"i~. (~1'). ,, 1. 1IL
    " Set: 1><10"". Ch . J. n. Ji .
    Devdopmm' ;n ,he I~,,, Roman fmpi"

    bcc~me incrcasingl y and irresistibly entrenched in the public life of


    the ,ule.
    W ith;n months of Theodosius' dcath, the citizen, of the eas tern
    c~pilal were confrontcd with a clear in'tance of the new political
    confIguration's repercu ssiOn! on imperial ritual display, The all_
    powerful position of th~ Proctori. n Prefect of the East came to •
    swift and brut al end on n Novem~r 395 a, he w;o, assassinated;o l
    the young emperor's .ide, during a review of the troop, returning
    from the campaign againll Eugenim. Ruflllus' severed head was
    placed on the end of a spe.r and paraded into the capiul.nd down
    its .v<'nue, in the ritual insult which h.d become tr.ditional for an
    imperial victory over. usurpcr," Wh.t i. import.nt for our
    present purpose i, to note th . t Arcadius hinHelf d~ not appear to
    have been threatened. Ih. t, although some sources cl.im such w.s
    hi, intent, Rufin", was never dearly .ccused of usurpation. :md
    that the victory was not so much th.t of Ar"dius as of one COUrt
    faction, identified with the Grand Chamberlain (PratpOlilul lau;
    c~bjc~li) Eutropius,""
    TheloC comider .. tiom lend credence to Cbudian's vit riolic
    account of wh at looks vcry much like " triumph.l entry into
    Constantinople cekbralcd by Ihe same Eutropi,,! to mark a
    muc"f"l c:lmpaign .g.imt the Hum. Although it i. ting~ d with
    s~ tire - the cunu,h', p~r~dc de}erve, to be introduced with phaUic
    't~ndards - the description offen a preciou! glimpse of a victori-
    om gcner.l', p~rade.·· Eotropim is met by .n O((W,,~, or

    .. Hi, . """i""'n wilh t. . ,·u lk<,i""" ]'''<1'''"' " ]'«(<<1 w"


    <q",lly lidKUkd, ~nc<
    hi, h."~ I"" "''' <",0«1 .",""d Ih. ""Y by P""pl< ctY"'~ 'Giv< 10 ''''' ,n .. ,i>bk!·
    7~"im"', 11",- n". , J, 7, ". ro . l. M '",k"~,h" (l"p>i~. 1117), "J,7---j1:
    Phii""o,S'u" H", tl. ). 11;&> , 1J) .6---II:Jerom< , I:p. 00. 16.• ' Hilb<'i. CSEL, J. ,
    J70,J - 3: A,,«i", of Am."". 1f,,,,;I'" (CPt; , 1,(0) .•. 9, I, <>I . C l>mn" (l<yd<n,
    ..,.; 0), ' l,ll-'~' CI,udi,,,, I. R'fin" .. >•• ,1 - )9. <J . T. 11;<1. MCII.AA , 10
    (119'), ' <,>--10: cf: R"finu,' d" • .." i.,d., '"·1'7-Jj.
    .. Thu, Jerome roint<~ l y d;"",,,,, , .. r.t< <>f Ru~"u< ,mong th< p.i."",< .;gn"''''''
    Ep .. 00. 16. j , Hilb<,S, CSEL, J . ,J70.'- J, not ."lOI'g ,h< IO"Y ("" of Y'",p<'" 00,
    j S.•. ! htb.,~, J<>9. 16---'0: d.JII. lIu,y. Hi'"'' oJ,1« I",,, R_ ... £ ..p;",ji-"""I« ...,"

    oj 'n",,u.,,,,, I" ", H'" ojJ""'."", ' (loooloo , '9'J), pp. 11 '-I J' E. D<mO"R<ot,
    n. 1'"",,1. I. .i,;,;"." p'''' r... .".,i., }iJ-' ''' t ·, ,.; ,., k ZOW''''''''''.' ;"p,,;,1
    (P";,, '9iO). pp. I JO-!, d"ubt. "'y ""'n~ly ,h .. h<.om <",m.i,O«I ,b< po<<ibit"y,
    A, C,m<mn , O ••di.. , P''''r Mi~"'" 0<,,,C,,".J If_i., {O.(o,J. 11>701,
    pp, !Y---?O" mor< cir<um,p<Cf. bu, ",11 douhtful, Sc-< '00 .. low. Ch . 1, 0.
    ,. CI'ud;,,, , I. E.,,"p'.", I, '11-6. IIi", !j,
    .,
    welcoming deleg.tion. he cnter! thc city, Jdivns ~ harangue on
    his victories and request, the consul.te :.. his rewHd."
    Constont inoplc', nexI opportunity for triumph.l dispby
    ocCllrrcd when the capiu l wa, frecd from the perceivcd men.ce of
    the M .. tcr of Doth S",viccs G.inas and his Gothic g .. rison ,
    Fra"ilta. M oster ofBolh Service,. seem! to h.ve m. de. triumph . 1
    enlry j"to [he c.pital "ftct defe.ting Gain"," T he ~ampaigns
    which ,ccurt'd Ihe city ', ,.rety were commemorated on the
    narrative reliefs of the triumph.l column erected by Atcadius.
    Unfortunately , the' complex and enigmatic designs which arc
    preserved th.nk. to vHiom early modC'rn sketches of the lost
    monument still a wait their definitive stud y and they c.nnot yet he
    fully exploited for uur p"rp"""." Onl' >ehol .. has SlIggeS!l'd that
    the reliefs included :I convcllicntly ,tyli'.ed rcpre~nt. tion of.
    victo r y cdebration in the H ippodrom e, '" More ' ignific:ll1t .nd
    somewhat les! .mhiguous is • ~'1ucncc which, in the Louvre
    drawin),;, .ppe." to ,kpict:l triumphal elltry by," emperor. or,

    " l.i4. , '1'-"'. Hi" , 8) - 0. Cf PLRE, >, «,-,.


    " [ u",p,",. I:>' "",,",,i,. 'i;. 70. h .-"p,. hi",,,i,,.
    'd. U .I' . Hu;",-·",," .• (Ikrtio.
    ' oc<I)·0'·1- " b ~j ~ptfl,a"" ~;;.• d>"~I";'" ~.I ,~~o l';>< trr.~'-Ir" t ol f~'
    KW'~t~",h",-, ""." . to to" W>ft of rom",. !-"~npW<. u,",lly m"n; 'with K"'"
    ommony'. Th"" fo ' '''"'PI< , 1't,,1o>,0r~I" " >CCO""' of,,,,, "i"o' r~,,1 ,o"y of
    Th,oJ",;u, I'"<0 Co"mmmork H" . 9, 19. lJi<k,-WonI:<lrn , nn "J: ;",p~pW<.
    1.1 r~. Kw","ra""",,,,"o,,, "'''al>,
    " Th, muI< ""1''-'"'''' wo" hal ""'" <10<>< by Kollwi" , 1'1;";0, 1'1" ,,!f: G.Q. GiKI"~i ,
    U. ,01"".. Ji ;1.;..1" • C"''''''"''p''I, (N ' rl<>, rOj 'i . • "d ~k"";, Col"" •• , pp . ",!f.
    er. too I{ , G"~ g. 'S)"m rh"" .. " " ioo ,,, ",,,,k',,, A" ;""8' of'mp',i.t h.. nonny ''''
    ,,,,, b.", of ,h< colum" of A".d,,,,. 11" ~11"i., jO ('.77), ."" -~ , .
    0.0 lke."i. C.Io .... pp . ')7'- ••. A~"n>t KoIl"."" PI'W,k, PI'. ,, -, (,,«goriully .f«r
    • "",,,ikcl ,omp"i"",) .nd (; i ~hol" 11""/;', PI'. 'llf. Ike.tt;. C,Io"",. rr. 1 rr lf.
    cI,,",<cl '0" ,0. Luu,,,, ""wing (f'g. >- J) on"" "1''"''"' •«1,,[ from to. ,olumn
    uf T"",,,l<H'u,. Hi, ,,~''''' ''''' <t< b."," on ,0. m i..", ,1 ''''"p''K'''' ", w«n th,
    ",jo(I> r< "~;'",,, ' .n" 00 "'" """'ml)' ""r <0",,,,.,,". tn .M,,;on '0 th, pmlkl'
    pmdu«d hy Kntlw i". """, fo, <x,nop l<. th" ,h< mol, ;" 'pi,.l ,of ,0. ",,,'h , iok in
    ,he ~" ,hf,<I " ",,,,i,,S h" "",,o.ocl 01", "<.01 uf tl .. ,;'" ho,,. (Ik"tt'. pt . 7Jb): cr
    p",ci.dy to. um, "cl<l<", ,n ,0. Lo",,< "mn (4 i ... pl. 7ib). Th, ",.1 p,obl<m
    wnu ld ,!O<" l>< ,h., th, di"''''p,n,oe. ",om '0 ,die" in" ,"",;", ;n ,,,,, , ,,.,.,,
    ""wmg, . • "" " "m.in, u"ck .. wow-h , if '''y, """'" " mot< '<C""',. Kultwi"
    "guo> (PI."i• . p. "J to" to. L""", ,k,t<o m"i"t<'pm,d '0 "my on 'M n,,,," .. .
    " iumph.1 p"'''' , A"u.tI)·, th, .p!" .....,,, nf th, <>",<1, w>th boo"d '''''''y k-,,,,,,
    ." .. Jclk ,, ~" <> pow<tfutl), fo, rh, Luu,", ,,,i!l " f,i,oful"",. "nc.. " i, nnt
    g,,,,,,,tly know,", """I, w<t< fr"l,,,,,dy used m r",d", of inf, my on I", '''''qu''y '
    "" I><to"', n, 0"
    D.vdopm~Mr iM Ihe Inter ROllinM empi,.

    perh~ps, ,. Roman comm~nder (figs, 2- 5).6' T he parade begins


    with two mounted officers (?), fo llo wed by a group of Germani,
    b~rb.rian •. Th e latter arc c ••ily identified thank< to their di.t;nc_
    tive dothing (the men wea r pants) and long hair. They ~re
    walking with their ha nd, bound behind their back s, They arc
    A,mked by Roman wldien and beastS of burden c..rying what
    ' pp"ar to be shield. and 'pean, perhap. meant to rcprc"'nt booty
    from th e campaign. Next COme. what look< like th e comm an der',
    group. Imide the ga te or triumphal >reh there i, a horsem.n
    holding a 'pear, The main figure in the group is ckarl y the
    horsem'ln who i. about to enter the arch: he is distingui,hed not
    only by his po sition, but by the richer ca p" riwn of his horse. hi s
    raised p,,]m gesture "nd insignia. He i, foHowed by 'lnother
    horseman sim ibrly decked out, without the insign ia. Finally there
    COme thrcc b",bui"n leade". They " re bound and ,tuddlc an
    "nim,,] u",d in late R om"" p.",des of infamy, the camel. 6 , If
    indeed the Louvre drawing depicts the column of Arc adim "nd
    the commander in this paude is to be id em ifi ed as a Roman
    general, the .cenc may represent Frav;«.·, v;cmri ous entry into
    Const~minopk. OtherwilC, it either mows a triumphal entry by
    Arcadiu, which is not attested in th e written wurces or refers to
    quite , ,,other event,·' Whatever the pre~isc identity of the
    commander in the lost relid, the "vidence of the ritu al insult to
    Rnfinu. and the app"rent triumph al en tries of Eutropius and
    Fravitta all indica te th . t, around th e turn of the fourth century, th e
    highcn official, of the eastern government came to enjoy honors

    " If 'h, loo.", d ..... ing w<'" ",I"bk fm ,~,h • ,m.1l <1<,,;1, tl>< . "",n« of. di. <I<m
    fru m 'hot ;"ili.idu,I' , I><lm<t ,.out.! b< l"'"mpt"'T p"'o( .g.imt hi, ;mpe,;.l ".!Ut_
    It H "'" ,k..... hy tit< pn""'," ,om, .j" the "';,<0<;"," ,,,mmond<T. " .. ,pinl ,1>0:
    h"ic ruk ofb,,, Rom>n p,=kn<e which """v,d 'h, I.., pl. ", in '''Y pTO«'H,on
    fm , ho mutt ;ml"""n' ponon_
    " On ,he ,p«.d .nd ""' of "m,h ;n tho R"m'n 'mpi« , E, P,mooS''''' 'L«h,m"u
    .. rAfriqu< du N",d rom .... ·• .-1 ....1<,. t,,,,,,, .. ;.. ,_;JU" ,;.;r""'....,. Ill,....,) .
    >0\1-". wOo mi>O<d ,hi, fu,,«ion , f'n' . " .It.d in the (0""1, u n,u'1 ' ~ '''.... H.._.
    I. >. PC. 67_JI IC. cf, Sown><n, H~r",;. ,,,k,;,,,,·,..J. 7. J. ,d_ J- Bi<l<• • nd G.C
    H,n",". GCS jQ. ,"d N" (lkrlin. ,.,.;0). '0>. ,<>-u:John M.bl... C~"""l "r"; " ,d_
    L Pind",f(Bo"n. " J ,). <", ,0\-,,: Prooop,"" &It.. 7, p. l , H,u, y. ', 4,..,---<5.nd
    H;".. ;, '''''''. , " ]7. ,d . J- I-h u,y .od G. Wirth. ,nd 'dn (Ldp';~. I ~J). 76" ;-, !:
    John of Nikiu, 97. 'J. Ch"tt. , 1110.
    u 10 .hi! lut W<. Il<"";" ""'~ g<"ion tla. i . tho,., Th",d",i",' ";,,m ph of l'" would
    <1<,.,., u"fui "',"""y : CO""",. p_ "1_
    which h"d long .ince been comidned an imperial monupuly ,6'
    Three other victory pr:lcti,c. em be ""oc;,ted with the G,in"
    episode. When G" in"s :lnd hi! G",h. first left [he '''piul, their
    departure , nd the ·delivery' uf the dty were marked by
    th,nhgiving services.·' The fin,] denouemem of the alfair ,,,me,
    by design or "ccident, in th,- midst of the solcmn fe'tiva] of the vola
    publica for the wcll-~ing of the ruling emperor>. The Hunnic
    chieft"in Uldin defc"ted , ud killed C, in" two d"y' bdorc
    Christmas of 400_ On J J,nuary. the emh, lmed hc"d of th e h"tcd
    Goth waS carried in triumph into the capital and p"raded through
    its streets. oo Circ", spen"clc. HC ""0 reported in connection with
    this victory.·'
    In tb e West, the sudden defe ,lt of Cildo, the Ma ster of Both
    Services pu Aftiram. m. y h. ve offered Honori",' court the
    occasion for victory ob,er""nce,. The evm' w", cen. inly com-
    memorated bY:l number of imcript ions at Rome,·' Stilicho'.
    Gothic victories :I t Pollenti. "nd Verona in 40~ were celebrated
    two ye"" l"ter when Honori", , nd the power ~hind the throne
    Came to the ancknt "pit,,1 to open the emperor's sixth co nsol,te_
    The festivities included a triumphal entry, harangue and circu'
    'pecr"des. They "ppe.. to have been memorialiZ<'d by {he I"'t
    Rom~n triumph. 1 "rch_~· A clme .naly.i, of the c~remo"ie,
    uncoven evidence of rhe incr",sing ex"ltJtion of th e emperor's
    statU, in Rome . It "Iso "'ggn{, that there wa. a profound
    difference in the perimetc.. of .ccept.b]e (eremoni,l deportment

    .. 5« below. Ch, j, 6.
    .. Syn<>iu. Qf Cy«ne, A,tIP';;' " J, ,d. N. T<",~h" Hr"" ' " 'r,~ .I •. , (1<0"'<_
    '9,,], "I. 'J- , I. on 'he im<rp,<u' ion of which >« b<low, Ch, ) •• ,
    •• :z.o.;mu •. Hill . " . ' . ,. " . j. M"odel,,,,),,, ,. ).<-1 ; l'~,Io"O'Ki" " /I. • .. 11. S.
    Ihd« - Win~elm . "n , ')0" 7- '0' Mmdhnu, Lom<,. ",0 1, Moo"" "'o , "'u~ - Jo
    C~","k'" ,."•• 1. , "d. l . O'ndo.f IBoon• ,S) , ). .1"7,' .-, 0_
    ., Eun,pi"~ no- "",,.m,, •. •
    fl . 7>. ,d. U .P. BQ; ...... 'o, F.,c,,'p,. ~i"',,(
    '9061 ·9<'1_><>---9'/ ·2, Cf. b<lcw, Ch . J. J .
    (1I.. lin.

    .. C).lIdi.n, D< , ...""", S'il~""il, " ) - 9. B;" , ' ... ""m, to '"~ ~ "" ,~>< «1<0 .. ,..".,
    ... ,," "'11«1 . , ,he imp<ri.1<".,rt, Hi, V, "~ I" ,...,,,/'" no",,,,'i. )M- ' •. Bi" " ' - 9,
    ''''y ;"dic." "'" "iump/l.1 ,d,b",.,", in ,h< p,in«', p"''''''< h.d b<," pmj<md
    " R~,", bot w .., n.." .,.";.,,j ""t, r", ,h< in",,,p'''''''' CIL. 6 .)' ')6 , 6. I r37 .nd
    '7)0,
    .. On dI. "iun'ph.l .t<h, ficb.iB<r-S<h",,J,. 1'''''1i,"''m .. I''I . 'j-~. nO, '-' d,
    I<,nl<,. 'Triumrh"" , Rt·, lA r (19J91. )7J-.9). h<" ,00 , n<> • • ),

    S'
    -. ~

    ;fJ'. < "


    ~'
    I

    .•
    Fiprt z. Triumphal procasion (5« pp . 4\1- }O)
    Fit"" J . Triumph.1 processlOD (Ott pp . 49-$0)
    FillUff 4- T riumph~l procruiun (<tt pp_ (9- S0)
    .: ,
    ,

    I~
    "
    by Ie.ding offici.1b ofrhe western empire, in contrast with wi".
    we h~ve jusr ob.nved in contemporary COllSuntinople _'"
    The prestige of 'he !';ov,'rnmen t ill Raven". c."",,,t I,.ve bee,"
    bolstered by the f~1 1 ofStilicho in 408, Two years latcr, ,h<' <Jck of
    Rome by Alaric <ent ,hock WdVe, actoss the Mcditnranean. T hi s
    deeply fdt Jismcr not only triggered rhe lofry react ion ofo City
    of God: it unle. shed • sp.t,· of altcrn prs ag"inst HOllorius" [h ronc _
    In 4' r. the he.d of the "'''rpcr Const"mine w .s brought,
    prn"mabl y to R"TnnJ, Wh('[lC" it may hay,' been di,patched to til<'
    ptovi"ces." The fol lowing ),c"r.lhc gri,ly rdi n Oflh<' ,,,"rpc",
    Jovinus ."d S"b,<I;." were carri ed ;n [f;umph ill'" the Adri.tic
    ('pit:ll (fig, 6).72 Althollgh no record h,. >u,vived w document
    the weotern ob'ICrv,nce, celebrating the mtlfdn of the king or the
    Visigoths, in Const''''tinopic the announccment. Oil 24 Sep"'mb,:r
    4' j, of hi, ."".ill>lion in Spaill w" tre,ted as a fnll-Acdg,'d
    imperi.l vktor)'_ II w., immedi ately "",ked by ",,,,turn,,]
    iliumin.rio",. The next d" y>ract·, . ml , par.de hai led the westcrn
    government'. 'vicw,y '.'" Victory cc!ebrJtion. had I10W b<'C0I1lC
    '0 inJi'pc""ble ~n clemen' of ,he 1,,<·, Rom,,, <l0vcml11~"'"
    public di.pl.y and military ,ncc e" >0 rare a commodity that evt'll
    politic.1 murders were comidcred , fitting opportnnity to prJ i",
    the prince>, yinoriomncss.
    Th e c'ptmt· of Pr iscm A tt . ln •. one_time n,,,rper and erc. turc of
    th,' Vi,itl0!h., offned , more pf()m;,ing opportunity for fcstivit;n
    in both p~rt$ ,,{the empire , In 41.\, the pr;",,,,:r prcs('Iltt'd to w.,
    Ii onorin' .nd his right h.,,,1 tecdvcd tOken mutil.(io,, _ Thi,

    ,. s« ,h< ,k..il<d ''''>unt, 1><1",." Ch . " , .


    " coo,_ Cpl..""•. ' .<' I. Mnmm",n. "<'. The ~"bl<J '''CUlJn' '" 1'00""" ,"'-"mf of
    O lymp;'>do,", ((~ _ '").;, not d"" B,hl.."",. ",d . "", "",,' y, "17) · ')-"· Cf_
    I'LRli, l. )'6-17,
    " .1""" " R.","",,, ' .• _< ' ' . "I. " '" OO/f", ,,_B,.,-hoif. nd W . Kiih I,,,.. ~ ; "" ;II"" ,o, ,"
    ',",>:.1>< "" ,p.it'n"~cn R;vc" ''',,, A"n.Ien·, .1!... ,,,.I.I,IIII',, ,n ,11"""1 0] A_
    1\;"K.r,., Pori". j (C'mb,;,r~ •. M ..... J9M. r'J-)i, her" "7 ,-•. ,11 ",,,,,,'.1 "'"~.
    P''''"''' <>f tI'''T IK·,J, (un< ;, ,hr;, "'"tI~-, S-II""",,): Ail; ..",," ,. oJ I" "'f""'"
    H•• ,"".,;" • " 1, <~ . T Mo",",,,,n, MGfl.AA. " ( "~') . Joo_ A«",Jing ",
    T"'",ph,,,,,,, A.M . 1""" I '" 1100" •• .» _ 0. ,he h<,d, w<r< ><m to Room'. , I '"ou ~ h
    ,I>< [..,mu!>,i"" ~,~~"" ,h" ,h" i, '" "'fl' f", R.. <"n,_ Cr. ,., ,h.". u'"'p""
    I'U!F. >."" >: 'FI', 'S,""";"' 2', "'J. 'o;"h,,,i."", ,._
    " Ch,,",~,," p."•• k, Ilurm. l7l. ! - '" ,[ b<l" ... , Ch . j , '.
    "tr.~1 W II ar kt,.
    >

    "•
    •

    -
    •
    {I..".. •

    'i' • •• •
    Figu" 6. n"pby of dcfc ... d pr.""d",i he.d, (oc. p. ~6)

    p'c,um.bly took pl.,c at R,ve"" •. " Perh.p . .. yo. r b rer,


    Honor;", "w"ntcd tile b, t rcco rd"d triumph.l obs.crvance. of a
    Itom.n empno. ill the ."c lent c.p it.L They included a triumphal
    mIry, Jur;ng which the h.p!c.. prete nd er was furced 10 walk in
    frO'll of Honor;",' tri,,,nph.l ch ari ot.H It IUY have been on thi,
    OCC";UIl. mmcowr, th.t a R u m :>" cmP<'r<>r fir" incorporated
    ;"''' [f iu mph.1 , jw.1 the <o-". I),d (~Ir~ rio (~JIj, the .nciell! ge<tur,
    , . 0,,,,,", , 1M . ...· ,.M 1. " , •. z.ug<"'"""', ,51.9 - 'Q; M""II",u, Com... . .. ...
    M"""",,,". 11 J- ' . Uj.nop ........ ,", (ft _ I)), ,pod ''h""",. ~,.li"JI"'. ",d. 110,
    H"",. , ' 1'>' ' ' -0)
    " P""r<' 1'''Q, fr''''''' ,' ,........ " 7. ,d . T Monlml<n , .\I(;II.,1A . 9 (' 19')·, /11·
    of {0I.1 victory in which {h,' vielO r r;tu.lly t.. rn pled his victim_'·
    Perhaps ,; multaneuu!ly w;,h the .ule",,,;{;,,,;n Rome. Urm,. {he
    City Prcfe" of New Rome . w.tched ov"r a spectacle (.9t:npo,·)
    perfurmed in hunor of th, ""<:Itcrn empe ror'. victory in Com(an_
    ,;nUI'!c On ~H June ~,6_"
    On 6 Seplcl[,ocr ~ll • • n important victo ry over the Peni."s
    ..... as ."nounc<,d '" the caS1nn c.pital. While d"t.il , of {he
    cdebr.,ion, .n' u"known. i{ ;s de .. th.t conte ,npor.ry rhelOts
    vied with One .nothn;n composing p.negyrics for ,he ucc.si"",
    E"en the ,',,"peror', wit,· got un tlU{ p..tkul .. b."d_w.gon _'" 11 i,
    .1.0 d;\I;nctly pu,,;blc ,h.t Tbeo<i<><iu. II founded .nniwr«try
    games lo co"nnc",o .. te hi, , uccess.1O The ne_~' yen > (he Sp.ni,h

    " TO< '"" Q(~~'Jo.,Of~ ' U', /I.,,, «l ~k"" ,n,1 Win~d,n."". ,,,,<,t--') "nf"nunmly
    I." • t"uo. " • , ,,"'u 11"" '''. ,h h".. ~h ''''' 1'1. ,,,in ~ ' U!\l5:"" ,I." , ,./,.. ,.. "" ,b.,u,
    ,.. ;.., p... fum"J _ N;'TV'." .. , C ,II;~u ' x.",OOroo iot. I/iq",j. ",/t,i,u." '), ) l-
    PC. ,,6, IO~.C - I)_"" .. ,Ii,' oc,""i;"', . "k.", " 'hi< 1"';'" of{,,, " ,,,,,n', WhKh"
    ~"", ,,lly ", ...,1 "" l'l1, ...... "~~'u,, Huu·<" .... X'n'OOpou"" 1. ..1 ,ht um< MS o(
    Ph,J.",o'~,", ,I." I... ""'" ,~n'.-n '0 .. , .nd lhoc, IPh<l""m~"", ""_ "' .. 'pp"""')
    , ,,,,Wk,,,J '"" X ,,,,00,,.... ...... -.Jd" .,,,.1 ,," ,«" 1,'''' '''"-'''''''' I I( (, C;, (~."" .",1
    K, AI .. ,J. ·D... Q .... lk" ,k, K" """,~c~-h,,h" d... N"'phmm u"J ih« Ilnk,,',,"~
    Hi, "I< K ,,"'''' Uk""" ~ ok, '1',,,,, ok, >!,,,,n I.,,,,, ",,,'.
    ~ ' " 1><" l;,",,",ifi 1"' dot
    .""'''_"''~'' " ';'''"''''ji,", " I'",",. '0, ". 1><<<
    "" ,nd lIow<v« , ,,'II),
    0"" ,I." x"""',,,.,.. .... I." o",,,i,1 a",""'om~ A,,,I .. '
    '~I"-'."""."" ,I,,,;; . 1",
    I..d.m~ '" " I"a.:...,~~"" ()" ,,~ ,I., .."'
    on ",,""" """I''''Y, "" C. S,,,I, IJ"
    & .... .lro.lr< G'~NO "oJ R_, (l" p,ig. " YO). pr' 100", ,nd FJ !)DI~". U'"
    f .. " ok, S;'g<" ,~r d<m Kupf OC' Ik,,'~«n , VI< S",~«~d l ""g Am"", ".,;/"
    ... C";"",.". ) IM;io~« . '9)')' > " _" T"" ,,~.......,on '0 I.,,, b«n ,n
    """"~,,p"K.1 ,,,,,m, 1><1'""" <" ,,,cd ,h< ","""KY of iml"'".1 ,,,.. mph.1g" 'u<"_
    TIm " why $h.pu, " ,uPI"""J to 1.,,'< <""".~«l h" ",1 ..... ," ~r V,k".n ""n"
    I<.o",.n 1""""" l """,,,", /).... ,,;~, 1"'''''''''"'". ,. , -.' <",
    J- MOl"". " SC, JQ
    (P "". '9,.), ') _0- ,", c r, J. U.t><k>n. . L, 'h< m, """''It'' ph, q"" d< I. vwok"" ,
    S"N' f,,,, .. <4 '0 I) M. 1<001__ , , (St lo,,,,, ,.,,1. '7i - ',. """ '7 ' - ~. ,nd E,
    [)",kk,.v"" Schul><". ·fu"",,'-. I-" .. "-.lr"~,,',,,~,,," '''_~ .. phi<. '(",]QI, "'---9
    A ,,"n' '''''Huh. ,,1 ~'"'r.,f '"" ~'"'''' willlo< f,,,,,,J '" E_ N.-um.no. I/",,,"'ji,_
    ... S"wl,y.."'I•• _ G,""~I~!,. """ ' /"'"''' ''," S'''"~''".'r (S 'u"~"'. '9"'1,
    pp. ,,,,If_
    " C;"' ''''K,", 1""".1" u.u.""j7) '1-17' ,r IV/'/:. ,. "~'. 'U ,,",,'
    " Su.'"",. H., __ 7. ,..I'G. on" '" 1J.
    " [)'" of '''''''"",<0,,0'' eM,,"""" I""~'''' Bo.n. )",,'" - '0_ Cf A, lipl'<'M.
    "i1><od<>I'"' II :. I<E, S. 'I ( '07 II. '" 1_I<. ,f",i[, ~ '" ,ht "0]< ' "'' ". '><x, '"C< , H." . 7.
    , o. PC. "" _1ne_ I) ,,11, ,,,,,", ,h< f. ",W, '''''' '" 1',1 1..,1;", (,f. 1'1./1 E. " ., 0 _'0.
    ·P,II"' ... , f). who (ou ld~« f,om ,10< h,,;." f,",,' ,,, COO"'"'""'pl< ~'"hio ,I.""
    J,)',_ (f ,I." """'''''' "'''.'' «<m, ",<1,
    frum ,I>< ''''''''', ,"~"","d 'u Su< ",,~ by
    P.11.di",. 1"',(0' m,"" in S<p"mb., " , . ,I.;, woo IJ i" ,ply ,h .. ''''' 'K' '" Y"",If w ..
    ~''"' ,h,.., .!.Y' ... ,,"'_ , '" ) S<p"",h<, .. '- W, "'oold '""" h.v, ,ht "pl."";",,
    (0' ,I>< mY"",i,,", t.~i "'''''~ f", ,h" Jm n, ''''' I<.om.o "." "1<00,, ..f,ht m id_
    \I.t urpcr M~ximm , ,,,1 hi, .,,,,ci,le Jovin1l< were brought to
    R"ve,,,,,. wh~re they f'Ilured in a triumphal p .. " k whi<h ~dd<'d
    hlner w Honori",' ITj(r""~li,,.' Q
    In the half decade followin!: Alari,", ,.~~ of Itome. then. wc
    h.vt' evidme<' of four im pc:ri.1 vioory ~,·kb'"t;ons. For d", clev""
    ye .. period octween 4 t J .nd 4J!. the lOul i, six. or v.... ry ne.dy the
    1,n,,' ,. in Ihe dec~de which follow~d Adri . nopk. Once .gain,
    the,,' 'pp'"'' In oc • co rrel.r iu" ocr ween !-evert' "nd widely
    pcrcdvcd !>I"w. ro impcri.1 p""tig" "IllI int<'",ifie"lion in the
    rhythm uf;n'pcri.1 v;crory edebTlt;oou. Tbe more preurious the
    (onum's o( the en,pt'r"" "ppeH"'l, ,he mOfl' nrgem the need 10
    ,hon' np !w.·licf in {heir i"vinc;bi)ity .nd to procl.im their
    mediocrr 'uete'S.... 10 the 1'''1'",-,;"".
    Down 10 th,· reign o(Honorim. til<" most di.tin ct ive dement in
    wes,crn victory celehr>! i"", i, the cm ph"i' the ",rvi v;nll records
    pl.ce "n triumph. 1 <·ntric·, into th" an~i,·nt ,'apit.l. while cirem
    celebrations figured o"ly in a ...-cond.ny role. Althongh one m.y
    m'p"n th.t the ,;tll.tion d;i'ft"Tcd .'un'~w h.t .w.y (rom the
    tr,di,;un-bou"d snrruunding. "f Rome, it i. only . fter Honoriu,'
    pas,;ng th., ,h,· flf,t r.-l;. ble "vidc'n ee o( .n import.nt neW
    dcvdopmcm occurs. A .<tudy of ({'kbratiom ou,,;dc Rume
    ,uggcm th.r by ,hi. time ,he cirem .Ire.dy cuming \0 w.,
    domin.le ..... ' te'" victory ub...-rv.nc<-,;." It COn h~rdly oc ~
    coin~idcnee th.t the .. me ,h ift 'ppe.r, tu u.;cu, in July preei!-el y ..
    Ih,· outset of the n';g" uf (;,11. Pbcidi , .nd the yonng C.e,..
    V.lem;"i.n JJJ . The new ,ul"T< of It. 1y were fre,hly .rrived frum
    ,he E"I when Ihe defe.ted """per John bruugh, '" them ..w.,
    Aquilei •. A victory ce!eb"tion w., held in th<· ciry', circos. The
    tradition.) par.de of inf.my w.,
    tr.",fnn·d to the aren •. where
    John .ui'fcred .mput.tion uf • h.nd .nd whnc .uge_managed
    .bu...- repl.ced th,' 'po m.meu", ;11>"1,, uf cit y ,treets. At Aqniki~,
    i, w., th,· pr"fe.,iUll.i> ufth,' Ihe.ler who WeT<' emrmted wilh Ihe

    f,fll, <t"'"'1' 1'"",,,,,,,, S,I ,,",. Ur,,,.I.J. J xJ"m,l><,. I><S"''' ' '''' (f <omm.
    p . ."'"
    .. .1 ...1,0, R...·... "'",. ' '', U""I>o/f, " " u. ..",,, .
    C,II",. "'. ,d. T. Momm .. n.
    MCn.1.1 . •. 016. M . "); M",.ti;nu, Lo''''' . • <", Mumm"'", " . " . , "Jmd.".,.
    0. , ... "'" " ..,.,. ... "I ,,\(,..... "i"',,1'"
    -""I" R ..."""' .... «1 , T. Momm"".
    ,\ILl 1..1.1 . J, ' {U<lii", ,,., 1·" ·1 ',no . p • . cr.
    I'LRE, :. "J.
    'M",""" J' ,,..j '.
    0,,- 't<>",,", j '.
    .. I<-< 10<10 ... , (:h. J. J.
    publ ic , idicuk of (h ~ unfonurul,· u, urp" r.· J II i, ",.Iy fiu iug !1m
    lhe I~S! ",cord.:d victory cd " br.{ion of thc wcS!cm Ronnn
    em pire mould rn·... 1 N,'W R o mc', d ininc, j"" ,·ouph3, i. on {he
    C",CUI .
    Word ofJohn'J d,,~ ,h re~chcd C OIl ,u ou in" pk u Th~.w II
    prn idcd over r~c~.. in lhe H ippodro me. In ~n ul1 p,,·(C.kou~..J
    g~"lu ,,·. h" inl(rrupII:d {he 'P<'rt~ dc . ..",ouo""d {h( C,'en! ~ nd
    immed ia{el y orlP"izcd • Ihank-gi vin!: p' oC<'Mi"" dow n f h ~
    midd le of the H ippodromc .nd out to church. singi ng hym n. of
    {h2nlugi vi"g . The empero r himse lf ' pe '" Il,,· rC11 o f {he dAy in
    ",· rvicCI. H
    Th~" ks " 0 doubl fo {he poor ,{~{~ o f t he "~rr~1i1iC ",urcc •.
    forty _four ye~ n go by before we eneOU" ter ~ n othcr " 'cor d of
    i m peri~ l vicw ry ,il"', T oc,,-' were '{~g ed [rl lll ~ , k Ihe dcmise of
    Atti b 's iOn Ik ngc:zich. Ii i, hc~d ... ivcd iu Corm~ Ul inopl~ du ring
    races in the H ippodrome. Th,' token of vinory wa. p~rad~..J dow n
    thc m ain bQukv ..d of the o pi ul. Ih( MM<:. l atcr il wn sel up
    ou"idc ,hc bnd w~JI •. in ~ pbn· c~Jlcd Xy lok" . kus. The 'pec!>de
    i . .... id to Iu"c anr.>"rd h ug~ "owd .. ..
    Atlcmptcu usurpations su pp lied the preteXI for Iht nt xt
    ex plicil ly a ueS!~d impcrul viclory «:kbr~lions. Tho,., of Zrno's
    rcign publicizcd Ih~ fin.1 dcfc~, ~ nd cxccurior, of hi, fdlow
    ls:r.urianl lIIu! and r.~..,,,, i,, ._ ln 48H. th ~ 3n..;,·", .;tu.1 of th~ p .. ~dc
    of heads iruo Ihe cit y w as wlt-mnly en~C I~·d . In {y pi c ~1 C onst,n-
    linopoli u n f~~hi o ". if cu lmin,ted at tb t· H ip po dro me in, public
    di' pl,y for t h~ Ip<:CI, ton and th e vi cw ri uu> em perur. A ft,·.w ord ••
    {he head! we.e SC I UP , I SI Conon" in Sy e .~. whc r~ the Ip<:cucle
    once 'gain al tracted , i.. bk crowd •.• •

    .. 1'10,1"""'1' .... 11 , ..... 'I. Ikd< •. , .~." - ,, P"",,,,,, .... &11.0. ,. , .•. I I,u, ~ •
    •. 'IO. '~ OI~rnl'_'" (f, ."I, ' puJ """' .. ~ _ ,•. cod . .." 11<n.~.
    , ,t7••~. c r. l'LIlfL i . •, " , .. 10.0 ....... ~ •.
    .. So< ...... 11-< _ 7.... PC. N7,7YJ.A. d: John eJ" A... ",h. llot ...,J,,,. r,. I,. 1),0 Door.
    &.",.. ... _ •. ) '1 ~
    .. /oot ..« ....... (;onooft. . . ...... M............ , \10-, ...., {A" ,..... ,.......... , """" '~I I-~: d .
    I'tHE. •. IJ.<- ,. , 0 M...... """_Itdf<n. 11w _II",. ''''''. SooJ"., .. o\rio .. _ ,
    - ' .. ",.,. (,,"k.l<y, '<n)I. p. ,64 fOo ,10< J.o..
    " 101.1.1.0" C... • ....... IIOM.)f\< ..... ... d. dot st..""., Of"""" 'I. ).I" M. S,..... •
    ....J C. 1>0"''''1. 0,,·_1, </ J<I-o .11.1",",. - . YIII_ XYIII (Ch""I". , • ..,1.
    p. ,Oy; "Th«>rh ....... A.M. lo8t>, 1>< 1Iow. ,p .• ~- .I: M.".H",,,, u.m.. . •. .....
    M~m'" ... ", . , .1)- " J~hn of An'lOCh. no. "'."',,. f~ . ...... 1:1< 1100•. ~~"'I''' ~,_;, •.
    ) " )9· 10 - 1' t'!.I<. f . I . j l~-\I'O' ~]'O- " 'l".",.. '7'
    Theodosian simess;on to .'InasMs;us

    An ,u t_l ius I too W~l forced to confront ~n [,3u ri_n revolt, the
    fin , 1,uppre"ion of which W~l ob~r"ed in 498. The he3d, of the
    dead rebel leaders, as well as Longinm of Selinm md Ind e, who
    had been taken ~hvc, were ,ent to the capital. Longinmand Indes
    were decked in cha ins and p~ raded down the m. in , venues of th e
    capit,,1. During the victory r~c~s, the lsauri~ns were muched
    through the Hippodrome .nd pushed to the feet of the victorious
    emperor. who looked on from the imperi. 1box. the kalhiJm~.·6 A
    eontempor. ry observer comp~rcd the Hippodrome feltivitics
    with Aemilim Paullus' great tTiumph of 167 B.c., pcrh~p. in part
    b~(.use of l'~ullus' ~ccompli,hmcnt of ,boli5hing th~ t,ibumm
    thank, to his victory. The compuiwn i, p~ rticur.rly telling
    bec,me it premppos.e<. in the minds of contcmporary Conu~n ­
    tinopolitans, a clear identity bctwttn the ancient Rom_ntrium_
    ph_I p""de _nd the victory celebration, in the fifth-ccntury
    Hippodrome. n In recog"ir ion of their contribution to the
    emperors succe<s. Anastasius' general, John the Scyth and John
    Gibbus were honored with batk-to-back consulate, in 498 ~nd
    499.·· To funher publicize hi, triumph, An,ma.im appe'rs to
    have linked the victory with hi! fi,c~l policy by mppre.sing rh~
    detested chry,-,rgyton tax in ito honor.· 9
    The circumstances surrounding the next recorded victory
    celehrltiom in Anastasius ' reign recall the le"on, of the triumphal
    activities ,raged in the ,,(tcrm.. rh o f Adri,noplc and thc sack of
    Rome. They e. me hlrd on the heels of the bloody Tri,h.gion
    riots in Constantinople, in the mid,t of the revoIr of Vit~Jim, th e
    .. p,;'e",,,. I>t I..... 11.""." i i "'1""' '''''. '7 ,....., •• J. E. II"" hf<'''. I'"" .. !.fti. i .. i".,,,. j
    {L"ip"g. ' !i ll. >7"'of. , M.jo· " M",dlmu, Com«. "'93. Mom ml<n . 9j.h"""9:
    M,bl". n. ,",i.,i,. f~. )7. n. II"",. f'x"",p,, /';".. ,,". J.161·)-l' [ " S,i",
    S<hol,,,;eu,.lIiu,,,i. ",I«;,"i". l. JJ. eJ.). Bid<. ,.J L. P'''mrn,'''' (l<rfidort. 1391).
    ' )1.'- ''': Th«oph ....... A.M . 1911. IX u....... 'NJ!-"O ." I'I.RE. '. '71-9 •
    .Alh<nodorur 1'. W'. ·rnd",·. " " - 9. ·L,mgmu. l, ,'. On 'he dat<. ~ . ~t<'"' Ii,,,,,,...
    B",./;"p;". > (D,,'g..,. '0'01. ' " 00 tho;ml"'",l ~<.Jan'". Cpl,~y •.• Pt' · ''' - 9 ,.J
    R . G"ilbod. £, ..., .. ",",,'.phi. Jt C,,"""o';""pl, il".';." '. Iln];"." bp".~";>l_
    i.ch< A,Io<;o<o. )7 (D.,!, •. '9691 . pr. ,6>--03.
    " Pri",",o. D< I,"", A, ,,..,,;. "4-7: d. PI"",,,h. A,roi/,", 1'..1". lS. Ill.
    •• PLRE. >. t.o> -l 'oJ O,,- , S. '10""" " H . OJ' .
    .. 0.. d", '"PI",""ion of ,00: ,h'r'"~y''''' .nd i" duo. K"'Y'm,opulm. F;"""z"",,,,".
    pp. Ill>-" <f. S,~ " . "'" f"pi" . >. "'J- <. M.r.I". n. i",;Ji;,. fi· l7, Do ao,,,.
    iix wp" ""ork•. ,.,6! .)- 7. ",om, ,,, "ubi;'" 'h< mm' d,,,ct IOnk b."w= th.
    >i"o" ",rl " ..,"~.i _" <~. ,I~~. Mw~, bwpdt. ~M' rore O~"'''t.r" fOlO o~~
    <1> ~t!f,," P~~,!.<I~, .
    lkvdopmWI in Inr lain Roman rmpirr

    Count of Fedcute•• nd • champion of Ch.lccdoni. n orthodoxy


    ag.inst Ana't.siu,' ecde.iastical policies"" Afler • mediocre
    'uece" which fell far .hort of deciding the struggle's outcome,
    An"t.,iu,' gener.ls dispatched a viclOry bulletin to the capit.L
    This provided the emp"ror with • badly needed pretext 10
    trumpet hi, 'victory' by means of. thanbgiving procession to the
    c.pital', ,hrine, .. well os public ,pect.de,'" While these
    celebration. m.y h.ve h.d the effect of calming potential rebeb in
    the city, they did little to w.rd off the re.1 thre.t ofVit.li an and hi,
    army, which were to menace the c.pit.1 repe.tedly before their
    final defeat in 515, The jubiloliom with which Constantinople
    celebrated the conte,!'S conclusion conform to Anamsius ' earlier
    practice, Anastasiu. himselfled a liturgi"'l procession of th.nb-
    giving out of the city's defences 10 Sosthcnion, where the
    rebellious comm.nder had made his hc.dqu ..ters during the
    siege.92 On the other h.nd, one of the inscriptions hOlloring the
    eh,"ioreer Porphyrius seems to allude to victory races muking the
    defe.t of V italian's naval forces'" Beyond the wall, of the capital.
    we he.. of olle of the I..t provillci.1 celebrations of.n imperi.1
    victory , It i, highly significant th.t this cdehration is not
    remembered bec.use of the sulemn assembly associated with the
    .rrival of.n imperial victory bulletin, circu\ ,.ccs, or d.ncing in
    the 'lree""~ Our \ole record of it come! from the sermon which
    was delivered by Severm of Antioch during the "rvice which
    comtnemor.ted the fall ofVitali. n·· 0" the eve of the last phase

    .. S«;n, "",~'''p;''.' . 17711', PLRt·, " "1, - 6.


    " John uf Anl >o<h , D<i";j;j, , f~. 'OJ , D< no",. r...",p" ~;""ic" ] 'H.]J - '<j.' : d.
    PL};,E.,. jN .
    • , Th. d"utg ;, ..,.. co.,plmiy ,Ie", M""llinu, Com"" '. "" Momm ..., 09·, - 10;
    M,lll". C!'''''I''.p~io, Bonn, <0 ).'0->: ,f M.I. I., St, • ., , 0. ), Spink._ Dow""y.
    "7. Cf, A, Ch,"voo , 'Ob ...... iom .u. I. d.t« .I< l'£Iog, o' A.",,,,,do ,.,.j",,," do
    Cmru'. I.." ...,,]6 (IV!?) , Jl9- jO, Hi, "'~S<>ti<m ,h" ,ho L..,
    W" w'""'" for ,
    ';':''''1 " I,b",ion "'m"",in~ bo, unp.ov.bl!: .
    " A.,.. I"io,.""". 'l , )Q, <- 6. '0. r·, Hulfi<<<, " (p.n.. 1970) .IJ'. un whj<h d,
    C.m""". F"p'},i"" p... I .
    .. FOf . deKnplion ofth' ... iv.! of.n ;ml"',;.1 v;':<o.y bull,,;" .. AIl'ioclo in "" fourth
    "" ,ury. ""John Ch'y"",um. II ... ili. '9 i. M."h ...... PC. j?,ll' <>II d.tn<ing ,nd
    ,"ul,,,ion, Cb'y",,"om. Expo''';'''';'' P,.I_, (CPC. H'I), 7. Ij, PC. H,I.,. .
    .. P, ....... d in 1M Syn" t=sI."ion by J , m<> of Ed=, .mong tho homilj", .l<hv"ed
    in J' o-' J; H.""I .. " (epc. 7Oll), ,d, .nd II. M, UrIC", F. C ..If,n, C.JA ~"h,
    ,./1"
    p......J;. 01 .... J~ 1197'), <]<>-<'7' S"'I'Il,.loocomF""'d. hymn on Vi"li.n',
    dore ... p,,,,um.bly fut ,h. '''nO 0" ,d"ed .. rvi«: HI'"'" m, 'On Vi"li.n ,ho
    in the b te ,ntique dn-dopment of imperial victm y ,~k'b .,tiom.
    the lit llfgific, tiotl of victor y edeb,ali o"" w>S ,Ire.dy wdlunder
    w,y .
    !n the CO UT"" of, cem",y . ud. quartc" .• numb.:r of ,igniflC. nt
    trend, emerged in ; mpcr;,l v\emr)' observ.nces. At the beginning
    of th e period, m.j<lf cdeo r"i""s w<"te "~ged in Rume. R ,venn •.
    Aqui!ci> ,nd Co".",,,illople. By the b.:giT]lllng of the si)(th
    ccntury, imperi.l victory f"st;v.l s h.d b.:co"" what they wuuld
    rem.in for ",.11 y cenn"i~, to come: • m"'Hlpol y of N ew It orne.
    In .n .ge of " ' '''p.ti"", .he iI:,i<L y p.r.de of defe.,ed empero'"
    h,·.d, h,d become> common ",'C lIrren"" • .,d c ~crted. profound
    .nd ,in;nn impact O il the coLk~ tive p,ychoLogy of the Later
    Rom,,,, popnbtion. LLow d "" He we to expLain thlt • frenzied
    mob conLd murder. herCli c.L monk in the midst of. reLig iou,
    riot. r.ise hi, he.d Oil , pui<' .Ild nUt thru"gh the streets of
    Cun~ .. nti"oplc ":".ming v,'nllean,c tu th,' ·cumpi r.tu" .g.in.t
    th~ Trinity"'· Or II,.,
    h" d. un <t.kel Wc' e I'Crceived.1 suitabLc
    ornament fur. btt· . ntique 'calend, r' (tig . 6)1 Nor are we
    surpri sed [0 ftml • hi!tori.11 .lSlnn\)'g that ",hell D,vid kill ed
    Gnlil th, he ce kb'l[cd his '(c()tnr li ll"",'n, by ",arching into
    Jerus.lem behind the gi.n'· $ he>d, "i!>Cd triumphantly on •
    polc. n
    Ncw contour~ .re
    beginning to dllpe imperi.l viclUry ccle_
    hratiotU. As [he ' ignificancc of [he triumph . 1 entry r~c~de,. the
    prominence of cirem celebrat iom inercl""' , reflecting .n over.1I
    trcnd in ,hc rimal di'pl. y of the monarch y ,nd !'<-'rh.p' pHtly in
    re'pon"" to populu ta"e .·· lJarbui, ,,, u~ llU longer fed to the
    be~", .nd. by the end of ,he' per iod, we Itop heuing of th e
    erectiull uf niumphal uchn. Fin~lIy .• nd muSt ~jgllificlnt for
    future developm~,m in Byz~ntillm Jl1d th~ bubar i3l1 kingdum s.
    thc fifth ccntury wimc.""l thc devc\opmcnt .nd canunization of.

    ly""' ,,-.J OIl 'he V"',,,y of ,I>< C~ ,,,'_lo,,,'~"'n""~o, ,he K"'~' (ere. ,.".),
    «l , ,-.J n . E. W. B"",,'" ,I"" 7 I , ~, ' I. 7 ,0-- , "
    T~' ""m"" "phi", h'iI'oo, "00,.
    ,h" v;"li," [" .. ,W,,,,OXO $<"010" d<PO'''M>O """uk of th< on,"tt"'~ '"'' h< h.d
    w,i"," ,s' ;n" h'm; /I., .• • . • . H.. k,-P",,,o"',,,,. ' lI· 'o-') ·
    .. E"g';u" 1f1.. J. H. IlId<, Pm",""" "~·'l- 'o; M.I. I". O'''''''F.,..., •. llo<on .
    4"7. ,6- '9' JOOn of Ni ... . Cl,_~" IV. "0. C~ "k, ,,.,.
    ., ",,10 1... C .... _ t ..r~ ... 11<,"", .,6 ,0- ", , f , KlnS' '1· 10·
    .. s.., b<low. C~ , J. ).
    nt·w fo r", of vi([ory celeb",;,.,,,: the liturgical proces~jol1 of
    th.nkog iving.

    J. F A" M JUS 'l NtA N 10 Tin OUTH U :A K Of


    ICONOCLASM

    The rln~1 ph~,,"' in the' ,kv.-iop",,·n t of bll' antique vlctu,y pr.1<"-


    ,icc' rep'e", "" " long p..:riod of tr.",i';on. I" .ome ""'y'. th,-
    fitS, sign. uf. new agc arc al.eady ev ident in t he [l-;gn ofjuS(ini,n.
    in the ,ha pe ufa Ill'W infrin R"metlt on the impe,i.l monopoly of
    victory or ch ang ,,,, in ,10,· main amlienu' for victory celeb'Jli"" •.
    The deepening ch.i,ti.n;zat iun u( society and 'Iltickening cri,e.
    '0
    brough, ~d,kd im pew , a phenumenon which did not e<cape ,he
    nut ice ofluh n ,he Lydian . Although hl' cla;m' only to c"m mc·nt
    on • cri ,;, in ,k R oman R,·publie" . ncient hi<lory. it would lu w
    ~en difficult fur a contemporary to mi" th e point ;n )ohn ', dry
    ob""rvotion thot the most o bv;ou, thing ~bout peuplc whu 10k<-
    refuge i" li,urgic.l entre"i" in time uf war is thei r "xpectatiu" of
    ddc.t"~ He would nOt have' oc"n , urpr;M'd by develop"'l''''' in
    the dcc.de, following hi. de" h_
    The fir" victor y celebration. in l[1 l\ini.,,·, long reign "'l"le
    perhap' a,sociaICd with im p<-· , i. l 'UCCe" ~g' in" [he PeTSi.n, It"Jr
    Dara in 530. J ohn the L yJi,,, W~< "",,,,,,i,,io"ed '" "''''p os<; ,ome
    kind of account of the operation. and it i, not i"'po"ibj~ th .. thi,
    .ceoum ' ook the form of, pallq;yTk. 'uu Whether the victory
    w," honored wi,h r' ''$ i, nut known; it W 35 ceTtai n Iy memorialized
    by an equestri.n " .tue of the empeTo r dedi c.tcd by the Praeto Tian
    PrdeCl Ju li .n . T ypically mOllgh for the period , ,he "alue and
    .ccomp.nying inKription "'nc plucd in the Hippodmme .' 0' III

    .. John Lydm. [J< ...~" ".." ••". ' . )'. W unKh .• 0_.-._
    , .. [~-. J. 'I. W"'",h. "O.J - ' J . 11", P>''''~' " ",,""nm'" """prr«d " «fm"'" ' 0
    . n ;mr<,;. 1 '''1''<''
    '0 ~";1< • h , ~",y of 'he W". p,,,h.p" I><"<',u", of 'h, 'pt ..<n,
    .1,,,,,,,,,
    in ~"I1p-l I'" , _. ~"hp'" ( , ,"_ '''- , 'i '0TI",<
    yd;dn. '. , (PU! E, " " , J i_
    T.., "',;!< <00"". how,ve" "-,,,<em, p.n<~,"<> w"'f'U'<'\ by John , "'" ,u,h.
    " .. on D ... w",,1J "",m tu f'(c'l",lIy w<ll .... ", On 01 .....·"n. ",<",",I,u _F"pi", ,.
    ,II,
    '" '/1>< ,",.",pt;"" i, p"""y,d in the r .......... A"," lon OJ' A"o.l":I i'J"'"' ' , J . ,t.
    Au b,,,,,,, .nd f, nu Ri< "'. ' J (1''''" '<>80 i_' OJ, ,)1",",...", .. ," fo"",, , «f«"",,, '"
    1'_C,,,' " J"",n",,', " U'II" """'f <,"b",;"" '. hS .• ' (,,,.,,). '''- OJ. he",
    '9'-)'
    the "'m~ ),l-U. JU 'fi"i~n edl-br> t~'{1 ~ victory won on hi. beh~lfby
    the b~rbarian k illl: ond M aster of the Troop' Mundo . A .pectacle
    wa. .t'l:"d ill th~ I'lipp"d",mc which indudcd • p~rade of th e
    booty.,,'" carti...-•. a mo ng whom wcrc • HuigH king. '" A
    funh cr dcdication in,crip tion wa, appHcntly added to the new
    cqUlost ri." ",,,non,ent by ,he City Prefect F.ust.thius. ,ol
    Two ye.n la ter. J",t;ll;an an nounced the suppre,,;on of the
    Nib uprisiu g and th e usurp.t ion attempted by Anut ..i",·
    rd"ivc, in • vi ewr y (i reu l. , ",n t to the cities of the empire.
    Jon!. ,,,". d . im, wh ~ t tk ", is<i "e , ugg est •. th.t Justin ;.n celebra ted
    th e cru,h in g o f the rnolt ., a vierory.'o, The evidence is
    co"'idcra bly better for ,he next ~re.t cere mo ny o f the reign , when
    Beli,.ri u' ligh mi" g ,u(rc" in Arri" re,ulted in one of the most
    ftequl'ntly dted and Ie •• ! ulldcrstood uf I. te .n tique triumph, . It
    beg.n with a no vel par.de b)' the victo rio" , general and
    cu lm inated with the ci rw, celebrat ion< which by now h.d
    become th e trad ition. I victory festival in Constantinople. In
    ~ddit ion to depierion, o f the eeremon)' in im peri.] com mi" ion< of
    both nujor .nd minor .rt, ~ meda!l ion may h.ve been .cruek in
    honor of the r..co nquest of Afr;ca,''' ' Du ring the ce remon)',

    '" Mmdl""" eo",,,. , . HO, M"""~ I<", '0) .7-'0 . nd Th<oph.n<,. A.M . 60)'. ll<
    t. ~ ". >1S.) ,- > '9,1, ckody ok ... ," (wm • '"~" '~m pkl< • ."i .... of M.I.t" ...d
    ... ...I"'d ~y "n yw" 'f M,bb" 0'_1"""',
    t•• ,n. 4)"'0-"''1<1
    <'P, W.
    E""hn , ·Mu"do· , !!F. ,< (1'»))) , "~ _ ...... ,, w <1t " er"",. 'Huts" , A~,;"" PI.RF.
    J, 7ft7-0, >« II Cwk<, 'M undo,1o. G<poJ, I,,, ... f""booI <r 'u Rom,n ~ ...... t',
    O,"~. "('0" ). ' ' ' - )) ,
    '" l'Im ...... ".,IIo I,\U. 6, . ".,I..•
    ~. t ' .. ,.. A"b",..", "'" BuW"'''. ') ' lOS . ..-i, h n. "

    " . ,f Cwkt. 'Buts" ·. pp. 'oJ-, .


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    'j
    Ju stin;,n wore rho lon g vOS!tn ent known :" rhe la wJ. II W",
    rro b~bl y nOt [he (Ir" '!lcn ,.",ciarion o ( ,hi, garm<'nl wilh ~n
    impnial [Tiumph >1,,1 i, W ~; (or (rom bein g rhe I." , ,ince
    ,r;"II'pl,.,,, By,,,,,, ;,,e omp."o" wo uld " il l be ,kch'd oUl in i[.
    dcscmdon, fOllr cemurie. l"te r (er (' g. 9. p. [49). ' '' · Fin,ll y. in
    con(ornun r., wilh wel l e'tabli, hed ""ge. rhe victorious g"ner;')
    was g rat aed [h e co nsul,hip for [he next )Tar.'01
    T h., preln.tu r(· " iew l Y ovor [he O ,rrogo[h;c kingdom :lI1d the
    , .. rronda o ( it, kinf-; W i[ igi , wen' not e.-lcb r~,eJ in , he u,u,l aren".
    The pubJi r w .. l"X dudcd , ,i nn' tI,,· 'pecia l cdeb ladon . in "olv ing ,
    d i' pby o f [he boOlY , wa, hdd wi fhin [he w nfj" "s o r[he imperi "l
    p"l,ce, Aumda nn ' wa, ' C5 [ri([cd to membe rs o f [he "" "" ori,1
    o rdn . In , harp (ontr.. t with th e celeb rat io ns o ( , ix yea .. earlie r,
    n o 'p,:e;,1 ho nOr< Wl'fe g ranted W Hcli u tim. '0" A ,imi la r pallern
    ob ta ined in Augus[ 551. w hen victor y b ulletin, .. rr ived from
    R o me . .,,,,o ,,n cin g t h~1 cit y', rccon q uelt an d Ihe d deat o f Ihe
    O m ogot hic king T o, ;1, by tI", "x_Crand Cha mber l, ;n Nor", •.
    Th e ne wS w~s ~"t>ml",, ;,' d by ,he GOI h ic k ing" blood-,,~il,..d
    he,ddres• • ".1 roy.1 rob~ . T he key ' to [he cit y o ( R ome m ~y b ve
    bc~n inch,ded in [he d isp:r tch. In the pre",ncc of the empire',
    gov,'rnm em al elite, [he ' pul",lie obje cts were .ole m nly laid .,
    J ustin ;",," (e~,- 100 I t il nOI lInJikd y Ihat , ,,,Ingu us d rcu"r<llnce•

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    I£ f. >. I> il'l7<') , 17<>-&') , h< .. $71 . -n....
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    u<.~<
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    o IlondQ.,. I')" I. p. '. ,,,d " <. A " u '" 100, ul "'h<, YK'UI 1 Ou II",,,, ur 'ym",' I"
    « "Jmg' <o'''' y<" ,,, C ..""" ,u"'p i< ;" d" I < i~ n uf J"",,,i .. , .« k" ow " . ,," , . oy
    publ;" « i<bu';"", ,1M" ", ;~ j " h .. <UC<" .j" ,,,1 h." I< r,
    no " ",." PIOCOpiU'. & 110.
    j. ,.. ' J. Il,u, y. ", I ,J-' {l{o""I , d, j , H ," !-I,my, '."'.'<
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    g."d",i,).
    .tt~nd~d th~ ddivny of th~ ]a,t kn own victory . nnouncemell" of
    Justinian's long reign. Hpillikin lette" lrriv.,1 from Rom" wi,h
    booty and th~ \ymboh of victory' . the ke y' to the rec.ptuted
    tow"" of Verona Jlld Uresci ... ill Nov<'mher 51i2."o
    Although th,' trmd toword .. more ,e>tricted Judietlce i. de • • , i1
    W' I nOt" ",u""lithi .. ,kvdop"1<'nl. Th:m b to " tetlth~c~nlury
    .uthur', znt for wmpilation, all olf,cial report document' . n
    ,,,he.wi,,, UI1 kn"wn t.i(lmpha I e,my btl' in 1mtini,n's reign, ' , , It
    de,c ri be, in ""n<' de,,, i I ,he ccr,,"'un Y'''g('(i to mar k th " r.-tre" uf
    the Ill,,,,udin!; K ot,ig'''' from the- ",burb, of Cumtantinupk un
    M ond.y, , , AuguSt 55~, j " E-Tn thuugh the "mry can be ,hown
    to be , typic>1 in ",me ofi'l ri,,,.l det.iI" it i, "f opi!.l import.nce
    for two re ,so",. It ;, ,he first explici, proof th .! emperor.' h. d
    begun to include Christi an shrine~ intu thdr triumphal itinnuics,
    Secondly, it is highly 'igniticont that Theopham', - or hi,
    ,ource - provides . preny deuikd Accoun t of the evemS leading
    righ' up to the triu",pha l "n tr y . nd then relegates tu ,ilence the
    (cremoni,l eli Ill'X of th" emperor', ,eti vitie, th>! . .. m Iller . ' 'J In
    other wont., th~ document otte,ting J ",t;n;. n', tr;umpb of 559 i,
    p.cd.<c ly tll<- ex"" pti"n that prov," the rule: (ercmo,,;al entrie,
    di",pp"or from the uarrJti,'" Sourn', in th~ fifth and ,ixth emturi",
    not be c> u", tbey c<'~s<;d to occur .itognher, but bee."", they Imt
    their ~ppe.1 to h;"o . i.I1,.
    Therc ,:0" he littk d""bt th" t Ju"in iJn', n 'ign witnc"cd 3
    powerful re ..,enion of tll<- i n"I:C of the victor emperor. At Ie, ..

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    ,1"«,, dOl Av,," ;''', I. M", Ege., i< ti'nw'gn'go d, 1 '"chC"~>g;", (;'"'1"" ".J.,
    ., r /1,..1/.0;,,1,, ," ~ 'ir"""" o.lk,_k"",, Anni, '97>, , ... 6. ', 1.<" 6, L
    ." 'T'h<oph,"«, A ,M , (005'. tk B",~, 'JO 7.

    ,,'
    Drvrloprnml in Ihr laI" Roman rrnpi"

    eight times in the courscofhis long government. different kin ds of


    celebrations communicated the ruler's victoriuus '1ualiti" to the
    mass audience! of city otreets and circus. as well as to elite
    onlooke," invited into the palace precincts. But the would-be
    restorer of the Rom.n world sought . lso to ptop.g.ndize his
    successes by llIore const.nt and far-reaching means . The very
    entr.nce to the sacred pal.ce wH domin:aed by the Brnen
    House', gre.t ltlm. ic which ama lgamated different vietories into
    the prince's univers.l triumph,ll. Victory title. redolent of the
    good old days of the fourth century Were trotted our with ev ery
    new promulg::.rion. as for instance in the eomti,urion Om"tm of
    the Digest:
    Emperor C ..... Fbviu. Justinian Alam.nni,u •.
    GOlthicu •. Funcieu •. Germanicu •. Antieu •.
    Abnieu,. V.ndalicu,. Afrie.nu•. Piau,. Fortunate
    Gloriou, Victor . nd Triumph.tor Ever Augu.tu •. ' "
    And the texts of the bw, echoed the domin.nt theme to distant
    audience", victory was .,,,,red for a great Roman emperor with
    God on hi. side, • ruler who triumphed over barbarians and
    through the equity of hi. laws. I 16 Th e elite who rubbed ,houlders
    with the prince were treated to the same m"~ge in even 1,ITger
    doses, At imperi.l banquets. meals might be served on platten
    m.de of V.ndal gold .nd decarotcd with relief. of Justini.n's
    triumphs. '17 Even the imperi.l vestments depicted Roman
    victory, as th~ garment Justinian carried to the grove .ttested, I "
    The troubled ye.rs of the l.ter sixth century were not devoid of
    triumph,. In fringement on the imperial monopoly of victory
    cclebr >tions occurred in the last yea .. of the reign of Justin II.
    wh~n the Cae~r and heir apparent Tiberius Const.ntine cele-
    brated • triumph. most probably on the occasion of. suCCess

    ". ?rocoP'UI. Dt ""Iifidi. , I. 10, I J - 19.• d, 1- H. u,y .nd G. W;lIh .• (l.<jp.i~ , !!><I.I.
    "'....'>-.J. '" ... c. Mongo. TIt< II,.,," H""",• ,,01, oj ,''' ",,;1001, 'J ,10, ;",,..;'1
    ,..t.<. o{c"'''Wj"'pl. (Cop<nhogrn , I~J91. pp, J>- ': ,f. Mo<Corm"k.}I" oM
    '''''"'''"1. pp, 7)-J,
    ". Ed. P. K'"S<r. COl'",,' i•• i, ,,·.ili. , r {B<rlin. 'v'I) .lo.
    '" E.g. 1.,W,Ii"",. , prof"" I, j . ;~ .. no p. Cf. C.4. I," .• I. '7 , ! . >. il .... > (I!<rlin,
    19'9J.n. or I. >7. >, I. jlil.. ')9,
    ", Cor;p?,,!, I." .• ) . "'-J.Com""", 0., w;u. ""m"' . !~'- J,
    '" ~ 1..1" J. >7' -9) . "'-J with Wmln. I.<t-,.
    ~gainst the l'n sians in late 576.'" The principle of impcri.1
    prcrog,u ive w. s won rc."ntcd by Tibcrim him,df. A, Aug,,'tm,
    Tiberi", 'celebr"t ~d " triumph for M ""rice', victor ie" . in thc terse
    but telling form u lation "fTh""phan"5. The "bservance5 included
    ,pecia l h"n"r, for the succcssful gener,,1 M aurice. in thc form of"
    cerem on ia l reception and, if would appear. hi~ promotion to
    C"c."r. ' 20 In 5R9 or 590. M.mrice. now him sel f em peror. rccei vcd
    ~ victory displtch from the I'crsian from. a ccomp~nieJ by
    'sy mbol. "fvictory' !Ckcted from the booty . He ordered a victory
    gab which fe atured circus r.cc, . nd the perform ance of dance, by
    the O'lJlo!llwl. As T heophylactm implie., the latter ~ .p<:ct of late
    Roman victory celt-b r. ti"", wa, .. familiar to ~o ntemp"rnies of
    the fourth through si xth cCTl wries Ols it is obscure to moderns.' 2, In
    (Comrast to these sec ular fcstivitie" a victory by Maurice's general
    Prise,," ond the sub"'4.!<'rl{ success ofT~timcr in 592 were mar ked
    by liturgi(> l "'Ivicc) of. n"vel SO rt , in the shape of an ~ 11-nigh(

    " . 1h" "coun, of ,hi, '''''mph con I>< pi",«1 ,oiot he, from Jo~o Df Did". 0"..,;,..
    ' .n)1, 1. «I . T. Momm><n , MGI/. 1111 . " {'1S9. ).11' .7 - '6, .nJ ' h< p, l;mp=t
    p,o,,",;. 1, h,,,,ucl< [rnm tho I", ~Xlh o. w ly "'''n th « n' u,y in V" . «g. 10,. "'17
    {CL A . ' . ")) ' tf>< Po".""""'P'''"''' . ed. T . Momm"n. MGi/. I1A. 9 {'~o')·7'9 .
    The "'"";.,,, <>f ,he ,w<n< y_folLl ,kph.n " ' PP'"'" !O .",ho,;", , ""''''''';'''' wi,h
    John ofEp""u" Hi"","" ",k,i.,,;,-... 1"''' Ill', J, l •• ! i"" J . 6. '0, ". E. W . Droo'"
    C",I"" ,alp" "'" (h.' ",,,'''.'" ",I," " I,"," . :;" ip"'" 'Y", "or"" Lou",".
    III, ), V",", I
    '0 36) , S p, - 6, nd ;" o. w- ,6. T~ e co"""d d,« p rOJX"<d fo' ,f>< >t<ond P""'~" "y
    A. [)y.bnflY, I..,," rfm r.",~ ""k.,,,._ Oj''''''...'.... 'mJy {S, P"""h" ' i. "'''') . p.
    J [' ,"l""" " ",dy wi,h 1\;01" ,nd ,f>< /",,",1, '''''P'""'". fu" h<l d;"u,,;nn of,h;,
    <<I<mony I><low. Ch. J. 6.
    ". Th<'1'h'Il<'. A.M . 007,. 1>< 1100', 2)1.)'-2». " d. Yu. Kul, );ov,ky. I"."y'
    V;,,,,,, ;;, l IK;"" . 19 12) . )9<: P. (;0"1>< .. , 8y"""""",I"I,I. ",. , (POI;', '9J 11.11.-6.
    ," Th"'p"yl",", S;m,,,," .. , /I", .. J, 6. J. D< Il'K", "0._ • • nd Th«>ph.n .. ,
    C/' '''"''II'"pltl•. A.M. 0030. l>< llou " ,6'-10-' , . 0" ,h, d.. " ,1-11. !Ju,y. A Itl""'r of
    ,"" klw 1/","," b " pjlt fl.'" Ar<.J,,, '0 I,,",. > Ilundon. 'S &~) , '10, Ku t.ku.. ly.
    1<"",., ' .• JJ-<: ~. H""'~m"',,, 1),-, O"R".""" 0" .. ".,... ,. /I."",, ,.., "'J.0"
    "1 ' .. Co'pu, b ruxdkn>< h"'Qr"< ~yun , ; "" , J IB,"_b. 'OJ)), p. '7, ."J M .l-
    H,S!V"" 'n., 1'<""", W" of 'h, £"'1"'" M,",i" (J~- 6<>' I. , (W.,h i"lw.n , D.C ..
    '9J9). 7J · TheophylaClul "y' thai the nc<, ''''' d.""ms w"" Wo .'i~,~,~,
    'Pw~~lorc ~"'rrl"pIC"""". 1"" "''"< kind of d ,ncuI~ .nd ,<1..«1 I'<rfo"'''"'<1
    .,<<< con,;d<<<d • "8";f"",, <1<",,", of ,,;un'ph.! ,deb",j.,,,, j. ,hown "0' only
    by Ch'Y'""om', .Ii",;,," to ;, Ibl"" ;'""'" i . P"Il_, ICPG. " ' J). 7, ') , re.
    l). '0'), bu, by,!\< «plid, """",n, of ' " '"""ymou, ,j"h"""n t'''y tr",,;>< on
    "nt<gy th.. <;.e"• • M ,he .. ",,.II'<,,,,,,,,<I ""k< .n ,mpo"'"' con t,ibution '0 ,h"
    '''t< o p,,,;,"I,,ly ;to "'""'rh',
    when ,!\<y .r< ,"ar~,d wi," k .d;ng p,;",n,,,
    '""'"gh th, d",,,, Anooyrtl ". !Jy.. n';,,"., n<1'1 "'P"'f)"~~C J, ,d. H. KOchty'J.
    ,M W. R fi""w. G,;", ;,,", K"'""' ...f,,,dl.. , 2 (l<op';" "") ' ,..
    D.v'!opmmt in Ihelm .. Roman emp;"

    vigil~t ,h~ H~gi~ Sop hi •. The vigil w~s followed by pr.y~rs of


    supplic~tion on b~h~lf of futur~ victories for emperor M .u ri ce.
    This put of the ~rvice presumably took the form of li .. nic
    processions. III
    The upset of the usurper Phor., in 610 w~, distinguished by at
    Ie .., two ritu.ls. For the first, the defe~ted emperor was uken
    from the p.!~ce, stripped of his insignia ,md brought by bo,t '0
    Her.dius. With his hand, tied behind his back, he w.. lcd into the
    victor', pre~nee. Her.clius rem.ined ~~t~d in his throne (alA. _
    A.wv) .nd p"rformed the rima! tr:lmpling befo re he ordered Phocas'
    execution. !t is important to note th.t this part of the ritual w.s
    performed on the isl and ofK.lonymos or. perhaps, on boud ship;
    its .udience would therefore have been limited to the troop' and
    headquarters staff. as well as prominent officials a"omp~nying the
    victorious usurper. !ll The ""cond ph. " of the celebration took
    place in the ".pital: the tr.ditiona! p"r"dc of insult to the de,d
    emperor's head. frequent repetition doubtless had diminished thaI
    grisly rite's dr.wing power ~nd it was performed Wilh • new
    ferocily th.t, once .g.in, "ppe.n to anticipate later develop-
    ments.' l~ The bodies of ,he defeated emperor and his leading
    collabor.tors were dr:lgged through the streets of Constantinople
    .od consigned to 8"mcs in the Forum Bovis.'"
    Heraclius' long strugg le . g. in" the Persi. m culmin"tcd in a
    serics of spccucular observances, including a triumph.l entry

    '" Th'ophyi.C!u> Simo"""". H i, ... 6. I . I. IJ< lk>o,. >]\.1,- >1, TII<oplu ...... A.M.
    6o! J. 0. Boo,. '1L I - ... On ,'" inciden,. lJu'l· . H;""" . . ." /""'. '. 1>1--9. ",J
    j("bk~"ky. I"orly" '. 4J7-1. 0.. "'i,'ypc of ""vic<. A. B.um"" •. NIK'",", I,",.
    T,pt~ foi",",;"I~"" Vi, j/;",!ti<t ""' ,", h'1lI.... "., ,I~," "' _,,,I«. ""~
    _ ..",,,1«" R;,",. Li,u'Sl<wi"<n>clufdi<1I< Qudkn und """chungen. J> (Miin_
    ""r. '9m. pp. ,)<-1.
    m John of "n'~h. D< i",idii,. fg . "0. D< 11<.>0'. E>",p" ";".,;". )."9 .>,- ljO.'"
    Ni"phoru •. B,,,,;,,;",". ,d. c. D< lk>o, {I.<ip'ig. , n o). '.'11->,. t h,v< h«n un,ble
    to M!<n'ify ... , id,nd ofK,lonym",. jf COO1<Xl ;"ny indi'''ioo. i, m,y h.Y< beo:n olf
    ,h, fu,op".n ,ubu,'" ofCon",minople;John of "n'ioch. 1«. <i, .• ).1 '9."- ' jO.~ .
    .... 1'. S"'tOl. By~...""," i~ ,I« ....,'''" ".,.". (A",,,,,d. m. 1961). 90 pi" .. 'h,
    <YO," on • .hip. d«lucing ,hi. p,ob.bly f,om 'h, ,"o,ding of Ni"pho,o,.
    '" John of ""';""h.l«. ,iI., ljo .• I- »: Nic<phoru~ B,,,,.. 0. Boo, ' ." - J.7. Simi!>,
    ",,,m,,,, ..... inllimd '"' ,II< body or B"d.. c .... , in <II< nin'" "'O'"'y. ,od
    pc,h.p' c;.or8' M,ni><" in"', ' ... 'n ... . On th, fo,m«. ·G<",~u,· . R,l" • •. 'l.
    l.<.m;;ll<, ",d Thorn. 11-<9-1" Th<oph,n« C()n'inu"u~ •• ". nl . t. Ikkk<,
    (.Bonn. ' 1)1), '00.') - '1.
    '" Ni«phoru •. B" •.. D • .B."". J.)-"7' C~""'i''''' " "Ir..I• . Boon . 100.' '- l j.
    ",hid, waS likely 110( the fIrst of hi s reign ."· Th,' final victory ""al
    officially >r",o"nc~d in an rp;,,;kid le!ta read to the f,ithf,,1 on
    Pentecost. the f,fteemh o( Ma y, (rom Ihe ambo of Ihe Hagia
    Sophia. 121 The aClllal .<"IlIrn Ilf the emperor lOok place in 628 or
    629. For the f"'ltime .inceThcodosim I. a R om,n emperor w"
    truly "'wrning from the fron! " a" uIldi'pUl"d vielDr; it i, "01
    '"rpri,ing Ih.t ,he event ",ad,' a gfC" impr«.ion on cOlllempor-
    >rics. IU jlldge by ,he , ,,',,un! pr~"$Crvcd in Thc"ph.n<"S.'u Th,'
    n'"'",o,, y w'Ht.!':,",!. Ol1n' ag.in, out.ide of Ih,' city, .t the Hie"'i,
    1'.I,e<". ,imat"d 011 tht" A.iatie ,hore of the Se. of MOl"',.,. ",mh
    of Ch,knlon.'H In vi,'w uf the di,wKe from the capit,l. when
    Theoph,n" "Y' that """cryollc' (1T:h1f.t.) ",,'Ill out 10 me~ t the
    emperor, h,' mu,t mc.n "vayon,' who COIl1111·d i11 hi s ari,(ocr>!ic
    eyes. The initi al ,t'ge> of the celebratiu" Ih ... cfoT'· took pl,cc
    berur' a more select , udience than if it h, d occurred in the
    ,·.pi,.!. IlQ T he jUl1ior ~"'peror and the p,triarch led the ,,"ekom-
    ing group. Th" I,lter\ pre",,,ee """ quite remarkable .nd mUn be

    ". Tlu, .n ..J",",., « ,..,OH."· ~." '''~N ,,, "''' ~ I k·, .<1"" . """" ,~ ,h< "P'" I f"""
    L ..,uc. " ,nc.ltJ h, ." ,,,.oJ,,,, I" l ;' u'~,', ,'''' 'r1><,M'" S T""'M (MIG, ' H I ),
    'J<. N 1\) ~"' ''~o<,<. ,.... '"
    ',!<,,J.,,, M "r""'"
    r • .<;"",,,1,, h'~ .... "ph'''",
    j _h, In w'"d, . pm"' .... ( "_,,,I,h< [ "ubJ!"I"''' ,ullio"."I,
    (Jj,", ... h, 'V7<l). J '5 '
    c"",~ 10 pmKJr'" JJJ ,h< "",ko,,,on~ ,<",m,..",,(I:.;.9<;'. ~.~ .. ~,. I.' ~.~JJ.,'
    ~."'''p<o/>''''fI). ()" ,t., d"" d m mm .. ;;,J. ' . 'w Cf. A.N . ~'''''''. 'l.
    P""' 0<1< "'m r'~"" ,It I' <ml"'''''' 'Ii! ..d'o, "'" "" "" p<,,,-~'. JOB, ,! I' onv).
    ") - 7<. ht!< hj _" TO<", " "0 'I''''''';'' ,d<",,,.
    '0 ,to. <",moor', ,,,"mph.1
    .,. < ~"",c.
    F ' );jl~«. /I '.f<""'" no Iy>: (;~,, ~~,", ,,"u •• i<. U.. ",. " , . ' j - ')7 ' 7 Cf. ""Io~' ,
    .,. '"""I'
    (;~ j. I'P "Jj1f
    h ,n<,. I\ .M . h' ' 0, I '" 1<,'." , )" '. " " n. ,.", ", '. I<my. Hi"" Y . . . " I"",,
    ,. H' . " ' . S,""~. RF""'''"'''' ' . ' .. u~·, <nd of M' o. ,;'" ~''' ~ , of (,'~ : A. I'","",
    C"',f "' j; P;"Ji. , I",",",. , . S,"J" r",,"i," ,., bF .. ,"i,,',
    7 1[",1. "}W) , pp . ')0 - • .
    I'",",,', Mk""I;c",,", of ,t., p"".<" . ... "" J"'""y """~ ,h, Pm,," ,,,umplo,,
    ..,I, ~H"" ""'''( IL....",,,'m,, P",ph,,,....,,"", . n. ""..... ,i, ...... I,,,.".... '.
    , " .... 1 ).J (" "" (I!. " ''' . " '91, (",." - (".,. ,,) (n f,,'m "hh< """b,t. 1\ . h,"", w ,
    'l, "u,," """ <, I« <, r"J ,,",,m d' j ',,,,Ii,,, '" ",.",..III?~. , , I'"
    J)). 11- 00<. h,,<
    '0" d. (; ,,,,,,,,,0"" ,(;,~ ~"." ,N, ~r' """'" u.,. s,..,,,,.),J .J" 1Mom (h, ,"'. J.
    .,. p. .....
    " h'''ph",.. " A .M . ,,, "J. ,>< II"", !" . , _, II.·..." '·.1. .·< w .. , .... '" uf H,,,d ,u,
    , .. r"r",,,l 'I"~' "ouno! , ... op u,l J''''u. C,k 'y< .. p. " 'J: , r 1'1', "" - 0·
    '1 h< po')""'"'''' <<>""P' "f ;.>1.>< m ., "'"" ph" "" U' . . ,~l ,,",,', ,,1 • wd"1 ~ uJ y. cr,
    b.",,.. C~. J ." ' 7 fo, '" <"do" •• , "f """ ",,~,. ,>n ",f,,"'k gl<''''nll ' 'ctum,ng
    <"'re""" H,m" . ".,. ,h< ""1"'".1 """., "",","""do",. P'<"'IV.J ,m""g ,0<
    .\.xw"<,,,, ""1"" ""',1 '" {;'",,""',,'< 1'U<1,~,'<u~", i"" . 0. 1'"1"".1 b",Jilj"",
    It",." " !P ..,,7' J. 1><1< , .., ., 7· I~, <!.xu"" "" " J""l w J"",O,,"', "'I" by

    "
    ;l ttributed to Scrgius' t'xtraordinny role in Heradius' administra-
    tion, I J' Constantine III performed the pfOskyn~si1 and embraced
    bis fHher. while well_wishers from the dty ceased their accbm-
    ation! and broke into a hymn of thanksgiving. Thi. 1m an
    indicates that the influence of liturginl proc,,,ion. on the old
    ,""cui", ceremonies of the Roman state was becoming increasingl y
    pronounced in the sevemh century, An escort honored tbe
    emperor with olive branch~'S and lamps. '" In the capital itself. tbe
    emperor trumpeted his success in customary fa,hion by parading
    nptort'd elepbants tbrougb the Hippudrome, offering uces and
    m any benefactions - including .n .nnual payment to the Great
    Church - duri"g . victory festival which lasted sever>.l days.'"
    Tbe era which followed Heracliu, death md experienced tbe
    extraordinary expansion onsbm is exceedingly poor in Byzantine
    narrative sources. tbe m.inst.y of historians of ceremoni.!.
    Ahhough it may be suspected on ,he analogy of Adria"oplc an d
    the •• ck of Rome th at what minor , ucces'e' there might h.ve been
    were .lIlhe more inlCn<oely (debrated fot ,be empire'. d~.perolC
    situ.tion. there is little evidence for them. A, • later emperor
    would musc, those were times which, so rar .s Hyz.nrine
    historians were concerned, were better consigned to silence.'"

    j. U. lIu,y. 'Th, C",mon;,' Book of C",,,l>n,i,,,, vn P"'phY"'I!,n",,'u'. ri.,I,,1t


    Hi".. i,,1 R,,'''''.'' I,...,.,). ,,,,,->7, " 1- W, 1><<< OW. n . p.
    a, To<op"'.", A. M . 6«9, P< II,,,,,. ]>I .• - J. On '""'giu, ,xtt.o,din .. y ruk i"
    Henchu, "ig"o J-L V•• D .. " •. G<"~,",,, ok, p,,,,'.,,"," "on S"l"" I . .. , ).~ .... ,
    V I. (6"-7'$). Gc.<hi,"" dc, I!,irthi><"en P.ui.,,",n von Ko"",minopol. •
    (Am""d.m , '9'1.) , pp. ,If ,oJ pp, plf. 0" ,I>< ,""om .. y dc[",n<, "ft'" ,mpo'o<
    .i, i"" ,h, p",,,,,h. 0, Tf';''"8'" [),', "",""i,,", K....,._ ."~ R,"~'i'" "". ,~,,,
    Cw, r,""S i.. • ,j,,"'. Z ",,,,,,,,,,II U<n. . '9 J I), p. " , . n.: ,...1y ",h" ,n","« on ,II
    ,he ",u"'ph,1 en'';'' we h,v, unwv",d down ,"",ug" ,I><d".""" ,,,",u'y "'''uti
    In .he l<igO of Joho I T,im i",,,-,
    ", 'fOrop'w•." ... .M. 6"9, D< Boo<. ),U- ! . On 'he u" of ump, in imp'". 1
    wem""",,, J, G.g!, 'F"kol (K",<),. RAe. 1 1''''''')·1 S' - ' '1, h<" '80-6.
    ", Ni"phom •. B'N" D< IIoot. n,<>-->:j. Kolh.·i" , Pl.",'~. p. 66. md J- 1:1«,. Brz.. z
    ""~ ... , .... 041.... ,,,., II",,,",,,, ... A"'l"",,,,II< A_f" ''', Vom'S< "nd func"uns-
    en , " (Sism ' ''ngen. '9'17). p. 'J. bo<h tn,,,,,,in on ,I>< N.i. of ,hi. '''' ,h"
    H<ud,u. «kbrmd , triump',,1 <""y in , ,It,,;.,., Jnwn by foul <kp"'"'" To;'
    <nndns mo. S"" b.ck '0 D<ni, p"'"" L"io '''n~.'"", of Ni<;<phorul: M .
    ..
    , McCot'mk k, II,,,., "'lti"""
    C"""' ".;"" POfphY"'I!<nil",. Dt
    ,"Ii,i."i~,. 1< (' 9191. ,,",
    ..!mi.,,,,,,,"" ;IOI"'i'. ><. )I-J. ,d . •nd If. G.
    Mo"v" ,k .nd RJ!·L j<nk,",. DumN""" O.k> T<Xt~ '. ,n<! <dn IW ..hi"5t"".

    7'
    Jusrinimo 10 i"moclam,

    Three qu"rte~ of a century pass before another ~cular celebra-


    tion i, recorded, and that one mHks a return to victory obscr-
    V,lnce, over intern,,1 en emies, On ' 5 Febru"ry 706, Ju,tinian [I
    heralded hi, rmoIJtion by pJradin~ hii rivals, decked in
    chain., through the ,trects of Comt'llltinople. '-" B"fore the races
    marking his victory. he hld the "me unfortun" te, du gged
    through the Hip podrome and up to his throm., wher~ he trampled
    each former emperor'. neck "nd th e people (JiJ,wc;) intoned-
    vcry appropriltc1y. considcrin~ hi, memln name, - 'You
    will tread on the lion and the "dder, the young lion and
    the serpent you will tumple under fOOl' (l'sllm 110. T3ff)."·
    Jmtinian kep t his ,Ideated rivals pinned in this humiliating
    position all through the fim race, after which they were scnt to the
    K ynegion for execution. I n IIUI the emperor him >el f would ,oon
    experience the vicissitudes uf furtune. In 7 [[ he w"" toppled frum
    the throne a second time. His sn'c led head wa, carried to the new
    em perur Philipp icus in Constantinople. 1" Frum there it wa, ,,'nt
    to the ,,"eUtrn province,. which had mffered particularly from
    Justinian', rcpriul$ .t hi, rc.rorallon. After celebut io", in
    R.avenna. the token of defeat was conveyed to Rome, In
    Nu one h.., yet attempted ro determine when the ancient >talc
    calendar of the Rom." empire w.,
    finally scrapped. A, regards

    D .C.. '¢I). 86: T _0 ~I nop> to/<: ~l"lIrou; lo'"p,~ok. 06 Yl:fpa.~u" 'p<,king


    ,bou, th, t<.l"",, ;" ...;00 <>fSp. II' ."d 'Oc ~r ..ju . 1"u"", ;on oflh< Ram.n <mp;"
    frum ,1>< "",III on, TlI< ""jir ion of '(>Iw <y;og ,h< h.,d, of u'"'p<" '0 ,0., "" pi,,1
    """io""d 'h""'Sh ,he ",«n,h ""'my. ,I,hou~h 00 'nown ' <XI illm""" th,
    ,d,b"'K>nl .... hich m . )' h." oc(""ed" 'hoi, ",i ., [. On 'h, ",ml"" ,od fon,,«
    Ex""h <>f ]u1r fkulOc';UI (~'9) . "" UH' l""'ifi<_I", ,d. T . M"mm><n. !UGH.
    G,,,_ I""'lj;'""' R_."","," II~'), "" ·Y- I); of. P."] D..",,,, Hi",n·. u....
    I" j.",d",.," , .' ). ed, G. W"". MGH.SRL (187'). 1>1.'-J . On th, "'"'p<'
    M",,;", .,,~ ,~< oflk i." who "ded whh him, L;I"" 1"""ifi"I;,. Momm.m.
    '90.6-1 0. On I""", "Pf ;' ;"~', P. CI"I<", ,[)" <""
    Ro mmuK in dO' Wel,1f<'-
    I<hi,ht<. Zu, ee"hkh,< de! I{"",nu"" ,m W<",,, und do< I{ . ;",'kt,,"un~ in Rom
    .w.",hm T h,od"';"1 d, Gt. ""d I{,,] d. Gt:. Hi"'~'HiK F.","""" " W.]", to;,
    1i<!oI"i'~" (Colo~"" '97JI, pr, 1>J-""
    '" Th<oph.n". A.M. 6191. IJt Iloo,. )7\,6-,. 00 'he 0...1" C. TI"d.j""i,ion II .J
    BT" ";"" (M.d;"",., 197>1. p, , , 6,
    ," 1'h«.>ph. n<>. A.M . bl~. lJ< Iloo" )7\.'- 1>,
    ,,'Ni«phOlU<. /I .., .• Tl< &"'. , >. ,8-19; d, Thooph .. ",. 1«. ,i,. )7 J, , . - 'J . On Ih<
    Kyn<g;on , J.n;n. Cpl' 1,,, __
    p. J76.
    ." S«b<low.Ch. O, n . IO·

    7)
    D.ve/opm,n' in In. 1.1" Romon rmpi"
    publk commemorative holid.ys for imperi.l victories, the last
    clear reference to the .ntique system come. in the .i xth century. ' .. 0
    It is quite po.sible th.t ther.c holidays were in a Sl ate of decadence
    in the sevcnth: it is difficult to imagine how a government which
    ,upprcsl.Cd the capita]'s public bread dimibutions under the dire
    pressures of the early r.cven th century would h.ve fmanced public
    holid.ys for victories of empe ro rs .nd dynmies which were long
    since dead. , .. , One positivc f.ctor which m.y have contributed to
    their decOidence w •• the emergence of:> new kind of victory
    commemoration, mOre in keeping with the spirit of the :>ge.
    In the uphe:> val. of the si xth and "venth centuries. 10ite Roman
    society increasingly !Ought in supern:>tuul defenses a psycholog-
    ical cu,hion .gainst the catastrophic events which ~.ieged their
    civiliz.tion.'''2In the hundred years from the '/war surprir.c' to
    the reign of Leo m, the capit.l in.elf would experience major
    barbarian menaces four time •. The supern.tural defense of the
    city. not to mention the morale of its population, was m"intained

    ..
    , P,,,,,op;u,. &11 •• j, " '6. lI,u,y, 1.)17-1-7.
    ,.. P<,h.p' 0'0< of ,I>< U,.., ",f,,<n«:, '0,1,,< .n'iqoc ';"OIY ,nn,""",,y <om" in P,.
    s.oph,oniu" V;r. C r,,.,, I""",i,. ,,-'. (BHG. 00<)). pc, !n.)6TI-Sjl, hero
    J6 1\8- 1 B. AI,h""gh ,I>< d". «.,;,
    of ,hi! un,b" ;, d<"ly .mod".. ,I>< I.h",;,
    ,on~u<U of Akx,ndri •. II d<",ib<. 'h< nur"uloo. pow .. of . ,,,,b.n 1J'~</I6pw')
    '0
    ",n' Tb«:>d",i., I by'" Egyp'i.n ''''''K, ""mm'mo,,,.~ ""y Y'" by • ""bli<
    f,,,;vol nlkd H,,6,1O' in Ak"nori •• in which Thoo<l"';u,· po""it w.. ""i<d
    'h'oogh tho <i'y ,n I p",d<. jfm.i<.d ,h< f",,;v.1 <omm,mo",od on, ofTl><odo,,",'
    v"'ori<>, ;" m<mo,y h,d .I,.. dy grown qo;" "g>"" ,h. w .. ;nvol,od only
    ·b"b... i,n,' ~f'h< 'W<~' (, . ". j6ISB-C...d c . " . J6i7B), d . Ph. KOIlk~ul<>,
    B"'~"'O'dl' fil"" ""' MJ.",~p"" " 1 (Ath<n~ 19. 1), ••. Th, old imp"",1
    ,nn;v",,,y 'PP"on 10 b< mor, 0' .... ,ubwm,d ;n'o ,10< ,d<b",,,,,, of .
    1"",1 holy m,n', m;"d<, jndi",;ng ,I>< kind, of f><to" whkh m.y h •• , b«n"
    wo,k '0 P'C1<'V, IOm< ,d;" of<h< old " ... n"nd .. . Th. <0"",;1;. T",II, (A.D.
    019,).6. , ,d. P.P . Jo.nnoo, Dil<'pl;., :<"".1, '.O·f\'" 1. 1 {G,O!"f«",., '<>6').
    , ... . ,Q- 'oo.), ""mp,<d '0 end I>'s.ni,;ng ,d,bulion, , ..""U,<"<I wi,h ,b< old
    [",,;,,1, of'lO< K .koh<, 'h< Vou ,nd 'he ~,o""I ... l<" no< ck", how,,,, , '0 wh.,
    """" !h;, m"WI< i, "'.... n' '0 'h< old "". holid.y •• ,;nc< th< council w ..
    obv"".Jy .iming " popul ... ob><,v'n", •• nd ,I>< Vo" .nd H,u""li. cOIl"n""d !O
    b< «"b,,,,~ by ,h< 1"1.« .. 1." .. ,I>< «n ,h ""o'u,y .
    .. , N .H . B'yn". ·Th, '"I"'""u,,) <i<f""d", of COIl"'n'iPOpk·, .1B. 67 {19l 9).
    16l - n. .. p. 166, ·Thi, ",no< of Wp<m"u,,1 ,uP?"" mo" ,urdy hI>. h,d •
    profound p'y'hologir>1 ';gnif".n«.' Cf. Av. C.rn«"". 'Im.g« of ,u '""';'y . Eh",
    andie,,,,, in 1m ~x,h",:,"",ti,y By."";~rn', P", ..J p,,,,",. I. (1979), j _ jj, ,nd P.
    Goul><", 'fI,.,li8;on" '"P""';';"''' d,n, l'''rn« by"n,"",; h fro du vr oi«"'.
    Or;.."Ii. ,.,;j/,....".,;..j;" . ') ('9<7) .•9J-loo.
    J,wiMia" 10 ic"""e/a.m

    wilh Ihe u\u~l lit.nie" r"lic "'t~nt"tj()m "nd sc rviccI of IlIppli-


    cation, Wh;>t i. most remarbble ab ou t the four delivcr;mce, of
    the capita l i, th.t, for th~ tim time 0]1 rewrd, the patriarch of
    Comtaminoplc .nchored thesc evena in the collectiv,' comeiom-
    ne" of generations to come and in the loc al cu lt s of the Virgin,
    tI'anks to procession •• taged " ',,r y y".r tu CurrHl",murJ te the city '.
    liberation,. T he delivery fro m thc i\nr sur pri \e, u,ually d~ted
    617. was still co mnlCnwrat"d in the tenth e"mUTY by a prucc"jon
    which led frorn the Hagi.:! Sophi. , through the Forum of
    Consuntine ~"d OUt the Golden Gate, all til<' w.y to thc Triburr.l
    on the C.mpus M. ni", of thc Hebdom oll P.:! lace complex , Th ere,
    the ~uch ..islic liturgy w •.' celebrated in tbe church o f Jo hn the
    [hpli'l, '4.' Thi, ceremon y w .~ quite likely an annual reenactment
    of a th.nbgiving procession perfor med .ftn the A v", retreat . orr
    the model of those witne,,,-'d , for exarnple, ulldcr clllp~ror
    An.'t.:!,ius L [t would have corre'ponded to the' dramalic ritu.l, of
    ,upplic.tiorr whieh Heradim and hi, tru'led .upport~r, patri. rch
    Sergiu., h~d organized during the a[tack ;"elf, at the church of the
    Virgin_Jermalem, j"'t in si dc the Golden G ~IC ,' H
    The dangn of617 pale, in cornpariwn with the gravi ty of the
    c~ pit.:!l' s ,itu~tion during the combin~d AVJr ~ " d PCfSi.:!" siege
    of 6z6,'H The Avns' withd,.:! w.:! ] wa, greeted with ",hat appears
    to be a kind of 'pontal1COUS victory '<:Ivic", Accordi ng to .:!
    contcrnpor. ry witness, [he patrici~" !:Ion"" mtrusted with lhe

    '" f or ,he ,,,,,i.,,,,,y of J JUn<. ~ '"'~'''" .. C"""""""I"'I"",",", AA~S, Noe,,""'"


    P"nJM.", I'",,», 7'.·10--7)<'} · The p,o,,,,,"'" i, <k",,,b<J .r> J. M,..,,,,, I...
    J'rr~'" tk!.o G"."'l':.! li", "0,,,,,, ," '" ch,i" i,,,, ,n, k"" ,~, IRoO'" '96».
    )06-1. Cf, V, V"iI',.,k, . " " ."y, ' n' Ru"k",. kod<>r, , <>< G<mgy ', VV , J
    (, '96) , I ) ---<J J.• Il d V, G '"mel, I..., "" " ok, P'";''' hr<. " r. ,<oJ ,J" (p ,,~, ,~,,), ",' .
    .,,,. Th, ,,,d;,,,,,,,t d." ,.,,' ""bli,1>ed by N.l L Il. yn<" Th< d", of 'he ~v ..
    ""p,il<, ~ <b ,ooo"'gi<'] "udy ', liZ, " 11""1, "0--,1; d . Omog(''''y ,
    G,,,~ i, !,,, p. 79·
    , •• On ,he ' Up ph,,,...., ,;to Ju';n~ ,h, "'''); , "" ,he <on<emp"'''y J.''';pl io'' of ,he
    I,,,,",i. ""'1"'''';' ..,,;, n, V ,M , j. HI".,,,,, ("Hr., ' D,'), ,d. c. lop"'v, 'Su,oe
    , vKl<"]'~vo 0 put",I ... "" "'Y Ik>t<0,od;'hy vo Vlnh,m, kh v novuno K<oU,o ..lnii
    ?, j«n ;",er,,~]; n ..h<>tviyu Ru"kikh n, V,,,,,,,y" v ..... godu ', V V. > (I39JI ,
    )', _ . ", h<re )9. - ), IIg' ''''' the ,,,,ilm ,,on of ,hi> wo," "oJ Ill/C, l00 ! to
    'Theodore >pKdtu,', >eo H,G . lkek, Ki"~'"M .1r ...1"i"", U",.,", ,.. ~ rz,,'i " ; ­
    ,,/or, Rtklo. H. ndbuch .I" Alo<rtum,,,,i,,,,",,,h,fl, <>'" , IMvo",h, '9)9). p. 141·
    ,., S« ill gen,,..], F. 1I,,;;i<, 'l, 'iig< J. Co",umioople p" Ie> II.,,,, « In SU= e"
    0'0', /lV ,"4 1(914) , )7 1-9) ·
    .dminim:ltion of the c.pit. 1 in Her . clius' .hsence, Ihe patriarch
    and. crowd of citizens Went OUt in front of the Golden G.te .nd
    offered up immedi.te thanksgiving pr~yn' at the sight of the
    r~tre.ting h>rh>ri."..,46 Shortly there.fter, ' more form.l cere-
    mony was org.ni~cd> in which the junior emperor .nd the
    patriuch conducted. prucellion Out of the city to the ,h rine
    of the Virgin of llI.chern.e,' <7 The devotion to the Virgin .nd
    the .ppe.1 to her relics which marked hoth siege! p!:'yed. key rok
    in the cry,t.lliution of the c. pita!' I lpeci.1 cult ofMuy, the ,ource
    of Rom.n vi ctory , 10. It m ay have h"ell prcci"ly.t this time th. t
    the f.mom Abthistol Hymn w ...dopted.s the chssk Byuntinc
    victory ode to the Virgin'" According to. liturgic.l tradition
    which has found .(ecpunee .mong schol:irs, this th.nk,giving
    service included an .II-night vigil, during which the Abthistos
    w'-' sung before. standing congregation. '"0 In fact, .n .Il-night
    vigil fll' well with wh.t we h.,·c ,cell of victory celcbr.tions in the
    I.te ,ixth cemury. Prob. bly .. soon .. the next year, th~ event w ••
    commemor:ned by '- reen>etment of the th.nksgiving proc~"iun.
    involving htanic supplications with popular puticip.tion .nd
    culminating in a euchari,tic ,crv;ce .1 the shrine uf the Virgin of
    Bbchern.e.'" According to the liturgical tradition alrcody cited,
    the Arab ,ieges of 674-M and 717-1 Mwitne,,,,d ,imil" (cremoniC!,
    including the perform.nee of the Ak.thi<tos. ,., At .n y ",te, the"

    ..
    , ..,'"""... """" ..;,,,,.li /lY.M ;0 o>Io"oIi"" (BJ/G. ,061) ,
    ,1" __ (C,,<ow. ,.,..,). '6·)9-17_' ,
    >I. <d, L. SI<lnNch,

    ,..
    ,1o.~"_

    N;"phc,"~ B.,v .. D< Il00', '!"<-7.


    TIm "".dop""n ' h .. o.rn d."fl<'d by A v. C.rn,roo, 'Th, Thro<<>ko. ;n ,; xth_
    <<TlMy Cc",,,n,;oopk. A city f,nd, '" .ymOOI' , 1"" ... I'f ·1",.lot~.1 S",~i" ,

    ,..
    n,l, >9 1'\171), 7'>-'''' "ld 'TI>< Vi ,~ ;n' . '00., , n 'p,ood< ,n ' M h;"...-y uf <>dy
    ",,,nth-crn'u,y Coo,un,mopk·. 8,> .. 09 ('979). 0>-J6.
    Th", E, W.lku. 'Th, A. "loi""" A ~uJy ;n By""''''' hy""""g"phy·. DOP, 9-10
    ('9JJ--<i). 'Ol--')O, "p. '0)- » ,
    ". TIl< """un' (/!HG, '0<1) 1 i, p""",,«1 ;n ''''' 1',i••Ii,,". fo' 'he S"urd.y of'l>< fifth
    wo<' of L""" !'G.• , . ') 03D- nil. her, ,)),B, d. C ... , T,y p.n;" P",,,,,.,.,IT
    B,z"""',,, , ..,k., Wim" byun ';ni"i"h, s,uJim. J (Vimn,. '¢8). p. '0,
    ," Thi,;" wh" 1 ,ond"d, ('Om ,~, ;n~"'"« on Ii",~ ..,,,,,- in 'h< 10.'..,..,; .....'' ''; .... ".
    S,,,"b.,h. " .,0-,) .
    ,n BHG, ,""), I'C .• ,.' 1}2C - I); d . T'yp .n; ~ e.." .... pp_ ,0_ ' . Pm ,I>< I"" "<g', ""
    '00 ,iI< po<m «kb",;nll , ... ""hvery by 'Thro<\oo;", G,,"'m "KU', ,d, S,P.
    l.mpm•. <Ia<op'~~ ""',,~~.n (A,I><",. ' " 0). "9-»,00 , ... d." of which of. S,
    G<m. B,z ..,; .. I<_I. ".. "',;oX ,.. ",z..
    .fw Ill, ... i,. '1"<;01.",0,'..,
    00 , .. """,,,1
    _'''', Cmpu'''''P',,'U<H ,h",'",oorum u,jrn" l;um, SUbtidll .• ' (Loo.,in. 'ml),
    ,6
    juslinim, 10 iwnociasm

    victones were ,till commemorated in the tcmh centu ry, the


    former by " proce,sion from tbe Hagi" Sophia to machern"e vi"
    th e Forum ofComt"mine, the la tte r by" panny<hir "nd proce"ion
    from the Grea, Church, through the Forum, our of the city vi . the
    G.te of Att,,1m ;Illd b"ck rhrough the Golden Gate and imo th e
    chm~h of the Vitgin -Jccu .. km,' B
    W.s the new ,tylc of commemoration derived from carlier, los!
    victory u"ge,.t Consuntinop1c' As e.rly a. the fifrh century, the
    bishop! of Rome cele brated anniversary ,ervice, for the delivcry
    of their city ftom the barbarians, an d we do know that other
    .nnu. 1 ptoce..ion, fell into di,use before the composition of the
    tmth -centu r y Typicon,"4 Nonethele,s, the' presence there of
    procc"iom commemorating " atur,,1 di.,stcro back into the fifth
    cenlUry, combined with the .bsence of commemor.tion, of
    eVl',m like the delivl'r."ce of the city from G.in",' Goth, or the
    . m.c k of the Kotrigu .. i" 559 - both of which were amply
    cdeb rarcd by the government - sugge,ts th"t the cxtc",ion of
    IilUrg ical commemoration to victories w., indeed, for Const.n-
    tinople, .ninnovation of the \.Cvemh cemury. ' " Wh.t i,more, the
    period in which thi, kind of commemoration Aouri,hed is
    prcci!-ely the (tnlury between the A var mrptisc and the Arab
    siq:e. "6 All thi, ,uggest .• th.t events or rhe late sixth and earJy
    seventh century created J uniqUl' dima'" which fostcred l ncw
    development in {he vcner~blc CUSIOn> of victory commemora-
    tion. and liturgical procession,. The ,hat tered ~onfiJen'c of.

    hQm,ly ""hKh 1'"",,<1, (;wn.n", h,,,,,df .1'-)"<,,," "n on< "f!!", ",Iy
    p. " ,. "", •
    ."niv".. ,k>, v. G,umd, ·H"m<i", .k S.m, G"",,," '", I. d<li,,,n" .k
    C"","n"''''pk', Rt·B. ,6 ('9. 8). L ~l - 'Oj .
    '" CommomQ" tion, ' j JunO'S)"". Cpli""",", Dokh,yc, 7n l -l~' 16 A"8U'" i.;I. ,
    "".)<>--9<><.>1. Th, p,,,,...oon, '" <1<"";[",0 on M... "" T";.,,.,. 1.»0.'- .. , .n o
    ' .)7'.'J-)70.>6 ""p,,,dv<l,.
    ". Leo t, S"... 8" 'D. «t,b..,ion' cli.; gu, . b .0.10,,,0 ;",ul''' <I, Rvtn', «I. A.
    CIo"""" CCL, 'JM ( r97)).P!-6; R. J,n"" 'Le, P'''''''''''''' "!;gO<Uk. I
    By .. n«', pt/!, " ('966). 6<)-8!. hm 70- 1.
    '" F;f,h,«n'u,y diu""" !till «kh,,,«1 " Co",,.,,,inopk in ,he «mh """'",y
    in<;lu<l«l thohtl ,,[ ,d"" of <" (M"""" Ty~k.., '.\<>'''_!' d. M,,«lhnu, Con,,,,
    •. j,', Mom m",n, QO. ,"-, , ), .nd ,lie- "",hqu. <" of A.D. ~IIo, • ppmn ,ty «klo.."d
    "' M,,«><, Trp~'" (>j 0<1,,0.,). 1..... . -.0.1. C f. V. G,om<l, L" (',,,,,lI>gk,
    T .. i'" d·i tud.:, by .. n,;n .. , ' (p"i>, '.j~), p. '1~ .
    ... Th,>< .« 'h, ont, ,uch P'''''''';'''' ' <CI"'""I hy j,m", '1'""",,,",,,,,'.
    D,vdopmrnt in th, late. Roman ''''pir.

    ~,ieged popul"tion w .. tr"nsferred. at least temporarily, from


    imperial invincibility to the victory-giving Virgin.'"

    CONCLUSION

    After <I rapid review orthe f<lcts. it is de<lr th<lt our understanding
    ofbte antique vicrory celcbrations i~ due fur revi-ion. Quantit,,_
    tivdy, their num~r fa r ,urp<l''''' wh"t previous "udies h"ve
    suggested. The true measure of the resurgence of imperial victory
    festivals in thc Christian Roman empirc emerge, only from a
    comp"rison with what went before. The best avai lable study of
    da"ical celebrations down to the fourth century counts onl y eight
    triumphal g" la' between A.D. ISO and 306.'" Even if we were to
    double th.t number to allow for g.p. in Barini', re.ults and the Ie..
    abund.m evidence of the earlier period. the compari,on with the
    century and a half following Constantine's accession is telling.
    Documented victory cdebr.!ions under the new empire num_
    bered nearly twice .. many in the ",me period of time: twenty-
    Kven. The e,t.bli,hment of the Ch,i.ti"n Rom." empire entailed
    a dedsi ve increase in triumphal ceremonies, a kind of rcn .i".nc.
    of triumph.
    Qu aEuti vely, it i. cqu"lly dc" r th.t the notion of a sub,un ti.lly
    uneh"nging 'Byzantine' ceumony must be jettiwned. There is nO
    such thing as a 'typic.l' late Roman Or tlyz.ntinc triumph
    ccremony. Emph.,i, ,hifr, from triumphal parade, through the
    city to por.d" through the Hi ppodrome. from be.,t 'preudc. to
    horse rac". from grondiose m.ss demonstrations to more secluded,

    ,,, It;, in''''''ing <0 not' ,hot ,I>< Syou, 'y of ,n, !tn 'h «n'u,y do<1_ .p P"" '0 h•• ,
    '0
    comm,mo .. ''''''' "t,'ing rit~" of th< ,..,«", p>H, for « . mpl<, K,u m' '" ..,k> on
    C"""'"'inopl< in I !) . nd I , f , 'h' ""i' of Tho", .. th< SI,. in b !-•• ,h, Ru"i. n
    . ".<k "f800 I'" b<low) or 'Il< ....-k> ofSym<oo of Bulguu in 9' I 'nd 9,. , Th,
    Syn.~"y '. nolk, fo, .\ JUI>< ttl" L:llp.~~~. ul Iii"~ ' p_ ~v..u.,,,, ~OI '''~ t.
    1I.(~~tp",,,, ""'"n ""I, in th< MS PUm"', John Th<ologot, >66 (• .x) : Sr'"
    C,Ii"n" .. , D.,I,h. y',""',f' -._ ~V<" if'PoG, do<1 "'<On ·PoD<., ,h;,rould ",. 11 I>< ,II<
    n""ption "'" P'ov" 'h, rui<, I>.<.u .. th< .nn i.<I<><y oomm<mo",ioo 'PP'''' '0
    h. YO I>.<n joi "'" m ,I>< p~' i",n' on< for ,I>< A.-.b ,;'g<. A g.>intl H. Gr!goit< .nd P.
    D,S"" 'Lot in",,,,,,, ru"" ,lon, I< Synox.i« d< Con",",;nop"·. 8y." ' . 119}.),
    r. , _j, "" C M.ngo. Tlu H ... iIi",.jPMl,,,,, P",i." ••jC ... "",,;".,~, [Jumb. "",,
    D.b Studi«, ) (W ..hing'on. D,C., !9}1). p. I , . n. '7.
    J'<'".,,,....
    to. C R.nn;, T n''''''pl"d'' _I.."" .. ,I ..... ; ..iii,.., .. ,.... fi .. (Turin, ,g).).
    PP , W) _, _

    "
    COI,d'Hion

    ~ ri~tocr~tic g~therings,
    from cdebr~tio!lS over intern~1 enc-
    m ie. ro tho"" over extern~1 ones, And , the direction of ch ~ nge
    is not irrever.ibk The <{cody progrns of Chri~tian clements is
    unmin~ hble. As new ritc. ~PPCH, old ones f:l n ~w~y. Triumphal
    arches diS<lppe<lr after the fifth century. triumphal columm
    somewhat later. , .. The i~sue of specio I Kold ceremon ial multiples
    or mcd.lliom COmes practically ro a closc.'·o T he timing of
    cdebr:lt iom docs not .ppcar ro h.ve any dcar rdation with the
    ,t. ge of .n emperor', reign (e.g., many more ,debut iom early
    on); it docs di~phy itTe(ut.blc - if mrprising - link< with the
    decline of imperial military fortunes , Vic!ury ceremonies cannOt
    be viewed ,... gents ofhi,roriGiI ch,mgl', They mu~t, however, be
    recognized <IS symplOnH of change _ Against lhc gene",1 backdrop
    of the historic.1 trends in their development , we may now !Urn to
    the problem of ccrtain specific ceiebr.tio", .nd their imp.c! on the
    public life of the late antique state _

    , .. nu, Ju,tini.n·, ,«"" .. "",ioo nfT)"'''''",i",' ,olu",n in ,~< Augu""""" J>nu"


    C,I. oyz .. PP. 14- 0 .
    ... p, Grienoo, C.,.1o;to.1 ,'" BF,",j"".i", i. ,'" 0."""'" O,~, C.I"',i"" _ i.
    ,'" Wh i""..., C,IIW'''''. " j (W.,Joi"g'''''' ll,(; .• '968) , 9.
    J

    Imperial victory celebrations and the public


    life of the later Roman state

    Although ~ , .pid review of all known impcri.! victory celebr.-


    liom .od their essential characteristics hal yielded" cle.'cr picture
    of (he bro.d trend ••od It.gel of their development, it js far from
    exhausting the evidence which specific cclcbr.tiom provide on
    particular moments in the life of the huer Roman monarchy and
    its public di,p],y. For the histor;,m of ble .ntique Titu.l, it is
    important to clarify the precise ceremonial content of celebrations
    at Rome and to address the thorny question of what rebt;ou these
    ritual. bore to development, ouuid" the UrDj , For the hi'lOria" of
    religion md the impcri.l ide., the connection ~lween the
    emperor.' new theology .od milit.ry meee" would "'em implicit
    in. dog.n li k~ 'By this .ign conqu~rr .nd the storie. auached to it.
    Yet th~ positive contr ibut ion of Christianity to victory celebra-
    tiom was .nything but swift .nd obvious_ For the historian Onate
    Roman government, an .nalysi. ofspccific ceremonial eventS Can
    shed light on the practice and propaganda of the monarchy and its
    officer!. !:IUt first we need to consider OnC of the mOre dunblc
    myth. about late antique victory ,debutions. namely that somc
    Ob"'TV'InCCS were true triumphs .nd others were not, p,,,ticul. rI y
    insofar as b.rbarians and usurpeu were concerned.

    L USURPERS AND aARRARIAN5

    With disarming confidence, modem historians h.v~ not in_


    r,-.,quently pronounced a particular victory f"stival to ~ • 'real
    triumph" an 'ov.tion', or indeed, oot a triumph 'in th e proper
    ",nse" as though the sham of sen. torial ap prov.l in the preceding
    c~nrury or th~ old I~g.li.tic condition. had .ny r,.lsignificance to

    80
    the .uthoritarian monarchs and triumphators of t he Comt:mtini.n
    empirc.' Onc of the mOl! influent ial contributions", thi s w ay
    of tb in kin ~ h .. come from the char:lClcrization with which
    Ammian m Marcdlinm op<'ned his oft-dted de~c ript ion o f
    Cmm:lnt iu , triumpha l vi,it to R ome in 357.
    While in the E>st .nd in (jaul the" m. tt e" were . ... nged., well .. w ••
    pOSlible unda the eire,,",,'. nee•. Con>ton ,im W1S itching ' 0 vi.it R.ome
    , nd cdebra!. witho "t c.u" , triumph for Rom.n bl'K><I , , s though the
    " "'ple of j . Ilu> h.d been d o..... J md .11 enem ie. overth rown .fler the
    destruction nf M.gnentiu •.>
    It i.' clea r that in ,orne conse rvati ve circk., it rem . ined f,shion.ble
    to c~press rescntment ovcr the cdeb .. tion of victories in civil
    W:lr' Yct it has been observed th,t thi, particubr judgement and
    others lik e it arc bu t an other instmce of Ammi. nus ' hostility to
    Con't.nt im and a .p.:citic c~amplc of hi~ ten den cy to judge .nd
    condemn contemporari('\ .g.ins! tile presumed standard~ of the
    good old day •.' Even if the evidence were overlooked from the
    victory celebra tions of A.D . l3~, it is un deniable th~! fourth_

    E.g. K"II"·; I<. PI",i'. rr. 0< .nd OJ; cf. • bov<, n •. '. n.]O .• nd ,,<x, n.
    , Anllll" "u' M",dt",",. ,6 . '0. ' -' . U .. k. ,. !<.9-'" ·tt,,, dun, 1'" <0" P"'" <I
    G.lli .. P'" <>P ' o «mpomm di'p<>nu",uo. C"",,, ,,,io. ~o .. i du>o t.ni '<mplo
    """'GO< oo,,,b.,, ,.,,,,,,i,.
    Rom.m .,,,,,,, g<<t",b". POS' M.~"",,; .,i,ium .Mquc:
    ,oom; '1<" <x ""~o'"' Ro " .... o ... umph,,",",. n« .mm ~'", 'm oll.m \>olt. c" .. "m
    P" " ,up<"oi' .• u' uomm fm t;, ..,!i", ~ . mum '''''p<.i' d"" .. m , u<l ><Ididi, ~o",d.",
    imp<.;o . • u< m~o'm in ."""i""bm ,ummi" p. imu, o<t ;.. «, p,;mo, "" "''''', «<I u,
    romp'''' nomi, .,. ,en"m , "s.n' ;. ~o< .u", ",,;11, . " pokh"'udie<m "'1""'.0..,
    ",,,,oJ,,,,. 'goo", '''''q",II,", PUP"". hot_,,<'I "".. I< qu",~" "" "'okt<. 0<"< '1"",,1(
    ""'qo,,,, 'I<",
    or"n ,; .... . A",oll~ 'Oo """" "" f,,1 d"wmom of ,h" P''''S< fo, ou,
    Poo"",... . "."c R . l'q"""'. · tJ" K.. ><" u,,' o.. d J", c:;.",U><h.f, cio< R.",oo'. 1'>..1,,",
    J" Sp,,"",i" . V""...'""! "''" ". ","", 0," Hi"", ..",,! 1'1001,," (S,ulIg'''' '9]0).
    PI' · , - )'. I."" ])-6, A . Atloldi. 0;, Ko""oi.. , " . Ei. " '. ... "", P,'P"lonJ.",ill.i ."
    s,..,,....,,"''" lI'idn.~h," A",,,.,. ,.. on i"" .. K_p!' ~,~'".., O,;"Ii,", K,u,""m. ,
    (!lU"'p<><. ' 0< )). loCI: lA. ~","b , v.'" H"'''' ......''' '" ." sp .... ".,. fv''''hu''~""
    ,or )(",h ,,,- un~ C"" ' ''", ~,,,,h'(h« .
    " (1)<"''8''' ' '9)9). Pp.1711f: R. Kkin, ' I),:,
    Romo< " " h~ " K",,,, Kn"",n"", II . •m J,""
    JJ"1'. A'Iv ....... , n.'. 17 {' 070).
    9!-1 ' ). " p. wlf. 'C<O,J"'R <0 ,,"oom ,i>< """'101'WI! l>oth ,i>< .;',ory 0",'
    M' ~"""'''' '"~ ",,,,m 'U"""" ,~,;"" ,he b"b"i."" ><_o,d."S <0 M"Corm" k,
    A" .. , ""'"''''1. p. ". 'no " ,,,n'ph '''''. pi,,,'
    , n ", Ct. u,I ;, n, m • '1'«<" 1"" '" Ro",,,', ",,,,,,,h, (,,,1<,,,, ,i><f." ,h" 'ntp"mt
    " ,"mph,,, Rom., "' ,«c." "'<I"O'Y. h, J , II «kb.",J d ..1w ... , VI ' ''''' .. )9)-,00.
    !lit, " 9.
    , ,;<,." g. S","b. H""'""i",'I.rp. ' 77- i , . "J 'Ko","n ' ,,,, V",kh , ,u f J,n G'ng
    """ K,p "" " . H'"..;•. • ('9") . ' l>7-j'), I"" '99- joo. G. ~,bb . h, Lo ,"bJ.,.,k
    8.
    V;lIory aNd la,,, RomaN public life

    century emperon h.d litde difficulty ccl~br.til1g success over


    rival..' Indeed, it i. possible '" go even furth~r, for Ammianm'
    judgement Ries in the f~cc offaets: the ritu.l, which h.v~ left ,he
    widest echo in surviving records arc prcci ~ely those which
    trumpeted 'he fall of umrpers," Th" t thi, i. not due to an accident
    of "mn:e prC5<' rv;'lIion is lugges,ed by the imposing number of
    commemorative inscriptions ~nd monument. '''od"tcd with
    the", victorin, .nd comforted by the relatively frequent pro-
    vincial congutubwry dcleg<ltions to ,he victorious emperor.'
    Such a lcg~tion waS nO! merely .n opportunity to pre'ent th e
    tradition<ll golden CTOwn, wish the empcror well and solici, favon
    for one's hometown .nd friends, h was aho - ~nd perhap'
    npecially - . viul me.ns of .. mting the "ictor of • dry' s
    unswerving loyalty> p.rticubrly if th.t loyalty h3d been compro-
    mised during the nrugglc." In much the s.me w.y dedic .. iom
    referring to victories in civil war provided " p.rticularly mten-
    tatious celebration ofa locality's loyalty,9
    A, dev astating . , the barbarian incursion s may hve been 10 the
    particu lar region. ,hey afflicted, it i. ca,y 10 forget that they
    rcml ined a loc.lized phenomenon . Except prrh3pI for the
    month s 3nd yens immed i.tel y following Adrianop1c - when the
    frequency of vIctory celebrations over barbui.m surged
    upwards - few fourth-century emperon would hav e been ju.ri-

    I A ....... M.",II••. R"Io",r..., '"' J. , .." ,"',... 01.. J." o." ~."..i'l'" """' It, R" I''''''
    (P"". '971). pp. )00-1. go<' '" [" .. to..., in ,h. ·""jo,,;ti.d 'riumph' • g.n ... 1
    ,h.m, ," A m m;. "u,· h",,,,;,,. 1QQ' look, "" ,hook< th" Juli.n ·, /.<'''' " ,r... A, """i'"J
    in~""""d Amm;"ou<' .«~uo' .
    , In ,.1.1;""" '0 th, "Ieb,,,",,", of i'l ,od W l .1 ;,,",>«1 in Cn. ' . ..., h<tow, nn . ') - >0.
    • Th;';, pu'icu)u)y tf"" Qf,1wo ,d.b .. ';Qm of IU . JJ'--'7, )11-9 . • nd )90-j.
    , Th" ""m>1o b< ,t.< ",0", ofN."riu,. X II poo .. •• i'.l , Myno". ,67 .>l-o fot A.D .
    J' , . On ,Iwo .1<1'11"""" which ;ndud,d n.:m i,,'u,' P'''''lI yri< of )j7. >« D' S<on .
    71>Om''''''', pf'. 10- 1 .nd 'OJ-U . cr. too .bo". Cn. '. n, ' i . fot 'Throdoou,'
    v;"to, y ov<t M •• imu,. " .• k n~w ofkg""'m frum Ant;""h .nd Em","" Lib.n'u" Ep .
    171, '. «I. R , FO<flm, 01""'" (L"p,iA, 19")' iH - j ,nd fr ·, h~, ',1'","",,,.
    " ,6,"-1.'. on which "'< P. Pe"', !.i""'''', pp. " ,-,?, .. wdl" A""'"o""
    50<;""" H.,,. 6, >. PC. <'>1 .,...,.A- B, d . \.oz~m'n , ll.t .. I, " '7, BKi<. _ H,o,"".
    lJ"' O-II. I'm tb< ,;"my or 19" Ambro« . E, .. 6"., PL. 16.")7-1. S« 100
    following n. ' nd . [0' It.< lh;,d ""lU'Y. It.< "lob,,, ..... , of ,) 3.• bo ... Ch. L
    • n .." ,h, p,",um<d 1<g""'" of Ot~'U' "" boh. lf of 10. S<o, t< of Rom' ,f,,,
    M'gn,",iu, dor.." Ch""gno) . F."". p. l" .
    • E.I. ILS. 6!1---<} l. <t<. Rom ." n"",,,oo<> would prob.bly ",..".1 . «udy ftom thi,
    pc;", or .;"w , , . ~ . ILl .""J 0 ' 7)7.

    8,
    tied in feeling that ,he Germanic inva~iom ,hrc3tencd their throne
    and the very existence ofthci r empire. An imperial ri val. On the
    o,h~r hand, was a mor~ dangcrollS f~ and • dc~per thu.t to •
    nascent dynasty . 10 The stakes wem far beyond the Ux revenlieS of
    th~ most prmp erous provine<' and called into question the loy.lti,s
    of millions of citj~ens, loya ltie> which were constantl y forc<'d into
    displ ay, te'ted and sometim e, comprom ised in dozens of det.ih of
    daily life: during regnal holiday', in li turg ic.l comnl<'moratiom,
    in the presence o f the imperi.1 portraits, dating a document to a
    particular consulate an d even .,ccpting payment in • particula r
    coin," Politi cally, then. the need to elicit and prov idl' eviden ce of
    unshl ken o r restored allegiance was p. rtkularly acme in th e wake
    of a civil war. It is this need which underlies the cxtr. o tdi n.ry
    significan ce attached to cek br. tiom ovcr impcri.l rivals in thi,
    period: the imperial victory festival rendered """ifest the
    renewed f.bric ofloya lty between ruler . nd ruled _ Wh ;H then are
    we to make of Ammi.nus' SI.temen,) To Roman re.ders or his
    o wn generation, the implicit cr;,jcism muS! have ,eemed dear . nd
    cutting, coming as it did in a work which was publi!hed almo!t
    contcmporaneoully with.n eve nt which it does not mention: the
    trip of Th~odosiu, I to Rome to celebrate 'he destruction of a
    usurper."

    " Th. puin' ;, <I..,]y m.d. '" ~" ;L < ,"u,i,<. 'un '''' bl W. Golf.". ' 1\.,,,,<.
    Co",,,n,;nopi< . nd ,bo Il"b. "",,'. ,1 .. ""," H"",~.I R,";,w. !6 ('9! ,) . "J-JOO.
    h<" ,!,- ) .nd '9J ,
    " Th. puii'koi impl"";"" of ""m"i" ,«ogo i'"",' ;, .mpl)' "pl~;«~ by T , D. Il""",
    C""""",;",, pp_ lolf .nd Fm;,"_ On min" i. ,d .. p. 7~. On PU"'''''' H. Kru«. S'."i,.
    ,., o/fizi,lI .. G<I"'"3 '" K";m.,J'" i .. " . .. ","," R,;,ht. ~ , "d .. n .m (;"'~;,ht<
    "nd Kul,u, d« "1<."",,,,,'9 , J (p. d«bo<n, ' ~HI . pp. '71f· So,;n K,n".I, h<k:ow,
    Ch . 6, '-
    " On th, d", of rompo<it;ool of,b;, "'eliot1 of,h< R" 1'''''', " ..-<11" Amm"nm'
    .";,u<l< ,o ... "d Th .. ><i<",u" EX Thomp"," , no< ~ i""i,, 1 ",. ,t oj A,",";"".,
    M,,,,IIi"", (C.mb,," ~,, '9"1, pp . , 1- 19; d . ' .~. R_C. Illod.kr, A'"'" ,....'
    M""IIi""" 11 '""r '<'
    _j I<i, 'i".,iot"p"r on' I"'li,~.1 'h,"~" ', Colk « ;,,,, l«"mu>,
    (Bm,,,,I>, 197J), p, ' J, It i, prob.b!y no win,;*,,« 'h" 'h' <p;'"'''' <>f V.k,;u.
    M.xim"" F"to" ~i". "","".h,Ii., compm<" hy Ju l;", 'P,,;, ' ;n ,ho: bt< fou rth Q'
    fifth m"ury (cf, PLRE, " 6<\71 drop' ,he =''''' of 'h. d"pt<, IN im '''","pl.,'';,
    (V.I,,;u, M.x;mu" >, ,. 7. ,rio C. K<mpf (l<;p';g, ' '''), ",." ", . ,?) whd
    expbin, th« " i"mph, ..e no, S" ot<d fo. civil w"",, Juli", P";', .d_ i'i~_ , <9'1 - 7. Cf.
    i>ow,v<r ,h< br<r (~<piton" Of1'""'''"' Nq>o<;," ,,, (d, A, Lip!",lri , KI"., 1' ..lr, •
    (''''') , 6<) in wh;';h 'h< ,,<1;00 <""'m",,, ,,, ncom , .d. K<mpf, I", . <i, .
    l. lMP~RIAl "I(TOMV RITUALS: EVI1HN C: ~ ~M O M ROME

    A well-known remuk by ~n cntern ob,.,rver of [he fourth


    century rdo.:r~ t<.l lb<· elemal ci ly~. the 'capiul o flrophlc,·. ll Like
    molt of their conlenlpor. r''''' the authon of our $Ouren COII[inllcd
    to attach 10 Ihe all cienl c. pilal all importance ou l of all proporlion
    with 11..0111'') , cal pulil ic.1. !lr>tcgic of CConOnllC signtfiunee. U
    Thi. bial il rd1cClcd in [he evidence:, and . while we may decry the
    m'gligcncc of C<.lnlrmp<>raril~ in recurding dcuili of the far morc
    IIU mcrou I viclOry celeb rations naged in the empire' I new capitals.
    we cannot afford to ove rl ook the valuable infur",.!ion >ssociatc d
    with the vi lits [0 Rome by Con,t.ntinc I. CO!l!!aruius 11.
    ThcodQ,i\lS ), and HonQrius.
    Contcmpo r.rit·) viewed .11 these vi.in as comprising victory
    cckb rations . Ironica lly. doc mOlt immediately obviou. con" cra-
    [iotl o f a victo ry \~ Ihe one vi,it which hal the leaS! cb im 10
    o ff"i.1 reeognil;on o f its Iriumphal eh.racter. From Ih e name of
    di e ,.alC hol ida y which cnn lillucd to mark the evem fou r dceadCl
    bier, ;\ is lIu " ifC' •• ha. ConSl,ntine', cn try jlllo Rome in ) 11 wu
    COllltncmoratcd a' an '"', ..... ,.. s, even Ihough Ihe triumpha l arch
    ereeled to honor die cltent il called an '.rcus triumphil insigni'. 15
    It il jUl, ~I cku that oontcrnvo",ricl associated with .he prince had
    little trouble (Out;ng the defcn of a Rm un army 11 suitable
    material for a vklury cckbrniun. for .h~1 is how they pr~sentcd
    the cvenn of 1 ~ Onubcr J!~.'6 Thot Con.tantiu,' v;rrMMa!i4
    fntivitk. in B7 ~ntailcd a victory "clcbr~tion i. p~tcnt from

    ' . Th.m'''''''' 0., j. " b. ,d. :":",n~1 llo ... ",,~, 1.""·' 1.
    •• ~.~. p,,,,,,,,,,d, 11_ ""'.' , pp. oK. "oK... e.o>d "" G, ... 'u''''''~J. V,lm.
    11_, 11 __'." " .. j,.,..,i... ,..... .l''''~'''1K-o L"".,., *, K.." .. ,;" A,,, "8;"
    ,.." ..,," hu" ..... OOrum h"", .. um l""<I<n .... ), (l....d. 'vw). pp. _,W.
    " C- . ''t'''''' •. J,I" D. (; .... ,. 'n. wt", ... , . Ot,ub<, .. dn,J'I"od F.,,,,.. 1J'_o;
    ... d ,~Ot,oi><r . ""","_ Di ... • nod ""Id" .... d w~h .. to< .... cf. com", .• ;.... )". 1<
    n wonh "",,,,~. />0 ....... ,h", tho. d<f~" uf l""",'" " """""""".. "" on ,t", .,....
    pbc.... ~h 1.0_ ~_p/I&It" ,I Sop1<mhet. dot.. '>l ; d 1'0 - " Foo ,he ",,,, .. po;.,..
    on "" Atch .... Con... nuno: ILS. 69<.
    " Th", E.t>tb, .... H .. .. 9. 9. 9. Soh .... " .. '.'Jo .• ) - •• lo' 'p.t,,,,,,, ,.c,' til,""'....
    • /or~ ...... (d [(.r",,,,· "..,olooon. Mom", ..... ,W.. ",. 11- '" ' '''brill R.,........
    ,,"' .... ph ...."'. '"g'od"",'). , f. EuO<biu>, V. c...,,_''';. ,. l~. ' . W.. kelm... ". )6."
    N .... ,.... XII ,..... . ('01. ,G. J. J '. ' -l ...><I J'. " M~ ....... , ,66." - 11. ,M.' 1- '1
    . nd 1107 ,' - , •. N",. ,hot. l" " .f.., tho """"'. d........ ~"".'" p..... IIY'''' .ppl;"
    ,t", """ <0 ,he rid>cult ",~,<t'" "" Mox.n,",,' loud : "",j ,,, ..........,. XII,.-.. ,,(~),
    II. I, M~n"", . h· ...
    Ammianus' polemic: Themistius too st~tes outright th.u Const,n-
    tinopk waS not je~lom of the ,-mpnor's decision to cdebr.lte the
    ,-ietory fcniv,l in old Rome befort· doing!O in the new One. H is
    contempor"y testimony is seconded by the imcription of the
    obelisk erected in the Circu, Mnimus ,t Comt,ntius' com_
    m~nd.' 7 The tim in;: ofTheodosiu,' trip to coincide w ith the f,tst
    ,nn iver<, ry of Maimm' final defe,t - , st,te holid.y in its own
    right - in it",lf suggest' (h , t th e vi,it of lS!j included victory
    obwtv"nces. The sug ;:e.tiotl is boTtle O Ut by explicit eotltempo-
    r,ry ev idence. II Fin~l1y. the association of Stilicho', Gothic
    victori ... with Honorius' visit to Rome to ..sume the consubte in
    40 3 - 4 i, equ .. lly di,tinct]·
    De,cription, of the four event. focus on the ceremonial entry
    ,nd triumph.l parade: only passing ,llusion is mode to the
    'p"ctul", and other ~ctjvitje' whid, .. ccompooied the visits_Thi, is
    in line wid, both earlier tradition .. od the contcmpor"y situation,
    in that visits by the em petot to Itome had become so rote and
    observances surrounding ,n emperor's ,rriv,l in ,ny city hod
    grown into one of the gre.u "ate ccremollie, of],te a ntiquity, ~O It
    is worthwhile to defme the COmmon ehauctetistie. of th"",
    celebration"
    On one occasion . the victory wa, announced shortly before t he
    ceremony but [he report wa, not believed until M:lxentius' he:ld
    was held high for "n
    to scc. 2 ' When circumstance. permitted. the
    prcpacation, fOT the ,""emony must have becn costly and time-
    comuming ,22 To the m:ln in the street, t heir most obvious

    " At"".." n. >: T I",,,,;,, ;u, , 0. .• J, 'i-ch<n kl-J)ow""y 1.6<0.>0-61.\ ; ILS, 110 .'-•• nd
    10- .. .. "'ell .. ,h< I"" ",d<oe< ,,[' S",om,n. 1/. • ., •• I , '. IIKk._ Il.m,,". '''_11f
    " [,,,,,", , XII PO" .. , (" I•• 0, '. Myn"". "9·... - 1; of. Rufinm. n •.. ", '1.
    Momm,." , 1_ <0 .... .,h_, 7.00 ~>C''''' ' 11., .• ), " , /'G, ", .;;0. A ",d So.o,""n. Il....
    1 , , •. 7 , lJoJ.. - t(,n"," "y,'r 'o.
    " Th", P,uckn,;u" C""". Sf'"'""-"'"'" ", - 3, od, M.P, Cu"n;ngh.m, eCL. 1>6
    {1<>661. "]0 .nd Cl.uclun , VI "ff, .. I"". B,r<, 'j6.ntl "p. J91 -6. p, ,.9, Cf, S,,;u, lid,·
    E..p'''." ,-., Y; F. . Dc mous<o<. Dt 1'"";'/, pp . • !6-7'00 C. m<'on. Ci"",i,",
    pp . • ' '' - ,-
    " M"Cmm.d•• ,j".,.4 '''''''''''1, pr · ,'ff
    .nd ,,,of.
    " Th", Z""mm. 1/;,,_ ••••. '. '1. '. F.",houd. "" ,'Y ' • . '-
    " In] ". Cu","n"n. p,ob,bty found 'h< "'1 .lo<>dy d"'''''ed. ,i"<e M."n"u. h.d
    ju" « 1<[,-,,,<J h" "'gn.1 .nn'''',.,y' IIIC, h. ,Off_ 11=ph,ne•• "-M . J~'-. De
    Bm" '-'._" _ , J <1<,., however cl> ;m ,h"
    ,h< Rom.n. <kco,,«d ,hoir "'y for ,h.
    c<,<",ony. Acm,ding w A",,,,i,,,,,, M",<l!;,,",. ,6. 10, ., U"k, , .31,'. tho
    clement would have been the fesdve decking out of the city"
    a venues with flowers, tapestries and precious objects, the (Oron~tio
    urbi •. 21 The area of appro.ch u!ed by the imperial party is
    un.mbiguous only for the ceremonies of 3 u and 404. Cbudi.n's
    description of the btter shows welcom ing crowds ,tretched out to
    the Milvian Bridge and sitllates it along the Via Flamini •. '4 The
    site of the batde of the Milvian Bridge along with the Arch of
    Comt.nline's depiction of the entry ,It the Arch of Domitian on
    the Campus Martius (d. fig. I, p. 38), os well a, what is known of
    Comtantius' itinerary, imply that the same route was followed in
    J!2 .nd l57." This suggem that the puades passed through the
    C.mpus Manius .nd presum.bly, down the Via lata 10 the
    Forum.~6
    Outside the city. the imp"ri.l party w., met by the Senate of
    Rome, distinguished official! and the people. Only in the ca!e of
    Constantine do we actually hear of. set1l1ori.l escort into Rome.
    Honorius rdU!ed to . !low the sen.tor! to precede his ch.riot. 21
    The imperi.lsegment of the p.rade pmse.!(:d. dininctly military
    character, .ince the em peror him!Clf wa, .urro und ed by an e!Con
    of sumptuously uniformed he.vy c.valry; in 401~4 they wore

    p«p",,;on, fo' C",,"'n,;u,' ,,;uml",,1 "'''''""'' weI< .. ",noi.. ,nd <Xp"m;v,. On


    ,~;, "1'<<' of vi""'y "l,b,,,;"" •• "" n . 1_
    " Prud,n';u •• C ..,,, S,'" .....~."' .•, 7 •• -1 . Cunnmg~ 'm •• )6_ Cf I><low. Ch_ j ,
    pp. >Ollf,
    " Cloud;,". Vi,...... l) ' - 'O. B;<t. 'j._
    " On 'ho ;don,;fio,.;on of '"' '0l"'8nph;,,1 de,,;], of ,h. '.on".n';ne «I;.f
    L 'O"nll' -von c."hn. B,!' ,,~,"", • . pp.71- 8o, On Co","n';u,' ' pp,o"h v;'
    Oo:,icuiom. Amm;'"",. 16. '0 • • • ClI,k. I.l l_' -" of. G_ R . d. " 'ViI< publ"'''''
    ,om,.,. •• RE. S. 'J ('97J). "'1-,616.",,, '1<9ff,
    .. Cf. Pt..<n<,-Aohby , Di<, ...... , . PP_>IO'" ,nd 10. _
    " I.>,,,n,;u•• D< ...,,_ ,0""_••<, '0. MOl"", t.I'1_)<-6; XII ,0'" .• t> (9) , '9. '. Myno".
    ,1< .• 6- 1; N" .. io" XII ...... < ('0). I', '. My""" , ,0\6.11- 19; E"",b;u,. H,t .. 9. 9. 9.
    xhw • .-tt. I Jo_'J - I 1>_) . C<>o",otiu, w.. ttl" 0", "'" ';,y .od w<lmm<d by ,h.
    :;.nm , lOme of whot< meml><" dtJpl. y<d effigi<> of ,h<i, patrie;," , "«>to,,;
    Amttl;'no, M.. «llinu,. ,6 , '0. j , CI><k. I.! 1,4- 1: Claudi.o. VI ''''' .. lH---9. Hi«.
    'I<-j. eb,m. ,h .. HonOf'U" J<ltu« mowed him '0 1><. ott;,," ... h" ,h.n. Io,d.
    ,ho, fu lfi ll;ng ,XI'<<''';''''' of iml'<,;,1 Ikpoftmen' ou,i"8 v;.;" '0 Rome (,f-
    e ,n,,,,,,,. C/""'i .... pp. )!,-)I_Uole>. ,h; • •,,'"' ,h .. he ~"n",d ,!oem p,«eden<,
    by p,,«<I;n~ '",m, ' he ",,,,,,,,n;,1 """,,,n, of ,h;, It"'''''' ;. _ """ <e""nly I,.,
    , n"qu;,y ido:n"f,.,j "'" ,,' of ... ,Ikinl ;mm,d;."ly ;n fro", of. rid;ng .ok, w;,h ,h,
    hum;];" wn cf, "p,;v<o ,hu, A",lu.' ""';' wo m ,I>< t<;umph of , ,6, .00 ... Ch, >.
    p. 17. " ' ,ho hum;li .. km inR,<t<a "" G. II. Pbddi, by king s.:,«i, ;n ., 1 (l'LRE. "
    91,), Olympio<lo,u•• fi!. ". '!'I'd I'hotiu. , B;il;",~"" ced_ to , Ho",y. I. '16. '7- :10,
    EviJr"re from Rome

    gilded HmOT 3nd !.Corlel lilk unifntms.'" Like the highly vi!ible
    imperi,1I purple, thi, combin'llion of colon would h.ve gre~t l y
    . ided onlookers in picking out the imperi , l pnly in the long
    eonege.~9
    !n J J l, the n~ture of the victory being ce!ebr,ted w",
    nnmi,t"hbly ident ified by M axentius head, carried high on a
    lance. AI the gruesome spccuck passed by, it w as subjected to
    abuse. to politic.l horse_play 'illd to mock "cc!am,tiOll1, .!lowing
    the papul.tion to delhTr itsdf of th,' very different behavior they
    mll1t h"vc exhibited to lheir dead ruler but hour, earlier.'0 In J88,
    th e imperi,1 puty w a, preceded by hand-n rricd Il,,~t~ (Je'mla).
    which prob,bly followed the tr"dilion in vigor down to the
    beginning of the century ~nd offered display. rd,ting to Thcodo-
    sius ' victories. Onc comelllpor~ry delcripdon of theoe flo,u
    mcntio", picture. of (aptnr~d citie, and 'igm identifying the
    defe"ted en~mie,. J ,
    In keeping with the new Iymb"lism of . UWCt.cy, the later
    Roman emperor rod e >eated in a triumph . 1 vehicle worked w ith
    gold and decorated with jewell. Most d~scTiptiolls n~~ the
    tndition,l word eu,ro>, hut the relief of the Arch of Constantine
    (fig, !, p . 38) .nd Ammianus M~rcclli,,"S prove {h. t a fonr-
    w heeled vehicle , a (arpenl"m, waS now s{"ndard ,J2 Tradition
    expected th"t the emperors' rore vi,i{, to Rome be enliv~'1lcd by a
    few odd gClwre, or his civility. , living ,rch,;sm, hork enjng b"ck

    " Ammi,"", M,,,,]h"",, ' 0. ]0.0-'. Cluj.. I.~ J 7-": (;I.udi,,, . VI " " ' .. JO,-",
    Hirt . 'JJ .
    ,. Th;, ,«h"K.t ,,"on fo, ,h< ~"" v.l"" ,,,.<I,,d <0 r",pk '" 1'<'.00, of m<monid
    dowlopn,,", i , of,," m'«loohd . II mu" i,,,., Ix", '" obv,,,", '" ,h, ,,"yd.y
    '~I'<n<"« on", ,n';qu< n,",1'ho< "m"mp"""<> mdy ",f" <0 iI: C. IllOO<>lU',
    v .,i... '. ',>, <d . A. Fndh. eel., \III ('91l) . )0.')-'0 .
    " XII,.,. .. ,. (0). ", ,. Mynm'. " ' " ,_ , ,nd '" . ' . , H• .'" N""i",. Xllp"",, '('0 ).
    "'"'1'<"
    1'. J, My"o'l, '67.7 - i . cr. ,0<: ,ok of ,I>< I><,J ;n lh" ob"'''''IK<I of A.D.
    ,)3.
    " P,n'"" XII ,.,... , ("I. <7. ). M)·non. ]10.' -7 . Cf 'h, d<",,,p"o,, of ,ueh flo", on
    Amb",,,, of M;lo"', oompu;",n of Ch,;,, ', ,·i...I,,,,. '". "'""'1,1,,1 r",£<<<Oon,
    Ex,.,;/" " .., <Ii, ",,""d"," Lu""", .o. '(0)-". ,d. M. Ad"""n, eCL. ' •.• ('9j7) .
    J.,6 , IO)~ In '0)<, b." d .... , "'"'0"' ...·Ii,·"'·o j" J;;-' ( ~d , ;"" , p. v, j) .
    " "mm"nm M",d l;"",. )0. '0. 6. CI,,". ,.! 1.'0-'" Cl"",,, ",, VI """.. I" ,od j7".
    Dirt, 'J' ,"d 'JJ' P'Ud<;nlOU', C""", SY'"'""'~"'"'" n'. C"nn;ngh.m. ,)6. 0.,
    'mp<,;01 .,hKh .f< W, W,"", 'DK RdiGuKnpro",,;on ,uf <1<, Elf<nh<in"f,,1 <1<,
    Trl<", Uo",,,,h ...,,, u..! d" ~ .. ,. ,]j,b" Hof",,,,,,,,,,,,II', T,;"" Z<i'''"'if'P'
    C"d'K~" • ...1 K""" . " hi"" L,"J" . ., (1\>791. T) l-j '. I",,, ,,0--7·
    Vicrory a"d lalH Roman p"bli( lif~

    to the d.y. of the fir!! citilen. lJ Even Const.ntios, wholc rigid


    hier. tic P0!!llrC ,hroughout ,hc patad<' has become pr.C(ic.lIy •
    MpoS <lmong modcm wrilcrs on thc founh-cclllory monarchy.
    condclcendcd to throw mme crumb! of consider<ltion to the
    Roman crowd during the game!.'" Theodmim [ .(lUally step-
    ped down from hi, c.rri' ge .nd w.lked • w' y'. Th~nb to <I
    contemporary exegcsi, of thi, ,ymoolic ge'ture, we know Ihal il
    was mc.nt to convey to onlookers Theodmiol' m.nery of a
    contemporny ide.l: Ihc emperor triomph. in hi. penon.l. ethic,,[
    conduc, '" much •• in hi. miliury pr.Clice. l • A sim ila r conslruc-
    tion w.s pbced on HOtloriu.' tre<ltment of the Sen"tc during his
    p" . dc. 36 Clc"rly. contcmporary wilnesses pinlled more and
    morC signific. nce on mch ccremoni.[ det.il., eyen ., they bec.me
    ruer .nd r.H<·r.
    The triumphal pnade h.lted in Ihe Forum Romanum . !loth
    Constantio, .nd Thcodmius p. id hom.gc 10 Ihe city', tradilion.
    by "ddrc"ing Ihe Sen<lte first. in the Cur; • . "nd then spe" kitlg to"
    widcr "ssembly of Ihc people from the rOjlra.'7 [n 403-4,
    Honorio, ",cms only to h.ve ,po ken from Ihe ra,lTa, depriving the
    Senale o( Ihe priv.lc address lradition.lly delivered hy e"rlicr
    emperor •.'" If the swdling of ",n"lOri.1 r"nb in the [ate fourth
    century combillcd with Ihe ,m<ll) s i~c oflhe Curi" ,"otion .g.imt
    re"dins 100 much into this dcp"rwre (rom cmtom, .nOlher
    innoY,lion .hows why il h"d become ncec".ry 10 ritu .. lizc even
    the emperor' , rare dcmomtr. liom of civility.'" The Arch of
    Con!untine's relicf of the address ftorn Ihe Tribuna l depicl' "n
    ereCt emperor, delivering his h"r .. ngue on his fcct. A century !otero

    " Cf. S,,,ub. 1/",,,.,,,,s,..I. pp. 'i71f. ,nd M"Cm"''' •• A" <lnIi "'''''''''1. p. p.
    ,.Amm .. "u, M ..,dhnu, . ' ". <". ') _ <• . n ..l. d" .I1-Ul.
    " p,,,,u'. XII ...... ' I,,). ".). M)·nQr!. "O."- ~.
    " Sec .1>0'<. n. n
    " "'-mm"n"' M"""II ;nu,. 16. 10. 'j. C],". <.1".' J: ',d""u'u, ",,!HI,""m In ru"'.
    populumqu< <c, tri"m.h· . P""u'. XII .... .. l. lu). '7. j. Myno". ",0.6.
    Con",",ilt •• dd""cd Ill< Sen'l< i. '"".' .... , il " not dm ifh< did",,, pm oflh<
    triumph. 1p",d<: XII p... .. " 191. '0. '-'. Myltof>. ' ! J . ,~-,o : <f. ,Il< f<lkf<<f<md
    101><10",. n. ,o.
    " Cl,ud;,n. VI " ''' .• \17-9 •. Bin. 'J6.
    " Ot, ,h. 'ncre.", of 'h, "'" of I.. s.rn .., " Rom,. "'-.H .M. )0"",. 1M t..", R... _
    E"'J"": • ",,;,1. ...", ..i, • ... "",;";,,,..i,,, ,., ... ,. , {Norm , n. '9'l.I. 1'7. whm II><
    " " i. ",,,"'>ltd,, .omp ... bl. ,,, ,Iu, "fC"",untmopk. ' .'. ca. ' .000 m<ml><n. On
    II>< CUrti : Plomrr-A>hby. IAt""""'1. pp . "Jff.

    ""
    the ,y mbolism of JUlOera c)' had so prof:ressed that when
    Honorim 'poke to th e nobil ity of Romc from the ,arne 'POI, he
    rem~ined rn"jc«icaliy "'~ted in >. " ivory throne. 4n
    The prominence uf the Capitoline ,acrifices in the triumph
    ceremonie, down to 3 tl >.nd thc mutcneSS of the source, h. ve led
    to • general comemus among .ehol:l" th:lt Const.n tine .voided
    thi, p. g.n religiou, .ct .nd [hereb)' in:l ugur:lted:l new er. in the
    public crre molli", of the Rom.n <tate. In fact, one of the most
    striking fe.ture. of.lI the .ccounts of victory celebr;u ions held .t
    Rom,' i~ their rcJi"ioos neutr.hty, a trend which, for the later
    dCC:lde, of the fuurth "'nmry at lea.{, i, at odd, with develop ments
    outside the ancien t c~ pit. l. The religious ~m biguit y of victory
    cdebr.lion, at Rome i, • ,ign iflCant .. pect of the emergence of
    Christi.n rim.l, of victory, .nd de'erve, del:li lcd comideration.4'
    After [he em pemr ', .ddress , the la,t leg of the par. de took
    place, The rul er was e,cuned aloog the Via s.cra and into the
    p.lace, to the applause and acclamatium of onloo kers," [n J Il,
    the emperor wore the milit.ry ",rvice outfit (fig, I); ncarly a
    centur y lo ter, thc emperor donned. triumph . l trab,~, ,, co,tume
    which wos equ.lly .ppmpri" tc 10 the occ.,ion', triumph.1 and
    co mul", char. net. · J It h nO! clcu whether the distributions of
    large" :llIc'ted in 3 12 and 3~9 an d imcm ionaHy foregone in 40J-4
    were specifi",ny connected with the victory observances," At
    . ny r.tt , the fCltivit ie, cominued with ,how, .nd 'p~clac1c, in the
    circm, ;.t whi ch the victuriuuI emperur himself presided, 4. An of

    ., !11m","" l 'O""S< - voo '''''''0, B,I',,",",,*, pI. t,,, cf. di",u,,;"o. pp . l!o/f.
    C ... ..J"n. VI .... L. J'J-')6. !Ii". ' J 6. Thi, <v i""n"" tend, to <onfi,m C.m<too ',
    . n'!rw, of [he ",, [ud< of CL...Ji.n ."J S,iio<ho tow"d ,h< s<".,,, CI..di.",
    pp . r ,yff.
    ., S<e I><low. ",',"uo •.
    •' U ...d"n. VI "", ., 00, ' '0, "'tl, 'J~ ]; d , ,Xli 1"'" .. " (91, '9, J, M y"'y", ,Iq-·"
    "',"m"nY , Mm.t1 inm, '0 , 10, 'J, C b,'< , <.16,11-,6,
    ., Fo' J ,-" d . L ' O"o~< von ,,..,1;.0 , 8,ld"",,,",It, pp , ;, - 1. cr, CI.HlJ .. ", VI ..", ..
    16,-" B,,,, ' IJ, 0" the " ..... " '""'plt. I;,. , 00 ..' , eh " . n . ,06 .
    •• fo' J!' , C om. er l'''"', ., JI9, MQm,""n. '<1; M...,cllinu, Co m" . •. J89,
    Mnmm",,, , 0,. '. -, J' (f I! fC, 9, [ P , "0, " '0 . ."d FP. , ,,-, J, fo, ruin'g' I""'ibty
    (",,,,,,,,,d wtt k ,I>< ""'~, .""",, l''''
    ,10, Omi"io" o(l"gm in .0 J - .' Cl,udi. n. VI
    , ,," <..oo J '''. Bi", 'lo - 7; cf, C,"''''''', C I""'i.... pp. J8' - l . Th, d i" ,ibu,;"" of
    ]"g'" i, d' pimd on ,~ < " ,,10 of C""",,,,,",': l ' O"n~' - ."" "",bo. Bil.hlt,"",k,
    pI. '" , r, (omoo . I'P !~ If.
    ., , ,,. xII r'" .. "I~J,~. r" M ynu", '",, " - lo; J J7' Ammi.nu, M. "dlinm. ,6. 10.
    Viaory a,,,] IOft r Roman p'Jblir lift

    the ccrcmonics were important enough to receive lasting con]-


    m~mor'ltion in monumenul fo rm : the Arch of Constant inc. the
    Obelisk of the Circus Maximu •• ,Utue. to the Exlinr/or lyratmO"'1II
    and, for Hon orius, the rai,ing of the last triumph al ar,h in Roman
    history.""
    Comparison of the cuntent of fourth-eemury victory cele_
    brations at Rom e with tho"" of the principatc rC"eals fundJ-
    ment al continuity coupled with highly ,ignificant innuvation.
    Many major element' of the ce remony of A.D, 71 ore indeed
    present: a ceremonial entry and welcome, a victory parade. games
    and commemoI1tive monument •. Th e f. ct that fourth- century
    triumphal por.d~, "ppcu to have unfolded in approxim.tely the
    same urban the.ter and followed roughly the same itiner.ry muS!
    have been. powerful factor working for "'perflei"l contim,ity,
    In it. flexible !Cheduling and combination with other ritu. l ob"-'r-
    vances, however. the /ate .ntique ceremony showed it> indehted_
    ness to the third century, Its unique ,h",,,etn i, now un dn!oCored
    by three m.in developments. The late . ntique ceremony .ccen-
    tuated imperial maje.ry, Now the triumphator entered Itome
    .~" ted; by 404 he addressed the city's elite from the s.me pmturc.
    Th~ g.p between ruler ,md ruled wa, now so wide that even
    or
    imperial displays civil ity we re becoming ritu.li~ed .nd mged,
    Secondly, the ceremony's milituy character had become more
    pronounced. Due to the fusion of the empero r's ceremonial entty
    or adVtnlU. with the triumphal puade, the ceremony no longer
    began in the Camp", Marrius area. but at " greater di~tance from
    the city. where Senate and people welcomed the ruler. Gone was
    the distinction betw een the ,pecifically military and civil ph""" of
    the ceremony. sy mboli~ed by the emperor's dress and symbolic
    gestures. Th e whole puadc had now t.ken on a mOre miliury
    character. in keeping with the progressive milituizat;on of society
    at work in the fourth century. 1"'t as the ceremony began in "
    different way . nd in" different pla ce. so the topographi,,1 clim ax
    of the parade shifted sl ightly to the Em, In the third ch" r.cteristic
    development, the proccssion .kirted the Capitol, ignored the

    '1-14. CI"I;, 1. ! 6,,6-'Q' no mfo.m,,;"', fo. I'" 40)- 4. CI."~"n , 1'/ '''''' ,.
    "" - )0. II;". >17- ' ,
    .. Cf .1>0.< , Ch , >. nn. ,. '" ,>, .nd 6<). On 11""".;", mh , d , ''''' b<lo .... nn, 16 ! -~.
    Temple ofJupitcr ;md \toppet.! .. t tht' forum, th~reby enh~t\Cing
    the ceremony', religious ~ mbiguity_ While the l:Irgely p~gln
    Scn~tc endured the :lbandonmcm of the imperi al .. crifiee to
    Jupiter, the deci,ion to make thc Curia the nCv.' fuc.. 1 point uf the
    celebration cou 1<1 onl y ha v,' c:lrc,sed ICnatorial "'If-.wnme,, :lnd
    help ward off ICn:ltorial di,affection with the new onkr, The new
    import:lncc of the n'rl'mony', ",n:ltori.l , uge cohere, well with
    the policy ofCon, t.mine I :l nd hi, ,ucce"or. tow:lrd [he imperi.1
    Sen.!c.·'

    3. tMPERIAL VICTORY RITUALS: NON-ROMAN hV!IJE N C~

    Thanh to the detail of their ,k,aiptions and their f.mili.rity to


    scholars, the four great ceremonies at Rome have dominated the
    modern image of victury ,-clebr;lliui15 in Ih" fourth and f,fth
    centurie,." Yet they con'titute Ie" than. <joarter of the tut.l
    number of celebT:ltiom ""curely . ttl"ted in this period. D,'vciup-
    men!! outside the anciell! city', [.. dition_bo und . tmosphcre
    ptovid~ cumplemcntHY ;",ight int" the ceremony'. evolution in
    the fourth century,
    There is .orne evidence lU "'ggt'St th.! the triumph.l entry
    rem,ined the 111m! olil,t, l1dil1g facet of imperi , l victory cele-
    brations in several other perfortlllnCeS. For en'"pic, ,he 'p,rse
    l1oticc, relativ<' lU th,' ob,crvJnccs of Constantim II :I t Sitmium
    :ll1d Th~odmiu, I.t Com':lntinoplc in 3M hint that th e triumph.l
    entry domin , ted tho", occ"io",·~ The triumph , l p:lr>de on the
    Louvre dTlwing (fiB" 2-5, PI'. 52-S) provides concordant
    evidence. But the bulk of ,urviving testirnuny points to, growil1g
    tendency in :lnothcr direction .
    As early a! ConsUntille'~ (,rst victory celebrations in hi,
    []or,b~rt1 c~pit~l ofT,;"r, j, w:l< d,~ vj~tory 'p"et~d~, "~ged in the
    :Irena thlt captured the attention of p~negyrist .nd chronicler
    ,li ke. Several time' ea rly in hi, reign, COllSt.ntil1c used b",b'lTian
    ,~pti ves for gLldi.tori,,1 g~mc' which fe.tured a pu"de of captive~
    into the aren. rather than the triumph.l march through the

    " MT w . 'unM"n. ''""If


    n.. ,.."",,,;. 1""""''''T '" ,h< 1m, Ro",., IUdo,d , '9"1')'
    1f
    PP · 09 _
    .. Tho< K"lIw'''. PI,,,, •. Fp. OJ - j; d_ M"Cmm" k, A"..,J "''''''"1. pp_5Jtf.
    , . Abo,·<, Cio. ' ,pp, ~l .nd oJ ,
    apita!'. strcc(I.'" That. ,imiln celebr.tion would h,,'c b~~n
    conceiv.ble in mid-century G.ul i, implied by Lib.nius ' pr2ise of
    Juli.n', dcci,ion to forego the plc'lIure of di.playing • prmtratc
    b. rb.ria" kin g to th~ vcry citizem he h.d once men.ced." In thc
    ""cond h. lf of the century, victory celebr.tiom in the emperor',
    .bsence m. nife,t ly hinged on sporting extuv.ganus, According
    to Th emi,ti!!" every victory bulletin arriving in New Rome w.s
    hcr.lded with r.ccl," In the WClt, Symmachul organized. morc
    tradition.) gl.di.tOri.1 ~how .. nd par.de of c.pd ves for " victory of
    V.lentini.n IL" The vcr)' f.ct th . t Comt.ntius r.ised • victory
    monument in th e Circus M.ximU I ,how. th .. " even in the ancient
    capit.I , it w.s impossible to remain insensitive to th" creeping
    ."imiiation of imperi.l military victory .nd the cult of 'poning
    success. To judge by the sccnes ofb.rbHi.n ,ubmission portuyed
    on the base of the Thcodol;.n Obeliik and a reference to circus
    celcbr:ltiom in conncction with the Gain '" affair, the triumph.l
    entry must h.vc been experiencing ",rious competition from
    triumph . 1 circus spe<: ude. by the dOle of the fourth century, ' "
    ConstOlntinople prcserved .nd strengthened thi, devdopment
    by luging race, ."d. theater 'pccucle for weStern victones in 41 5
    .nd 4J6 ," It i, thn~forc no surprise to find the eastern c.ndid.tes
    for the we,tern throne celebrating their victory with. pnadc in
    the circus, only ten yc . " I.ter. S6 For the ncxt two ccnturics, the
    Hippodrome would be ,he centul scene of ne,,,ly .11 secul.r
    celebration! of imperi.1 victory. Doe' ,his signify ,h .. , ,he new
    kind of circus victory cckbrotion e"tircly Il.Ippl~nted the old
    triumph al cntry? Onc recent study h.s suggestcd th.t, in the f,fth
    century, the imperi~l aJvfnlus temporari ly dis.ppe.. red from ,he
    custOlIlS ofthc court at Consmninople, due to the rcsidencc ofthc
    ~ mpcro" in th. t city .nd their f.. iiure {o particip.te in c. m~
    paign,.S1 Bm the argument from .ilcncc is a dangerou~ one,

    " Abo." Cn. ' , pp. jMf. ,. l,b, ",""o. .. ' ! , 66. F",,,«,, '.'6','$-,3.
    " TI><,"",'" '' 0. .. " 'i.<h,,, kl-l)o,.-n<y. I.i,-,,-).
    " Symm"h u,. R,I , <7. " s..,.,.-k, l ' P7- J '6 .•.
    .. On to. O bd;" rdi<h, G. l\run" Ob<1;,'. pp. ,off,,., , C"b", L',",,,,,,", J,., r..,
    ' Y'''''''",
    p. OJ ; W"J<. ' £ni(~,""~' , p. '\17; hn'pi"' . 0. """.";', fg . 7', 80; __
    "., in, h",p" .'''''';'' 4.\'6.0<>-97 ·'·
    " Ab.", . Ch, 0, pp . J~ff. Cf. b<low, >ee'"", 5· .. ,0, 00"<, Ch. ', p. W- "<>·
    " M ,,(;or m,, ' . 1I".nJ """".1. p. M ,
    Non -Roman rvid",u

    p;uticularly in cr.s.s pour ill dct_ilcd record, as the fifth century,


    ~nd a cogent case Gill be made fur the survival of the imperial
    adv~nllls ceremony, ~ ' We connot thnefore be confident th>t the
    triumphal entry entirely di,appe.rcd from the Con"antinopoliun
    hi,curic.l experience until Justini.n·, triumph uf 559. If it did
    survive. huwn'n. its significance w.u edip,ed by the more
    pupular celebr.tions staged in conjunction with great sporting
    event" One pOisiblc motive for thi, shift in empha.is was the
    d"dine in drama inherem to a situation in which the emperor
    routinely ent ered 'Illd left hi, npital (or holidays, but never
    accumpanied the army to the frontier.'"
    How can this transform .tion of the setting of the imperial
    victu ry fe'tival he explained? If the purpoK uf all imperial
    cercmoni.. 1 w~s ultimatcly to project a eenain inuge of the
    monarchy. it followed th>t the be" 'tage fur such projection
    would be the one mo,! likely to affect significant KctUTO uf the
    populatiun , As the stupendous growth of American football',
    popularity anclt, in our own time. t. ste, in ,peetator sport.
    change. Such a chang" appears to have bc-.:n " t work precisely in

    " 0,,,, '"0"" . 1I<g<d fu, ,h, ,,,,,,,u,,y', J, ... PI"''' ....,. i. thot 'E.",," ""1"""" of th<
    !;,ih «"'"'V""IV Ht C"m""tinopk· . Whil< i, i, lfu< 'h,' <mp«o" "OW "o;d,d
    oi "" p",j<'p"ion ,,, 'nili"'r ," "'p"g'" . no I"ng '"un through ,h< pro.i""" it
    """", b< fu'~o",,, til" ,he . ;II,P1;"'"" li« -" Vl< of Rom,n >o<;",V {<.g. J.P. v .D.
    1I. I.don, Lif' "". /,;,." ;. _;"" Ro_ (Now Yo,k, ,,,,,,j, pp, 19<i1f) ",,,,,,Iy
    ' Of';V," .mOOK Coo"'o';""r l,', <lit<, .. i. ,vjdC"ceJ by ,he dc,dopmcn' .nd fro-
    q""n'''ioo "h"b" ,b,n p,t.~, J.n'o, Cpl' hy~ .. pp. ,)'ff TI>< ",<,,~th of the I.,.
    I><t... "" ""1"'".1 P"'oo '"0 ''''p'".1 "']00'"' '" th< .ub",b, " .bowo bV tl><
    ",m.n'''' ,j"ft ",h,d, ,,·comp.ni<J ,I.. '0"1"'''" of lotio P'''''''''' ioto I, .. G,,<k,
    whm;t moon, ""'l""ri.1 "'p ",,"i<le tl>< ",.th · or ',i tk~g,,""", Cf, G. W ,H. l.ml"',
    111'""",-, C",I<I"xi,,,,, (O,fo,d , ,,," , j , p, " I) , .,v. K.,ou.aoc. to wh..-h ""'que
    . " "t,,;,," ""). I>< .JJ,d • m", uf "" """""'. indud,ng C/""". p''' •.' IIonn,
    7O' . [0-t! , t6-,". ',.-'" V". l)""",I" " ri""" (~J/C. " .). jj.nd oJ .• d, [I,
    tkkh. y<, /L, ,oj"" "1 /;"', ~ub. ;oj, h,~,og "r"i", " (11,",,,,11, '9') ), J<-I9 .no
    6,.,,, E",,,,,;",, V", b,I"'" (BflG, 0H). " .no M. /'G. 16,1)Ot(.' .lId 'H9A:
    G<",~e. V;" TN",,,,; .1.,... ,,,, {BI/G, t"I) , -n, F<""I;<<<, 19. I _ I ; of. n..nph ..".,
    ".M . Ii •• o. 1-:>< )10"' . • 71 7- ! , "', P""" ul.,ly "o,," oflhy ;. ,I.. .pp."~' Groci""
    uf Mmd Ji"", Come, . • , \0'/ ",J j',. Mo",,,, ...,, 97, t -1 "' ~ 93 ,., ' i" proc",ibu,·.
    f,," 111, ««000'''' I <"""" by ''''I''"'ot' • r< ",II menoJ " Co",,, m;nop k in the f, n '
    h. lf of ,h< f.f,h C<"'U'1' >« <, ~ , h<lo"'. Ch, J, lI, too. 'I'h .. ,hey"'", qu,,, f,mili" <0
    ,h " wy', f."hful" md,c",J by ,I>< p."",," P'od",' «f«e"" '0 .h, ' <r<mooy.
    11"• •/" 9. , , (CI'G ''''''), I'G, OJ ,]1.il - 716D.
    ,. "too". Ch, 1, t'- " .
    Vicroly .Md I.m R",na1l p"bli[ lif'

    the fourth .nd fifth centuries, when the e. stern region! of the
    empi re became increasingly enamored of Rom.n-style chariot
    r.cel,M In one !Cnse, then , the shift in the oetting of victory
    celebration! corresponded to an effort to capit.lize on develop-
    ments in popular ,porting Uste" These developments mu st have
    been d e.rly recognized and seized upon, for the trend of ,-inory
    celebrations to co. lesce with great sporting event. form, bur •
    'pecif, c instance of . mou general tendency to focus imperi.l
    display on the circus, This trend could only have been reinfom,d
    by the security problems genc r. ted by ' igniflC ant org. nized
    movements through [he "rcets of. capit,1 increasingly rife with
    riot,· ' From this point of view, tuu, the circus offered de ..
    • dvantages, While the size of the lradium and the pupula rit y of the
    bait en,ur ed • la rge .udience for impe ri.l display, its architcctur.l
    co nfiguration favored 'crowd control', if th at is the proper term
    for the kind of m. "acre .tte,ted during the Nih revolt,
    Moreover, th e streng th and si tu :u inn of the im peri. 1 kmhisnr.
    gu.ranteed the scc urity of the emperor during the ,hows Jnd
    provided a .. fc esc.pe rome into the Gre.. l'ala cc,6' II is [hu, '10'
    mrprising th at even .5 solemn an act .5 the investitu re of m'w
    emperor, ,hifted to Constantinople's Hippodrom e in the oecon d
    half of the fifth century,·' So too act, of obvious political imp. ct,
    like the burning oftn regi,{ers under An a.usius LO. By the next
    century, the imperi.l offici.l in charge of cer~monies could
    COntrast the modern form of imperi.l invcstiture, prev ,lent since
    the 'inv ention' of imperial circus rituals, with the '.ncient· nne, in
    usc down to th e m id dle of the fifth cenlUry,60 H, nd in h.nd with

    .. Th. , II, u.meroo, Ci"., F""i..,,_ 81... , ,"J e",", " R.- ""J BT~'.'i'" IOxfota,
    '976). PP_.16- 11 , " ,"mOllg" "uoy Qfth< 1.«: .n'",!"" ",,", i< . p"""'g M<d,
    " T"u' A""",i",;, r<f'Ort<d to h,,< ,,<,,<d pr<"<kn' by o,d«inB ,h, Ci'Y l'"f", to
    p."icrp'«:;" .ll p«><""",,', in ord .. to en,"" pubt;., o,d" .nd h" uwn .. r<ly :
    Th,odore r."""r. H. , _, 41>9, H . n1<tl . '19 , ,6 - '9; ,f, The<lph..,<">. A_M _ l !ffll, tk
    Boor . ')0,' - 4_
    " On th, .. "p<<<> of ,h, K" ",,m •. fl., Guilt'nO . T'I"'l '_' '. 407_
    " On impt,i'! <oron""",, ,n th< Hippo<l",m< fmm <7 J "n : T " i ti"~", 0,,,,,,,,,, ...
    PP, , (Jo/[
    .. C,,,,,,,,,", Ci,,'" p _ r71-
    . , Co",,,",;", V!l PQ'ph)-"'i'ni'" '. 0.. C,,_, t , 91, boon, ,1 7,7---<J: ~.I ,,~'" [j" ,
    ""Woo 0./",,,",)~ ~Pl,,6.>t<., ,..;, Jt j~,,<>tj3 ~ ul i . ~ I.","'i' ,<Ie """1'''",0''''''
    11 .. ~9a,- Tni, '"'"''' " . Imo" <m.;nly dU"'n (,om' I"" to,,,;,,, by Pet<r ,he
    P,,," .. " : ~" j n, /10"-£'","",',7>1 wi,h n_ j_
    the new emph~si l
    on circul ,dehr.tiom, it fu, been sugg ested, the
    imperi~1 government inere.singly .ssumed the expense, of run-
    ning the circus .nd it, Ihowl,·6[( is deor .• t .n y ute, th.t in the
    ,i xth century . • nd p<:rh. ps.s e. rly .. th~ fifth, circus personnel
    a"umed direct responsibility for the dt!>il, of rnan.ging Imperial
    victory ,how, . Little wonder th. t. ,ixth_century , t"'tegic thinker
    could justify this group', positive cont ribution to society on
    pr~dscly the,e ground,,·]
    In the " b,ence of limpid . nd det . iled cvidenee, it i, not e.. y to
    give" thorough .ccount of till' contmt of the victory celebrations
    which were now occurring in th~ imperi. l circm; it i,. however,
    po"iblc to piece together the main line. of wh~t mUSt h,,,,, been
    th eir moot common dements , In a oc'n..:, .ny circu, event in the
    emp<:ror', presence cnt.iled 10"'C non-.pecif,c reiterotion of
    victory ideology, thanks to the nbi'l"iton, char.ncr of that
    idcology, Any ,pect.clc m.ged befure the emperor would
    n>lurolly h.vc begun with .n occl.",. tion of grecti"g to the
    prince,·' A co mmon gr eeting li kc ·M.y you conquer, 0
    Augustus" .pt! y set the ,t.ge for " di ' pl. y of imperi,,1 victoriou'-
    """,69 In the first century uf the Chri,ti.n empire, militory drill,
    ."d eve" muck battles f,.turing" ",Idier" ",lute to the emperur
    . ppe., to h. vc b~e" popul",.1" L.u in the ,ixth ccntury, Tiberim

    •• Thu, C.m«on , Ci"", pp. "71f. No< . 11 ,.., <",J"",


    poi .. " m .I" "m, di",,,x,,,
    .,..j ,~< probkm «qu; ,,, 'u"I ... "ud )" , f j. G,,,",, ,, , 'l" ,m';' """", d<
    I'H ;pp",hom< w ~~1r« by"'''in' . B,II"", "' I' 1"",,",/,,"(.,, ..""'i.loK" " ,,",,1•.
    1" ('976). '!J-"' .
    • , "'nonym", Ily"n',"u" 1. 'l, Ki>chl )' .,..j R i,;""w. l •. Thm ""p"",;b;h ,y " ." Iy
    .. <>J m,y b< ",["",d ' ,om P,o<op iu, ,&,,""< '0 ,0< 'o'm<o " i o~iCl.~ ' ''' ,0<
    .kf.",d U' "'p'" John by ,.""O'
    p<nor,,><I(up:l fW'~~O ~~~,.~") , ,f<h ...11",,0" "
    "'" b.>«i nn.n .n och rOr""K ,,,,,,np,i on, /kll,, !, ), 9. H,ury, ,,)'0,7--<) .
    .. Thu. ell"d .. ", VI '''"'" OU- <7 , Ui(t, '1'. V<o"i<k, '" ...1, , .. mpt, .
    •• Th< boon « . mpl< i, ;" '"', f"noo, 'Ci,," , J"tu~"" p"" " ',d in n...,pt" ..... ... .M.
    110'4. ll< I!oor, '!"H-'~ P, ho" 'SUo On ,ho ph",,, ;,,,,If, "" C.m<",n ,
    Porph";.,, pp. 77--<) 'Hd "I .
    " CI,udi,n. VI,,,,, , .• 6"-)9, Ili", 2\7-! " ,d V'g"'UI, fir" .. 1, 'J , l . n ~, j7 .J-' . On
    ,ho ~."""I "m, .. a uf ""u, 'f'«"'""«< 1. f, i, dl,ml" in J M.. ~u .. d', R,,,,iKM
    S,,,,,,.,..,,,.I'""~ j.
    I,d , dn {n .. m" .dt , ' !~jl . )0<1f Ph . Kouk"" I<" Il",,,''''''"''
    Illoc ,~I 'Q';:"'~ji"'.. > {"',hom, '9<9), 71f. R. Guitl. od, ,t,""" '"' I'H ;pp<:>d mm< <k
    B"'nc<, Vt, U, '1'<,,,<",, <k I'Ihppo~mm" . 8S, ' 7 {'<,>66). ,i9-)01 •• nd O.
    1""l ""U, (;Ii ''''''''''01; ;, S. C;o. ,,"", (;'i",,",", . P,,!.",,;,,,,, • G,;" i.." i.....
    A",,,,,hi., (;''''''''""1'''1, ",I IV ,,,,, I. , 0,",,,,,10. , ~ ,i" i . n' , ", k«>, '0' (Rom"
    '970).
    Victory and Ialer Roman public lift

    ~nd M ~u riee reminded the pupul.ce of Con.c~ntinoplc of past


    victories over ,he Persians by beginning ~11 circm show s with a
    p~udc of ekph.,,( s capmred in rh,> E~,,: th e ~~Jt. were d,iven
    into the Hippudrome ~nd up to the imperill box, where,like ~ny
    vanqui.hed barbarian, rhcy stopped and buwed to the emperor_
    Thcn ,hey made the sign of the ero", with their trunks. After thei,
    p<'Tform~nce, the empe ror rewarded them with. pte",na ~nd th.ey
    left ,he Hcna, ha ving reminded the audience of past imperial
    victories and confi rmed their late ~ntique belief in pachyderm
    intelligence _7 \
    Shows speciCIC.lly rdated to imperi al vietori e., or events
    co"'trued as su ch, included off,hoot. of the f"lula of the triumphal
    p. r"de. Onc occurred during the obseryances marking the defc~t
    of Gaina" when J City Prdect a"embled in the middle of the
    st~dium ~ lot of tablets showing fleeing barbarian, with a hand
    appearing out of the cloud., To n10ke the me"age perfectly clear,
    the pictures included legend. like 'The h.nd of God driving away
    the h>.rb.ri.n, ' or' P. ",I,.,i. n, fleeing God'. In the eyes of a pagan
    like Eun.pius such. spectacle <kprived the emperors ,md soldier.
    uftheir due and was •• stupid as it w . , vltlg''', But then th ere is no
    re.SOn tu think of Eunapius~, a typical racing fan,n
    General probability and medieval custom suggcst th~t the
    politic:!l dement of sporting extr . v"g~nz~' pr~c~d~d the actu~l
    race, themselves, for why woold ardent C. no h. ng ~round when
    the .ction w.s over?" Perhaps moSt commonly, the victory .how
    took the form uf a p:!rade. Somctim~"l the specr"de merely
    entailed transferring a street spectacle to the arena, as for example
    in ,p~ when the brutal parade of infamy .nd mutilation were
    inflicted on the usurper John, in the circus at Aquilcia ," Of the
    various por.de, displaying captive', some m.y h.ve been derived
    from the gladiators' cortege uf antiquity, as in founh-ccntury
    victory shows, while uthers evol vcd OUt of the thurn pha) parade
    md included a curtege of live rebel leaders or heads on pules , along

    " Joh" of f.ph<,", . H " .. J, ' . " , ,,_ B",ob, ' • .1- ' J_ Fm ,o. I" •• ",;~"" b<lkf;n
    '''ph.,.,,. ""dli~<t>«; c""K><\o"". V"'i .... '0, jQ. J . hKlh , .'H)-.'].]"
    " Eu"'piu" Dt ",,,",i;). [g, 7>. &',,,,•• in. Ey,,,p" Io",,,~, . _"",.20-97_' . 0" th,
    pwb" m, p'""J by ,hi> '''~"'''. bdow, n_ .,.., .
    • , Til< mro ;evot <"" om" elm f,om Dt "'.. '. '0, Eloon, ~., .• - " .
    " 1\00'<. C h_ '. p. )9-00,
    {VoM-Roma" ,vide""

    with displays ofbooty.H Captive enemy k.dcn would be driven


    to the feet of the emperor, who W ;l~ enthron ed in the imperial box.
    They wou ld be forced to pro,ture th~'melv~. befme the
    ,·ictorio,,! ruler ,,,,d. whete mch an act w.s . ppropnate, ritu.lly
    stripped of their imignia. 76 If the slory is reliable, Honorius m.y
    well h.vc titu.lly tr.mplcd the v.nquished usurper Att.lus during
    m(h • spcct.cle.n A t any .. te, C.ssiodorus w.s (.miliar with this
    g~ stucc and a,so~i.t~d it with victory ,how. in ,he ci rcus. 70
    Whatever symbolic ge,rurc! of victo ry . "d defe.t m.y h.ve been
    in use in the Hippod rome, they must of necessity h. vc been highl y
    visible ."d co'y to gr.sp. even from a di,t.nce, in th e .bsence of
    modern means of communic.tion and explanation such .s .te
    fou"d in today', .radium!.
    Wbt w;>s the otigin of this ri'ualized pre.cntation of a defeated
    enemy leader to the supreme comm.nder of the Roman empire?
    After ;I victory and c.ptute of enemy le.ders, it had been •
    common custom in the urny to present them to the victorious
    emperor. ,t."ding Or ,cated on ;> throne on ;I tribunal. in the
    presenc, of the troop •. When the captive h.d .ttempted usurp.-
    tion.ll<" w.s ritt"'lly stripped of hi. imperial insignia before being
    forced to perform the pW$k rn~lj$ to the victorious prince. It is
    qui" likely th.t the army supplkd the model for the ."arogous rite
    in cire", victory specucks. 79

    " T.., ph",in~ of XII r-.. Il 19i . 2). J . Myn"". ,17 .,6-,11 .6 '"gg<'" 'h, inft"'n«
    "f,It< gl,di"mi,1 pm<k which up<n,d ,",h wn""" ,f <.g .• G. L,f,)·,. ·Gl.di".,..·.
    1M. ... , . 2... i "\)OIi. ,,0, w . h,,, • ,",if Pm ,It< pmd, of "p'i." 0. "btl, "', d,.
    ><" ,lot f,f'h_ . "d""h.«",u" 'p«"tko "totd,d fo, <'.<"0./"'''''''"'
    .ndJ""h,i, n.
    ,00,·,. Ch . 1.
    " Pm,i.". A n4"oU .• '71-1. Il"h,,,,,. '70: ·Iptt loc", . . .I" Otn,,,,, oculi, domi,otqu,
    'y,,"n"'i'"" p<do< " ,,''''' medii, ,;",n,ibm ,ct",; Procopim. &110. 4. 9. n.
    fh l"Y . '.4p .22 - , . 11.. , ,",h , 'p<,,,d, m,)· .I",dy h,v, r, ~m,d;" fou"h-;;<n'"'Y
    '·"tuo y «I,\>r""",,, j, ,"~~,,«d by lih,"i",· "lOn'''''' of J"Ii.1.·' ,,(u,,1 '0 (!"pI'Y
    Chn"""",,, K'''''O\"U to ,001< woo ,II< b.ub"ian had okspoilod; i",ud he I<nt him
    ,Ion~ '0 Con"'"';u, II , lib.",u,. Dr .. Il. 49. Po","",. '.'701.
    " ~ ,bu". Ch. 1. ot . 76.
    " em,""",",. v""j",. J. j'. I . h,dh. IJ4 .jj--J: ·Sptn. infdk,um "p"uo,um oort<m
    J,,"g''''. ub, d",,, 1I.0'","o<u", ,uP" Om" boo,i"m "nlotrb"", I.bo,um mo,"",
    g,uJ" ?<"'p<1"u ,,,· . in tlo< ,."",,< of h" d<.<rip'ion of ,II< eireu, .od tt. P"".
    " TIo, ,.:t"' of d>< P''''''''''''''' of . <>ptiv, 10 ,II< <mpelO' tt dt:pimd "" " ~"" on,
    d,''''-«"'"')" ""d,lI"", I(;.,,,di.o), f. (;.,,..,,1.,. 1 .....'1lj.~; '''.'0;. '- (Mil",. 1911).
    9'. w;,h pl . !OJ. 9. P"h.f" ,he he" k""w" ",".1 d,"mi,"" itt ,ho ("un" ,m,",y w ..
    '"" ","V,·, ,,,,i,, l>~ C""", ,,,i,,, II, S",n"'. 'I •.. '. 'I. I'G. <\7 .'16'<: So.o"'<n. H., .
    ViaolY aMd larer Rom.M publi, lif,

    An cnigm,aic !he~ter 'pccude ,u ged in COns!~ntinople to


    mark the defeat of AIIlius might h,,'e illuminated the circm
    .how., ",!",ciaHy .inc~ the lh~ . t er's influenc~ on Hippodrome
    production! hOiS recently been reemphOisized, ' o But nothin~ i!
    known of this spectacle's content, ex cept th.t it did not likely
    re,emble c1 ~,sic.1 d"m. which, by thil tim~, w.s . thing of(h~
    past." Thank! to (he fulminations of contemporary preachcr>, we
    c.n dimly perceive. continuing tr"dition of mim e .. nd pantu-
    Imme, with v.. i~ty ,hows or music, d.nc;ng . nd vorymg
    degrees of obscenity, "thcr .lollg thc lilles of modern bur Icsque or
    v,mdev ille, "2 Th.t classical (heater sometim e, reflected weightier
    politicli themes and recent 'n ews ' event! ;. well kn own, but that
    this tradition surdy continued into late antiqui[y is not common
    knowledge, U In f3ct, it is not imposliblc th3t Ihe m"dem notion
    of I.te Roman theater as a breeding ground for ",nm"l depran-
    tion .nd civil dinurb,,"ce is, to • luge degree, [he product of {he
    profelsion;ll deform.tion, of our ecdc.i~Slical , ouree., Beyond the
    gene"l improb.bility th" l burlc'qu~ revi ew. could h.ve wholly
    avoided a]lusiom to cOnlcmpor~ry ;nuitution., politic. and even
    nCwl evcnt!, there i, specific evidence ne~ rly contCmPOf3ry with
    Atulul defeat which ShOWI that soldi~rs , for e ){~mple , liked to
    stage skits ridiculing the impcri.1 COUrt during New Year revelries
    which were inspired hy contcmporory the" ter ,,,,d rec"lIed {he

    •• <. l-J, Ihd. •. , •.'-7-' Ji z""'" "~ Hiu . ..... >... ' j-'. P""houd "" " , - , I ·
    Oth<, ,,,mpk. of 'h, p" .. "",;on of "»<"''''V,k", ,,,J l'focoP'"'; Joh" of
    A""""h. D< ,",ilii" f~, 76, l>< lIoo" /ixwp" " ;~.,i". ,. ' ,~ . , _ 6. d. Phi lo"orgiU'.
    H ,t .. 9, j , IM«, , '!,' - j; '[he""""u, ,,'" M.. imu,.n<! Eus<n,u, s.x,."" H " , J ,
    I • . PC. 6;,600(; , nd J, 'J, 6JJ A; Sowm .... II.,., , . >• • ,. Did". J] 1.u- ,o;
    Zoo;"'"' , H;)t. _ ', <. , 6 , ' - j, P'1C~""d , • .'.J' PJ - l' j, '0; CI,w,'n, P""'Jr''-{ .'
    &. ",..". , .. ,.1". H .. ,,'i.II---<\, Dil<, 'Jj, m ,
    oo C.m,mn , C;"." pp, " ,If.
    " Th, ovid",,";' "v""v,d by t 1-"'- K<tly. 'T,,&<dy . od ,he po,lo,m,n« 01 "'g,dy m
    1.1< Rom." ."'i~u;'Y· ' r ,""io , Jj ('97')). '<>-H ·
    " Ch'y",,"om'" p>.,tlcubtly w. iI,"pp<d !OU'« 00 the ",bj<'" A, V''II', 'I.< ,h';;",
    ; By"n«« d,", t'Emp;" du tV' .u XIII' ,;e,k>. t. L, ,h':i,,,, p,of"",·. R,"",
    ,M, f"<"""" .i"H'''''''' J9 ('9) ')' 'j7-<>6 ("p. pp. ,olf of ,he olfp,i"'); COJ.
    Th<o<h,nd;,. &i"'1< ""' (;'"I.;,"",M, 'r~'"'i"i,,"'" r..j",,'""'''' i .. IV, ""~ V
    Jok,", ••"", 1\' <T/P"~Ia, n,¢pt~I'" ) (Th<1uloni<l. '9<0)' II.H, V. nocnb<,sh<.
    'S.;n, J«n Ch ' y""tom< <, " "p<'" ,10'. z,,,,,.,
    if' fo ' R,liX;' ''' ••• G",,, J~ " ."~'"
    7 ('9Jl), )4- .6 . nd ~ ..q">to. S",,,,,,. II, pmim.
    " Fo, pol;,;",] !how, ,n ,he elm",, ) p<,iod, H,I"I"", Ufo ... d I"'",,. pp. '7, 1f; d,
    C.m",,... Ci"",, pp, !"If.
    antics of the dcpr~vcd M"pidi of mi me.~· Shawl impir~d by lleWS
    events re~,hcd even into di't~"t P'O Vi " 'CI, ~, i, demonstrated by
    the ,h:mce .urviv, 1 of ~ f.fth_ or sixth-century li ,t of props
    for , series of ske[che,. Th~ last pic",; on tk li, t i, c"lkd 'the
    [show] or the Goths', It in\,o].,,·d th ,' re'prnentJtion of J river, •
    tribun,l - suitable therefore' for the appearance of • general or
    comm,ndcr-in-chid in " mbmi"ion or rdated ,n'lle - and cos-
    tume. of Gothic m,'n and wom,'n." It, last ,'ditor 1x'linT' that the
    props were intended for a reenactment of the cr""ing of the
    D.nube by the Goth, in 17(" hut the prop. could lend themsdves
    to .ny number of rel.ted secllarim, '" Clearly, on the basi, of these
    analogic', it is not , t , lI impossible tbat tbe theater ,ho w of 4'('
    included material mOte jmmedi.tciy Io;erm~ne to Att.lu' defe,t
    than' simple sOllg and dance v:Hiety ,how,
    Out!ide of Rome, circus victory spee< , cle,. wcre g.ining in
    ,ignifican{e in the COUD' of thc fourth century, By th,' n"xt
    century, they would entird)' ,'dipsl' the old t riumph~l par.d"
    through the city, Once 'gain, in othet word. , developmen" in the
    province. ou('tripped tho'e in Rome .nd forcsh~dowcd future
    trends, If the kinds of spectacles which 1I0W celcbmcd imperial
    victory were not in themselvn radically new, two of their
    chuactcristics were. Pnades or rituals ~>sociat{'{l with <"ity smTts
    and military camps were now being ttJ",fn[cd to the dosed,
    controlled environment of the circm and 't"ged in conjunction
    with sporring events. The harnessitlg of populor enthu,iasm
    combined with the emngence of" wcll-o ilc d tnc,h~nistn for pTa-
    governmeltt displ~y \ in the circu , produced J "aSt <lnd successful
    forum for m ,SS {ommunicati()]], adaptable to a whole r:lIlgc of
    imperi~1 cercmonie • . Second ly, dIe emperor ce~sed to .p peu as.
    direCt p:micipant in pn,dcs of victory, just a, he no long .... figured
    directly in the campaigns Ie.ding up to the celebration, He
    hemme, the di.t,nt, imp,,,ive G.USC, focm, and goal of the
    campaign lnd it. symbolic conclusion, the victory p~rade. l ie Was
    no Ion geT directly itnpl k~tcd in th" ",i","n~ of w:1T and bloodshed,

    " A"",;u' '" A n",,,. , I/m" . ', ,. I if, llm"", " .l'-p. l .
    " V. Il<,ol. ' JOn. oJ t, C"''' ';~, , 'N"" "'''g'''']' '' P'I'''u be, I,,,,-,,' ' W27 (V-Vt
    .<C. d. C.) . Un ;mm'",," d, og~",i ,,,,,-,',,,,, I~" "FI""""""'''''' "-<"K),' ..1,""
    c/m ~i , .. i<Or, Ii, 7 (1OJ!). 7-' 0, om- '0 j .. ,,---.6, I\0" w J C',i; ,0 ,,;'" r 0' &"" ,
    .. Ibid. , pp . '6-' 7.
    Victory alid lair. Roma" public lifr

    no longer immedi~tcly invulved in the c;Hc~de of defeats, but


    remained the <ouree and end of victorie, accompli'hed through
    the agency of hi, gene,,,l s, Side by side with the new ~culu form
    of victory celebratiom, there emerged new religious rite, of
    victury , an d it is to thi, problem th~t we mu,t now tum.

    4· Tiff. CHRISTlA N1~AT! ON Uf lMPER1Al VICTO~Y

    CHEBkA'rlO N ~

    T he enduring con scqu~'Tl'es of Constantine the Great', religious


    proclivitiN have made the problem uf hi, conv<'T,ion, and it,
    repercussiuns on the ,lyle and content of Roman government, one
    of the great mbjcct, of hinorica l controversy. Modern "hola"
    have focused on the process ofComt;."tine', conversion and the
    earliest pu blic di'play of hi s new loya!.i,s in arCa, like legislation
    and Sla4lHymbolik." At the ,arne time, the per",n.1 commitment
    of the ruler and hi, 10m to the 'religion ofbloodlc.. ,acrificc' did
    nOt automatica ll y entail a total transformation of government and
    society; inevitably, the chri,tian iution of the monarchy and it ,
    officers ,panned m any decades" In thi, context, the question of
    how and why the monarchy christianized its public ,cif-
    expression i. an ~"<'llIial one. Hi ,toriam of art have, in many
    re' pects,led the w ay in uncovering thi, fundamental rethinking of
    the ufficial vi,ual , ymbulism of the 'I1te,l' Recent effon, have
    revealed how profitab le such an enquiry can be ifit i, extended to
    the munnchy', ritua l , ymbulism.' o
    Although victory observancel were only one clement in th e
    p.noply of imperial ceremonial, Ihe rccomtruCI;on of the pruces>
    of their chri, ti.nizationafford, illlight into the actual implcment-
    " E.g. N.H. H.y"", C""",."., ,'" G.", "'.
    III, COli"'," CO.". , ,nd «In (London ,
    lin') ' A AlfO-ldI, 111< Co" "", i"" ojC""".,,,,,,.oJ
    I',~... /I,,.,. " . H . M.tt;ngly
    (O.r",d. 19 . ~1' H. J)ci,,;,-,. D" .1<1."''"1';1 K.i", K.. ",,,j.,.
    Abh. ndl""g<" <1<1
    Ab<l<m;< <1<. W'"<",,,h.r«n ,n [}O['i"~<". philul .• h,,,, KI. J.J. 119lJI: ."J H,
    ""f', i.,
    K. i,.. K""".... ,,1;t i'l< E• •",~~I"I. Iki"i~< ,,', hi>lun.dotn Throl<»<i<. '"
    (Tub;ng<n. '"HI·
    .. A P'OCM' ",h"h ;, gnph;"lly illu>tn«J by J{ , ,un H><h l ",~, [);, RtliJ ""'~"~ -
    1tiiJ',f'''' ,,,,,,i", /.
    I 4< ....... ,. ,1"""')1" ok, /I"", '''"'" K'~"" "i I C .. A 11<;.""""lI.oft r.;,
    ~.'" E..J. 4<. -n, •..10"."",,,"'" D".."i, (J"-'Jo h", . • J' "CO,.). An",!ui"" J, 'J
    {Bonn. ''''' I·
    .. E,g, Kollwi ... 1'1.",• • pp. joll".
    .. E. ~, M"Co,m.ck. A" "". "'''''''"T, pp, 9 )11".
    '00
    CI"is/iaMiz"!i",,

    ation of the new lymbolism of ,,"'pire. Even though the fIrSt


    decode. of this proce" arlo partiJlly obscured by the dilproportion-
    .te import.nce attributl'd to {hl' somewhat atypical cdcbutionl
    .tagl,d at Rome, enough i, ckar to allow uS to di",etn twO ph~Sel;
    fim. the neutralization of the pagan cult aspect of impetial
    cclebr~ tions. whieh introduced. kind of cre~ping chri.tianization,
    The I ~!tc r culmin~ted in the ,econd ph ..c, whieh wime,sed lh~
    cmcrgence ofspeciflC~lIy Chri<ti~ n victory rit~,.
    By ~lmmt ~1l,ccowH<, Const.ntin e', commitment to hi, new
    religion was inexlricably bound up in his own undem~nding of
    hi, militory ma~", in hi, 'vi,ion' bl'fo re the battl~ for Rome. in
    the Christ ian God'> promis.e of ,'ictory: h,,, sigllo uiHrn. 91 That
    morning, his sold ier, bore lht Christian symbol into battle 01) their
    shields, and there is liltle likelihood they changed their decoration
    for (he triumph,,1 entty into (he c~pjt~1 the next d~y02 In "n
    ingeIJio,"s swdy llf th e evem, Stcaub lUntliscd tlut Const~ "tinc
    broke l llcient [r~dition by rcfll'ing to perform the .. crifice to the
    C~pitolillc Jupiter which w~s cu\tom,,,y on !uch OCC"SiOllS OJ
    Even if the hypothelis i, impu"ibic tll verify, it SCenlS dcu th~t the
    hre~k with Capiloline [r,dition w>s , ccompli,hcd by the lim~ of
    Constantine's viccnn" h" in Rome, .t the I~(est,·" Th~nks to

    " [, ~. 1)0"."," s,l.'m'"J"J, rv, ,.pT, Cf, Um",', C""",""", p, OJ,


    ., !'04., p .• ' .
    " 1- S",ub. ' Kun".n';m V",;,h,'. "gu ing f,om th< un,h'nk,blen«> of , p'g'n
    """1;,, fo, • <kvu«. uf Chri";,n;t )· "d f",m "hot I>< comid", tho ' ;gmfie,n'
    """" ;0" uf ,h< .k"";p<io<, of, ''';, lU ,h. C ' p;lUt ;n ' h, p'''''gync uf ) 1) .nd ,I.<
    """ ,10,,,,,,,;,,,', ''''''g''''* «no", ,h" "'",. d"n! "omp!>;n ,hot Con""";",, h,d
    """"J ,he p, b" '00 q""kly: XII P""" t> (9) , 19. J, My'''''', '!j ,. --';, At'hough
    It'''''
    '1>«;' ti", "'''''' fo lI"w S" '" b', hy I"" ~",j, I", ~ , [J"",." C "",,,,,iM,
    r, •• ), F,
    Ahh< ,m t."",h<J ." .~g«'~v, .. HI "".",,,,,,,J "",k un ll.< 'Il<my' 'K""",n',m
    Triumph vnn J' ,', b i'''"''101"' RdiRi..,,- ""a G< i""R,,,"j,~,,, 9 (, op), '" J" Hi,
    ,, ~um <n" <In nu' ,,,"v;n«: h< ,,,ume< with no "'Kl<n'" ,h>< Ih< "m,t <1""","" of.
    ",",,' I"' '" ,," h."" t...<" ,I..... on, ;" J , , " '" ,h,· ';n' c<'" u, r Il.c. ,"d «<o~m .... m
    ,h< J 'J p.ncgy,i,,·, Ul< of ,,,no, lik< """"" ."d I.tii M,m, i,,,,[uublc «f",",,,, 'u
    d", "ut, ...r Juri'"'. N",",", 1",,.,"«. i, ,n "".d'ng1r common "p«'Uon in tl><
    P""'~Y'"'' (1', J"'''''', .., C"",,,,",,,,,,, ,I., L"'i. 1""'I Y';" (I hid,,},,;",. '97~).
    pro,8j-7), wh,k <I" "p'''''on I.", ..,,,.i m"" t;hly ,don ,,, ,I.< '<t.,",r victmy
    . ,>He< foo"d,J to ,,,,, k <I", "K«<,. On ,h. uti"" io"d, S",ub·. u", uflh< ,,~un .."t
    f,o,,, "h« " nO' . 1'''1«<1", «,,,u.;ng. W"" w,
    lU ,,,um,, f", ,I.. "k. uf
    h)'l""h,,,,, ,h" C," ,~ ,",,,,, h.J imk<d rid,kJ to ",,j;,,,,,, ond I'<,fo""d ,h,
    eu,"'m")· ,,'" '0 ,h< C.potut , woo ld ot I" .. be<n poli'K for ,h. P'''''gy';" uf J' ) ' 0
    ""unci him of I,? Cf, fu l towm~ n.
    .. f. [',Kh.....J. C.. q II.';', ,., ZO",", W";" '0"). pp. "If, "gu<' {Of " , .

    '0 ,
    Vir/orr and later Rom411 p~blic lift
    Comtantine', innovation and its obsccvance by his successors,
    imperial victory celebration. at Rome appear strangely neutral in
    the midst of an empire who~ ideology incre asingly relied on its
    religious content. Even though Christian symbols would have
    Ixen visible on the shields of troops marching in the triumphal
    parade from 312 on, even though the emblems of Christianity
    wOlild have enjoyed a position of prominence on the imperia l
    scandard, dispbyed during subsequent visit. to Rome - as Pru-
    dentius gh.t< on one nccasion - there is no indication that the
    elimination of the pagan cont ent of imperial victory celebutions
    was quickly matched by the introduction of a Chri.tian sub-
    stitute. o, A. late as 389, a panegyric delivered "t Theodosius'
    triumph in Rom e gav e no hint th at the victorious emperor
    marched under a Christian standord. o6
    The explanation for this unlikely ambiguity must Ix sought in
    the historical COnteXt of the four ceremonies. One factor was
    surely th e ceremonial tradition alism already detected in victory
    observances at Rome. in it~lf due in part, nO doubt, to the fact
    that the majority of the city'. elite rem ained st.unch . nd
    conservative pagaos.9? If. moreover. modern historians are
    correct in .ssociating the timing of imperial visits to Rome with
    thaws in the prince's anti-paganism, it would have made littl e
    ~n~ for the visiting emperor to offend his audience's sensi-
    tivities by ostentatiously replacing the venerated Capitoline
    shrine with a Christian ersatz. 9 ' Furthermore. a significant part in

    .. Thi,;, n~' '" ").. .,( ,om",. ,hot in ,h, ' 0""" or,I><;, "' y .mp",on 'Y't<moti"lIy
    ,hunn,d Chri";'n .hri .... 0' ,h .. Chrl<,i.n;,y woold h.v< 1><"" ,ototl y .. dutkd
    fmm ",h" "pt'" of,I>< "ltb",ion. On ,h. 0,1><, h.nd . ,h". ;, timply no <v;d<nct
    fOt" ,I>< ;n,mp''''';QO or. Ch,;""n ",o<to"y in,,, ,h< ;';0""1 Qf ,h. "iomph.1
    p",d< " R"m, •• Iong ,I>< lin« of,I>< C'p;,"lio, ri,".1. f o. Prt><ln,' ;of ,pt«h. put
    in ,I>< mou,h QfTheOO <>I;o, I ."~ .dd,,,,,,d '0 Rom " CO"" S,"'"",,\",". I .• 6.-~ .
    Cooning!"m. '0' .
    •• 5<;, 'h< u.",,,,,j,,,,, on ,h'. "PC'" or P><'tu>;n S.(; . M.«:O,m><l. ·L"in ptO«
    ""'IIY'K!' T"dition >od d;"",o"no;,y in ,I>< I"" Rom.n <mpi,,·. R"",,'" I,..J<,
    bt]".....
    "".rust,"",""". II (r 97~) . '9- 77. 1..« 6,_ • . Cf. h",,·,,<t n. r r. fot, Cn,i,,;,"
    ".m,n' in . ,,,," """""od .... irh ,h, <",or.
    " St. '.11 . A.H.M.Jon .... ·Th. """ill b"k~ro""d " f rh, "ru~slt bt,,..,," ~'S'""nt .nd
    Ch,;";,",, r·. in Th ",,,)I'~, ..,""<" POi"""" .,.. CIt';"i"';'r ,.,It,J"""\ " "'"'1. od.
    A. Mumi~j"no (Oxford. r!>lil) . pp. '7-)7. "p. )I .
    .. Tho, Ch""S"ol. Ptlft<'" , . PI'. ".-\ , "" ,h< vw, of l17; d . i~I .. p. ur. "10 ,I.. vj",
    of )19. ,nO P... I fo, ,"or of 40)-, .

    ."
    Ch,islia.,izario"

    the orchestration of the fim daY'1 felt i"iti cl would h,,, .. f,Hen to
    the City Prefee( , He ser"ed nut on l y I I a priv ileged link betwcm
    the people of the Clpit"l and the prince, but wa, ..1>0 respumibl"
    for the m .. intcn.nce of pub lic urder jn the .'treelS , nd the overall
    org .. nization of ,pectacles." I" f~ ct. during Ihe celebration, of
    JJ2. JS7 ,nd 389, Ih,' "rb"n prefeCtuTe WaS occupied by "
    p, gan .'oo II i. li kely th.1 this w"jml as trm' of Hunotius ' visit in
    40J - 4 . '"' Ahbol1g h the new triumph was devoid uf plgan
    ceremon i.l clements, it is probable "o""thdess th,t the p,g .. n
    .. scend;m cy in the urb, n prefecture on all tlwsc occAsions hdped
    prcserve wh.t was left of th e old ceremony from Chri,ri.n
    .ccretiom.
    But il h,. alre.dy bem observed that ceremonies stlged at
    Rome were no! . Iways ill step w itb development' in the
    provinces. T he ye,,, ,urrounding rhe defear of Licin i", ...·em to
    h, ve bem particular! y fertile in cerC llloni ,,1inno ""lion: ir was thc'n
    th .. t the di,dem WlS introdu n 'd into rhe repnto ry of imper ial
    insig,,;" ,nd ,n org , nized ceremonial corp', Ihe sikmi ..ie s, first
    ,ppcars. 10. From precisely the ",me peri od <re,,,, an inno"ation in
    Cunstantine's lituhtutc w hich reHecr, rhe developmenl of hi ,
    Chri,ti~n loy .. lrie,. A new epithet uf victory rcpl~ced the imperial
    epithet invi(llU, rhe wlar cmmoutiolll of which seem btyond
    qucstion and ....'ou ld r.cu ccly h3vc e,c,ped contemporarie, lCcm-
    tomcd to celebrate th e fe'tival uf ,he U"conquer~d Sun every 2 )
    Decemkr. Thi, honorary tirle of "i,lor w:l.< to domin" te officia l
    u'age down to He.. clim' Tn'ampin" of the whule system. 'OJ

    ..
    ,•• I.'•. , pp. 'HIf,,,d noll,
    Ann;u, Anul l;nu, ('7 0<"''''''-29 Nu"" " l><, ) 1' I: Ch"" gHot. F",,,, pp. 41 - " ;n
    J J7' o.r,,",. ,.i4., p. '." d . p"j" '"'" pp .• ,.-J .•nd "0<1 H.<hl"'g. "d,:g~""
    ,"~,IoCt'l ", i'. pp. ]71 -" ;n , , _: R ubm Alb;nm. Ch,,"~ , ..,t. F."" , PI' · ')4- , . d .
    • "', H><ht,ng. Rd'!i,"J<"g,Itd<'~."'. pr , Wl • .
    ' 0' Or th' '''''0 koowo Ci ' )' P« f",. "",w«n ;O J . nd 107 , P",,,, m;u, I.,mp.d,,,, w"
    <k~n ;t dy , p' g, n. whok d .. ,,1, g ",L~ b" ks,,,,,,od or ,.., o, h" ;, un known :

    Ch''''gnot. f·."", pp . ,60--1. cf. '('" H .<"l i n~, R,li~" ,"1L",!,h""t~';I, p. <01 . On
    p. g." do,,,,,,,,,« Qf ,he p"r,<tm< m ,h" 1"'.000 : Chm'gnot , p"j,,'"'" p. «J
    'Q
    '" T"" di.<km ""'"'' .h~w " p on th. gotd wm'g< ,n J,. I"'C, 7 , ., -~) '" PJ :
    M .Fl. AlfOId;, 0;, C"""""i.i,,", r;.ldp"l""I ' U","J",h."t<"," i' ,,, &"'"'""Ij"'
    Koimp"U'i' "n.! H,fo""" (M, ;n, . ' 9'1)1. p. 10• . Th, ,;b"",,,, ' N"" .. , gmup ;n
    ,,, • tow ' '' ;S".d '0 3<!: O . S<<<k, 'S'knt;";u'. RI" J A 1'9'91 , )1- 3,"''' J7 ·
    G, Flo..h , ·U.ap, p~al;lox;.. ~,"di," <"'" offi <I< II," G",""" ok, 1(." "",,1 "'
    'p',..,i." .n.!ftU~br"",i""'~" Z,it, By "n"n, ,·;ooobon<n!l., ' 0 {VL<no" '"711.
    Vir/ory ~ud I~/er ROilIMI publll liff

    Alt hough it h,.. been m~im. in ed t h~t thc' n~w epithet ~ccm!Ua! ed
    C"mtantinc 's rdadon with the Chri,tian God ~n d th~reby
    ",sumed positive rel igious overtone •. 'o , it is d ifficult to...,e wh~t
    di.tinct ivd y Ch r i\ti~n cumcnt ,he wo rd via"r po,..."...,d in the
    po •. In fact. thc .lb~"donn ' c'" of the w lar connmatiom of the
    honor.ry epithet iMVifllH ran be wmparcd m"rc ~,,~ut. tcly to thc
    rdigiom ambiguity of Roman victor y cckbrJt ions: the' ckm~m
    most offen,ive '0 Chri.ti atll w a, replaced with a new ep ith et
    wh ich nc"d gutc on ""ither ncw nor "Id believcrs.'o,
    Whether Con\\Ontine introd uced any di,t inctly Chri,ti~n ek-
    ment. into vinory cekbr:u ions o utsidc Itome in thc rcst of his
    reign cannot now be dctermi'Kd, but the iact that Eusebius is
    reduced to presenting Comtaminc', convoc ~ tion of the Niuc~n
    Co uncil,. hi, th~nk -offerillg to th~ Chri,tiall God for the dcfc~ t of
    Licillim suggtStl that there W ~ 5 not Illuch to discus, ill the w:ly of
    Christi,n it y at thc' anu~ l vinory ~ckbt.tions.,o6 A.ide from
    victory obscrv~ncc\, however. one evc", hint< ot another, In,
    controvc"i.1 d,.,lIlci for ;ncipiem ehri"i,ni,.tio,,: the pu blic
    participat ion of t he rl'pre,cnt . ti v~, of tiK Ch rilt iJn church in
    impnial f"liv ili"s , Onc of the earl iest ,ueh ocn,ions w,. •
    maglliliccnt St~le b~"4uCl, ~l'r ~rcn tly held a, p,rt of the vicenn ali .

    pro'l-~ , "-0; ."J II>< 'mpm"", "'''' ';"''''0'' "f ,," , Ch,~.~too!, 'Un ~""v"n<u ,
    C"",,,,,,,,,,,,,, d< Tnpo!,""'<' l><n",u, Romul ",. 1'0 ... «, ,,, J"-J,6' , Lu"",,,. >1
    (''''''I, JjO- l'. I><It J<J-<i. wh,d, J" .. II>< ",,,oJoct"'" '"''' 'nl)· I><"v""" '0
    D",',,,,bc, l'J ,,,J N N,w<","", l ,", . "d prob.bty 10 ,0< ,"u,,<Jim .f'«m"h of

    .. ,h, m,,,,y _
    Thu, 1\.;;I<h. 1<.,,,,,,,,1, P. 70 .
    '" II" nOl<wo,,"y '" Ih" ""1"''' 'h" Em,h,"" V COO","""" l, '~. l. Wm . drn."n.
    jh., - O. " ·ho,, ".dy '" "". Ch.;,,;," . ymOo! "",lot '''''> Cum""'"". ,, bu,b.
    'pwf",.!iy I", b th, ;".0,, '."' ,,( ,he ""'" ",Ie' only wi ,h ,h, <"'p<ro,', ',",wry
    ~"n"d [",m God ~H' .11 """"'''''' r."r ~' )'~p ., ",,"" "n" t~, j~,""'~Q'
    " "I"w':i,~.-I "'1'IOpl" clip,," 'it<: j , ' ~w() &Jo"" ,~c'''''i' K' f" ~."",, .~apW'
    '" "I '''''1,10,,, " ~'1" 'l>-<~" '" • ph"", ,,'h.:h " .JJ.d to ,I>< m,,«;.1 " " n ovor
    from H. , .. 'O,~ , o. s<hw. ",. _ .1, - \>01" .
    ,,,. E"",",",. V. eM""".i, J. 7. 1. Wm kclm.nn , ' P " ",b,nc< ,r". "P'<I,OO" i,
    pd," up by th, chmch h,,,o.""" , . ~ . Socute,. H" " I, N, I'G , 6, .OIH, Tr".
    ·.':'Y'Y f..,,' "f""d to" V. C"""""""' , J . ' .' Wm kd",,,,,,. II. ,,- t • • ,,',m, to
    Ix. m"'rno.,,,] u"gc '"n,,«"" w"h ,Ix '<1<>1,,, ,.0,, ()( ,h. E." .. "'''''"'"''Y
    whICh E"",b,,,, h" jun n"",,"od" b~ ~P'~~''''"'', JWftpn f>"'~' .'I.,~,
    lip.,,~ ., ,1ft"" ft>~,hio< ~;t'
    !k(iJ co",V", .
    ""' r'ie. t~d~c!.o "~{>(1< '",,!~"" t"p'~. tw
    '
    Chris/ianizdliPlI

    n'kbr~t i0l1 5 and coi nciding with the council uf Nicaca,,07


    Eusebiu, gmhing accou nt ufthi, hunur - ' yull might .Immt have
    seemed to vi,",li1.e an image of ehri,t' s kingdom' - em pha,izcs
    its novelty for the A.ttered episcop'te. The imtitUlion of im pcri,l
    banquets Wa5 an inlponaru d;lSsic, l lcg'cy to bte antique soc iety;
    invitations to them wnc highly priznl and uffned the emperurs
    3n opportunity to .chieve much the ",me goal, .s ;I public
    ceremony, but in cirell n"tanccS mure be'fitting thc select natllre of
    the participant,. WhJt the audience of mch , n event lac1:cd in
    numbers, it mrely m.de up in infiucllce,lO' Ahhuugh direct
    attestation for victory b.nquets in thi, period h,s yet to emerge,
    the kind of gal. dinner . ,wciatcd with the Flavian triumph of 71
    was still ,round carl y in the fourth century, G i veil the im portan"
    of various kim!> uf sta te b.nquets in the late empire -;In
    import,nce which could only have increascd with the cmergrnce
    of ,he privileged bureaucratic cam' - it wm>1d ,cern likely that
    '"<'temo"i.l dinner< continued to be served ill connen;on with the
    tr;nm phs of the Const.l1 tini . n ern pire. 1 ".
    The first known public participation of rcpresent~{ives of the
    Chri,ti:1Il cotTlITlunit)' in imperial victur), celebration! may h~ve

    ,., £""b,,,,, 1/, Co.,,,",!",,), ' I, '-16, W inkd""no, !!"9-!V"J ; 11I«lph , nc.,
    A .M . j !'(" IX U",-" , 2>.>!-)0: d, K , tJ. u, • .,d t , twi~, H,.d"',o ."
    K , ,, h< "g<,,h~~,, , 2, , (h""mg, ' 97)1. 2!-9.
    ,..
    ,., x'e on g,m',,1 T"'i''''g«, O"", ~i " .', 1'1' , .0' If " ",<I I " fu l low,,,~ n,
    Fo. ,h. "'umph.1 b.n~""t uf 7 1, >< •• buv" Ch, I . Fo • • b.,,~u« which keml to be
    .. ~><;,,<d w;,h Ih< "'"mph or j),,,d<';.n ,n )0), 1','''' p."id.n, U. """n",,,
    fi· , I j, S,,;», v.in, Ii~"'r" h,"""", <-270,6- 1, The "'>< ",,",0< on ;n\p",;. 1
    b.nq"<,, i, qu;" t,,<, Ph;j",h.u' (;1""./•.1'"'" (. h.ndbook fo. ;mp",i.1 ,",i", ••)
    f,om 11 ,11, '''''' .~, N. O ik""nmid"" IJ. Ii"" .. P""""" 0rza."",, «, IX'" X'
    Jilt/n , L, mOIl&< by"""" (I'>, i" '97>1, I 1-» S. hod<tlC< OIl ,.., In"iru""", p';", to
    ;"",,,,, 1.,,,, ;, qui" ",. " .«J ; ;, ;""Iud" Ii", u,u'P'" M",mu, b..n~u«" which
    M",in of Too" , p'''''''p"ed. Sulp',,;u, $<,<t",. V. M,,,,"; (811/" 1610). >0, . If, <J .
    J- fon"in<, SC . I Jj-l (1""" '1)<j7-91, 10<<< "'\1<1',T1K·U<!u>'u. t ;, '"p?<»<J to h.v,
    ;n"",,,," imp",;,t b.nqu<" <>l>"nJ i'u"" <':"';",UI, 1I;". "0 .. ,., , 3, t, P.",houd,
    , . , . ,~, . "
    ' <'J""m;.n "",«I I<d. Chd"m" b."'l"" in th. lbll "r ,h. N;n«..."
    Couc"',,, P'" of ,he publi" ",,",m;ng fm , n ,,, ' h~u,k 11I«lph.n", II.M . ""SO,
    tl< 1100 " ,)' .• _6,.nd of <ou, .. h.J V."J.] solJ n"d. ,n'o • b.nq"" .. 'V""',
    '00'" n .•; b,nq"'" f", th< . mp;"", d;t< W<I< ;ndu<l<J in M .u,""", m",i' g<
    c<i<h"';"nl' Thwl'hyt,c[u, ~;,"o,,, " " , IIi" .. I, 10, Il , tl< lIuo., J9.)-O; .n
    <"mpl< of Ju";n;, n II', (, M<d c",<tty "''' th" h< o.J<",J h" <n<m", to ..,
    <.<cu«d" ,iI< "'" of"", h,nq""'" n","ph.n .... , A .M . " '9~, !l< lIuo" 11\. '0 1Q,
    Philoppi'''' «lob",," . h,,,~,,,,, ;n ,.., 7<u,iprrn with 'he ,li« on ,he S,,",d.y
    bcfo'" I'."",,,,ow, ilH4 .. II.M . 6'0" D< D"m J'l.j - ~, <0<.
    Vic/Oly and {Mer Rom"" public lif.

    been linked with such Ion occasion. The festival hcld at Antioch in
    343 in hono r of Comuntius [I'. Fe..i. n Sllcce" included .ome
    unspecified activity wh ich required the presence of the bishops
    from his territory who Were meeting at Scrdia. ' '" At leUt this is
    wh.t the bishops cJ.imed, for they uscd the .. rinl of.n imperi.l
    victory bullet in as .n 'ignoble pretext·, in the words of one highly
    prejudiced observer, for .voiding an uncomfortable ecdesimica l
    confront.tion.' II Although the incidenul context in which this
    mention crop s up fail s to specify why the bishops Wete needed at
    th e emp"ror'. court, it is pJ.in that the announcement must have
    comprised some kind of invitation to the celeb rations . In light of
    wh.t is known . bout Connantinc's vicennalia. it is not imp,miblc
    that the bi.hop, may .Iso h.ve been expected 10 appear.t a victory
    banquet.' "
    In the reign of Th eodosius I. th e christianiution of ,he
    government, in personnel and its symbolism marked a new and
    definitive adv.nce.'" Although no major Christian clemen!! arc
    . pp.rent in Theodosius' victory par.d e and other observances
    lo t R.ome in 389 . • rue gold soliduJ ...oci.ted with the vi. it .nd
    ~trt1ck in the .ncient capital di spbys On its reverse . vot. shield
    topped by rhe ch rismon , so that the legend re.d, GLORIA -
    R ¥ 0 - M ANOR.UM. be tW een helmeted figure. of Rom. an d
    Const.ntinopolis. t t.
    The murp.tion of Eugcnim g.ve new focu, to p. g. nilm' s vit~J
    forcel in the We". At the s.me tim e. • n unbending Th eodosius
    muck ever deeper.t the old religion. For contemporaries, it w~,
    c~sy to visu~1ize the political ~nd military confront~lion of the
    eastern ~nd western government' ~ • • snuggle between the ancient
    deities of Rome .nd the new God from the East. The ideologic:!1
    element wos cle. r1y pre!.ent.t the b~!tle of Cold River, fought in

    '" s«: . bove , Ch. >, p. J9-' 0.


    ,,, A,h,""i"" Hi".,i. -i,i""".,". ' 6. >, 0P'''' 191.U - 'j .
    ", It;. _ <1<.. wh<ti><>' 01><0< ;, ' ,,,,,-non b<tw«n tl>< ~ i~h, of tb< """n bi>ool'"
    .nd ,I>< conoo pmmutg' 1<d by th< COlm,it ~f x ,d ". '<quiling b,,.,op' ... >d<n'
    .Ioni <to< m,io .ou t" nf th< <mp;" to <b<ck wn<,h<r \>i'kop< " •• , Iing 10 ,h,
    ;mp",;, 1a)u.t h.d ",",Uy ,<c<;vod ,n offi<,.l iov,,,,,,,,,, ,,,", ,,,,<d ,,,,,n, ... n b< m~
    ro "'1"'" ";1'" '1''01'''' ""'d<,i. " .mbi noo,,·: C,,,..iU.," S,";""". , .• d. eli .
    Tum". £,,~, i... .. ,i"'." I;, '""""'",,,,. i.,i, ...,j"" ,,;,",. "'.J(O.fo,d. '9)0) ,
    .70 .,6-1.
    ,,, £'5· Lippold, l'lot.Jw"" PI" 'p it". ". RIC . 9. 1p. no. 60, d. PI" 1U-'1.

    ,,"
    Chri.<riaJ!izali"n

    the sh~dow of Nicorna chus FI,vianus' huge Hawes of Jupiter,


    when the western ormy', n.ndard, op posed Hercu les [0 the
    e"S{crn ~rm y', I"bnru",." s Theodmiu" prep"a{io", for w,r
    involved more th~n logi stics. for the first time on record, thc
    Roman cmp"ror himself participatcd in the ",'w form of public
    devotion which w~s rhen .' weepillg the cities of the E ~ s t : he
    celebrated Iiturgic. l pr()(n,iom of supplication with priest, ,," d
    people. go ing from ~hr ine to shrine to be!.eccli divine intervention
    011 bch~ lf of his army. ' '" Om' of hi, tirst mea.ure, " fter thc victory
    "'''s to order speci.1 thanksgiving sen'ires for hi, ,mH'SS , .s ;,
    proven by the obsequious ans",n of Ambruse:'" 'Othn em-
    peror< order the preparation of triumph ~ 1 ,>r ehe< or other
    ornaments o f rriumph ~{ the first ta'tc of vicwry. Your
    demency' - Ambrose is abmn 10 ask mercy for Eugmius'
    suppor ters - 'prepare. , , .. crif,ee for God , nd de,ire, bishop, [0
    celebr,tc .." offering and th ~nksgi Villg ,e rvice to the Lord.' , , " The
    no vel ty o f Theod o~; u s' direct ive is underscored by Ambrose's
    nced to expl,; n en ct ly ho w he l'"rforl11"d the spccial th~nklgiv_
    ing Masl, and ~n intcrc.cillg description it i"
    Even th ough J ~m unworthy ,nd unC4U .1 to ,,,,h .
    duty md to th~
    solemnit y of ,uch p"yo" (vota) . yct I w,ll writc you wh.t I did, I carricd
    yOUT Pioty ', lettcr with m~ to the .It,..1 ph ecd;t on th e alt ... I held it in
    my h.nd when I o!fered th~ ..er;fi ee, '0 th .. your f. ith .poke wilh my

    co. s.. •. g . H. Ulo..h, 'A ".. ",. doc"",,,,, fm m ,h, t." p. ~. n "";,,.t '" 10. W .. ,.
    /I",.", ·I'""!.I~;,, I R,.;,.. ,
    J ! ( ro. )) . '''''- ' ' ' ' hm 'lJ - O. ,"d 'Th< p'g,n "v;",1
    ;n Ih, W<>I" ,h,· <n~ of Ih, fou,," """ I"Y ', n , "mti,"o<'""'" {"8"'''''' "",
    Om' i."" y. pp. 'Vl - "i. }"'''' '00- 1. R«<n,}y J, S"J". 'VI< Usu,p""'" oc.
    £u8<";"' " H",,,,i,,, , ~ ( I ","J.
    '~1 - " "', h" ~'''gh l 10 .mph,,;,. th. non_,d'g"""
    f.. tot< ;" <II< ")"~"'. bUl ,n" I""d """ ;n ;I«}f i,,,,,ti,bt< ,.., 'trn~ gl< " od<~",~;.-~t

    '" lI." r,", ... H., .. , ' . }}. Mom m",,,. , ., on. , - 6, «m';mo<~ '" p." b, s.o,.~ ""n. ,,-, ..
    7, ". ".nd! • . B,o;\<:,. In. " - '. ,nd JJ~ . J J-'l. wi",,, w< 1.,.",
    In .. T"'od",JU"
    " II< "''' " ,, ;og ~"' fo' 'he W ,,, ,nO lho "''' , ""pp«i " Ih, ch.p< 1ofSI J uhn Ih,
    B,p';" iJ< ,h< HcbJomoo p.b" oomph, to pro)' f", v",tmy. Cf. W. Em,lin. 'tM
    R <I'giompoh li' d,,, K,;" , Th<o<!o>i\" d. C •.·. S"ZO"~,O<.uh" '" B.y";""'"
    A~ ...... i< '" Wi",",,",!!,,", Ph,L. h,,, . KI- ( 'VllJ. ].I.,., h.", pp. 8, -6 .
    • " fp .. 6, . PL. '0, ")7- !. d",bl< 10 Scp"mh< , 19,' J.R . P, I,nqu<. S.i., Am !.-,',. "
    r""p;" '0""'", C,"",''''''''''' • I'h",.," ", '"P1""" " I'igl'" " k I'E,,,, ; I. ft" d.
    '1'''''''_ ,;«k (Por;" ,vn ), pp, J., 9: cf pr· ,~"H' on I},< ",cum", "" •.
    •" f, .. 6" . ' PL, r6. ,,)3,0,: 'Ali i irnp<"""'"' in "",d. , .""",;.., on'", '""mrbl,,
    p .." i j<Jb<,,,, '"t, I;, i,,,ig" " lfI"mp/>o,nm, d,m,,, ';, 'U. h",';,m IJ«:> pm'.
    obi" "",,,,, cl ~",i"um "M"cm 1'" ,,«, do", «kb",. Dom;no d"Kk,,,:
    vo;"" md 'he Jelle, of 'hc empero, disch>rgcd 'he fun~,ion of ,he
    bi,hop', offering."·
    Thi! ex,r.ordinuy ."oci.,ion of Theodmius' victory bulle,in
    with ,he 31m and perform.n~c of,he Mm by ,he bi,hop of Mi!.n
    was cJeu!y intended to render m.nife" ,he unique itlletllion of ,he
    lpedal thanksgiving which Theodmin. h.d dem . nded . ' j well u
    ,he extr.ordinary pmi'ion of , he emperor in the founh-cetllury
    church. '20 And ,h i, from ,he man who fiu, denied ,he Roman
    cm!,<"or ,he righ' of approaching Jn d rem.ining by the ah~r. ",
    Th .. the bi.hop', prcscnce w.s required" well for the victorious
    emperor', triumph.l "rival in Milan;' clear from the Vii.
    A ...b'o)ii, which nO,,, ,h.t ,he bi,hop man.ged to gct to the city
    on the eve of Th eodmiu, entry. III Any doubt! privileged
    onlookers may have had on ,he Christian content of the emperor',
    victory and its celebration were dispelled by ,he lost panegyric, ill
    which Paulinu! of Nola cmph •• ized that the emperur conqu"rcd
    more by f.i,h .nd prayer ,h.n by forcc of arm,."l P.ulinu'
    empha.is wa. (!lore than In expression of the contlict's religiously
    charged a'mosphere . II scmc of ,he incongruity of rel;gious
    celebrations for ,he ma"ive bloorhhc'd which h.d purchascd Ihe
    legitim.te cmperur', victory perlillcd. for. a' Ambro,e informs
    us, .f'cr ,he battle Theodosius ab,t.ined from communion until he
    h.d ",Ii.fied himself Ih , t he continued to ~Ilj"y divine (."or.'2'

    . .. ~', .• ,~. J. PL. ,o.I»!"" 'E,,,


    ,~o '..!'I<""'
    ,,~ ...
    imp'" ""'U mun", <, .. "tot",o
    ''''Q,um «!<b,iI,,;, "n><n q"!d f<w; m ",iho. f;p,,,,,l,m 1""'"'' 'w.<
    ",«urn ,d
    .1<>« ok,.I ,. 'r"on . h"i i",f'U'U', ip"m g,m" ""n". <Um ~!f."'m 'm,fi6uln.
    u, fook. '0' in "". vo« t"'lu«"u, .... "'pi"'. "'ugu." .".. Jot,Ii, ""1.Mm,
    "' Un«, r""~,, ""'" ..
    '" TI>< 'ouhoi>,y h.. < '.,,"n to .. « II ,t.: uif.. ,u,y 1''''''''';''''' d . ..... Jul.. ""y.
    L·,..IuIn·,,;.. ".," « r;,,,,,,, ,.1., ,..... ,.,.,
    J.. .-1 .. 6..;,,« .\1;1.... Th<"k>g><
    hi"".iq",.9 (POI;'. 'Wi). PI'. 60- J. 0",11< .. nor",,,,, of ,II< .1", in ,II< !<"roI,d ".If
    or"" roo"h ,rntu,y' f .J. I.>YI~... 'r>i< Ho,ligkd, ok, ",1<", "oJ duo !"'~,"ndu"g
    im ,", ... 11<1><" "'I",,"u,,,· . .-lot ... ,,.. 0.,;" .. ,"",. > 1M""" ... 'oJol. ,6, - IJ. "I'.
    ,6) .n<! , .. _ ); ru, "" hillmy .00 d •• «,;" of,,,,, oR"oring> wh,<h 'uuld I>< I"d on
    ,I>. .1"" J..... )~nglO.nn. 'n.- ... " of ,i.. R_•• ,,'" ;1> "'A'"' .... ~.'''f'-"'' ".
    FA lI,u""",., (N<w Y."k. '0))). ,<>--"'.
    ", E . ~ . T";""gor. 0",""',...... 1'. ')6.
    '" P,uoou •• V. .-I .. h..,i. (Bil L. In). p. roo M . P,I"~rino. V«t.. ><oHMum."-,.
    (Rom<. '91>') . 96.'-'.
    '" Gnmodi.,. D< .in·, ;.1.. '9. Ri.<h"d"", . 1').' - " d. )«0"". f', .. ,S. '. ,J . I.
    Hill"",. CSfL. If (''''0). IJl .' f - Hi .I> .
    .. . "'mb,.".,. Dt HO" Tlo<okJli.) •. roo 0 . F,I." . CS~L. 7) 1'9!J1 . 17,-,0,. 1><",

    ,,'
    C I" j Hj "" i;:" ,i,,.,
    Th,' com.( l o" s",'" o( th~ ",i~s m" o( bl oo,hhnj io the I~tc fourth
    cc'nw,y ,ev" . h the' colllp,,"l<ny of th~ mmt~1 world i"to wh ich
    e hr;"i,,, vin"r)' "" ,v ice' W~tc bn'" ,,,,1 helps cl<pl.;" why
    Chri st i... w,;ter; .{{.ell"" , .",h weight to th ~ th~llle of the
    cmperor<' 'bloodkss "i("{ory', ' H
    Thc t..diti oll which e llln~cd ""dcr Thcodo, i", the G re, t
    Houri,hed UII<it'r hi, ,un'~'J.O "'_ TIl<' expul,ion o f the Goths (rom
    CUII,""nill"pk w ., ",",h·d nut ""Iy by (it'"'" , dcb .. tion! which
    ,·mph.,tz,·d til<' blood1<- " ,, ~ tuT<' of til(' 'vicwry', but ,1.0 by
    th . "ks):;"in): "" rvir", whi ch m, y hav,' uw,·d mmethin): to the
    pe"onal involv"l1\~1lI ;n th~ ni,i, of a p.rticulniy ioAuellli.1
    patriarch , Juhn ChrYJ.O J>{u",.' ~b T h,' cdebrat;ollS which h:l ikd :I t
    Cnn ' t. mi'lOl'k tht' "",,,k, o f Ath."lf .1.0 included .11 ciemelll
    whose Christi." ,-har , ("{cr h,. g""" ""rccogl1il<'d. According to
    the 1>., ch. 1 Chronicle, the' festivirin were t wofold: first •
    Iyd""'I', ja or I, ",p-lighting .IId, "" the morrow, eir e", ,aces.' 17
    Tin' n!Stum uf liglnin" 1." "1" ,.,,,,,,d th,· ,'"tr. nCe '" pu blic and
    private building. for pri v,(,' f" , tivi,i,-s ur pubhc hulid.y ~ wao
    dn'ply "111"'' ,-1",,, in .Il~ k ," ~udc,y: un the I,tter I)c( a.;on it w"'
    n",den",,"d .",1 ""o;ded hy Ch,isti.lII. according to Tertul-
    h.Il .'" In the fourth centm)', til<' term could ,till hlve decided ly

    J" ; ) "J "'. s...- ,I", ,,"en-";n ~ ",nun ..., '" ,,, no ,"" [u t lu wm g 1''''''' in f . ) k,m .
    '1.< ,hin" ,k " ""..-'"", '" '' ,,,,,,b,," ,"", "m t." ,,,,··, ..t ~ ... ,.;", «M,"" X,'r
    ".".,"" J.- "'" i .."",", ; I''''"r' I,. " I. Y _M _ t >u » I (I' ,,~ . 'on. ), ~ p. ,,,., -~ " h<<<
    , .... - ; ( h, ,"" ''''''',,' y o[ 1"''' ,." t " ,n t>.-h c ,,'mm"n "'" m ... mh",,,,', 'h"" gh '.
    J""'n n~. t·".Jo"" ".,-. Pe li 'lf.
    ," 11,;m.· t t.' n",·, 1""'"
    ". f,,,' ",.<mr""" on II", hk • .J)m ,,,' "" ,,r, "" ,.'" ""). on t "" m ,,,,,,,lot..,, """ . ...,
    ,"" r ""' ~ '- ,,( [,,'" ",U,. eK,d ,t. 0>,.. n ?l. n", ..·;..km , f", ,h. nk'jIOVO"1I " .yo",
    , ,,"'" '" ~) lOt' I'" "r L, ,,0< _ ,1'trr"'- ' . J . T",,~ h,. l.',' _" ,., I n ""~ I. Jot
    .,.",~ "",' ,," I'pi> ,~, p/:,.... ,-" ''-,p I,,..,,
    "'''ta. ,.• J '"l.ll'~"" ~P'''',.t.
    ,;·~ip "'>' "''''''''Wl,·..,,_ I.·"~,,,,,, fH.'"' '' ";,,.
    ",~,,,!,,,.t ,,,,,- ,,;, .".. ,.,,¥
    .dn" ,,,·d ".!".
    ,h .. ,"" 'h,~h r'K "" (lr ,"" ~ '~ )' "' ,' I. · "k-n" f" d ",,,h ... ".~'"' (e(
    ". ~ C. L.w.,,~ .. d..', " r,h" " ok C7';''' H,I/;."" ' ,i,,,"
    1""'" !OJ ' I. pp. ' OJ .nd
    '00. " m Tf.., p", lld p"" g' .J<lu,," fmn> !',,,,,,,h ~r ' l «J, ~ h , 1/"' '' 0 ,,,,,, ••.
    "",f. t,W, ,< M ' 'i',.t. 90',,,· 0 ' I""a , ~p,, _ "~
    <i~-f>l' 6 ·;.0<,..".,,, .·.1
    ~'" 9,"'"" ""''- ",nf,,,,,, ,h" "'''''P'''''''''' ~). I"'.";"" lip ,IK Ch,;" .. n
    '''''' ,''''-" ,,,- ~). ,..-,,,,, """,1,,1..,. on h" " •."[", ,,,,, .,,, ,,,- h" "''''''. 0.,
    Ch " ·"",,,,,,-, ",Ie. C Il,",_ 1)'-, ... il,.. .
    (M, m, h. ""N . ""off
    j.,..""
    0 " ",,,, ..", " "I "'"' 7.0;'"

    ," s« ,"",.<_ Ch ,. p. y,
    ' " S« '" ~"~''' I J 'f,~""". '1 .",·,-,,,'-. I h". _ .. J. ' (pm, . "",. 1. 'J'O- w. h,,,,,
    !(~)
    p.g.n oyntom'" ,10 Could thi , cmtom hnT ,urviYed lInch ,nged
    in the ' trong ly Chri,tian capital on the I.\O$pl1or"'? In fau •• f,fth-
    century SOurce u"" the word as • 5y nonym for the Ch ri"i. n
    liwrgic.l offICe of lydmikOl' ."'o More li kd y. in the p,,",":nt
    context. howeyer. i, the iden ti f, c.,ioll of th e Chronicle', ·I.mp-
    liglning' with. Chr;,t;;1ll f,,,inat ion with public illum inatio",
    which w., g. ini ng ground ill the E"t ill precisely the ,"" decade" l
    f."illation wh ich i, .11 the more undentandahlc fnr the flet ,h. t
    public u,eetlight, "ill lay in C""q.nti""plc·, future'" Th",. in
    order to comb" t th e ncfari"us influence of Ari. " night r, llie, .
    Ch'p"'tom. with the hdp "r e"'prc s< Eud" " i. {400- 41. orgJ-
    nizcd torchlight p" ,ade,. ,hc n",i n . maetion o f which co",isted of
    "",s-,haped .il Ye, '<lndlc holders - p<lid for <>tIt of the emprcss'
    pncke, - and hymn 'inging. in which members of the cmp ress'
    (IIbi'''/'' m pl,ycd " provcn role. ' " Th~t ,nch tonhlight pro-
    ce"ion, w ere l,sod.t<·d with th,' cUStom of ly"mapJia i, <1","on-
    ",.,,·d by "vem,of l!Jl1nC 4.11 . Acm rd ing to Cyril of Alex"nd ri • .
    t he whole cit y "f Ephe,,,s w.,
    a ll xio",I)" • ",oiti'lg the pron"u,, ~c­
    "w", of thc .<,,''''
    bl~d bi ,hop' coneCt"i,,); N e>torim. A [ word "f
    hi , co ndcnm ocion . 11d depm icion, the pnpu lation b"g.n to .cclaim
    the cOl1nril.nd puisc God tlm I-li,enemy wo. laid low . When the
    I>i,hop. left th~ ,h urch of th~ Virgi" . they were """rted by
    rejoicing citizcn, co"y ing lights, wom,'" led the w ay. ,winging
    C~'T1sers, 'a11d th",,' W", g rc~t "joicing .",1 lamp-lighting (lye/,.
    'ldPsia) in th,' cit y" . 'JJ Sin," the f,·"ivc ill\lnl inatiol1S of Frid~ y• .>~
    September 4t5. f.1I "I" ..ciy in the mid st ofd", ",·w fJshion. it

    Ill" 7:)u",".t, 1>. !~ft·. T,,,uli;." . .~I"~I"",", Jl . ' - ). "I'. " e,1. E. r>en .".
    eeL. , ( '9) ' ), " P J- '" okf,rnl, Ch ' ;""m (, om "'"'''"'''' of ~n"j<"i
    1><, , u", of ,h" , f<r"" I <0 ok"".« .' <oJ li ~h, "r ,h<" Joo, "'P' "" ;'" 1" " ;.1 hulK!. ).>:
    d . M n .. , .. . l.~ . •. ,J. ~ . Kw y", ,,,,,. '-'<1. J'lO.'-6.
    ," ('"10,_"P"."· -'H. "},,'"",,. ly, "",p'''' !"'~''''' . (Y ",,,, . ,0,.
    ," L .. "pc. 1'"""" (;"'~ tn,,,,,,. p. !'''. '-V .
    '" .,,,,,,,,," in H~ - ' " (; . D.g ..... . N.;,u "" , '"", "ri,. ... C"""""'Hu>pl,,,
    !'wb . b l ~
    '" ,","''',on, ,J, J" • •J' . B;ht""hi~"" bp,"'in, . ~,~. 1 W" ;\. •y"j . p. ,60
    wi,o n. L
    '" s.o.: .. "". II .•.• 6. "
    I'G. 6o). '~~A_C: d . !'I.RI'. '. " ' . ·Bnw.,·. A, ,boo,
    'h, "me
    dm . • , o" ol ; ~h, p' o.-",,,," , ",d r''''"T'~iJ".« ",,,,,J;n <unn" ';"" w;,h ,he
    , <tum of ,he c<,",,, t ,,'" 1',,..<0,,.,, I'"r", "",d",,: S)·,"'''",. ,1'nr'i;. , . •.
    T"'·Ro, . ,.,,,,'4.
    '" Cy ..1 o( ,0.1..,,,01 .. ,. lir. ». N E. '"'0 ...... " . .1(;0. LL, (, ",,1 . " ,. , '0 .
    would ~ ppeH likdy Ih,1 Ih;, cdeb,al;on als" panidp,lcd in thc
    ,,,"W eh,i>!ian ch""ctcr of Ih,- old ,-,,"0"' _Th,· r'CC' .ug~d thc
    next ,b)' p,ov"I,·.! \I,," ~(l".H ,oumc'p,rt to Ihc Chri'lian
    ob"-""',nc," of til<' c,",'.
    The ,,,"X, ' p<-.;ific,lly Ch,;,{i." vre{o,), rile, c.me in 425 . When
    Th",)<lo,;,,' II k,rned "f [he dcfe~1 of Ihe usurpe' John, he
    illln'''!,I,"d til<' ,OCe' "'hid> w,"{C' " I,c,dy in progress .nd
    or~.l"i,,·d , ,h.nbg;vinJ,: proc""i,,,, which culmin.ted in the
    p"fO"'1411C<' of prayc"r_' for Ihe (C->! of Iht" d.)' >I an umpccified
    churc h,'''' Hn,' unrd,t,.,! "-"<,,,I.or fe>l;vitic"' W"re interrupted to
    ~ Ii"w ,he liturgi cJI ,ekb .. t;on to take pllee, O"ce a)':,in, the
    eh,;,,,;an victor), ril<- i, ;ndep<"I1',,"IIt ufand pot~lId to the older
    ""lib, cdebrat io ns. 11u)("h like til<- thank'givi"g M ~" of II III bra",
    ~ "d Ihe olhn imlJnn~ jlllt l' .~"'T]im·d , Th,t thi , di'lille!ion w .. lIol
    '" an-idem i, ,hown by John of Amioch\ .ccou"t of IIn~$t>,i", ..
    vielory eckhrJI;on. ,ftn til<" fint in,ig"ific,,,,, defe~1< illAicted on
    Vn .,lian, Whl"ll I,,· 'nT;n'd tilt· vicw,y bulletin. IIna,u,im
    ort-:.''';''"'' " pmt',·";",, of tlw,k 'gi ,·ill g ,nd vinory 'p'-Cl.de •. ,,.
    In ",her word" ' I",cifil"ali y Ch,i"i." victory ril<> 'Pf>C" to hove
    ,.1<-""'01"',1 in<iep<.""dl"Hly of morc ,ecul .. fnliv;lic$ like the
    trimllp".! p..",k ,,,,1 rire ... , h"w,
    Did ,hI" "'lUl .. r rdl'b'~li"m of triumph~1 parade .nd ritnrs
    ' p<T,.de\ )":gill ., ,hi, 'im<" 10 f..,ttl ,e Chri'lian ,ilual dement' a,
    wdl' Thl' f'N ""<"<,,,1<>.1 ;''''Jncc of.Il imp",;,1 tri"mph parade
    whirh in,otp" ,.1!<'d a puhlic vim 10 l Chr;,ti .. , , hrine coml-' from
    IAt<" itt Ihe "-i~,, of J"'lini,n .'~" In th,- rd;!:iou,ly ch ,rged
    ~t"''''p lw,~ of Ih,- carl)' " " 'l"nth ((·ntur)' .• dd;.ion.l lilurgic,1
    dement' worknl Iheir w')' into Ihe l"mp<'ror", triumpb,1 cntry,
    . nd Ihe .ynthc.i, "fl h,- old Roman p""!c ~"d th~ new Chri'li,n
    , itu," wa, compi<-I(·.""

    S. TliE PIVISION or TUF. EMP1~E ~ND T![~

    COHEG I"I, lTV Of vlCTONY

    The phy,;cal ,'.,Im-.s .nd tl1l' di,',·rsit)' ",f til<' 'licnace' which
    'I)
    weighed "po" it kd more II.", once d", empire .. divi,ion into

    ". "t.,.., Co "n ' J '" "bo'O, Cn "n . 9' _ , .. "bov< , Ch_" n, ",_
    ," {)"'m~ U,,,d,,,, '".mph, .I>ov<" (;~,', p. 7'.

    ".
    ~re~\ com",I,",1 by ",,,mally recugnized imperial colka~nn . III
    th,·ury. Ih,' f"ndJ"'mt~1 unity uf the Rom.n world pC'r>istcd
    "nch, Il<-n);,·<I. I" prJctic<". the ide.1 ofimpc·ri.1 "Hit y ClJrrc"I")nd~d
    lU" "'~lit)" rJ"l':i"j.: f"'m umright war to do", cooper.ti"". c'V,'n
    tho"gh """)" f",,·I. of public life like citizemhip. eoi"age ."d
    com"I.If 'H""i"~lio"s. offn"d compelling ground, ror c"o rdi_
    oatiun octween tht· empire". p,rr"s. Under d'e", condit;uns.
    impni.1 victory id"ol()~y 'tand. out a, a speci fic malli fes,.';u" (If
    the morc gene.,1 notiOIl of in> peri.1 "nil y. Thc illl.);" of collcgial
    victuriuu,ne,s whi d, (an be Wun frum ,kvelopm'" t. uf the' fUll 'Ih
    ."d f,fth ren,"rks (urres rerugniliun ,,( .ubtle VJfialiull' un thi,
    theme "I1J bring> nU~')(" tu ,·ert.i" .'peetSuf i", p.... ial policy "nd
    i1> p"bk prujeniun in Ihi. I",bukm t"ta.'"
    Om' path fur "xplurin~ Ih,' p,ubkm is opcm·J hy imperial
    triu"'ph.1 titk. dn;v,"d from the Il.m,·, of conquered peupk •. A.
    h. s alre.dy been nuted. under [he t,·!r. rchy. these titk, rdkn"d
    the ,,"ity of till" ;'" peri.1 imtitution in victory: cu,emperors ,hart'd
    the .. me "'X.wm;,,,, dn;v"d fru", dll"ir coilcag""" ,uc~,.." .. ,.'''·
    Af("r an initi.1 !",riuel ;n whirl> II<" cu11t;nuc·el to ob""ve thi ,
    p,in(iplc. CUn,(,nt;m' broh m'W ground. Th," ~I1lP,",O' and hi ,
    SOilS cc.",d 'horing l· . <h 0[ber"s !itles ~utom~li",l!y. 140 Conotall-
    liu. !J pur .•ued :l1ld extended [hi, p<)licy during hi. iwkpcnd,·nt
    ,ule. fur he dell;"d Cal'u, J"Ii,1l th~ "",],:c of vinury title,

    ". 0" ,I>< ,1><"" .,," P""K·' uf '"'I'<" .t U"",. "'"' m ~,,,,,,,t E. K'K"""""O.
    l).,rp<lr"u'I"".J J/m,,,,,I."t ,.. I,"",,,.," R,_ ... { l"p,,~. " )0); '" 1\ M .
    ......... , ...." ~_ t ·" 'F"" '. JlJ -"; S. M'''''''K'. S"lu ,"" . I.. "''' '"'1""01. J ••p"
    ·I'ok,;' {R om,. '0,, ), pp.OoII"; pt. p,t,nqu< . "C~ I k' ~"t" i « P""R" <I""
    I"<n'r'« <UID"" ' U, 1V' " V' ,0«1<-•• II,.., .I" ;,.J., _"" ...,. ,0 {"'H ). H-~' .
    'i<o -y" t:>'mDug,,~. Il< f.""i. ,.,,1 ..."J fo, ' "" I"" p.",..
    ,L W.E. K .oc~;.J' .
    Hr"""'" ..,.,,, .... 1,", of 11_ W'; .... ,"",. 'oM). pro Jif. "oJ 'II N. i!' yk". J"J"
    ,..I,,~.I """1 of''''' R,_ E"'r'" ""''''.r ,,,.. J"""r"''''' of ,Iu n ',~. A·')·.IOS ",
    jD,,,. n,~"·,, U,,,, . ")7').1"''''' "',bm. ,.,",,).
    '" !,>,,<.Io.>'·<.l:h ' . " . 17
    " . '1 I) I" """ . .""P< " .1 "m
    p" ~''' ..... D . " J - J , , .. 1'10,....;•. JO ( , 'n" ). J H ')l. 1.<,<
    ' 7(' ."J H" J . • "J ·V ... ,,",..... p. 'JO. ~'!>Kh h.,< "'1'<"... 1<" <I", "f'«' uf [ .
    t·m"". ·Coo"""""" r. I),,,,,,,,,,,,. 'f"'"fi'" J, "",~~".i "'"0"'. ,,,.I ,.I". ' .
    S".f",,,,,,..w. rp· "'-'J (d. ''''' p. ,J, (N' w""
    I
    I''''' ' ). 0)7- JJ · K"m,1. ,;1 k->", ' .
    tIl\. ",.. 'K' h,,,. ,.",h ", .."h... " ..1""",, "n""Cu.,,""',...... hi, "'.".' V,,"W
    "y I<- "",h. K.."",,,I.VP J< - .nd r 7')11". Th" <v;d",,.,
    "'" " " " "~,, <I)" " r P<',,",1 j p.
    «>0,,'''' K",,,<m,,,,,, ,,,.., {()or,..I'"' .. ",..... rr.'jO-') ,,,.. ,n. "g"''' ,,(
    t:""~''' '''M· "oJ "~ "M" "'." .1,,<-<", r.""t y"'". .. ,of , I.< I)"><k,,,,, ~' ", .. n",
    ,12
    c""e'ptJno.lin)!: \OJ hi, ,,,n-",,f,,1 c· xpediti"m.'·' Only .fter Ju li."
    u.urned rull ""wet could hc .111,,1" ,hc trill",ph~1 tille, C;rTman;·
    Wi. Almna,,,,i,,,,. Ffdwiw, and Sa"",uim i. '·'
    Th ...en·"ion of V.klllini,,,] I indulled, " the "lilY" dem.nd.
    the r" e,t"hh,h llI""t of, more ~,'ullillt'ly ""II"I;i .. l powe r_,harinl/;
    '1/;"'c'1I\<'nt]43 It ,·'lt aikd a n""ttectioll "I' the con""ptio'" of
    colkgi." "innty in VO~lIC >I the' hq:inniul/; "f tla' ,'cnlllry, a
    "',,,,'alion nnbodil'd in th,' (""unn" ";no'y «',~"""II'"a of
    V.llerai"i,". V. k", and (i r>lia,,-'" U'l<kt Thl'l){I",i", and hi,
    ,mH-'''''', th., d,horlt,· 'I""''''
    of viunry ''Pill",,, "'Tn" to ,lide
    into a "at,' of ' I"l'c]"k-t! ,"i''';l1i,,,,. dming which the choice of
    epith,'" h,:<""", ') lI i,,· Mnl'lIlYl'<:<1 ,,,,,I it, ' Ke ll rrnl(e <'xceedingl y
    ran' a nd III "y",·",,,ic ' .. S'·\T,.,I tnnes more be'fo,c' the eonque"
    ufCu"'tanti""plc ill 1l04. th,' old titin ",,,,,Id be' re'\lrrC(t~d by
    emperor. "oot.lgic ror th,· tr"l'l';IIg' u( til<' R lllll." ,·mpin-. but in
    e.eh '-''''. the "'an;,,,. tcd tit k ')' Stl']Il ""','",, .<11; ,~m..,;' , 'putred by
    [o",ideration , 'I,,'citi, t" tk "",,,,,,"t ,tnt! the ,uln.'"
    Thc dcc!i,,<' of till'''' ,itk. in till' I.. ,,· (,,"nh c""tmy w ..
    fo'c,h~dowed by ~ ,in k i,,).': "",. of >!" '>!llion which had ",t
    in .",dn Diode,;,,, ' " A""",I': til<' fanoTS in their d.-r.dcnre
    WCr<' lh,' cxCl""" of the "gc - an "arlin i""uiplion h"d ,-ven
    c>l kd I'rohm (A.D. z76- ~ z) 'rnl Gothic (vinori. rral Gn t",nir
    [vjetorl' ",,1 I'<:rh>p,. d", ""'''').':''''1'<' uf tlK "ution "f th<-
    r"'!,"'M" univ('T",, 1 """'J",·rot. pier"~, 0<'111;11'" xt'PIri,m,,'" lJut
    two furt her ,·o",idn.,i"", ",hich han' not found their w.y into
    di",,,,,,,,,,, oftl1<' 1'",1>1"", W'" I",,).': w"y towJrd "xplaining th e'
    old titk' ckdi",'
    1""01'.. , '" tl,,·y "". " ' p,,-,,:ntdtlve nf wh .It h. , he'c'n ,de1l,ificd. \ .
    'pacifist' rurn·"t of op i"i "", the lUte .. ".-c" of • I'hil owphn.
    " , It'''''h, ~· ." ,.. ",,,I . I'p'r ,
    '" ~ '",1 ~ 1. ~"'x.-" ""].."'" p, 179. It .;..: !" " ",,,,,,,,1. I' ' J
    '" J'''''"', I..." 1<"".. /'"'r'''. r. ']'I.
    ,.. ~ "" "". "...X',,,,.l.n,,, rp '7' ." ...-h. ",,,,,,,,d. PP_" ,.
    (< •
    ' " "' Wh. 1-:.. ",,,,,1. pp '; .nJ ."If
    ... tn ..10""., ,<> "". , ,,,~ . ,, u"...·, Mm';" " ",J ,."",,,,'" I{< w h, I-:."",,,.r.
    rp·."rf), ,I>< l1,k "", 1'"",u l" ly r"·,,,,·J by J""""'" 1,';1., pp , ' 0 ,11) .. 1<1. ""I<h
    I" " , M",",-,t I <,;."",,''''', "" v " .t ... . H , I:",~, ;. ,10, U; .. ,., M<d",,,1
    A,.<k, on y M'-" .""" ph<. " (C",,"" J~< _ M,,,_, '" J"). rr, ' , O-!,
    ," ~,><,,,t. _1",..-,,,,,1,,.,. rp '1' "
    ,., P""'"" f"m, en", J1 )' . ..,'0.1 0)' K" ...., I, s"....."'.I.u". pp. " 1 ."J ' n oon ,iI<
    ", .· , ~. d 1""''', R"'' ''h, 1.:.... ,,,,,1. P jJ.
    '"
    Vir/ory ~lId lara Rom,,,. I",blic lift

    publici" ,nd orb , o prefect li ke Th~mi,ti", ore n,tunll y subje't to


    coution when they touch on ",i]it>ry ,hcmes ' 4 9 None,hell''' hi,
    evident di, like for th e o ld m"m ph.1 'itl", ,hrows Ii!:ht "n ,,,illlde,
    ,oward ,hem in preci,dy 'he period wheo ,h<'y diSJppear from
    io,crip,io""
    To Th~mi,tiu" miud . ,n d th>! o f P" ."" "
    wdl, the,", ,ide,
    coojured up inl>g'" of the Republic, ,, 1"", Thi, suggest' th .. , '0
    co ntempora ry c. r", GmMallims . ud the like hod. distined y ",ch aic
    ring ."o The phiIOlOphcr_politici,n llo"ethde.s elii. the epithe ..
    imperfcu, bee'"le they "" con,ingellt: they require :' " ol!tbrc' ~
    of bnb"i,1l m,dllc" befure they c.n be uscd ttl!thf"lly, Th i,
    typical cx,mplr of btl, ,o,i'l"" blu""r deftl y him. une,' ag~in .t
    the credibility problem uf impni.1 victuries in thc ",cun d holf of
    ,he fourth Cl'ntury , ,,, The w'y in which Themi"iu, "'fn, '" the
    titl~s implies that they were not gcnnally ll sed wl"'n .ddre,.<ing
    the prio" in p,'"on, or nm in .ccl.m"ions, since he tIlcllti"",
    not '",c,,' o r ·'p',. kers' blll1ho", whu wljr, ,he triun'ph .1 ,ide,,' »
    In hi, opinion, the !leg.uive "~turc of [he title" .ttrib",ed ,ftcr
    .11 to tho!.!: who de. troy , people or " region, wos oot much re_
    commcnd,ltinn either.' '" On the one h.od, Themi!!iu. dcfmd,
    , Ie" w<l rlike policy by urging empcw" to illlit"" I,,'.v"lll),
    "",ib",,,, ",soci>!ed with pl,i1~"tI,rop;"; on th,' oll",r, he attcll'p"
    to infu se" new, I'",iti,'c coment into [he ter m Got/""", orguing
    f",m the "'trib",". of the Greek gods th~t such ~ title m,y b<: mon'
    ti,ting 10 ~ JlCople's s.v;or th,n to its de'troyer,'" Th"",j"iu ,
    pro>100ncenlwts on the s"bject mll!:c" thOl. in 'OnlC ci rcle, '"
    lea", thc uld vi(tory tid~j wete h",d 10 reconcile with the new,

    , •• C,. D'g",n, 'Thl""",,,,, I'P,9, ff,


    .. , Th", Th<m"';",, 0.., 10 (I "' ll.pG: D, W"'" 'TI>o'..,;",,,,', p. HI , ,",h,n kl
    n.-."'""y, ' ."' .' - " of p",,",. XU p,n" , ("I. " " My""'" '''. , " whn
    "'K~"''' ,h.. if ,ho: " ,,,nm nf "";hu';n~ ,,;umph, ] ",k" '" R_ ..i J"m h,J
    ,",,,,,J infO ,ho: ,go "fTheodoo,", 'he G",,', ' 'h<--<. ,ho: ·rt",Ao<i, n huo", "oo lJ
    h.-, '''J<>y,d nw" 10K" ,nk" ,h.n no .. ";,,,,J i. "".,I i"," " ,i,ii,. W"h <1", ,"'o,J,
    'u e;", .. «'" 10 ..,'" ilk "' ",,,,,' I My"",. , M . , I, ".c"", ;, "f"';n~ ,.., pli,,'1 Y '" 'he
    tim".,,,,,, <>f 'h, ",1« 00 'h, '"'1""0".
    '" Or., . (tV.J6,: D'g"'''. Thi'm;~i<-,", p, "I, Sd"" l' - r~ ,w ' '''r . , ., , •. q 's·
    ," II,J., ~,J 1~' ,/ ¢I ."",~"ol" 01 PfpP,po, VWJ,~~ .. ;'p'¢Q"", j'·'7~"''''
    '" 0.-" '0, x h,n,l-tlown,y, I."J."" '.
    ". 0.-. , 6, ,","""' I- D""·""I. Lt" .'o ," 0." '0. ;lil.. " j "-'J: 0.-" ' j (,"',.
    g",ul"my 'I"',d, w Th,vJu,,", t"" h" b.. b.. ,," ""0'''' of ,w 00· tl'gmn,
    'Th'",i><""·, p. 'I ), i~l, no ,"- o,

    '"
    morc' ros itiv~ an itud~ towHd ,he Ge m""" ha ,hHian'. who were
    i"" 'h<'11 lind",.,: po,i, ;om of prestige' and inlluence in ,h~ higher
    .n;U.l of RUlli." ,uci,"y,'" Th,' cx tm, '0 which Themi,liu,'
    ,h,",;:h! un tI,,· <nbj~n may h.v~ inll umced hi, ;mperi.l pupil
    A'c.d i", is not. un ilK o,hn I"nd, ckat.
    If,h.ngi"l( anilude, lc<"'ned the ~ignifjcJt",e .ttached to the old
    vic'''''}' (,'~ """""" ;" ",mc ,'inln. spnitic hi"oriul cireu m"anee,
    proh.bl}' prcc'il';",,,d rl",i, Kk",si,. A, first gl.ncc. it wuuld
    'PI'C" ' p;I,adu., ie.1 ,ha, une of ,he Ie." mili,ari,tic poli,i,,] figure!
    "f till' era , houl!l oppo'" litie, which .•ccording 10 con vention.1
    wisdum. "'c'n- ,'unfnrcd by Ihe v~ry Sen.'c for which Themi";,,,
    W • .' . uch an avid "Truiln,"6 The .mwcr i. ,h.,. by ,he reign of
    Cun,untiU! II at ,he' b,est. Ihc- wnfeH.] of m,h I;,le. w •• no
    longer Idl '0 ,he Sen .... IH we le.rn from Anltni.nu! MH_
    cd lin",' .n'onn! of CO"".nti",· ""cond ""ump,ion of ,he ,ide
    5"""""",,. ,he attrib",io" of ,he " ictory wg"omi,,~ w", nuw
    <:",h";"d)" in ,hc' hand, of ,he army.'S? Since ,he mcecs"'" of
    Thcudu, i,,' I l~p, far from Ih,' lield ill ,imes of miiitary 'Clivi,y.
    ,hc "tilly los, .11 uppuTwni,y (or .u,'h ."'Iam.,io",, .nd the
    "inur), titk, 1,,,,,'.1 into a kind of ob",leseenee.
    E>Tn as the' ,k.-li'1<" uf Gmll,min" and ,he lik~ close down one
    I'"h '" "n cuv C"fin~ tIll" till'or), and pf>nic~ of Ihe mllegi.li,y of
    Yi~to , )' ~ fte' "'''rianopit-. olh~" open up. In ,hi. cr~. for eumple,
    eVe" ,he mino' "ieturi," of um' August", were . nnounced in ,he
    grc.1 ci ,ie, of hi. colleague" dum~ill. Thus thc """e,,ful
    ,ki",,,,h," ofThcoom i", in 17~ were atH ,,,unccd in both "pi,.!!:
    from Comuntinoplc. Iher~ ",rvive, a hi;lOtical r,-';o rd of ,he

    ". cr. f).g, ...." " t ""H~.''' , rp , vilf. 1'1 .... , ,lit ''''''''"11<''' ... h..-h ,,,,,h ",kw",id ,,,II
    p',,","" '" (""'''''''''''.uk,,"'- ,,",, y"h e,",u. y' f."noO'u,afP..". P",~,,".J. 11,
    .-d f ... "",1. -'tGIl AA. 17 (';") '0) - " . ..,"" "J.J-"
    (,~ '""~, ... ,
    Ch . 11;
    "'~"h,,,, II,,,,,,,.... ' ", J . K'yd< II. " ·"-9
    (h<k ..... Ch . 9); cf f.E. Till""fdd.
    K",p""." K.""~",,. J" '" if""';""'"'" J/'''''i.t''p.i. , .. P,....p ~J M.""
    C"-, ..,, (~ \u", 'h , '''', ). p . • ' .
    ". K,.. ,,,I. SitX""'.'.'.', rp. ,J'""
    '" ... "'"'''"'~ M",d li "m. ' 7. ' J. 1,. CI .... , 'p. "'l'" .{:U""'''''"' . , , n,ih",~
    ~,,< <un"""" . """n'~' ~""",~'u, 'Pr<tI" u,. ox ..-.e."uto ",""""um .. .". Cf.
    '0
    Cot",,,,, '''' 'r«<~ 'h, """ ~'. "i...
    ' 1. ". H- 0" k. '.J n l - 7' '"",''''mu ,~u
    ,,,i
    q""'q'''' "'~,;I;, ,."', 001 ; 'poli"m P'''' m< [,m, .,,""<1., ~"" .. " 'I!"OIn,",um .
    ~ ,..,d "", u" U m Hkmq... ><" ';0" ''' , m;" i ("" ,it • Jrut .", d;''''''I. ""i/o " i!.oiJl;" •
    wrth 00' ,0< , I,~~, <" .th",,,,,,~ ,<"""".1 ,,,,,lin,,,,,,,"

    "l
    v;({,"y dud I~I(,I RO"','II I,,,blir liff

    .""ou",e"',"I, while a knn of Symlll.chm rc'fe" 10 Ihe


    l!"'OU'''e'''~ru to til,' Itom.n Sen.!,' and req"" '" !h' l !he
    we5!ern cm p<: ro n GlJli.n and . probab ly . V akm;n ian II be
    ;n formed of hi. joy at '!hcir' ,·ie!",;"s.,." Th e V .lenlini.n sY'lnn
    remained in fo,,'e fur "","",. 1 dcc"k~, {" j85, for in'I''''T,
    Sytn lllaeh u. w",! e ale'!!cr "f congr.tl<i,tiom on Ihe .cco mpli,h -
    me" IS of On,' of V. km;n;,n !r. gcncr, Is. True 10 !he' tradi!io", of
    !he 19~. Ihe ""te i, ,ddrn,,,d [() !h,' whole co llege of 'nlperon; [he
    vinory i, co",idcrt'd [heir COl""'O" "ccompl i'h"'en!,'"O
    Vielo,y monllme nt! !cll [he Sl"'<' "ory. E. rl y in [he "entll ry.
    the ~i{y of Rome h.d ",,'(tnl a triumph.1 arch dedi cat ed to
    Ihe sok .vmgcr of Ihe R,·public. ' • o Eigh l de~ad<', later. Ihe
    exigcncies of colkgi. 1 vinory impo""d a ditfcrcm pa! t,'rll . Now
    the Cily Prefec! would commemorate Theodmius !he Grcat'~
    victor y o,... r '''''Ihn ""';>ewr by r"i~ing II"" \!.tun of the w-
    emperorl ill !he I'o'um. T" cxprcss the ,'omm IIni!y o f victory
    • viClo,y due clI!irdy '" Ihe dfort5 uf Thcml",iu, - Will! casia or
    morc !.e[ful w~y !h,,, 10 repea l ;I". Same il1..:ription Ihrec !ime•.
    changing on ly Ihe "Jm~!o ti l !h<' Aligns"" wh o", ,tllu,' ado rned
    Ihe b.se;
    To [hr uli,,~ui>h"r uf lyIl'''' ."d .U1hor uf public "'< or;ly . Our Lord
    Thcod""u, I,·i, . V.I~nlm"nI Arc.diu<l , elem.l ,nd forum.l e ever
    A"~«>"", Criuni", Rut", Albin", ... ,.,

    ,,. C .. ,. Cpl"""", ' .170. M<>n",,,,,". "<" Sy m ",,,h"~ I', .. Yl , '" Sp~ .."', who
    ",,,"ki It... ktn (;""",', -"""' ....., o:{/io .... ~ " ,h" ,...."
    II'UUi, "M, -) .·f!
    .n
    S¥OS"''' J d '>«". II,,,,,,,. , r. '''' .'" on"
    ., >«,"', ",d.<on~ Df C.-.I. 1",,". ,. ",
    ' " I·LfI. F., I". ' iLl. S<c<k, ) ~,' 7-9. 0" , .... kk"" ii,,,,,,,,
    of ,I>< ." wry , .',J..
    ex;,
    ... On ,to. ",'I< ~ "'''yor ,.jJ,,,,,,(,>Ifoci. 1m"'''''''' ''·'';'''',J''''''. L.l", fl. ....... E",,,,,,
    '. )'J . II",,, , Symm .. hu~ P,/.. .,. ','>«<-k , )" " ' -1'".•; .dd,,,,,, J'j.lj- 1;
    «,m,,,,,,, . «omph,h.n."" ·!kllo,"m .. . "''',,''"' glo, .... u, "' ;'U,. J' 1.11; ,I><
    "u,,,",,,,,",,, w" ',1 ..."", ,k",,,,,,"" "",,,. [",", ,v'P<" " " ,' ),';." d , ,'(,."
    .,;, ...., f"~ , ,,,,,, "''''''
    [.0(;, L,",,"um .. : . On ,to. ;ok""'~ ,,( ,....
    comm.n"',. x,d,. (f""~'"'J' j. ro'. No<, 'h" C.." . c,r" ..... '.JIk>. 'm"~ ,to.
    ."noun"',,«n' Df "Ho ,,,,;., "'",,,h A"~""' (......... ""P""""'J, <.<, "fGu,",,, "oJ
    '1 ""><k><,u ~ !.:," "'~ ,I>< ,h; IJ V . !.:nm, .. " II ' .. ' <>f ,to. 1"<0""'. N """ II~ , .... ~ m pI<
    I",~u'g" of ,I>< f .." >h ....1J "'" b< p",,,,d to." , ('" " 1"1,, ,I>< !.:~" pm";"" of
    oIf,,,,,] ,"mmun ..".,,,,. T.... "'P""""" <mph"",,,, n' .... ' ,h" "''''' ." ",..,
    ,ml"'",n ..,,",11)' w,," "'pm'" .,<ton.... m;oo, ,hou~h ,I><~ m.y h.. .. h«n.
    ,.. ILS.69.·
    '" Cit. , (', )"') - ' " ) ''' )0 ..... ," )"-')0' ·~.",m"o" ,ynn"","m ..- p""';,,"
    ••" "fo"" (,) ''''''~,; ~, " , Th«lJo><oo I'" '1""'"'" fol",; .. m1"" ""R""o. C<;", '"'
    ,,'
    C,,/lexia/ily of viclory

    The death ofTheodosius and the inmllation of his sons as rukrs


    of the empire' s twin h ~ lves has usu .. lly been taken as the beginning
    ofth~ end of Roman unitY.;I division which was .cncdy bridged
    in the yen, following Alori,', sack of R ome, ' ·' Recent slUdi~s
    have argued that the situ ati on was more comple x: they find
    confim"'tion in the collegiality of victory .
    The public stance of impni .. l harmony on which the Thcodo-
    si.n succe,,;on r,-sted w," ,orely te'ted by Gildo', revo lt against the
    we.tern government. in which Constantinople h .. d played no
    little p~n. As troubled a. rciation. might have become between
    the two administration. . Stilicho', mouthpiece was ever c .. utiollS
    to confine his crit icism to those who influenced Honoriu,' brother
    from behind the throne . 'b.' No ,noner h.d the matter been scltkd
    to the wcstnn govnnmcnt', ,atisfanion and rdief th.n Stilicho' s
    publici,t trumpeted the r~stuution of the 'wm pitlr hnmun y of the
    broth~rs'.16~ The victury monument r.ised in the Ronun Forum
    to eternalize thi, succe" etern.lilcd as well the emperor. plrMo
    coMco,dia. ,inn' it e'pollS<:s the mutually shared nature of the
    victory . Th~ "'~ming unlikeliness uf thi! d~dicatiun nnly rdn_
    furen the· view that the· decisiun tu er~ct th~ monument reflects the
    western government", e.. gerncss to nurmalize' rci3t;ons with
    Con\llntinople ~ f,cr the delloue",e" '- ' b,
    The Sol"'C public position offul! harmony il mirrored in (he bit
    by the mOllum~ntal cclebrat iun of the Guth,' ~xpuJsion frum
    Comt''''tinuple 'Illd the lin.l defcat , nd dea th ofG.ina •. The 'piral

    lI.uf,u, Albin u" v.<.. p,,,,r ,"bi """m vi« ,,,fa JOO,,,,,,,.
    d.n,"Lq.d",. On
    Albin",. Ch""~",,I , r."". pr, ,)) - 6: cr, I'LRJO. " )7-! . W, "'i~h, b< '"np'e" '0
    dr.'" dilforing """Iu,.,n, . hom ' 0' "';,00, in C",'''m ' io"pl. (m m tho f. ct ,h.,
    , ... 1.."" ho"""o.m "" tI ", N.>< uf tl", Ob<h", ufTh.oo.,,;m. ",c,.d "" ' h, urn,
    O<CO>K"'. mo"lion ,,,,ty Th.-od", i", .nd h" "" ...: !LS. !l ' . How,"". ,hi,,,. po<'ic
    lext, .n" V.lom",,,n " 00<, 'Pr<" '" !;S"" ,n,I", " I d " ..I f, "',mding '0 G.
    ilrun!. f)" Ob< li,o. r ".
    ," f . ~ . !l<"",u~e,,'_ 11. f"""i. pr o JMIf, cf ~.I.n~u • . "C"lk~;,I; "'·. pp. , i~-90.
    0"".'....
    ,..
    '"
    ,.. C.mo<on. pro J'- f .
    Cbudi,n. 0. ... 11. G.IJ.""". '. ,_,. III". ;f: 'Com·u,d;. f,,' rum /PI." ...
    C.m,mn , 0"".,... , pp , "[>-'"
    "i.-.
    ,r, p. Jl . Fo, d .. ;n"'"p'oon. c/L, ". " '7 ,,,d
    J"l'" ·imr<"'O'l"''' inv"" i"""" fdk;,~mi"lu, Jd . nn . A,eoJ., 0, Il""Q'I".
    f""ibu, ,.,,,"u'f'OI'uiu"lU<' R nm.nm ,';"d i"" ,<1><11000< « Alii"", ,,""""""'<
    I.<,u'. N",< huw<"" 'h" 'wo Rom." "<dimi"", '0 S,,]j,ho fot Ill< .,,,,, 0«.00n
    give IlQ ~i", "r ,)",«1 glo,~: c/L. 6, '7Jo ."d ·R<v"" d<> public";"",
    <p'8"rh'Gu,,·. II,,", .,,"'""!'.... ('9>'1. no. , ....

    '"
    Vielory and lalfT Roman puhli< life

    rc/ief oflhe triumph.l cuh,mn put up in New Rome indulged in


    ,mistic, or nthe. politic,,] license, by ,howing both Honoriu s and
    A.c "di u, cdebr"ting the defeat of the Gern",nic f"cI;on .'66 Tbi s
    facl reinforces the POllibilily Ih"t the repon of specl.eles in Ihe
    circus in honor ofG.;n.s· defe.l;s :lCCU"',e in situ.ltin!; Ihe ,how in
    the .ncient c.pit.L '67 rfit il correct, IheM: cclebutiom:lre the firSl
    indic.tion th.t. under the Thcodosion 'y'tem , the joint n.mre of
    impcri,,1 viccorie, w •• m ..ked in the territory of the victor'.
    collc .. guc in more dfcClive .nd exp""iv e (.shion than h~d
    previously been the ca,c, Such a new policy did not, however,
    imply" relI.,. t from the more tr.dition . l, monument.1 embod i-
    ment of Ihe collegi,,)jty of victory, "s i, ck.rly shown by the b,t
    Rom"n triumph.l .. ch set up in [he . ncien, copitll. This arch.
    which was visible down to the Ren<li,s.mce on the West b<lnk of
    the Tiber by ,he Ponte S. "'ngdo, commemorated the Gothic
    victories of Honorius :lnd Stilicho, cc1cbr~tcd in the triumph of
    404,'·' It w". put up ~ yeu I:un and dedi cated to the 'most
    dement, most fortunate. world-wide VlCto", Our lord"
    "'r".dius, /-lonoriu •• nd Theodosiu, ,' 09
    The evidence On joint cclcbr"tion ofR" venn.', victory over the
    ulurper Fl. Ct.udiu, Comt"minm i•• mbiguom. '1o Four ye . "

    ,.. Ik",,;. CO",""" PP. l11- ." <f. M.non"". s,,/, ...... PI'. ~ilf.
    '" E"". pi u~ 1>< '" "",i,,, fl. '" Il<>",,;v. ;n. fx",p" 10""",,, , • .1>6.lo--\17 ,', T I., '''I
    hi! I, ' ~w~~ " 9'6,"'" for R om.: PLRE, " In" ',,""o.wmou, ' j'; for Con_
    ","tinopt<: D. D. ld",in. "'Pm","; "" my't<"o", P",f,,<t in Eu",p,~,·. lir< .. ,0
    (r<n<'). )-t, ,od M"Cmm"k , A" "". "''''''"1. p. I I, Th< ",,,n,ulOoo 'Rom<'
    _ · N,,.. Rom, ""m, ",m<w"" "b'''''r ,n ,ni, <<In[<Xl "fie< ,h<wOo" fun,pi",
    nil! Rome .nd Co","nl,"opl, by lOoi, p,op« I"m<!. c., . fg, p, Roi,,",,,n ~1·')
    ,nd fg. 1O. vU. "' r~ . !I<l. 10'.1<>--'0 , l, C,,<co I<.u~g"" , S,.. ,.,I, ., "'''~ Ii,
    i-kol'I~' ...1 ,.,</0 ,1/,";"." 1'91l). w" "'" " " b bt< to m<,
    , .. IU, wlI. 01 CIL, 0, 1'OX;; of, f;c~~«-S<hn'i~l . 1"!(~I(Il",,.", .. I'"I. no, ,.,
    pp. l)---<5 • • nd W, K,h k" 'T Humpnbog,n' , RE, 1A.• 00 , no . • J,
    " . Fi<b,~,,-s.chmjdl, 10<. ';1, : ·Imp pp. ,km,n",,;,"" f,li,,,,,,,,;,
    '0<0 orb< VKIOtlb""
    ddd . ""(n), .... "'d,o Hooono Th"jd"';o A"~S8' .d 1""'""" IndICium
    "'umphu(,"m). quod G<,,,um n>t"'no,., On "mn, ""urn do«u)m .xIl("8u') ,
    ...'urn ';",ul>"il corum "op,ei"l'>< OO;",,(lum) ",OU", populu"lu, 1<.0",."U'
    tel,", op<ri. 'picndor<. •
    ". c_,. C,W ..... q l I. Mom",«n, ,.6, h" "",ply 'h" «.,,,. Com"nli", Iy .. nni In
    como <>-pu •• dl""m e" XliII . k.t O .. lob,:, If 100 f"lm< 10 'p«ify 'h, pi.. , to
    ",hKh 11M: he.d "''' brough,;, no' J", 10' ,,,,,,...1" ci<knt. it ",ould me.n 'h>t ,h.
    'n "y .<f", '0 C"n",n"n"pk .nd " Ie,", h",d p. ",k Inc,e; il ;, nOI now,v"
    impoWble ,hoi Rn<",""''' m<onl (Ihu, PLRf.l. , ," '1 1,
    ,,8
    ColI"gi~lily ~f viC/ory

    b!tr, however, East Rome saluted the wene", governm ent'.


    'victory' over Ath'llllf with consider. bk p,nache , since the newS
    triggered the festivc lamp_lighting discm,ed . bove, as well a,
    circus raCeS, The pattern holds in 416, as evi denced by the thcatcr
    show honoring HouoriUl dcfe ~ t of Attalus. '" Th'H this kiud of
    joint celebration sunived at leal! .s btc JS 4lj is shown by the
    decision of Theodosius 11 to hold <I liturgic<ll proce'sion and
    thanksgiving service, for the dde~t in the West of John the
    usurper_'" Finally, ifit is ttue that the unidmtifi~d fntinl of
    3 September in th~ calendar of Pole",ius Silvius corre'ponds to
    the commemoratioo of the yuunger Theodusiu, victory over the
    Persians in 42', this could only mean that the western court
    continued to reciprocate the ea<tern government's public projec-
    tion of collegial victory th ro .. gh R . venna 's annU'!1 state holid" y',
    even into the duke't huurs of the wntcm Rom.n empire's ftnal
    ag ony.!n
    Throughout the fourth and fifth centuries, th,-n, the .hncd
    nature of victory "nd in celebration ",,,nifested all d reflected the
    vicissitude, of the conception of the collegiality of imperi al rule.
    Constantine's new family monarch y abandoned the tetr;> rchic
    system of common victory titles, whi le Val cutinian's restora,ion
    of a collegia! ~ystem of government brought with it a return to the
    old conception of joint victoriousn",,- The conceptio n thrived
    under Thcodosius th e Great "nd experienced " new and un~
    expected developmen' in the ye~t< fol lowillg his death .
    Sct again't what i, known of the a-gional rivalries of the period,
    the public proj ection of imperial unity to th e populations of
    Constantinople and Romc i" in it,elf, vi, ,,1 evidence both o f the
    governments' will to m" intain solidarity in the' face of event, and
    of their heliefin the desirability of em bl ishing or reinforcing th eir
    populatio",' belief in that solidarity. Tbi, in iudf tells us that
    contemporary perception, .nd ev aluations of the ,itUltion of the
    empire and it, comtituem pan. were, in these yens, somewhat
    more complex th.n is sometimes claimed.

    '" Aoov<, Ch. l, p. J!. on Aoo". Co . >, p 00.


    '" Aoo., . Ch. >, n. ]0_Cf too tho ,vKi<n"" n(th , cu in.~' p"",,,,,-,l by K".i. Ut(!;""
    pp. l)/[
    , ,~
    Viaary and 1M" Ramm, p"b/ie life

    6. V I CTORY CELE bRA TIO N S AND TilE T HRO N E

    At the .. me time th,t imperial victory ccl~b ro tiom could b.. u<~d
    10 co mmunicate the politic. l m~"ag~ ofth~ und~rlying unity o f
    iml'~ri.1 pow ~r, they coul d .110 se rve to project . nd publicly
    old;",' the rd.tio", octwcen the monarch and !c"cr centc" of
    power, In . soc iety wh~re.ll eyes were bra cketed on th~ thron e, in
    which an individual', , .. "" . nd ,0ci.1 prc"ige ,oar~d or plum_
    meted .ccording to hi, ,t.nding vis·.l·vis th e emperor, greoH
    , ignifoc.ncc cou ld be .tl.ch(,d to little ge. ture" In th~ conte>:t of
    the collegiali ty of vicw ry, attention h ...Ire. dy occn drown to
    Comt. nti u, reluct. "ce to ,'Ce J uli. " C.es;lr using the triumph. 1
    ,ities to whjch hi, victo ri es might h.ve entitled him, T here can be
    little doubt th. t th,' rc.,on lay in Comtantiu, ob",,,ivc fe.r of
    comp<-,tition from hi, young nephew . For ex.mple, unlik ~ other
    emp<: ro ", Const.n ti", ' victory bulletins sometime, f. iled even 10
    mention the role played by hi s gcnct>ls in bottles which 'ook pbce
    f.r from h il pre'cnce. ' H JuIi.,,'s frequcn t victory disp"che! from
    ,he' fro", ."d CO""'an,;u' rc{" .. 1 to grant him due credit only
    encouragnl the courtins who snecred 10 imperi.1 LlUghter.t the
    'littl(' vinor' (vic/ori",,,), • cru d pun on both Juli.n' , ,ubordin.tc
    .r.tu, to Const,lIltim, w ho of cour", bore the offici. l tide Viaor,
    and the C.es.r', shon sUtlIre - 'th e y.kking mole', .s ,ome
    disgruotled sold iers called him.'" T h.tJu!i.n's subordin.te _nd
    precariom pmition w_.
    dtiven hom e .nd publicly displayed i,
    only under.corcd by the fact that Co""tanti,,, never allowed Julian
    to celebnle. OT even jo;" ;" CO" ' I.",iu' cele b.,t;o" , of the
    C.e,at" succe"" in G . ul. Juli_n fclt strongly that h~ was in fact
    ent itl ed to joiot ce lebration with the emperor md hi, bittnne"
    hangs h~.vy in hi. OWI1 account of the sligh t. 17 •

    '" Amm,,,,,,, .'.1"" 1,,,, .. , . , 0, ", ,,>. o .. k. ,-,oJ . ' 1. n .. olh" "" p.".. n , i«~
    ,11m gct><"" "n'" d<du«d OX>< ooly fmm Amm .. nm' <om .. k. bo t . IK' fwm
    S)·. ,m .dM. Rd. oJ , >. :;..;,,'k. J r6 '---<J.
    r
    ' " Ri""h . K"",,,,,I. 110: (; . w. Uu..-"""k.)"l'''' '"' .11"""" (C, mbndg<. Mm "
    r<nil), pp. "'-'J.
    ' " Ju l"" . Ad A,""" ".,. !. ,J, J. lI,rk ., 0.",.,,, '_p ll", , ., (p • .., . '~j». »6.6-11.
    Jut .. n f"" ,mp"";"" ,h" h. h.d pl')'«l b), ,It< ,u",,, "'" j",91!.'~a, ' ''"
    ".wp.!k;~ "oc KWWJu""i", ; n<TI '"""gh "" ,,,,,Id "u' «kb"" ","umph b)·
    h,m",lf Iniwl ,/ ~~ ~p"~pw<,, t' ~'I, h, ,uu ld h", ",,",cJ "I< "P'"vc
    Ch.,>dum" . "d <kp,",,'J CU"'''''''"' uf'l>< ~I",)' u f J"pl "·,,,~ , 1,,< '''''tn) ' ms.
    He 'Orn remind, h" ,ud",,,cc of eon",,,,;",' de,,; , 1of, JOint ,dcb ... "",; !. ,,· tP~

    '"
    Viao,y u/fbralio,g a"d Ihr Ihrone

    III thi' imt:ma, the ,light loy in Cunst3ntim' denial to Julian of a


    privilege frequentl y gr, nted to thc heir 'pparent, , f~vor which
    exp lain .• the ",em;ng i!lcongrui,y of, child conce1cbr,ting the
    outcom~ of ~ military comp,ign, as though he h,d phycd SOme
    signif,c, nt p:lrt in it. Comwuine him",lf ,.·cm, delibcr, tdy tu
    h,ve 'o.\uci~tcd th.- fumwcn- Or fifteen-year-old Cacs,r C onsun -
    tin ~ 11with ob",rv;lllce, of" victory over the Guth,.'77In the same
    m3nnCt, Theodo!ius honored the defeat of the Greutullgs jointly
    with hi, cotriumph" tur and heir apparent, the child Atc.diu!. whu
    would h.ve been ~bollt nine ye,,, old in J~6. ' H He bter took hi,
    fou r- year-old SO" HO!l orius llong fot ~he victory fc,tivl l beld . t
    Rumc in J~9. The trip to !'tomc was the firsr offici~l meering
    between the pupu l"tion .nd dite ufthe anci ent ,~ pital and th e hoy
    who w .. destined tu be thei r Augustu " evcn a , the numinal ruler
    ofrhe We.t. V" lentini,n H. renuined for to the North 3nd oUi of
    ,he pie,ure in di,r,,,, Trier."" Sume ye~N !o,er. Cl,u di~n ..",reed
    th~t the ch ild h, d played a prominent . jf ps, ive, role in rhe
    ceremonie,. ",ated in hi, father·slap. '"0 That Honorius' pre,e,"e
    w~, me , nt to m~ke ~ politic,l point regHding Th~-odusius' plam
    for the future has been dedu ced by more than one schobr.'· ' The
    diuribu tion of ,ignif,c,nt I, rges, w ~ s" ""ndard and ubviuus effurt
    to infl uen ce in this dircction the pocker,. if not the heartS and
    minds, of the Rom an pupu l"tion. A rarC hronze i"ue from ,he
    mint of Rome bear. th.- ,logan 'The Hope of the St~te ' . T he
    formula was customar ily a"ucia ted with h.-;" to the throne and
    h~, been lin ked with Honoriu' pre.ence in the e'en",1 city; the
    distribution of such coi ns coupled with J 'Molt Noble Boy' ,in ing
    in the triumphator', lap w", ,, me""ge ufunmi,t.bble clnity to

    .0/<"' . ;po() pi,')"<ll"a,Il.I"oo, I~'I ,,'" M b~,I..! '" 0<. 1'0 "" . .. uilx ~ p.!c. H.I'
    1~,lw" 3p"pfJ,oo>l I,ll """nO ,On ~" .. g' , "' uo<> Ih, fir!! p<non ,mgubl who"
    'I",,\c;ng " f o,m><l( , 1,,"<). T h" 'pp";"1. mono. .h< bi""",,,. j, «ho.d by
    UN ''' "' '" J6): (fl .. n . 49. f"""",, 1.26. I I - n6 .nJ '~'''' ." (fl .. I ~. 66-1,
    1'0<<<1<1 , ,60.1 \-'';\, '"
    AbQ, •• Co . '. p. '0·
    ...,'".. AbQ, •. Co . '. p. H .
    C£. s«ck. U""'R'"~' I , "7·
    CI,ud;," , VI",,,, .. JJ -hi, ~'''. ' >7 - " of C""," C pli"" " , ' ·" 0. Momm",", ><1; ,r
    W . En"I,", 'w .. K.;I<, Th<OOo';U< t. ,w<;m. 1 ;n Rom" . 1/",.",. I I {I~ JJ ) .
    jC<>--7. "' •• JOO: . nJ lip~IJ . n, ..... ,i"" p . )9.
    '" Thu, s.." • • U''''! ' ",!, \ . "" RIC:, o. H' - ') ,

    ,,'
    Victo.y ond lora Rom." public lif,

    the rna" of onlooker, nO! privy to Th~ odosiu" inn er coun~ls.!O"


    In much the sam~ fashion . Honori", WaS hurri~dly summuned
    from the E:!st to particip ate ;0 the victory celeb rations ove r
    Eugenius, even as hi! f~thcr', health w,med .,"l At hi, arrival in
    Milan, Honoriu s, nOw aged ten, participated in a p_rade which
    Cbudi .. n link. with Eugen;u!' defeat . ,,. T he child ruler juined hi,
    father for the victory celebr:!!ion staged in the Milan ese circus and.
    when Theod",im was overcome by his fatal illnc", at lunch,
    Honoriu! presided Over the re,t of the day·, doing. by him'elf.'"
    !n c.eh ca>c, the obvious aim was to present to an expectant
    popu!'tion a future heir to the throne and to the imperial
    monopuly of victory. The word, of a contemporary propag;>ndist
    accuratdy , ummed up the intent of chi!dren ', participation in such
    Ceremomes:
    Pro.pcn Romul,;, 'pe,.n'u, tempo .. rebu,
    In nOmen ventura 'uum . Proemi... ["turi.
    Dant <xempla f,dem. 100
    The ,ucce" ion (or which th e population had been prepa red by
    Theodo.iu, ' triumph. introduced a new phI..., in late ROT"a" rule
    when the emperors reigned but did nO! govern.'07 From the
    .pl~ndor of th eir imperial iso!'tion. the Augusti ~ me rged only to
    perform the essential symbolic "ct, of .. ceremonial monarchy.
    while the reality of power was fought over by the great courtiers,
    civil ",rvant, and military m.n of the .... '" !t was not only the
    re"lity, but aIm the trapping. of power wh ich leading offici.l. of
    the ea.tem court >rrog~tcd unto th.mielvc~. Rufinu~' _"a,ji n_
    atiun and the cuneomitant victory uf Eutropius" faction ;n
    government:!1 infighting were he ..lded as though Rufinus h.d

    '" RIC. 9. IJJ. no. 6J: d . p. IIJ .


    '" Thu, s.o.:"to•. H.f .• J . ,6. PC. 67.6JJC
    ". C I,ud;,n. P"" I T'""'.' .. ""i. ,"",.1... H"",,,ii. ,,6- .,. Jjlt,. ,.6. "p. Ii .....
    ""- )0' •.. . <um to genilOri • • mKoIEx"f"u, s"mio ",roi.1 m "],,,m f""
    u,b.mIV.lm lqu, p;'" «>mmu";. I,u ,,, ",,,ou.!· deli.",d k" ,h,". yw II ...f",
    '" s.o.:,,,,•. H, .• j. ,6. PC. O").6jJC
    , .. Cllud"n. IV "'''J..
    6'9-" . B;". 17). on Ih, r,,~ ",,",ul,,, ofHono,;" •• ,h", . g<d
    IWO. WhKh coinc>J<J w;,h hn r"h,,·, v;<lo,y ,nd " ;umph n." ,hc G'C",unS' .
    co, S,rio, .1l,,.E,,,p"'.
    1. " j .
    '" S« ~~""'u. of C y"",·, mmpb;nll "",,,,m;nK o\«,d;u,· ;",ll,;",,: Dot "$"". I•.
    ,J. n"'ghi. ' .'9.!II". <onflfmro by ' h, «owd, which fIockcd 10 "'< A,,,J,u! ""
    """ ofh;, fOr< publoc ' PP'''''"«' ;" ,he C;I1' So,,,,,,,. H ., .• 6. 'I. I'G . ,,>.]pA . l;! .
    3ctually usurped th e purple ~nd Arc~diu, had , ctu,lIy defeated
    him. Emropim and Fra,·;tt> ,cern to h"ve cdebuted splendid
    triumph. ] entries into thc c.pital. in honor of their military
    expeditions. Thu. tOO the City Prefect domin't~d the victory
    cdcbutionl for th~ defc,! of Attalus in 4 !6. "9 All of this re veals;l
    remarhble Aexibility in {he perimete" of public ,ccepubility of
    ,ymbolic deportment by Ie .. ding officials in late founh- ea rl y ,,,.1
    fifth-<:cntury COnltaminopk. After a n~w >eric, of emperors who
    ruled " well" reigned. thi, wide me • .ure of privi lege had
    m,nifcstly come to ,,, end. since the SC ;ItH honor conceded to
    Bcli,ariu, cuuld be hailed as ~n unprec~de'''cd achievement .
    Perh:lp' the old minure, had bq;un to be rn ,snt~d JS early as th~
    anger of T heodosim II one day in the Hippodrome . when the
    crowd accl aimed (h e build ing activities of the great Urban and
    PI:lctorim PIefect Cyru, with the ,huut, 'Comt .ntin~ founded it,
    Cyrus renewed it".", il1cidel1l which is reported to have triggered
    the offici,!"s fall.'oo
    J u,t ,,. intcIc>ting :I, this ev idence 0 11 the ebullient, open
    ch,rocter of government and society in Con~tantinople,t the turn
    of the fourth century ~re the contra"ing ,kvdopmcn ts in the
    ,neient capilal. Then' tOO gre,t otflC i~l, like Stilicho dominated.
    enjoying po,itions which ~eem ingJy co rn pored to those of the
    mand~rins of the e"Uern court, as w.-ll as th" kind of ce remoni , 1
    perqui,itc, :lppropri:lte to imperi. l dignitaIi", . But th~ir public
    di'pl:ly fell shOT! of the .. ppropri;ltion of imper i, ] ritual which
    char,cterized contemporlry New Rome. T hm the cekbr.tiom of
    Stilicho'5 victories sound a more 1l10dcr;He no te. Why eh.e would
    C b udi,m conclude , d~,cription of how glor ious Stilicho"
    triumph,l parade would havr bee", had he but dc, ired to cd,·bratc i(
    in the .ncient w ol' ?'" !:Iut Stilieh" Wl< ,hove , 11 th,t: lCcord ing

    .. CI,.... 1', ,,,1 .• S <mn. j1) .1j - 11 ; d . pun. l . I [~2 . . U"", !" .•" d .lw"". p. , s. A.
    Li ppold. 'Th, oJ, ~ ; " , tI. ·. Rr. >. IJ (191J ). I"II - IOU. 1><<< <.>61. p,",u m," ,h" <1><
    <mp<ro<.'" p,.,.,nt; )." i, w"uld ",on, "ol;,,!y th" tt" ""1"',;.1 p"" no< would
    l>< PC""," 0'" ;n ,;kna, ",h,k th .. or. h'gl, oR"';. 1""" <",pl",,,<~. !t ;, ;""'''''''S
    '0 <",n p'" th" ",<Ideo" ,,""h <,,,k"," orb,d tlg ««mOtH. l lIlI>OV",,", ""'000>«0
    du'ing ",d 0<"",,, of ,he d uldhOO<l ofTbroJ""u, IL J~hn I. ydu, . f>< .. ';t'''''''".''
    ... M. I,Il,.
    '. 9.W ""K~. 6'.1 ' - I'
    C!"",,~,ar~ i
    N. i"",,,. p p . no ,.
    .
    •. lion". ,"LOY'"'.'. On ,..., inci,","t. cr. D'g"'" .

    ,. , C I,udi," . 0< ,,,,,,,,/,," S'i l ~ h "" i , . J. "-' J. 1\;" . ' 2J.


    '"
    V;clOry and 1m" Romal! public life

    to Claudian, he preferred to celebrate his niumph in men' s mind.,


    • statement which scurdy veils CJ.udi.n'. h.biru.ltechnique of
    cr'.ting virtue out ofnecessity.'92 When it c.me right down to
    celebr.ting S, ilicho', gre. t victories at Pollenti. and Veron . , the
    best he coold hope for in the ancient capiul was the privilege of
    fOI!,rHU' vrhieuli, of riding with the emperor in hi, triumph.l car:
    Tunc tibi m.gnorum merCem FOr!un. bborum
    P,nolvil, Stilicho, Curru cum veelm e".lern
    Vrb. rriumph.n{ern gen.mm fior.",. iu",,,,.
    · ,.,
    C on'plCer" " . .
    In the ancient npital. custom called for stricter adherencc to the
    old con ventio", of poblic b"havior and imperia1 perquisites. In the
    new city, .nd, ind,'cd, the new socie ty ofupwudly mobile civil
    serV,lI1t', there w.s, for a brief dme in the f,fth century, less
    t",dition and fewer entrenched cemon to ch,'ck the new elite',
    hunger for ourward ,igns of prestige and power. Jost .s it was a
    western bi,hop who fim impmed limits on the e.stern emperor's
    accu,tomed freedom of movement within the ..cred sp.cc of the
    Chri,ti.n .anctuary , .0 western wcicty ,tood eYer mOre scrupu-
    loosly by the recognized ritu.l prerogatives of imperial offICe,
    even <IS the western empire beg.m its long .lide into oblivion. The
    COn traSt in the ritu al behavior of the two paries' highest offici<lls is
    .ymptomatic of the emerging differences in the socinics that
    sh ap ed them ,
    By the sixth ",ntory, a different tone prevailed in Rome on the
    Bosphorus, I'wwpius' Secret History testifies to the efforts of
    Jmtini.n and Theodora to impmc new codes of deportment on ,he
    empirc's gre<l t nff",ia1., a tc.rimony which i, seconded by
    developments like Justinian 's . mbivalent attitode toward the
    ordinary consulat<' or the ab.ndonm~-nt of the elaborate rituah of
    the imperial law COllrtS.'9~

    '" loil" j, ,6-9, i';",'''->: ·S<d...,., onmool<u, prop"; ;'''''0' ~""m;>/Comul,


    I<.om., '"". , Non ;I"'m pr",m .. un,um/Qo'm I.oor ;Po< ;uv,,' " "P;'"' r."idi,
    in,,,,,,/Inq"" 'nimi, homin"m pomp' moiio'«Humph,<', On vi""" ,nd r>«<'>'''Y
    in Clooo"n', «,hn;q"'. >« < , ~, C. m<rOll, CI,.di ... , p, )1 ) ,
    " , CIoudi," , VI '00' .. )7!-8" II,,,, , ))--6,
    ". P'OXQP'"'' 14.,,_, '), ')-'7 .0<1 jn, ,,-~, H,my, ) · "V) · 'O- O<I · " ."~
    ,!.''9-1 3 p), S"'In, !l.oJ'f,op,,,, " .6 ,If, on J""ini,o ', "'Q(iv<I; John LYO"', D<
    '"'Ii",.""",, l. 116 , Wiim<h. ) ....If,
    Against this background occurr<·d une ()fth~ most widely cited
    and mij>. ppreh<'llded viclOry cc1ehr>tions of the period, the 'bn
    "Roffian" triu mph' - the celcbr~tio!l by Justinian of Bd;, ar;us'
    recon'111<-'t uf Africa, Schubrly ,-valualiuns of this evem have
    ranged from camious par. phrase of Procopiu, rarher enigm.ric
    "ccoun! to bm:H!i" effusions which reconstrucr the even! on rhe
    basis uf rhe medienl ceremon ies staged four hundred ye>.TS bter,
    or blithely impose un Ihe ,ixth-cemury evem leg.l cunceptiuns
    from the fir>! (CmuIY before Chri5l.! -'
    I'rocupius , and historians who have followed him, made much
    of rhe uniqueness of the honor gr>med hi, hero. The celebra-
    tion deocribcd by I'rocupius consisted essentially of>. p. rad e in
    two stage,. First came a vICtory parade from Hclisarius'
    huusc - presumably within rh e city and therefore excluding "
    triumphal enl ry like those attributed 10 sucee' sful com m>.nders a
    century earlier - thruugh the main buulevard ufrhe city, doubt-
    Jess still 5C~rred hy the gre> t dcltruction of the Nib revoir, and
    illlO the Hippodrome , The second stage was the bmiliar and
    traditiunal rriumphal parade' uf boolY and captives duwn the
    middle of Ihe Hippodromc ,!96 Only the fir!! e1emmr appe.rs
    new, . nd only it could hc prcscn!ed as • re>!oration of ancient
    ~oman c"'tom; it ~lonc deserve, the qu .. hf!cation of ' Beliso riu5'
    rriumph' , In faCl, no other latc amique amhor. f.. mili.. wirh rhe
    fact' - includil1g an cycwirnn5 like John th e Lydi~ n - ~ ven
    lppru>.ch rhe modern proclivity to view the whule celebration as
    'Heli,arius' rriumph', At musr, Beli,ari", i, mentioned fur his role
    in caplllring Gdimcr and prese nting him to rheernperor at victory
    celehration.; al the le>.'t , hi_, role ;, pa,scd over in ,ilence'·'

    '" em ,h ;,,·,m",mY" 'h, ... " Ro",,,,, " iumph, Av . <': . ",<<0"', 'om", . to co';I'I"" ,
    I." ., p. " ~. H" 'y, I.a'" R ""''''' ' "'r;" . _. '" rk, ....,10 ofj_";", a', >, 'J 9 p. "Vh" '"
    I',oxop'" ' cto.< ly, " do S" ,", ",,-J'"'r''', " !"" - ",h" [,; 1, m d;","~""h
    11<11""",' Vmd. fTOm the Hippodromo p[O( << d i n~, - ,nJ L. SchmiJ" G,,.J. ;,",,
    .., "''''''.k" (M",,>(o. '~"I, rr. ' . '-, - who rb", T!.:odm. ,n 'ho '",Ii, . ..
    ",,,1.0"' '''' [""" I <v;<I<,o« , L.M, u"'''', '«Ii",,,, Xi,i,,/iJJ''''' "fz","'i,
    " e' - JIi, ! (I'm" ,.,7), pr, 1, - < ,,~<> to, """'0",,1" " w;,h hi, ""' ' 'R''' '
    I,""""" "'"h ,he <v ido"c<, Kollw"" J'I,,,;', p, oi l ,<I<"'if,,,,
    ,h" ,,,,mony" ' "
    ..
    '"
    " "';0. <.:f. 'ou d" di","""-,,, ", M"Cmm " ' , A " " I
    P">CoP'" ' , &110, ' .9,) . H,u,y , '-<10.1-1)_
    ""_'y.
    pp, 7<-6,

    nu, J""" lydu,. £l< "',~","'ih", '-, " Wun..-h , ,,,. ! -~, ,"<n!ion. ,h., ;, "'.,
    eu"om.. y ~" Rom, n <rnp<<nn '0 ww ,h. I• •" " 'h<nco<, '!.:y "kb",.d
    "iumph' 0'" " pt; v< k,"~, (it,. ,.1
    fIa",;.1;lx", ~Jl~.M!lQ'" af'l~fJ<fu"') . nd

    ",
    Victo ry and lal" Roman publit 'if~

    Why wa~ Helisuius gr3ntcd wh:1l Procopim ,ons idered ~


    unique honor? Se ver~l factors ceruinly contributed to ctc.ting.
    ,ituation favorable for ,uch. ge,(Urc on the p:lrr of th e ~mp"ror _
    Politically ,peaking, Beli.. rim enjoyed the inAuence both of hi,
    ow n p<'rlon:llity on the emperor and of the intjm~te fri~ndship
    between hi~ wife and the empress.'" In ~nothcr .en"" meh .n
    honor wuld be wnstTUed ~, • fitting reward for hi, own
    wmribution to the cXp"dition whi,h brought .uch plentiful
    riches, l.nds .nd future t:lxe, to the empire. Not on ly was the
    general IIlpposed to have been granted unique .uthority at the
    c~ mpaign's ou t,et; lik ~ other geneuh of his ~ge, he helped to m~n
    .nd finance his expeditions out ufhis uwn pocket. ' ·· Gener.ls
    Were known to contribute from their own funds to entice prime
    candidates into the ranks even of imp<'rial unit~. llelisarius' twO
    thousand private re t~in ers pbyed :,In enenti;\1 milit.ry role;
    moreover, he is reco rded to hlve gone so f~r as to replace the
    horses 3nd armS his troops lost in battle, IIlrdy a substantial
    outby?OO
    These f:lclorl hclp"d ro erc:llc thc condi,iom in which 3 new
    deputure in victory ceremoni..1 cou ld o"ur. But ~! ~o often
    h~ppen' in th e history of ceremonies, th~ ~pp:lrent innov~tion of
    Bdi,uiu, triumphal p.",de through the meets of Constantinople
    wa, precipitated by the immcdi~tc political comext of the

    prov" j, by ci';"K 'ho mo ofGdim;,_ Cf. J, ll, Wun",h I.... I<;>->J (the ,ubj"" of
    tho KflIC"" ;. Jullinun)_ So, ''''' J",d.",•• G"~., 171 . <d. T . Mom", .. ,,_ MGH.
    1111, ,_I (13h) . 10>. 16-> I, 'n. m mo. lu"", i' "i ;"'»<"""" ul,;" in tum 'PP",uil 01
    <um ~m"" gtnUI ... um opibu"lU< ' . . COIl"'nlinopol;m d<l.tuI F"" virum glo.;o-
    ';";mum Beli ..,iom . . ., ",.snum in <;"0 populo 11"",o<uium fu i' ""q"" 'u><
    P,,";ludini. g'''"' cum I< v;do:l<t do: f''';g;o «g.l; d,i«lom . __ '. J",J'''<I, woo m·
    ,;,,, on B,);"tiu,' ,,,,,,,,bu,;.oo (cf. I 7', p. I0) . I) ,,;11 "II, Ih;, v,c""y '''iumphul
    lo,,;n;.n; ;mP""'"ool ' dec I;b; doo"ol ' (i~iJ., )0) .)); d. '0<> lon , p. , J6_'J-I17_>_
    So< .1>0 Mu;oa of Av,,,ch,,,, C"""'~. '.J);, >, <d. T. Momm .. n, I>IGII. ... 1I ,
    II.')J; Z><h"y Rhtlot, H .t. 9. '7, It. E. W . U'OOkl, Co,I'"' ",ipl"." <I,,;"i...... ..
    ,,;,",,1;... , s.c' ;PIO"" Sytl. p (19)4)' 91.>911": CO'ippUl, loll .. J, I1 - U, Diggk .nd
    GoodY"" 41; M.I,1.." C~'''''I'.,I.;'' , lJoon. 471 .» -479.J which f.jb ev~n '0
    ",,",;.00 Bth.. ,;o, .
    ,.. S,,;"'. &1.E.. ,i", >, , ' ).
    '" On Il<U .. r;u,' powm; ,jJ.,".• ;.".
    ilu,y, I~" /I, .. "" EM,;" . _. ,.,", ...,1. >. 1>7'
    SIC;"', &1''''''P''t , ',1", . nd J. Dud;", 'M ' g;"" m'I;lum _u'pa'~'<h~~ d.m
    l'Empire by,,",;n (Vr_Vll' ,;eel«)', 82. 7> (1979), )00- >0, i><re 101.
    ". S"' n, !l.u_E..p;", >. 11>- 1l:JOI1<1. /.4", R,,"," &.I';'" I, _ oS; Btl;",i ... ,uppl;",
    bonn .nd >tn", I'n'oop'u" /kll., 7, I, ' , H,.,y. ' .'\1\1.1- ,)_

    ,,'
    momenl _Hi, fetum to th~ e~pit~1 bd uke" pl"e under ~ cloud of
    mspicion. According to Procopim, unn~med olf,ei~b h~d levied
    muffled ~eeu'~ tiom of i,It"nded "'u,p~tion ~g~il1st the pupulH
    ~nd .pec ucubrly .ucce"ful you"g ge"r:r~L Less II,." th irty
    month, ~fter he "e>fly lost the throne to Ihl' Nib uphe~vaJ and
    usurpat;on attempt. Juslinian mUSt h."l· takm the charge, quite
    >criou,ly ,20' However, in a w~y that i. uncleat today. ~mpicio"
    w~, quickly di'pelled or silenced and Justin;.n proceeded to
    publish his confidence in hi, general to the bllre~lIcr~ey, the
    c.pit~r, popubtion ."d the world . , large, by grantins him an
    honor loudl )" touted •• unprecedenled. But the victory ub-
    !.erv~nce, did more th. " lI"de"core the emperor's renewed
    confiden ce in Be!i$uius: the conqlll"ror of Afric. performed twu
    symbolic gesture, who~ ,ignif'c~nce cou ld "ot have esc;>red
    officials and unlookers famiJi" with the minute detail s of public
    ritual dcportml'nl _ In his p<>r.de through rhe city he was not
    allowed the u"" of a hor.e or public vchicle; ,.ther. he walked
    humbly. like ~ny con""oner 202 Any spectator who f;>iJcd to
    grasp the fundamentally suburcii nate .tam. of "Vl'n '0 exaltl·d •
    personality .. s lldis.::rrim when he w.lked in proec"io n to the
    Hippodrom e would cert~inly h~,'c gotten the point ~t the nCXt
    ltagc in the p_rade. Thcre, the masICd spectators weiC treated nut
    unl)' to ritu.l divestiture uf the V:mdal king in front of the
    imperi~1 box .nd th~ obvious .ymbolic gesture of his forced full
    prostration before the ICned cmperor: the)" also witnessed the
    reverence of the general fur hi, em peror. a, he too performed the
    pros"'yntJis. 'seeing that he was J slI ppli:lI1t uf the emperor'. ",-, The

    P,orop;.".Il<II•.• ". 'If. J-j.u<y, , 'l' . ' If: ,r, U. Rub" ,. 'I' ,o~up; '" v. K,i",,,,,·.
    RE, 2j . , ('9j]), 27) JW. h<,< 4 ' 9-
    P,,",,op;u.,. &11"" y. ': J-j.my .... ""_. _ ,o, '''' '<I' ~'.l."i' ~j¥w, ""'"'I"'~"
    ~",D ~m"",. I" ,~; mHO; r~; "'!too ' " 11"" 'h'''''mp ,m Ikl;"ri",' ««m",, ;,1
    "yle w" th, ~';n( ; p,' ,k'""", l "~,,,~ fo, • ".1. okl·,:d,;un,J '''"'"P" ;,
    ,y;d,n,«I by P",,"I' ;u,' <k'-C';r ' ''''' of 1«1;", ;,,,' ,,,,,,,,1.. pt{",.I>IOO, wl,leh. in
    "',H,,,' IQ ,h< v"''''y celeb.,,;"" ,w". "j"mp" ,,
    ~,,~, ,0' ~ •• "". -,0,,0'. &11••
    •. o. 'J. !( ,m,. '-<1 1. J , - 'J' Ie ~. i, "',... /'1'" poe. ~d"" 01 {",In.a.
    ~poc ,,," "l"~,(W''''' ~~I I, '0/ MfJ"f ,jl,"'~I.<;> to thm'" boco,y ro ,h. <tuwd.
    "'I"" 9.1 "

    MQ,;n~ .!>ou, '"ec;'y "" ["'" "''' t>Ot 1O",,,hJHg <"Ir«l f"">un. I"",, ."K'II,rl in
    wrrhou,. ",,,,,,'e d«p'" <I" " 1"01 fm ''''''',,_ Nut< " x, ('''''''r;u, d"";I"Oon of
    ,h< I" "dc· hk< (h""", oft" I,... ;u, ' J ,;1 y '''P' 1'0 m h;. hnu« '0 'h< rom",; 11<11"
    7.' , J - t.. H,"". "'91 .10- 10').' _
    '" P'OCOpi"" &114".9, ... H,u,y , ',)7.»-41! .>_
    n,
    imperi~l subject ~I suppli~nt w/.\ /. notion rooted in the bureaucra-
    dc procedure, oftne empire: the term (iKtrqc) used by Procopiul
    occurs in re.cripts and ",rve. as the technical delign:ltion for ~
    petitioncr. 2o • The .l ttimde of prm,ern~tion o/feted explicit
    recognition of . n cmpcror\ ,,,,,Ited ,Utus: in remrn for the
    supplian"s ge'ture of loyalty, imperial authority could intervene
    in the routine ~/f.;" of the provinci.l admini""lion on hi. behalf.
    To the offici:!I., mbj"c," 'll1d rcpre"''''ativc. of foreign pow ers
    present that day in the Hippodrome. Ueli sarius' gesture could be
    construed", /. de .. public ,,,,t(ment on where he .tood reg'lrdiog
    rum ors of schemes against the throne .20 •
    The external form of the ceremony honoring Bcli... iu, was a
    variation on one of the basic building blocks orlate Roman ",cular
    and rdigiom ccremoni~l, the procC\~ion. In this instance. it is clear
    that the org. nizers dr~ w their impir:ltion from the most prestigi_
    ous ritm.1 then available to the lecul,\r elite, th e consular
    procClsion, whi ch likewise beg.n al the consul's home and could
    end at the cireu •. 2u~ The rite inflicted on Gclimer h,d , different
    background. As h., alre/.dy been pointed out, thi, rim,l divelli_
    mre of a defeated !c.der hod been asso ciated with the army in Ihe
    fourth century. Today it was trmsferred from the c3mps to thc
    eity. from the militH)' 3udience of" victorious army to the urb"n
    . udience of Comtant inople. The f.n thai the ceremony cul_
    minated in the divestiture and forced p,oskymsis must have sent
    shiv~rs down the ,pine of any Gothic onloo k e~. For this gesture
    w/.\ not intended to oblitcr~le the distinctions between an
    empe rors ,ubject, "'Id hi~ enemies, On the contrHY. it si gn31ed to
    .n)' who hod not yet Kra sped Justin;"n ' $ appro ach to the b .. bari. n
    kingdom' Ihat th~ Vand,l ruler was not regarded 3S an indepcnd-

    ,,. ro r l"I'~c " ",hni,,1 '<1m. "" 'hr« ,,,,,rip" of" . ... .n. j j' ; j. M"p<fo, p'PY'.'
    1'''' lil"f" .Y"'·"'.... ,., (Cmo, '9' 0). no. 67<>'. ' p.)o." ,od ' 9: no. 670>6.
    p. 19.•. 6, " ,od , S ,nd ,..,. 670,S, p. 6' .6 " oJ ~.

    ..
    " . foo lh. Pmi,,. . ",b""do,' , pl<!<nr., I « Z"h"y I{h«o,. H .' .. 9. 7. " . I"""k!.
    ' · ~' ··o-J· ·
    , ... ~ooJ , .. mpl< of ,I>< ~'<i! p,mlS' ~ill ",,,1>«1 '0 ,.i"i'o,h" ,I>< ("" h.lf of'he
    ""h « n'"'Y com" fw", Il""lh,o" 1'II;low piliM , ... ,.1";.,, •• P'''''' j, I , ,d, l .
    Uid«. CCL. 9< 110\7). '''''-Jo
    ",h,« ,ho: l"'p';<OI"d "i~<><"t muo<, 00 ,he
    ,udd,n «V<I>< offo""",, wh.,h h.d <. >l him in'o P""'" . flt, '"JOying ,he 'J><"""'
    of ,wn oem' ,,,,,,01,,,.
    On con,ul" pm,".."'",,'. Co.-ipP" " I." .. c..""run. 19.-)
    . nJ '0' -'. ",i,"
    ,tl '''''''''''Y",fmn , ...
    Vicrory (elehralions and II,( II,ron(

    em IOvereign. I-Ie wlS but 1 defeltcd usurper, 1 rebel 'g,inst the


    Romln ordcr. Z07
    Prompi",' description of the victory cdeb"tion of 534 reveal, ,
    comp",it" enemony who,"" eonstilllcm dement! arc e"ily identi_
    fi ab k within bte Rom" n weiety" re~rtory of public rilll,1. The
    ~xtcrn31 forms of thc proce,sions wne typic,ll y late antique. Yet
    Proeo pius present.' [he whole extrav.g.nu , s a unique res!or~tion
    of aneimt Rom"n tudition , a great leap b, ckward of some six
    {cmurie•. zo , Although somt haw bcm quic k to perceive KaiJfT·
    kfllik in Proco pius" 'lSSert ion.zo~ is it nOt mOre likely that he is
    echoing the origin. l. official interpretati on of thi s sta ged evem?
    Aftn all. Justin ia n i, wdl known for his insistence that hi, reign
    w,, ' essenti. lly a return to the good old days of ,ncient lore. What
    more etfcn ive way to innovate in vinorr ritu:ll thm by st.ging
    what w" billed " " relll", to the pri"ine " ,dition, of ,neiem
    Rome? Thi. imcrpret,tion is only strengthened by the {onsider_
    ,ti on d"" [he ch ief offi{~r for ;mperial ,cre moni,1 .tthe time of
    Hclis. rius· p.radc w, ' nonc other than Tribonian, a I.wyer d~"Cp­
    Iy imbued with the splendors of Roman lntiquity.:l1O At any
    r,te. after th~ inno v. tion of the cekb r'tion of 534. Belis>rius W<lS
    ,Ilowed !O celebrate his victory in more wstomny fashion, by
    . "uming the comu l:ae. [n so doing. he enjoyed the (r,dition.l
    reward be'towed on victorious generals ~s recently 3S the reign of
    Ana.ta,iu,.:l' ,
    At f",( glance. the celebration of a triumph by C :.e,n Tiberim
    in the reign ofJu.tin II appears related to the kind of development
    signaled by lklisarius' parade, [n :lctuality, [he parallel i. mi<le:l d_
    ing . Even the most CX:l ltcd gener<l[ W<l' \c<lrcely on (he s~me
    foo ling ~ s • gennal who bore the title of C ann and the
    presumption of ocing the heir :l ppnelll. The precise circum<l:l ncc,
    arc deci,ive o n th i, sco re . !tom.n operotion, on the Persian
    fWlllin h. d been ver y unsuccessful, involving dis ..!,,,,t Antioch
    :lnd Ap,nuea a, well a, the fall ofO, ro in 573 " nd (he torching of
    Mditm e in 575. followed by fail ed negotia tion s with the

    "'," Cf. M"-Co",,,,~" d ' If,""~ 'rr,, ;.. I, .-I"..oJ "'''''''"y. p . )6.
    m /kl .. . 4. 9), j ·l .ury , .. . ) 6 0- 10. " . Rub",. 'P,o);opio, '. p .• ,0.
    " . "f. H~'>O!" T,io". i_ (lonoo.., '07' ). proH ,nd ,,6.
    " , l'f(xOP"" , ,,,11. . • , 9, 'j , f"'my. 1,'J8. 10-'J, cr, ,00><, cn . I . p. 0, .

    J 2~
    Victory m,d later Ramal' puhiic lif,

    Pc"iam. '12 In the capital, the emp<:ror's progre.sive insanity was


    .n open ""cret. In moment. ofocmi-lucidity, he was trotted out
    before the bure.ucracy for promotions~ for the benefit of the
    gener. 1 population, hc w .. c;lrricd to the circm .how" but was
    un.bie to suy beyond [he morning 'p ect.c1es.:' J Whether or not
    the triumph of 576 took place during. period in whichJlmin w. s
    unfot for public 'PP""""lCe, the .igh[ of thc mcc",ful general "nd
    de.ignated SUCCeSSOr presiding over vinory celebr. tions featllr-
    ing splendid Persian booty mUlt have been [(.ssuring to the
    popl1b tion. The C'e~.r w,,s in control. both of the throne·
    and of the rather baltered mystique of imperi. 1 victory."'4
    The preceding pag"' h"vc .ttempted to clarify a few of the W'y'
    in which imperi,,1 victory celebration! were enmeshed in the
    public life .nd menulity of I.te imperi.1 >ociety. The obsession
    with usurp.tion, the unreali.tic fascinatiun of. decaying fonner
    capital, the vital dynami,m of development' in the provinces :In'
    all reflected in [his one beet of the rim .1 appar.tus oflate antique
    mon.rchy. The manner in which imperial victory celeb ration.
    projected the unity of the empire - a fundamental tenet of. dy ing
    world'. political creed - ". wd l ., manifested the interrebtiuns of
    power close to the throne. reve als the complex political mess.ge
    cont.ined in these ceremonies. The deuiled comidcr.,ion of
    specific ceremonie, indic~tcs.n important m"thodologica l point.
    Even more ,ignificant than revered traditions or imitation of the
    P3!t to the ch3r3cteristics of e3ch celebration, it would occm, wa~
    the precise pulitical and social confIguration of the moment , With
    the"" Iessuns in mind, we may turn to the mediev.1 inheritance of
    la[e Rom"n triumph.l traditiuns ,

    '" S«: ' .11. N.l·!. B.y""'. c,,,",,'o(c:. M,.i,,.1 /I;""r. ' (C,mb'I<:!Re. ro' )). '7,K.
    Cf. j.l<ot,)",• .ky, /""';Y' Vi"n'ii., (K" • . '9<>1. j M!!",
    '" John of Epho.m. H".,).). 6. n, 0'00"" OJ · , I - ,6.
    , .. 00, ,hi. "lob",i,,". ,t>,,.,.Ch. " pp. OI-y,

    'J"
    4

    The developll1e1/t of imperial victory


    celebrations ill early medieval Byzmltium

    Victory cc icbr,dom from the "d ,"en t of icollocl,m" down to the


    grc~l w:I{cnhcd of the dcvmth century offer J complex piclllrc.
    Superfic i'] continuity combines with deep dllnge, long ]"P'>C! of
    d , rkm-" .r~ interrupted by brief bunn of light. Even :I Cllnory
    ex"min"ti on rev e..l! th e undying influence of the prec~dents set by
    th e later Roman StJ!'", ocginning with the' ,uHr. ] rok of military
    victory in the im pc ri,, ] ide .. ,,, d it, rit ll" ] cxprCI,io", ,' hmili.r
    from I'He ~ ntiq'lity arc dIe triumphal entries. supplication and
    th .nksgiving procc,,;om, 'pcct.ck, involving races and comme-
    morative coin issue! "I,oeil.led with rc" l ur imagined imperial
    suec,,,, Contl"mpor:lrY ob""ve," were well ~w.'e of the",
    connection" as i, cle o' from the co",ci ow s Ijn):, [hey "';Ik e
    bctwc~n celebrations of Ihe i, own day and thos<: of a"cielll
    Rome.' M ore , jgnificJnt - b 'Tausc "",, , ,, bj'Tt to the 'di,toning
    mirror" of the Byzantine lita"y vi,io tl - i, the recour", medieval

    " bl< d . .,n,h _ 0< ",ly ' ,.,.dlth ....... " "" ",," "h ...."." "en' ~,f" ., ' u >t"" ' W I",,,
    Ith' ktn~J h" fough [ .. , ""m y " "I c~"" h>c~ in ",,,",ph .n~ . ;cwy. h" "nk ,,,J
    J>O';''''''' ,,, ,he kin~dom ~,ow. Jf. how,v". Il< h" 1>«" d,f",," ,n~ p'o .. d to"
    w<>k. "' ;, d,m",,," ,;'om k; n~,I"I' . ... V Min,,"',.' M.,v"., "" ,b< B,.,,,,,,,,<,.
    ",.";,, .. 1·I,,,i,,," r' ,I"i<~ " " 4"."",,, ,~" "',I,, ",I",·" . '0 {'9jO). 'I;-W, Il<r<
    .60. Cf. Tr<it;"~<,, O,,,,, ..i,. ,,,, pp. ,(",fr. , ,,,I II . Hung". P,,,,,,.,,,". 1:1,,,,,",, ..,
    .Y'""""''''' K.,,,,id., '" d., A....,.... , d., U,k.,d.,. W",~·, "p. n'm"ti ,,·h< ',uJ.."",
    I IV",," •• [96.) , pp. 7llf.
    , Co",,,",,,,,, VII wmp' ''' hIS ~""M,,h,r", ''''''Or " of "l '0 ' h"", "f ,b< ."""'"'
    cmp<'o[] <tf gl"'iou> Rome: TOcorh . Com .. j, ~o. Ik k);". "'. 0- <; on ,~" k,nd e>f
    J' l<,.,y ,,,,,,,i, '" ,he V,," &",1,;, R .J.H . J,n);"" . "Til< , 1" ".-,1 b" k ~",u"d of ,he
    Sm'" ,""" p"" 'I"""p"'"'''' VOl'. ! I'o~. ) , El - lO . Cf. ,he poumrl. '",plici,
    mm P";" '" b.t ",<eu C,,'" II", '"u ", pi, . " d ,I ,,, ~fT "''' "a, Il~' lo"" . ". '7' ) .n d ,he
    ;n~ u<oc< <tf p",cup;u, un • J.,,,,.ip " on uf Nt<"pi",,", I'h"",,' ,,,u"' ph {bdQw. ,,,
    '42)·
    ,J,
    org.nizers of ceremonin h.d to .ntique murce, when devi'ing
    their modcrn ,tagcd cvent" the do.. ier on triumph.l entric.
    »""mblcd by Consramine Vll Porphyrogenitu, rcache, back to
    the ,i"th century for it , so urce n",reri"l.}
    The continuity, then, of lIyz.ntium', carly medieval victory
    celebr"tions with those oflate antiquity i, l'vident , Bm cominuity
    dol'S not imply identity. It would in f.ct be more .ccur.te to think
    of the enduring t .. dition. of the latn Roman empire', public life
    .s constitllting a kind of ceremonial repertor y, from which the
    rulers of mcdiev"l B),Z:lntium could ,ekct .nd ."emble the
    clements they f.vored for the ce remony of the moment . Like the
    usc of d .. sic~l Jpolia in medicval monum~nts , for.lI the identit), of
    constituent ciemcnn, the resulting whole i, ,urprisingly novd.
    Victor), celebrations were not, of course. the on ly occa,ion on
    which imperial victoriou",,",, impinged on mediev . l Con_
    stant inople" public life. Annu. 1 religiou, ob""rv Ol nccs lik e the
    great proce,sions for the liturgical yeH's cent ... 1 fcast, filled the
    Slreet. with well organized cham. for imperial victory, while the
    secul ar cclcbr"tiom of the Hippodrome (med sporting success
    with military victory. When an eighth_c~mury emperor "d_
    drcm'd the crowd, his opening words were 'My fortune has
    conquered!" But. w.ithout question, the mo.t cemral and inf\uen-
    ti~ 1 projection of imperi~ l victor), occurred in the daborate
    cckbt~tion ' of mili"ry soce", organized ad hoc ,
    Broadly ,peaking. victory obscrv~nce' in th e yea .. ,tretching
    from the resutgence ofth,' empire under the iconoclast, dow.n to
    the tr3mfo rm ations of the eleventh century displ" y three p3r!i_
    cuJ.rly important trends: firn, an intcmific.tion of development.
    I~unchcd in the ,ixth 'illd "vmth cemuric>, including ,in increas-
    ing litu'gif,c.tion of the ceremony, :I recurrent association of
    victory with the cult of the Virgin ... well " • • n initial tendency
    toward increased .dectivity of audimee; second, the dissolution of

    , 1"F" i.1 bpi'i';,,, , Uoo' ", .01 " - ~<) !. Ij .


    • Fe, ,1.< ,«I,m"",,,, ch' '''N d,,,i"~ ,mp<",t p""""o", "" f"" d,yo >«
    C"",,,",,"< VII t'u,P"P"I!<";'"'. U. """"",i;J •• 1....1""" ....., I. ). <d , II, YOgi , I
    (pm,. ' 9JS) .) 6 . 17->O IEpiph,,,,), I • • • I )&,'0-1 IE." ,er); " I , I . ",~ - " If"""
    MonJ.y), fIC, for ,I>< ", in1' l",oo of 'I"",m~ ro mih,,,y .i<<my in Hippodrom<
    "<I.m.""", , "" .•. g. Ut "' .. I, 7i. ,J. A. YogI, > (p. ",. j~WI , u& 1-9, for ,he
    <mp<""" ",..",,,1 , Jd«", S"'pl"" tJc""". Vi"" .. i,,,,.I, S"p"".; '""'"';,. IIJHG.
    16(6).!'G , ' 00. ',ll ....
    tile .n(i~nt imp.... i,1 monopoly of victory: , nd third, , 'purldic
    growth "nd dcclill~ in tile fr~qllcncy of impcri,,1 victory cclc-
    braio",_ With rq;ard to thi, la,t point, if the clironoiogicli
    di,,,ihurion of victory celebra tiom were plottcd on , horizont ..1
    linc , the result would bc nUl all evcn or partially even p>ttcm, but
    'n'~rJI dustns of ceremonie,. Th" clustering app"ar5 ,ignificant
    a",\ offers precious insight jnto the ritual's historical nature and
    ,kvdupmmt. l'nllap', it might be ubjected, the pattnn i, due
    merel y to the fact th ,,, victory ecl"br"tiom n.tuully occurred in
    pniods of ,uac," and ~xp,,,,i ()n. Even were we to forget,
    however. the I<-.,>om of late "miquity. we would [hen h.ve to
    ,,~ p~ct thJt the triomph' "f;tnper;~l ",;lit~t)" policy in thc t~nth
    c~ntury would h.V<' triggncd morc fr~<Juent celebration, h<:fore
    .nd ~ f[cr [he third q llarler of th"t century. But such doe, not .cern
    to h.w<' been ,he u><: .
    On th" other hand. thl' represc"t.ti ve"css of the cvidcnce might
    be CJ lkd into 'l,, ~st j un, For ~ 'JTllrlc. argum~ntS from silence " rc
    Ie" thall Ulfl vin<; in~ in tI", ob'~urity of d,~ ei~h th '~ntury, While
    we ma y hope. howcvn, th" furthn research will bring to light
    new cdcbrations. on ly ",as,iv,' , hortcoming. in the evidcnc~
    would alter till' fundarne1t!al piclUrc for the ninth ~nd temh
    eemuri," . furthnmorl', th,' one opportunity th" sourcc, afford for
    v~rif)'ing thcir rcp re,..."tati v~n~," yk lds ~ positive rCIll It. The
    historiog raphic.1"nd hagio~r' ph iGiI ,ou rce. ,1I0w the cond",;on
    th.t, notwi thst and in g the forma l ."ertion of Th,'oph.nn'
    con tinu"to", Theoph ilm u'kbrated two trium ph,.' This conclu -
    ,iun i, fully born~ out by "vidence from the temh-n'ntury palan'
    mili eu: to [he highl y privy kno wledge of the emperor who
    compi led th,' technical {reatise On Impcri al Expcditions. T heo-
    phil'" cclebrltcd two triumph, ,6 Thi, comforts the assumption
    th~ , 'he evidence . "embled here i. ,ull;c;" ,,<1 y reprc><:",,,,ive <0
    w .rrlltt c01,~idcr;Hion o f the Cl uses of thc spor.dic naturc of
    victory celebratiun in the ninth through cleven!h ccn!uri~,.

    , Th" " <I<. d y 'h< m,,,","s of ,h< WO," " ', . , ~"~,6 " :7.<I ~,I 00 nd fhtf,;,t7.
    "~I.~,,,,~,y'; Th<opo . CO", .. J. >. !JOI" ' . '7 7-! , kl, ,h< ,,,,, .. iv< «oJ,"« un """
    "nlmrh!. I><low, ,m. l ' . "d 6'-J .
    • I"'r , t'xr .. Bon". )O'1,» -J08 ." iarlo. ld " al rotlw, In, ~.,-", l~ &",,11'00
    I~, .i &o",oc . , .. i'hlS "'(,"''' il cu""pk,dy","'»<,1<.,," of ,Ot '" ""'"g "",.. i,.
    ""'<co< fo' ,he " 'g" of'f~ r h,t"' _
    Dfve/opmrnl in Byza"lium

    I. TRIUMPHS OF CUNST ... NTlN> v

    [n victory celebrations as in so many other are~I, the ye~rl


    following the deliverance of Constantinople in 7 J 8 lTC l 111 yltery .
    The first recorded triumph C:lmc CH[y in the reign ofLco'Bon and
    successor, Constantine V. It honored hi, lucce,~ ful resumption of
    power .fter the usurp.tion of his sister', Cather-in- Iaw, the
    europa/nus :>TId Count of Op,ikion, Art.b.sdus, who,"" eminen!
    pmition in the state derived Crom the decisive role he h. d once
    played in Leo [[I'. rise to power.' The grisly relic of imperial
    re,!Oution was no longer '><:t up outside the w,,[i<: to certify to the
    capitll" population th . t th e umrp.tion was uver, the hc"d oCone
    of the rebel's chief supporters w"' hung for three day. from the
    Arch of the Milion, the milestone situated in the monumental
    heart of Constantinople. ' Li ke Justin ian IJ's return to power ,ome
    forty ye,'" eH licr, Constantine marked his victory with the
    tudition.1 horse racc< , ,ppHcntly staged in the great Hippu-
    drome. 9 The race. were preceded by the public humili.tion of the
    van qui,hed usurper. hi, 'OJ" and their friend •. The p,rade of
    infamy WlS tr~nsp[.ntcd to the arena . The dde.tcd were led
    through the Diippion - a detli l which seems to have cunveyed
    particular scorn - and m , rchcd :Ilong the race tuck.'" T hc
    patriarch An<>stasius, judged guilty of coll"borating with the
    , On ,h, ""vui<, o.""iiu,,'y. (;",11,,10 ... pp. ' J7-9' .... Lomb"d, c"""",,,·" v,
    '"'1''''.' J« Rom';'" W"i,. '90'1 . pp. 16- JO, W.E . K .. gi. Jr. Br~"" i.' Mil''''r
    UK"", il, -I' J . "'K /""p",,,,,,, ("',m,• .-d.m. I~ill . pp. ,,~ff". fo' ... ".b.odo ,'
    <'<C<'. R. Gu ill.nJ, '[.., ,u<op.I.." 13tH",,", • (191<>1. J " _"~' """ J 91-9; ... 1,
    G. Z"", .nd .... V'gk,y. Br","i .. I.uJ 5 .. 1" ' . ' (l3 ..d, IY"/'I . no . I",
    wi,h
    f""h« ",f'·"n«"> .
    • Th<oph,n", ..... M. 61H . D< Hoo, .• ,0.16-,! . On ''''' Milion,J,""t, Cpl' or'"
    pp. 10J-'; Il. Guill>.od. J"JX>I"P"it, " ' 5- )<; 'Il< '<PO" of it< ,,'h.w"'~ i.
    "I diKQV"y ' N . f,,,,l-T. Etgll, 'D;,·." yolu M il,.. "",d' j ,' , ,,,.,,r..,1 "",,,Ioj'
    M.nd,,; YilliJi. '1- 16 ('1>6\01, '99-'" (foR .; >05- 1'1; Mil'k-<_Wi<n<,. Bilollrn, ,," .
    pp . • ,6-11 .
    • Th<Qph.n ... "'.M. 6')1 , Jk Ilou" .,0.',-,,,.,,d.,h. '"n,h,;"" by "'n."",tl'
    Riblio,""o";u" «l . Ik f\oo" ;;0./ .• 1.>7S .• - S; Ni«p"""" . B", • .. tk Sou',
    ~, . ' .-'6.
    " On~", Dljpp-ion . .. ' "p. C. M.n~o, 'k o;,ppio". ~ 'ud<: hi".xiql'<<< [opof;<>ph;_
    q""', RfiB. I ('9JO). I J, - 61; d J.nin. Cpi< Iyz ., pp. "'-J ,nd Gu;II,nd,
    T0!'Ct'.p!oi,. I, J~J -" O. "p. J.,.-J. Th< inf.my " ooci. "d wi,~ 'hc
    Dilppioo i,
    imp li,d by "",."nu, ' p'"ph.,y uf 7>~ ' Th,oph."", . ... .M. " " ' . tx Uoo, •
    • ",.>\>- <03. 11. On ,"" I... . ,,'iqUf " ,d ."di.,,1 p."cl, ufinf. my . 'h< b,,", ,,,,dy i,
    Ph. Kouk""leo. "'H J,a.6!,~"",/c ~.d <00.:: ~"'"'"'"otl<. ~p,;",,"" , llyn"'!• •
    Mttohrz,.".', I.' ( I\I-4Y), )J-I0 1.

    'J<
    T,iumph] 4 COlIsr""ri"r V

    um rper, w~s p;1rt of the '~ me ",rrr <pc{t,clc: he had been publidr
    rn,>ten ~nd w>< p>t~ded th rough the ,rena, ,,·,ted back wud on ~11
    ,ss."
    Twice in his reign, Comt~IHil1e (e lcbt~tcd succcs$ uver the
    Bu lg~ri ~ n~ w it h . triumph~ l entry. " Thc' costly victory of 30 June
    763 . Ovcr the khan T dl"tz, w .. honored by ~ du~l obscr v;lncc."
    C onccrning the ce rn" un;.l c·nlry. Thc·ophalle. or hi, "''''ce
    point~ m.lt. '\ though the deta il wne nuteworthy . th~t Con~un_
    tine cntered the city fully arm ed , accomp,n ied by the Jrtny . The
    parade fealUrcd proof of the victory in the form of UulgariJn
    pri~oners yoked to wooden ,hackle,. , . Some dements of the l~te
    .ntique org,niu,ion,l 'ppar~tu, for ,u ch ccrcmonic. wore "ill-or
    at le , \{, once ~gain - funct ion , l. sin ce Con"~,,tinc w~ ' ~ccl ~i"' e J
    en route by (he 'deme!' ~nd the execution of the prison ers w ~s
    eIHrmted W individu ~1I identified a, Twi.luX! and "II/JOEI.I of the
    colo'" i.e. nOAlWI .nd members of ,h e f, ctiom in their eighth-
    century inCOrll,{;on ." The mcce" w" further her" ld~d b), races

    " Tbroph,n,,, • .'I ,M, 6'jj, 1>< [100<, pD. >7 ,>0.,. I, " in,,,,,,ing ,,, not< 'h"
    Nk<ph","" 8,,,., k,,,,, A",,,,,;u< nnm il"" nn'o ,ikn" .
    " C",,"m in g ,10, ,,,",,,re,.1 ""'Yofl>!C 7]) ,,<X! '0 "o,h i ,,~ ~);"0.... '"
    Th<oph • .,.,·
    ><.oU"' "'gg"" tI,,,,, m. y h.... ",ciuJ«j, I""ng"" jn I" I,,,h Coo""n,;,,,, " lk,1
    ' hc ope",i"" ,I" ',,<:>hl< .... , ' Thcoph . n" . ... .M. ~,6,. D< H,~", <47..1)-6. On ,h<
    "'''r';~''' O<"OIO'l' Y. e",",'''. p. '<'. I.om""d. e"",,"",;. V , pp.,. J. Fm
    "',M , 6,p 1_ "' ,D, 76,) , Thw!'h."" oc.cr ib<> ,hc I"'blic ""mil;" ion of mon" , nd
    ,hc p",dc of ,"r,,,,y ..>d "",,,,'", ",' , " <>IIi",I, from the h i~h ", "");, of
    &c""""""" i" " """" iun w;,h "". hdJ "', ., .nJ lj "'"gu" <C'I"""vdr Ilk
    Boor. <)7.'j-4)! "!; Ni,."pl,,,,u,. n"•.. Ik Iloo.>,. 7' '-" J, TI>< 1'",<1<1 "'<t<
    d<.dy on ,I>< ,,,Ji';,,n or ,I>< polo"",1 ~ '" of ,h< ) 1orp"d<om< (d. Thwph.n""
    4) 3. )-" ,hoy wO« p",d,d '" th ",,~h ' ""y h.J "",n plulling <vii th ing' ' g.im' tI",
    ,mperur'). 1",1.< p= n, ,"" "[",,,,,d,. it" " n' elm ",h<th.. tl.< .. r"" "'''<
    <on"e,,,<d w.,h p<>"ibk crkb",iom ""rk",~ ,he ,I", ,,,,",, " mp, i ~n from whi<h
    'hc ompcro, h,d ",","rd "" '9 July (Throph'",", ~J7.' ~ ). ""1.<,"" thoy ""0'"
    '1"''; "" lly "' ~N fo, <\" ,"''''m,."' "'",,.h<, .h,,,, d,,,, m,,«p"o.JN.o pub!;<
    OOlid.y' i" rho Io~ lUI< "l<oJ" of .he ,,,,.,,,, 1,,, ,mpe'o". II i,., . ny r>1< .n
    <>«lko , '''''' pk of , ho p<>hti,,1u« Coo.".n""" V m.do "f ,h. , i",,, .nJ ",hi,·h i,
    fu"h" , .. id<ncN by ,I>< V, Sltp",. i '"";0"·' _ /'e, , 00. ' , )OC - 1... .
    " On ,I>< roo~'<r: lom b"J. (;""'".,," V , p. 471f; V. ZI.,,,,ki, 1""iT_ "' ph"",,
    l<l/i."k. ""mi... " , (s" (,.. '9' ~). II <: S. R unci m. n, A "''''''y oj 'M .fi,,' 8, IRar,""
    ''"pi'' (Lo,>don. '9Jol , p. )! : V, IJ<I,.I"', Di, p"'''''I~ar'''''' 1'"" ,... 1", ". IE "'''' '"
    e,,,"i'"It (Am""d . m, '9~'). PP. "<-'J: N'<c!, I,oru' I, An""",,,,",,). 7'. I'G.
    ""'.)0' '''-9''',
    cmph,,;m ,hc """R' '", bo<h "dc, .
    .. lkoph,nco, AM, 6'j<. IX Boo •. 4H'O- '': ,f Ni"ph","" /I,,". , D< H<.><>r,
    r.". 'O- >l.
    ., I~I, C(, ,t", <o,""",n",y '" C. m""", e m "" PI' . )0'-<: 0"" how,v.. (cr. •••1.,
    D~v~/opm"'/ in By z4IlIium

    wbicb se rvcd ~ I die setting for ~nother p~r>de displaying the


    boot)' reco vncd in th l' n mp . ign.'b
    Constantin<' wal not content to publici,e hil victories in the
    ,hort term. T o a degree which docs not . ppe.r to have been
    . t,emptcd by his father. he sought to perpetu.te their memory in
    Lilting mOnumentS, Ahhu llg h direct evidence of hi, contribution
    to th" iconograph), of victor), h,l \ yet to emerge. his efforts arc
    documented by his warme.t enemies. The Act> of the ,",cond
    ecuml'nical cOllllcil of Nicaea in 787 refutes the 'bl asphemou s'
    .ed",,.tio,,, in pr.ise of the otthodo~y ufCumt.m inc .nd hi, Ion
    Leo . shouted b)' the bi shops of thl' iconudm 'ynod o f 7S 4,
    According to ,he de acon Epiph.nim, thl' bi,hop' ,hould have used
    m on' su it .ble tl'XIS, honoring the emperor for hi, victories,
    Cumtantine's military ,u c(""'''' were obviously r.miliar to . 11, as
    Epiph.nim remind, his audience, thanks to ,he numhcr of
    monument . l depictions of them ,till . ro und,
    Rother , , h~y ,ho"ld h,v~ ,kcl>t~d th~ir ]the emperor! ' I oct< of cour> g~,
    ,beir vic'orieo ov er cnem;co, 'kif ,,,hju~";(m of h:"h" i,,",, whi<h
    many [.. tim[ h,ve depicted in pi"ur~ • • nd in mural<, '" pre""ve the
    record of even"" inciting Ix:h()ld~r< to . ffec,ion ,nd >c. l. .. ,"
    The extent to which ,he mOllUmel1t:!1 :! nd ceremonial cclebr.tion
    of hi. lucees,",s C ~I'I ~im COmt.millC'< cx tr,or din:!r y roput :!tion
    in th" next Kcncr~tio" c." no longer he determined. Yet it i,

    p. jooi 'h" ,h< tenm of Th«'ph,ne, '«OU" ' =m, '" ,,' "", ",hm"'nn, ~"""~
    'h< '"umph" '''tty, "y, ,IK' ·, ,,umph. 1 g. n,,·'- , whi<h ". ""n,,,,,,,,d (.,, 1)· by
    N,c<p."'"' .
    '1' ',"d
    ,. N'« pl,,,,",, ~". __ I '" 11< ..." • • 'p )-7.
    Iloo Ib, "d .. Th<)' h,d ban C. II 1fl 1,,1,
    boJOI)' '"cluded ,wo ~"' .. gold. " b>,,", or
    fou"d [hd, "")' ""0 b"b" i" , h",d"
    Lomb"d, C"",,,.,," V. p. <7 (cf- p. ,ut i. m' ''''"'],'''' J~W''''W<'' (in ,h., ""'''" 't
    multo 'd"pl, ), ' no' 'cQnh""t<') ' n~ w,,,ng l)' "",dud<, ,h" th, h"m, ",,« .,:t "p ..
    " C""" I'"'' N~M""", II, w.,~, ro,).)), M,m" ,...",,"'" "",ii,","", ,.". "'''pli"i" ,
    ,011""" ') (fiu" ,"". r 7~'i . n6lJ: 1<1" pJ';-<l¥ .,',w"
    " e ',Jp<l>{: ">t)",,,
    I~".",. <:1< ~,,; ,til> ~o;~pJw. ,i.~c, de ~'p/i~P"'''c ,~o~'""'''c, t < I,
    , hef"" nl ."'0!10'" ,10 p'~p~. 1~~l>i<>=<, "0';'';'0/ I~'~';'v:rpo,,~u', ,,>Ilc,
    Oi'<lMO<; ~".>: ~;,~'" >col {~.o. VX"'''c· ,~, ,oo "~~~oo" upmoi~a", ,i;: II<><>-
    ;,;c., ,. 'poo"" dc, ~""~".o ~""oa",c, ,j" ""i..,,,<i.-;: ~",ada,,,,. u c "".
    ~6;t(,.. 1~"oplJ<M'N:" ~Ul " .!"~'i""', (/,.,.;,""'" t'''1P'''' ,
    ~h",< ni d .
    ,,)'n~~""" ~p"" ,·o.;,oo'm ,/< ,;,;.""., Til< " . di, 1OO of "d"m'n~ tho ''"1'<'0<1
    "(o"nci~ """ ,n o l ~ "n<, bu' "phc" .",'my K<i,m";"m ,,< "", , .~. CounCIl
    of C"'""'''''''''p l< (Ill ), ""0 VI. cd, J. , ,,,ub, II CO, 4. I {!071). t il,y- to.
    , J'
    Age of gerlfMIi

    notrworthy th.lt this most denigrated of B Fantinc ru ler< - th~


    Copron y mus, as future generation> would c.lI him - w>< remem-
    bered ,. the bu lw.rk of the ,tate in [he dark hours of [he early
    ninth "cntuty." Surely hi ,own etrort, were not without inHumee
    on the creation of popular b,-lief reHected by .n incident durin g
    the ,iege ofConstantinopk in ~ 12. While the pupulation thronged
    to th,' Church of the Holy Apo, tlcs to mend Ihe suppli cation'
    again.t the be'ieg ing Bulgarian<. wme participants took .dv.lIl-
    tage of the confu,ion. pried open the gate, le.ding to the im peri. l
    tomb, ."d tbrew them",lvcs 00 C<J[>lt~Tltine's q.rcoph.gu.: ' Ri-c
    up!' they cried, 'Save the colbp'ing state!' Some went 10 far .s to
    claim they had see" him ride out n[ hi, tomb to defe.t the
    barbari.ns. !'

    2 . .~N ~Gf- OF Gr,NER~LS: VTCTO~V Cf.Lr, BRATtONS I N


    THE LATE EIGHTH CENTURY

    Like· the short reign of Leo IV itself, the ceremony honoring a


    Byzantine ",cee" agai"'t the Arab. in 77~ ,eem, ~u,,,,hcd in
    oblCurity: i, is thought to have taken place in conjunction with
    th e ancient festival of Maiumas,;t was ccl ebr:lted fH from down-
    town Cn",untinople .nd. most signifi cant of all. it ",uk." di,_
    tinct d~parture fro'" the old imperial monopoly of victory. T he
    camp.ign which it cdebntcd involved the ,ombincd forces ufthe
    Thr. ce,ion, An.tolikon, Bucell.r ion, Armen iakon and Op.i kion
    military di,trin, or theme" under the comma nd of the slrmego;
    Mi chael L"ch.nodr.con, and the Armeni.n, Anaba,du., T .tZJt~. ,
    Ihri,terotze ••"d Gregory '0" of Mmela kim, re'p"ctivcly?O
    The Hyzantin<' fOICe • .ctem ptnl to besiege Germlnicia .md . Iso
    cng.ged with .ppatent mcec" the force, comm'lIlded by
    Thunum ~ ibn W.li. According to ,he A.,b; c soorce •. the
    operations involved. 'summer' raid of A .H. [61, i.e., 9 October

    , . On th< ,"bot.n t; .! ."".",;n th< h",,,,y 0;10 "''';0'' ofCo<,,,,,,,h,c', ch .. " ,,, On ,h,'
    ..0"'" of 'h< nin th «n'" ,Y' S. r..,,,,, Hy""".' k"""I."" d"'i"l ,'" "'g"
    of
    (.',m''''''''' V. Cu'pu> "" ;p,om m <h';"'.nom m o,;<""hum, Sub",j", !' (Loo»i",
    '9771 . pp . J8. ,64 -J .nd " " "1J ·
    .. Thwrh,""". A.M . ~JoJ. tk UOQf, lOLl - no
    " IMo" A.M . 6']0, tk Doo, 4J"n- ,,, ,r 1'. SI"', k. K, ;", K • .,,,,,,,,i.
    VI. Di,
    I~~i'i",""," """ T'"..J .. """"" V",.," ,i,,,';R,"m ) )",,,h4'. , (Mun;,·h. '~781 .
    "'- , ,,,,I "p. '. 'll. n. J. ,-,. t", ,....1 ,·• .J""c< un <I"", <o nn"mJt".
    Df"e/opmfnl i" Byxaflli"m

    777 - 27 Septembe r 77R A,D. Such ",ids were convemion~l1y


    l~l1nched from roJ111y to 8 September,>! NotwithS'~nd ing . then.
    the common error which conneCtS the view,y cc!ebrati on with
    th e ~ ncient feniv<ll of Maiumas and, by inference, the month of
    M <lY. this ceremuny m ust h4vc "ken pl.ce in late ,u mmer ,n lt.
    si te wa. the Sophianae P"bce on the Asi~tic , hore of the
    Sosphoru,. gencr.lly localized at the modern Ccngclkiiy?' The
    settin g indicate, tha I. lih· th e f'r>t observance, honoring Hcr~_
    dius' relllrn from the Persian war, the proceedi ng, were nOt
    prim Hi ly intended for the urb~n popul, tion of the c~pit ~L They
    were directed ,ather 3t the them e comm.nders. their troop, an d
    whatev er official< h. d followed the empero .. Oil ,he A,i>! ie
    villeggi , tur~, They involved the ,evcn- y"ar-old cuemperor Con-
    suminc VI and a large,s to the troops. Th is last fact lend, SUppOTt
    to G rierson's observ~tion th,,, ~ new coin type issued in gol d and
    copper at Constantinople must be ..ssociated with th e event. The
    new type'. obverse ,how s both emperon wearing militHY garb
    and seated on a lyre-backed thronc (fIg. 7); it m,y wel11lJ.ve been
    intend ed as a depiction of the celebration itself?" A. the em peru"
    watched from their thron e, the theme co mm . nder~ sta ged ~

    " T h""ph.in, •• A.M. 6>1<>. ll< Boo •.• 5' ." - ". Cf. G . W,il, '""'i,.".,, C/o,lifo., •
    (M .nnh,im. r~. '), ~ wi,h n. ,_ " Th, "h.nI pm.S". of . 1T.I,.,i . nd ibn w.dbih
    '" " . f __ W . R",oh ' lIy"",,",, .nd Arab, ,n ,he lim< ",flh, w i)' Abb" iili ', E,~li,~
    H,~ .. ;"I II .... "" ') ( ' 000), 1'1- H , be" OJ)' on ,ho ,"min" co"'P"S"', iii•.. 71'"
    R .) . lih., Di, IF",'i,i,,', "-"' , i",, ...j 'i. "'"I0",",X 4<, "',...." 5,.li," '"'
    5 "".'""....... ".! 4<, 1,,,,,,;";,,"<01 51.." , ". , . "•• $, j .... MiK,II."" by" ndn.
    Mon'C<n,i .. .. (Munich , 1 'l1~) , pp. ' 07 ,nd 13"
    " M...km ",hoI", h.iv< of"" fo llow,d ThnJph.""'· ,~ iru" ",d ,nd hov, und",.OO<!
    A.M . 6'7<1. lJ< 1100 •. OJ..,6, no,~alU: M'i·oo~:h " "1"'"' d o< f,,,,,, l uf
    .1.1"""'0" ', which wuuld 'mpl T ' ch , ,,nQI<.>gi,,1 ,,,nl"O ,(\;oo in Thooph'",,' Om
    of 6>7<1' d . P",i"nd,n,. 'M.ioum,,', RE, " . , ('911)." '~_ ", he" 61" L, Robm,
    '[pig"ph,c> XL tn"'''p'i"" d. N ic<" II"., 4<, ;,ouk'K'''f'''' ' .~ ( 19J"I , ~_I . , ..,,,
    1> , 0, J: Sp<ck. K"",,,.,,. VI., ' . 9•. An" " ,i", <omc,ty ",n,I.. " ,[" .. m,iom,',
    Th<oph,o". D< 1Soo •• >,>99.' S, 'nd '" ohould we . R"h<, th.n ",",,<<tina' (",iv. t
    whkh dh' pp<,,,,d >00 y,m<" I"" , ili<<<p"'''ion ~G"" ,.>I""~~' oogh«o h< "k<n
    in ill or~in"y Middl< iJ)·"n' i"" "'no<. 'di,,,i1,u l< lug",, ', 'n im"p,,",ion w hich
    fJ " ,h, 0001<"' '·"Y w<11. F", th i, ",0'" of I'''OO/,1(; >« Phito,h,u,. CI,,, .. I~i"",,
    Oikonom;d", t jj. 11 «J, &,.
    ·p.im,,') , cr. /"'p . &nn . • SI.> 'nd <91.6.
    " J,n.n. C,I, I y~ .. pp. III .nd .I ~ ; Cuill,nd. T,!",.!'","i" " !I<>-,>o. "p, !J---<i.
    " p, G",,<oo. C... I,,", oJ.1K B]Z"" ,,, Co.", ;" II" o... u.,,,,, O,~, C,II"".. , >OJ '" ,IK
    W' ill,,,,,,,, C,/I.e,i"". J, ' (W,,},ms,on , ' 'Ill). pj , )'9- )0. JJ J- . ,

    , J"
    Age of generals

    Figurr ,. Gold no",i,,,,. of Loa IV and Conmmin~ VI (~nl.rg~d; ... ~


    p. 13 8)

    cer~mony '" which they. and not the empero .., play ed the leey
    role."
    One due to the compuhension of thi, ,taged eveOl lie, in the
    identity of it. principal actors, the J{ralfgoi. By 778, the theme
    'system' h.d long sioce emerged in its cl."ic form, with all irs
    comequence. for the mb,taOlial decentralization of the empire',
    milituy est.bli,hment. Joined with the gr.dual mbmmptioo of
    civil .dmini.tr.tion by the milituy. the decentraliz,aioo naturally
    enhanced the po,ition of the theme, 'IS rdatively autonOmoUS
    pow er centen within the fabric ofByz.ntine governmcot. '6 Thi,
    development i. amply atte.ted by the fact th at it was the theme
    commanders and their troop. who I.y at the heart of mo.t of the
    revoh, and murpation, from the la te .evcnth dow]] to the e.rly
    nimh century: indeed. it j. often to this very phenomenon of
    revoh that the culic>I mention of variou, theme> i. duc." The

    " "Th<oph,n<> . ... .M . 6.",. Do 1100' . '" ·., - 1' b dl ~'G'J.,iJ<. ~("~~'c I"'''''~i' j,
    kl9,~ .. t~1 ~l";oo,.." 10<'
    to.p ..",,,, vi..., .,),,,,1 . • ~I .,(itwo 19p'¥P<oo" 01
    np"''I1''1 d
    I~"I." . ...,
    Tl>roph."e,· P""""8 it>JK.O<'." ,he w" (0"",,,,,<1<,,
    who <d,.uted the ';"'o'Y f, .., .
    .. From [he ""n,;" b;bho~"r"Y. I « '"'po J. K... y.nnopu l", . 0;, E."""""A ."
    .y.. ",;"i,.."'" 11I,,,,,,,,,d/o""t.
    By,,"[inisch .. "',chi • . 10 IMunICh. [9J9J . ' od ... .J.
    Llli<. '''Th"ki<n'' und ··n",ktoo,,··. Zu' byun,;n;",ho,n V.u.m<o,~.no ... 'iYn Ion
    &>de ok. 1· J.h,hunok,," . j(j8 . • 0 1'0"). 7-".
    " P.,,;,I I;";n Uk ··"Th" k"'"···. P"): "',. ,...,.. K",~i. V""". p. !?)It".

    '"
    DfvrlopmftH iM /jy~mlli"",

    theme (Umm~nden' pusitiun in the political equation p<: . ked in


    times of vacillation or tran sition in the Grelt Palace, :" for
    instance, when Artab asdm revohed.t the outSCt of Constantine
    Copronymus' independent rule." Cl'rtainly the reign of Leo IV,
    who apparently suffned from poor he. lth, w.s .nother such
    mornent'· The mal~goi" role in the politicol cunfiguration of hi,
    rule has no better illmtration than Theophane' detail ed account of
    the ritual fDrm, imposed on the decision to byp.lSS Leo's
    ,tepbrothers and elevate hi, infant ,on to the purple as cocmpcror
    and sucn'"or designate. Leo began by embarking on .criotl!
    expenditllre. on behalf of the theme . rmic! and the t~gm.ta.
    When this initiative had had its desired effect (6thv "'v~invuc.
    say, Theophancs). all the theme commandn.mtered the city wi,h
    great milit:lry .ninue. and began publicly p<:titioning leo to r~isc
    his son to the throne. It i, difficult to avoid the impres.ion of ..
    politi".l quid pro quo in these events.J"
    lIefore .cquie,";ng tu the generals' reque.t, Leo in,isted that
    they and other leading dement' of .ociety shou ld furni,h written
    copies of oaths .worn by relics of the truc cro" and depo,it them
    on ,he ahar of the Hagi . Sophia . The o.th, were intended to
    ,ati,fy the emp<:ror dut they would never suppOrt ~n emperor
    'outside of leo ~nd COnst~ntine and their seed'. a patent reference
    to Leu's hal f-brothers ."
    Twu and a h.lf ycars la,,,r, the ,heme commanders and their
    troup. g"thercd in the A,iatic suburbs of Comuntinople to
    cdebratl' a major vIctory. In light of the foregoing, the
    ceremony's un",,,,,1 char"cll'r becomes comprehensible. The
    malegoi :Itld their soldiers were rewarded for their victory - and,
    w c may mppme, their continued loyalty. The comm:mders thell
    .taged ,orne kind uf triumphal parade in front of the coemp<:ton
    " I.,... <.~ PI' . 'J~1f
    .. 0" 1..<0" h" I'h, Gr'm"o, Co,",,), ' . Pl.
    " T I" "VI", ... " " M 6"0, D< !lou,. ,,9."-'9. Cf. O"mgonky. r;,,;~H". p. '<, .
    who «nd, '0 "" ,hi, <vom '" , Imos, H<~d,." "''''', "'n ,n,,,,,,,,, of ,I.. pmg'''' of
    • ",u io p'i",ipl' "f u"rl,vl<kd ,ul< ,od F" i m~<"i,u" . ",h<t ,k.n . " <.pn''';on of
    • ,ho,"""m. 1',,1";nl '"PI"'" " 'f."'" ,i.
    more ",""bly. $[,«<, K""" ... VI" I. 7Jff:
    d . ''''' " . Ch,j"opkH"l"-'ul"", 'h,(<»'~ , ."yopWO-I< K,l ~t;'"'' tOO ~«:."",,"
    .iiw~pf t "poc (A,h,,,,. r ~16 ) . pp . ~,_ , .
    " Th,ork'","" AM. o,oII!, [I, Iloot. 010.1 9-0" .'J . Th" ,I.. p"",u,;"", wm fully
    J',,, if,..,j " ,how", ,n,,, .10 •. by <I .. ","mp',d plot <>f em... N;""phmm ;n ,I..
    mo."!> f"l l"wi "~ Co""""i",' , ''''0"'''"00: ,.,4" ')-0.
    ,,0
    thq' had sworn to up ho ld. In ~ place safely quarantined from the
    city it!-Clf. the theme conummkr! pl~yed out the centr~ 1 role in a
    ceremony which . ci rcun"tallccs suggc!t. glorified .s much their
    10 y ~1ty to ~ faltering emperor 'Illd hi, child mcce.m r " thei r
    military SlI cceSI ill the E. st. Vicw,·d in its political come"t, the
    ceremony ca,t. a .haft of light on an ohscure moment in the eighth
    cmtu r y. Twenty-fonr months later. Leo W31 dead ;md th e theme
    commander. would be G.lIed upon to live up to their o;ah •.
    The next recorded victory celehration occurred in Irene's
    rcgcllcy , after the· commander" r("{lIrn to Comt.millopk in
    J. nuuy 784· It followed spectacu larl y Un,ucccsj fu l campaigns in
    A.ia Minor the pr<·ceding year. and th.· f~n that it honored an
    incunion into the Peloponnesu, !.:em , significant in ligh t 0 ([ relle"
    Atheni.n orig im.32 This tinte the fc,tivities fea tured ho= uce!,
    th,· p,,·ci<e !-Cuing of wh ich is not specificd J ) Again. the
    cdehratium· "ntral f'gure SetmS nut to have been th e regent Or
    her '''''' rather, they focll sed on th e c,mp. ign·, commander,
    Suuraciu." influc·mi~l pal , ce eunuch. patrician ,nd logothete of
    tht" Oxy, Dromo . .... Hi, identity i, the te lling diffcr~ncc with
    '''pect to the theme co mm,nde r, triumph of 77~ . It ha, been
    ob,er ved that . under Irene. com m and of Byzantine forcc' Oil
    omp_ i>:" u,ually w,·nt to ind ividua l, drawn from outside the
    r~nks of the profession,l military." The rcaSUn the ceremonia l
    spotli ght and ,·ffec!ive high command .hifted away from pro..-
    fession.i, like the the me an d uglllatic co mm,nder, i, nO! hard to
    find . I" the course of her ruk. Irene faced 'n extr,ordinary
    nUlll ber of conspir aci e, , nd r~vol t,. most of whi,h could be traced
    to officer. of the theme or tagm Jti c >rill irs.·" In it, gl orifi,ation of

    " TI><ol,h ."" . A.M. "'7 ) . Dc 1l00r. ~j6 . > ~ - 4)7 , . cr. ". l <ot,«k . !'h iUPf"" S-
    A! "/Jc",,, ",;, ... 1< ; I· i"'f"" •~ ,,,i,"", <I !p,",i",. II; bli." h< qu, <In ticu]" f" 0("'"
    d·A[/"' ",-,,, d< Rom,. 'J i (p",'. ' 9<j). p . <1, ; 1) . .0.. Z"yll><.",. ·11 ~",''''''l
    ·F)). ... .W' ' '''j (A'",m. '''''J). pp. H~ .nd )j ; A. lIoo . v "'I,,.,"',)" 'rz,,",;.
    j_II/" '" "'/. biblioth<q"" bY"" lJlI<. £,"&,., (1'"". !9j! ). pp. ~'-J ,nd 51"" ' .
    I<... ",",i" VI.. ' . "S·'·
    " n"" pb, n,,. A.M. "'7" . rl< l\Qof . 'JH- ".
    " On ,", olf>«. R. ",,,,,.o(!. ·l" logo, ..,,,. ~""',, "Of t·h1"0,,0 .dnl1""""",o &
    I·,,,,p'" by,," '; " ·. 1( (;8. '9 (' 9"). J 1-70. f o, S""f>,LI" w«'. ilii.. p. 47' d . R .
    GLI, lbnd. ·(''''KO'''' t.<n" III l M,d,d 11". ~r> .. , 0 (1970). J ,}-<oo. I"", JJJ-4.
    " ti l",. · ·"Throb..... ·· . pr ,,- r ~ .
    " S« ,"~ . Slx·,·k. I.;.. ,,,",i. VJ .. '. ",off.• 1j tf ,,, d , Sjff,nd ,"," ":,Oun' ' 01 K "· ~' .
    U."" . pp. nOft:
    '<'
    Devtlopmenl j" nrz~mjum

    St,ur,cius, whose condition excluded him from the purple. the


    ccremony of 784 cle.rly reR ects Irene's policy of comm.nd
    .ppoimmems,
    Th .. t her fc om were founded il underscored by the ncxt victory
    cclebr,tion , which m,rked the succcs,ful mppre"ion of:l revolt
    by the powerful Arm eni:lkon theme . C . mp. igns of 791 . nd 792
    had cnded in no .pprcciablc success ag.imtthc Aubs anJ outright
    dil"ter .g.inst the Bulg,ri.ns.'" [n J.rc 792 a compir.oy on behalf
    of C.el.r Niccphorus w" unco,-ered, Imp[ic,ted in it were the
    tagmata and Alexiu! Mu sc le, • fortner comm.nJet of the
    Armcnia kon theme. The neW! of his punishment ,nd th,t of
    Con,t,ntine vr, rcl,tivcs provok~d an upming m the
    Armeni.kon n The rebels defc.Hcd thc first punitive cx]X'dition
    sent against them , In 793 , Constantinc led ,n umy drawn from
    the other themes ,g,inst the inlurgcntl, They w~r~ defe,tcd by
    trc. chcry on Pentecost (26 May). Aftcr the execution of thc ring-
    leaders. th e victoriou. young emperor n:lgcd • triumph.1 mtry
    into the upi t,l through th e B1,chernoe G,te. on Mond.y, 24
    June 793. He w,s pre~e dcd by one ,honsand Armcniako" rebe[ ,
    who hod had the words 'Armcni akon plotlcr· inscribed on 'heir
    faccs ,'9 Disfigurement was, profound ly re,munt them e in the
    period ,nd forml the negative countCrpon to the carly llyz,ruinc
    r"cin,tion with the human f.cc, a faKination whieh was
    embodied in the cu lt of icom ,nd offici,l portrait, of all kind$ . nJ
    which continu.1I y crops up in rim,1 humihtion.· o Crimin . [, h.d

    " Th,oph,n<!, A .M . ~"< , !k Boo< . ,0,.,0 ,nd A.M . 0" •• <Onl; of. $1"'"
    K.." ... ,i.
    VI" '. "11f,
    " "Throph. r><' , A .M . 6,1\, D< Iloo" <M.,) - J' <f, Sp«<, K".",,",," VI., " ,,0 .• n~ on
    I\h,"., 1\., G"iI"n~ . ' 1'",."" <Ie lron til', p. ))0 .
    .. Th<o p~."". A .M . ~l!) , D< ll<:>or. <""., ,- ,<.
    On ,he>< 'V,"", SI", k, K ••",.. ,i.
    VI.. '. "9 - )<>· On ,he Dl"hem .. G.«, J.nin. Cpl. br' ·' p . 11) ; I.nin, t~IiHJ , p.
    '6,11". on 'he ,hrin< .
    •• Th~' fot .x.mpk [he f.m",,, "'''ylion "lie fo<u><d 01' ,he J"'" ,he IIn'g' of
    Chri", 1\ •. C . m,,,,,, . rio< "'p'K ..,i 110< I~""' (In.ugun ]l,,,u,,. Kong ', Colkg',
    london In,O .. p.]). pp, !If. Fo' ;",p«;.1 po""'n. K,"><. SI.d" •. whQ>t tv'de"""
    ",,,Id mOly lot .ugmtn ,«l . 0. ,lot PO""'" uf P ""'''~ > • ..l ,lot" fU"<I;"", in
    ,~""I><' of '~t f>f,~ .nd ,i"~ <tn 'u";'" n.c"p~.n'~ A.M. 600 • • 1-'< D"m.
    ,,,.,,_, , ,"d "p. John of Eph',"', /I., .. ] , " ". " . Bm"k, 1. 1] - ' j ; ), 1. ]0. iI.i __
    J'-'J - ' <; 1. 1, >1, iI.. __ "".1j - 61· '1; 1, >. 1<, i~J . , 71.1-6; d .C"","n',,,,, [',
    ","""n' "" ,he hum . n f", in ~ i, I.w ~"biddon~ di,f'g""m,n' cf ' "mm.l,
    ,.,.,.!,mo«l '0 q"m",,, Cod. n,,,,,., 9. •0 . 1 ( _ e"". I,,,. 9 . ." '7).
    Mommotn-K,ustl , loq- j .
    their f"ce' hl :lckmed for the PJrad~ of infam y , iconodulc monk.
    had ' :lririeal vet"" t.ttooed into their forehe.d_, ~nd, as i, well
    known, physical disfigurement W :I ' considered ",fficicnt ground,
    for di'qu:ljific:ltion from th,' rhrune - at le.St it down to w'"
    Justinian 11."
    Wh:lt i. the .ignific.nce of CUllStamin<' 's dcvi,tioll frolll custom
    in eschewing the tradition.l setting for tr iumph, the Golden Gatt',
    and ,hifting the whole c<"remony a few kilomcten to th e north' A
    connection with the Il!:lchnn.e ,hrine comes immedi." eiy to
    mind md, in f.C1 , Theophanes supplies the key to the enigm.
    wh en he t.k es the unusu.l Step of specifying the ceremOlly"
    precise date. Comt.ntine's entry through the Ill.chemac' G. te
    took place on the eve of the gre.t proce"ion celebrated .t the
    nearby .hrine to com memor,ac the Vitg-in', deliverance of the city
    in 67B.·~ Il ec.me imperial triumphal eTllrics h.d ••",ci.ted
    Christi.n shrine. with th eir itiner3ty since the .ixth century, it is
    difficult to . void the conclusion that the willful dcp . rture from
    custom in 793 rcAe"cd a <killfu i tailorin g of the ceremony to the
    capit.!' s liturgic.llifc and :In drot[ to link Comt'lIltine" victory ;11
    civil war, the commemor.tion of. n (.riier IUceess and th~ cult uf
    the Virgin. Coming frum the g"",<1$Ol\ of the enemy of the
    Theotokos, thil la't a'pect must have bc~n perceiv ed '" "
    p.rticu larly eloquent '("tem,,'! of the dyn",ty', n~w religiuus
    policy.4) Ily its I"" recordl'd ,debratiun, the [,~uri " n dyn:l'ty hOld
    returned in • w.y to the first, in which Leo III ~clcbr~ted the
    Virgin'. relic for •• ving her city from the Arab siege of718 .

    ., 0.. ,h. Crop, .... brulh", .• .~ . O><mgo"k y. G,,,.,,",,,


    p_ 'n: fm ,h, bt,ck,n;ng uf
    ",imin.I, ' ['<e<, Koukouk" ''''~~~lm''''''C', pp. M - 7 .
    .," "''''.t,C~ . " rr. 70- 7.
    0.. Co,,""n';'" V" ,h, '"'my d,", Th""ok",. (''''0, C,""""",,, V, pp . ,,6IT
    ] . nm, ~,{"", pp. , Ot If, ),.,,,,., of no o,h" ,vid,n" fm , p"',cut,, cuI< of 'h,
    610<1><,"" ch""h .nO ,n ,d'e> on ,I>< p.n dCo"",n ,''''' Vt. AOOII><, ,m"n" i"
    which Coo"" "h", Vt """"imJ I", milt",y ,ur"" wHh . ... ,,,,', J.y com,", ftom
    <II< provinc«. Af,,,
    d,[wmg ,fie ..... ." "" ,h< f,, ~ of John Th''''''''"' (3 M. yj,
    Con".m;n, vi<i"J ,I>< "rn" , oI"i",,, fp"<>" ' ."J S""t<J d ... '''"I' f.i, . ron""ioo,
    of cu>tom, du,y of ''''' 10, of lIokl: Th,,,p"'"'" A.M. hl~7, tk 11m,. , 6<)·'1-'70 .' .
    On I M.y: Sy"'x","", (;,1;"""",, I),kh. y" M J " '''' tly .. n'm, ",",,",«;.t [.in
    .nd <II< cui, of ... m". ~ . V'YO";' ,]" 'n.. p,"i~,,;, of 'h, Hr .. n,;n, ... in' , • "udy i"
    '0< ">1",c or. m<d;cv.t im,iw,iotl. i" O';R'" ,nJ f.[<', TJo, Ryr.. "i.,
    S,i"" cd . S.
    H"kd, S,ud;', Suppt,m<n'''y to _~Dbomm t , , It.""",,,, , ,~~ , ) , pp_ ""'- 116.

    "J
    Dev~lopm,m ill BFa>ui",,,

    3. A"'O~IAN T~IUMPIiS

    Of Ihe four victory celebration< recorded u"der the Amori~"


    dyn.,cy, ch~ first offer<.n ucdlmt link with the eighth century.
    in th~t ir ""'-rked ,he I"r gre.r uprising of the theme., the revolt of
    Thomas the SI"v. The ob!<:rv.nce, comprised thrcc' main phose"
    bcginning with the ,(tne of Thorn., octr.y.l >I Adrianoplc in
    Octoocr S23." Ir' audience wa. the ..my and whatever off"i,l,
    h~d joined Michael 1I for (he siege of Thom~s ' stronghold," In
    their presmce, Thom~s slIlfned the ritu 31 of dcfc3t: he w~s
    presented to the emperor ~nd forced to perform jhe p'osky"esis,
    To .ignify to 311 onlookers the totality of hi, victory, Michael
    performed the ritual ":Hupling of his defeated rival (f'g. 8). By thi,
    time thc 141wlio w~s perccived 3S 3n ancient ntl' typical of the
    imperial dignity. II, imp"o on tnc Uyuntine imagin.lion w.s so
    strong th~l. as tenth-century historians correctly observed. ritu31
    ""mpling h"d worked its w"y into ~II kinds ofUlwxpceted ,oci.l
    contcxtS.~6 After the [alcaria, the tnribk pen alty of double
    ~mputat; on w>< ;nA;ctcd on the unfortunate ;mUTgent, . nd he
    underwmc the ritual parade of infamy, scalcd backward on an as~.
    an ~nimalunfiuing!O his Sl ~t;on. ~nd plc~d;ng for mercy from the
    'true emperor'. 47 The di,tinct;ve feature of thi, .. v.gc ob,crv~ncc

    •• On ,b< «vot,. A.A . V."lo<v. BF"""" k, ,.h"'" ,d . • ,,~ " . H. G."~o", .oJ M .
    C.nuri. CO'pu, hm.d]."", h,,.,,,,,, h),,,",,,,",, j_, (Ilru"tI" ,.))_"i], h,,, "
    »If, ,"d p, 1" 0><'1<. 'Tltom" k ~ l ,,' < , 'rAi. , ('96\1, '))-07,
    .. 0" ,he ","y', P""'"" , Joh" Sc)'li"",. Sp'.p,j, ~i"'n'." .. , ,J. t. Thum. CfHB. ;
    (11<. 1," . '97)). '0.60 .
    •• Th'oph. C"'H, " ,~, Donn , "., ." _ ,", . ~,p,a~6Vf1:< ."'Ov ,(~I'~j",,,,,1 r< ~d
    ~"'P<~' nl "P""j~""" t<)r Ila~. h Jt ,oj M!~, dh/ rak e,a/MiA, K.I de
    ~",~,'I<", ~~~/,l,%> nf'Wwv ,dtau. <~j o~"d,,,, 9.io 'wv "oJiIrv.~~pwr~p"(u
    ,_"V ~.I ~o.\.e ~.I zul"'" iuppjaa" ~"'oO, t~1 lj,oo " ~""pl(<: da/. <00'0
    P,;'Q' bnp,;y.n..;". t!.i.J?~I!' !" b ~,,~~ e,a/AdJ, cr, 'G<"e,;u,·. '. N,
    L«mu] 1< •. W w"", C/",""..,
    . od Th" '" . J ' .00 j< , .nci «p . c;." ,~, ,0. M on~. <d, C.
    D< 'I""" , Iu"p,j~. [1'001 .797. " - ' o. ""h " h l,.,k, '0 b< 'he "'"." uf Tb<oph.
    Coo, ,", pl"" i n~. F", • (,'" from m.n), ou".jmp<", 1u'" of'o. ~<>t"" ,n ,0. p<.K>d,
    Th<oph , Co,,,,, ), ' ). Ronn, '0' .'9-'0)." Tb<"""'<lu" Vi" Nk"., (MIG. 'H').
    J7. AASS. Ap,,]i, , (1M,). xxv; ig""'"'. V,,, "';;<fp''''' P'" ;'''"''' (8HG. 'JJ,I. ,d.
    C . L>< Il00,, ,\"i"plw>" "" p, ,,, I, h"",.... ( ldp,i~, ,!80), >0, .7-" , S.b". Vi"
    j.,""j,,; 18HG, "l)). ,d. J. V." D," Go."" !tASS, Nov , ' . r ("~.I · J1JA - R;
    Sr"'X"'-''" Cpi"""",", D,],h,)·<• •• J'O""Y, 0' ).<-i,
    ., Th< dovdopm<"' ofbod,]y mu,ib,ion '" p<".I'y;n !1.0"",, "'" " probkm";, 'od
    li«k ",,,,loci in tI>< nom ..,,"< 0<.", PO'~'I" 1>«,"", I~e dog'« ' oJ t)'po "f
    mutl l"i<>n v,«< de, .. mjoed b), ru"om Of ,he P''''''C"'!nS m,s,,,,,,,. On ,0.
    . -

    <
    , ,
    •• • .. . . . . .
    ' .... . ' lL. ' .. ",
    ,., ~ ~" .'..".,.,. -.
    , •

    Figu .. ~_ Mich.d II'. triumph over Thorn .. tho SI.v ("'. pp. !H-6)
    Dfvdopm ~Ht in Byzantium

    wa, It, "'ttlng. Unlike cighth_c~nmry victori es over imperial


    rival<, Thorn.,' pa.. dc of infamy W ;1S not staged in the capital's
    streeU or the Hippodrome. The rea son must be ",ught in the
    character of Thomas' revolt. Even though imperial propag and"
    was at considcr"blc pains to amplify the massive participation of
    foreign infidel. in Thomas ' army , Lemcrlc has ,hown th.t thi,
    .ccount was me.nt to conccal T horn,..' grN t succe ••• nd popubrity
    with the Bynntine .rmy. Th e It.ging ofthc fIrSt ob",rv.nc:c in
    front of the reunited troop, WOl cle. rly intended to impres, upon
    them the completeness of Thomas' f. ilurc and perh.p, to f. cilit.te
    the mopping-up operuions which lay .hcad. 4 '
    The camp. ign W a! concluded by ,he emperor·, triumph.l entry
    into Con.tantinoplc and victory race" in which Mich.el di,played
    hi. clemency - or recognized the IOci,,1 force. he was up
    ag . in st - by imposing only a ritualized humiliation on some of th e
    form er rebel •. Their ,ole punishment Wa, to be paraded through
    the Hippodrome in derision, with their hand, bound behind their
    backs and seated on . 'S(5. 49 At least one literary work muked the
    oc, ..ion.'O
    Michael'. 'On and successor Thcophilm .taged two victory
    festiv;i1s whose content. arc well known thanks to the chance
    surviHI of convergent bUl independent document •. The cere-
    monies' dues arc controverted. The fint has traditionally been
    alSigned to 831, bUla recent review of the evidence has suggested
    that 8]7 may be more suitable. In the former ea"" the triumph
    would have publicized some minor succcs",s which had followed
    a long string of imperi~ l reverses."

    d<vdopm",,' of ' ''''h pen . hie, ' « T. Mo",'n><n. R;;"'i"I.<, Sn-i",hI (I.<ip"g, '!79).
    pp. 91 'If.• nd B. Sin"l!owi" • .~,,,ji .. '"' Sn.fr,,~'1n Hlot, (1.'''''0' . '9,61. pp. l l lf.
    •, On ,o. ,01< of 'II1'Y in 'h' "'"011. I.<m<,lt. 'Thom,,·. pp. >IIiIf. '89-yo .nd >9 S.
    •• n.,oph. Cen, .•• . lO.llonn. 71.1 j-lO; ·G. .... i"'·.
    >. 9. !.<>mullt,_W<""" . J'. 7J-Io;
    J.,on Z"""",. E,;'.... •• ".,i..,",. 'j. ' J . JJ. «l. T. Butt""_Wob.., (Bonn. 11971.
    147·7- 'J ·
    " Isn,,;" •. ducon . OO " " .r~,'n o f<h . H'g" Soph". i, , ,,o, d<d to h,,< compo><d •
    wOlk .. ,,,,,", . n ~o<1I 8"'~t" Soud • • I.u ",,,,,. ,d. A. Adb. > (L" p'ig.
    19)'1·601·>- 1·
    " F", ,"" ,ud',;"',,1 d"'ngo V"ij""-C' n,,J. A,. .., . '. ,0J- S' d . J. Ilo,,,,,.
    'Thwph,lu,· Khumm;« policy .nd;II fin,'" ,0< "v~lt ofTO<ophobm· P",i.n
    "OOJ" ,n 1) 3·.Ik{"",,"". 6 ('97.1. ,6j -]'. "p. , 6;\ . If,", d,,< of l ), wore IC"p«J.
    The first phar.e of the ceremony once ag~in focused on ~
    triumphal entry. The bald rhr~s.c of the ,,~rr;ltive sourcel 'he
    returned to the im»"rial city with Iplclldid victory' contram with
    the detailed contemporary record preserved in ComUntille
    Porphyrogenitus' trcati,e On l m»"rial Exp(·dition •. H As wal by
    now typical, the observances included two ccremoni~J welcomes.
    The fim took place in the Asiatic suburban palace of Hiereia and
    was wcially exclusive: it wa, limited to Ihe highest olf'ciah of the
    govcmmem, the Augusta .nd male members of the senatorial
    order resident in Con,t antinople'-' There the emperor and hi,
    welcomers 'pent ' week aw,iting preparations for the gal , in the
    capil1l. When the time wal up .nd the prisoners expected for the
    triumphal procession had still not arri ved, an additional thrce-<by
    waiting period took place, during which the wuTt wa'transferred
    to the European suburb,n pa!>ce OrSt M,m" (mod . Betiktal)."
    Wh en all the preparollion, werc fmall y complete. a triumphal
    proce"ion of loldin, bearing tbe booty and ie.ding prisoner.
    b..gm the m ain fClt;v;ties ;nlhe capital. The emperor. the C,co",
    and heir "pp",ent Alexius M usc le . nd the imperi, l pHty followed
    in a separate group." Ccrem oni .. l receptions wCrC org.nizcd ~t
    the Golden Gate and along the parade', itinerary from tb al g:Il<' to
    the Arch of the Milion. via ,he gre,t M iddle Avenue or Mesc. ,6

    "on" ;mp<.;.I.<v<= w"uld h.v< ;nciu.kd tho f. 1I orc"" . nO ,ho ,wo f.ilcd
    ""mp" to ,,"~< rt . ,Iw: ongo;n~ ~'" Qf SKil), (P.l....no [,Ihng III ,ho ",mm<r of
    I) ,) •• nd "'" J.,,,h ufTh<oph;lu, ",n ",d ho;. ;n 'lU o. ' " (G,,",>oo . C,i",.). ' .
    • n)_ lIo,"<v",. W . T ".d~old. 'Tho ohmnni(>j!;"] '''''''''f
    or 'ho n,...;,k of
    Sym<on tho L"I!"tI,." fm ,ho yom'" ,,, '. noP.!J 1'070). 'lV-97. h., " "
    "rong dool>t. "" ,ho ",di,ioo,1 d" il18 , od '''8g<~. ,h " ,hi, "'''mph ,,,,,,,II, wok
    ""W"Of.
    p"" '" ! J;: P" 71: d . p. ,.". Thi, I,,",", 0l"'n. ,ho ptobkm of 'h, =ond
    "i"mph. ",d ; ti~n.lIy ".<""'''~ ""i," ''''' ,f. 1><1.-."". n _ ,,, .
    .. Throph. Coot .. J. 2). Ho"" . 11; .11-220 ~,I I'<t~ ,i~~c .bl'~p1c ~ pk. '1'
    ~.alh6ootJ" i"'/Pl"" _.. ; d_ I",p. Exp_. IkM1n. )0) . J 1-)0].» .
    .. On Hi<..... I"".li "'d" m<><km f.,,,,,b.h\<. "-""J.nin . Cpl' OF ·. pp. '-I ' - JO. Th,
    <kduc,;o" <I", only m,le m<mom of J"" "'""0",1 orocr p,flIdp,,<d 'M ,h. f""
    oJ,,",., ",,,mony;, b,,,,d "" ,h, r", ,h" '""L> W,"« ""<Ie ~"n,<J ~m'i"OOI' 00
    join ,I><m only 1,,<<: bop. t'~p" Uo"". )0,. ,.- ,6 .
    .. I ..p_ Ex~ .• Bonn. ,"._ ,6_ ,!: J""". Cp l, i y." p. .. 0: pp. j , J-"
    " I ..p_ expo, Donn . JOJ .' - '0 .
    .. r.. p. I'xp .• Bonn. 50J .' 0- )00.1. Th" " k", """ ",h" ,"'",0.0,,1 "'«Opt""" ",ok
    pb« imicl< 'h, o;ty "" l>< <kd <",,,o 110t only hom p«>'"I"'g <""om i,r bt luw . Ch .
    ). p. ,nlf), ,I>< '1,"/"" 'PI''''' wj,b ,he <mp<oot"' ,Il< f" ,, 1"",,,h of ,I>< p""j,
    Devrlopmenr i" IlF""t;"m

    After pr~yen ~ t the H ~gi~ Sophia, the "mp"ror receiv"d the


    hom ~ ge of the 'city commun ity' lnd dclivl'rcd an accou nt Llf his
    camp.ign frum a sp,'ci~1 platfo rm on up ill front of the Ll rnen
    HouM'. the CUPO ll of wh ich wal appropriately adorned with
    mosaics of an earlier emperor's triumphs ," The next ~tld
    following days were en li vened with ao ex tr~v~gant ",ric. of
    au diences, promotions and large,,_ The v .. t ~co pc of the pro-
    motions handed OUI to commemorate th,' triump h is revea led by
    th e Imp<'Tial Exped iti on, ,tatement tbt they affected offlciah
    from the ranI< of imperial ma"aatorr! . 11 the way up to the
    patrici.ns , th.t il . • lmo't the entire r.llge of the imperi.l titl e
    ly'te nL ~ i
    T he festiv. 1 l ho feaw""d equestri an ,how , ; they illc1udcd l
    ...'cond performam-,' ofth,' army's triumphal parade of booty and
    c. ptives ~nd, perhaps in addit ion to ",-ees, the earlie.t I<nownjoust
    ofthc Middl e Ages ' · Theophi lm fu rther '0ugh[ to pub lici ze hi,

    ,nd ,I><r or" di,,,nKu,,h , ~ fron ] ,~O« " '00 " ,",lIy 'n"",d ,~< " ' y w;th tho
    <mrc'''': i,i'" J06,8-,), On ,h< M"" Guill.nd. '{"I"'Z'"P';"" ;';'11'_
    " I",p_ Exp .. 107 .' - 9; 1.11- Ilu,y . .1 H"''''r .j ,h, ,.,,,,, /10",,,,, '"P''' j"'. ,I« J.II 'j
    I" ",,, ,I., "'""",. oj8.,;1 1 I)\./). $,' - il~, ) (l""d,." 1912). p_ , ,8 , ,, _•. orfm ,hi>
    ",I.,
    tr, ",I> "0" of Olj ).1'''''1'' ,~c ~ 0,.00><, (I", p. r'x p., H"nn . 501 ·. - I); in '" y. j"
    "nth_«" ,"" m,,"mK m,y t>< mm, ",,,,,,,d , d . Th",ph_ C"", .. J. ' !. Il00'''.
    ..
    lJ9.;-~ , 0., ,I><", ~,<o,,, :>m ofth, Hm," Hom<. ,b"". Ch . 1. p_ 61 .
    " I .. p. t'~p .. Bum" 1"1 .11- 19- F", ,I>< u", QH" I'.~"'" in ,,(mn« 10 promo,;on, in
    ,b" " i,,,,,~y " f """ di~n; ' ",' , ['h ilo,"<u" C"''''ioR'"'"' Oi<""",mi(\e" '7 ,', 7 ,nd
    11; 9) .10-' , . nJ "p_ "V., , - ". "n ' he di",i"",;,,,, "f d'K"i"<,,' , ~"''' "'"que, m
    ,h< T,ikli",,, ~f J",,;ni.n; d . toH' ,,_ ,_. , , . To ~'''~, ,~< "~n if,un« of ,I><
    pmmnti"",. wc' ",-~·d ,,,, Iy " "n p"" the """un' "fl",p_ Exp .. Honn. 1m. , " ~ , ~;
    ~ai ~P""tS~"... ~,,,!_~"','o "'.,'am ,;"{I,{I,,o~,..., ~." ,~" "0'
    ~,aO"~(,,, p~"J"Oi'<'" a~lu 1'1.11" r<j<; ':VP",,'Illwo urp'Kuhqwo (d_ JJ
    10."". <. oonm ... LIt ,,,,,.,, . i;,. > (llonn. 1&)0) . 19)-') , ... "h ,h, h" uf 'Ul< J i ~n"i<'
    f,om !' >-J '" ,I>< l"J'<""r T.,,;,," , <d, O,.""o""d<,. Li"" .. p'/""".
    41_11-6).7 . Thi' ,how.,h" ,h, pmm"'",". di,,, ibu,,d fo, th" ' " u mph <ovmd
    . 1",o" ,I>< ' n"" ""S< of m,jo, I""i'''"'' ", th< ,jd,-digm ty 'y""n. ,-, ." ,tf"",J
    ,,"''' ''I'' d,~n""'" 0' g'''''p' of J'gn ;",," in . 11.
    .. ("'p Loll .. Honn, ) <n.'~ "" Thmph C"m __ ).1 ), s,,,,," , "J .l- ,,6, ' , T~b"d,
    ,,(«<0« to th" ««me"" " ,h, 'do",,,,,," t" "mph' (';'0 .. " J_j-~ ' ,~,I yOll, t,
    '4' to;" Yn."" 1r"'~,~pl'l' b wt) ooW~tl~,", .9 pl,~{Ioc [,,;,lTo . .. ) "i,." 11,<
    "n"[","~ p< -",.bih ,y ,I" , m ,h< ,,, I)' " "" h «" ' "'y, «kb'''I<NI< 'n ,h< Hippod,ome
    we« p",",u!" ly ,,~,,;,,<J wi," ,b., oom,-,,'", . It "nnot b< ,ukJ ou t, howeve.. ,h"
    th, ,"pr<""'" i,.n . n" hmmm" mciu«d hy II ...· Ph "" .d,·" ' i<mJ,,,,,y i" vk,,,,y
    «kb"tju", of , ~ ",,,h «" ""'. TIo< i,knt i,y nf th, D"mc~i, of ' h< Sch"l" " ,f.,
    ,,,no of thl! « mp"sn " n'" d"", fOT 'he I",ioo, fl. . Gu ill".!. R" ,!.."." "" I"
    Amorian triumph!

    Fig""~. Copper folli! of Thwphilus (~nt.rged; •.ee pp. '48-9)


    succes •. it h~s been suggested. with ~ new issue of copper coins. On
    them, Ihe emperor w~s depicled in th e IOTQS .."d wearing the
    ~ncient triumph.l hc~ddrc" known ~I the 'lllf~' (fig. 9). The
    reverse legend cer!~inly filted the oce..ion: 'You conquer, 0
    Auguslus Thcophilus',60
    Another. very similar ceremony w~1 sl~ged either to honor
    Theophilus' pill.ge of Z~petr~ in 837 or .t ~n unspecified d~te
    there.fter.·' .... gain the celcbr.lion entailed 1n intermediary stay
    in Ihe Asi.tic suburbs. thi. time in the new Ar~b-style p.!~ce of
    Bry.s.·· The triumph.l entry look substantially the same form as
    Theophilu' fim one. except th~t, this time, Ihe emperor ordered
    ~Il the city', children to come out to welcome him with Hower
    wreaths.6J Again horse contests were held; this tim e Theophilus is
    reported to h.ve done something which would h.ve bern

    ,."".,;"", ~yz.'''i ... '' I, U<rhll<' b),l>nrini"i",b< Arb."«,,, H IIk,lin , r067).


    pp. Ij(r-7. eir« oo11y M.no><l A"".,,;o.,
    ~ e n"",,", Coo." I, " " " Tl>«opholu. dOd ind.'" _ .... '"f_
    du.in , ,"" ,n.mph.,
    '"")" bu, no< ,"" 1"0', n"""")'""""gh, "nc<
    ir i, hud ro im'8;'< bow on< ... ""Id
    .. " , ,hi. fu ll-kng'h go_n "" hOl"b.ek , I,"p, F.xr .. IIonn, )0" .,.. "
    with J<1Jo1",",
    ilo;I., Ii", ...
    " V"i';', _ C,n"d. ,j,a/>,o" I, 1)7- '" ,r. ~o,.."" ,00". n, )1 .
    " c<orgim C"",,"",,",. Illtop~i l ",. ' •.• d. I. Ik.h, (B""n. II JI). 791 .>1-•. C{, G.
    Mm. v" ik, ~yz""."",,i(., I. Ikrl,n<t bY"""ni",.d•• A,b<i«n. '0 (II<rlin. r9JI).
    ,,,,,- ,,; Sym,,,,, M.S'''''. N . Ikkk ... (Bonn, ' Ill), Illt.p"il." I '. 6H. '7->0. On
    Ih)' ... J,nin. Cpk iyz .. p. ,,6.
    " I",p. Exp .. Hunn. J08 .I-J ' if 'h< ,,,di,ion,' d";ng ~ ","ppN , p",h. p> ,"",. woo •
    «",,,,,,,ion wi,h ,10. birth of Mi,h"III, ;., _'0:
    d. C. M'ngo. 'W",," .0"MKh><11U
    Uorn?' DOl'." 1'\167), Ill - I .

    '"
    Drvrlop",rnl ill Bpamiu.n

    unimlginlbk for his l~te Rom . n predecelwr" hc himself led the


    fIrSt r~CC and, unsu rprisingly, cruwned his militny meeL,S with ~
    Iporting victory.04 T he booty di,pl.yed during the fcstivities
    included gold, silver and a hOlt uf Suacen ca ptives."'
    In ~ddition to the light they shed un the org ~nization.1 .'peen
    of early mediev .. l triumphs. the records of these celebrations
    evidence a couple of significant trends. Special ceremunies ne
    staged involving special audiences, in th.t the traditiun.l trium-
    ph al p",.d e tbrough the city and the victory racc,",e flanked by a
    serie, of more privne festivities fo r the r.cn atori.1 order and
    the bureaucracy at Inge. Secondly there may have been Some
    movement away from the fmion of civil .nd miliury clements
    which was typica l of the late antique triumphal parlde ..... Ithough
    Theophilm and the Clesa r wore military garb throughoot the
    procession. th e imperial party In.y hav e been mor e dearly
    distinguished from the rest of the army, for it began its parade only
    .fter the troops h.d entercd the city.··
    Latcr sources give Michael 111 no di .. ct role in the successful
    campaign which triggered the l"t victory c~lebu[io", of [he
    .... motian< (86)). Thi, i. flatly contr.dined by the A rabic sources and
    probably stem, from the hostility of Basil 1', desecndlnt, toward
    their forebear's victim.·' The theme command~rs celcbr;ued "
    ,plendid triumphal entry into the ca piul, which may have
    included the presence of Michac1l11, "lthough hi, participation is
    not exp licitly . ttested."' Prominent in the proce"ion w"' the

    .. G<~'I · Cent .. n.."p~,I" . ' •. IIonn. 7. ' ·'I - WJ.): Sym . M.g .. Th<,p~ ' ",'. ' '. " oJ ..
    6l'·'9-»'
    .. P. " .. XLII "'''I'''''' 11",,,,",",,"," (B IIG. ''''''I . <~ . V. V.,;I·",ky'''; P. N;' ;,;o.
    ·Skn.tnip 0 ., .mm;;, k;);h much,n;" ' h ; ,,,, ,ko,n, p ,Iu.h b, ;m ', Z"p"lt,
    ''",. .. ,'''''.; . . . .'" ii , ... . .,..... i, " ''''KIo,,.i. . .."It i filo"'ti, . "' .. I. 7. , (S'
    Pm"bu'g . 1\10)1. 00." - ",['
    .. hop. fr, .. Boon. JOP - ' ~·
    " V,,;I;"v-C.nml. A' ....'. I. ')' • .;;,mg T ,b"" d . G. H"xtoy. 'Th«mp<ro, .1,1;,h .d
    ttl ,",I 'Oo b.ttle of Bi,hop', M<.dow (A .I1. Mjl". G,,,'. R"",," ..' BY""""'
    5,";i" . '~(I91J). '1 ) - jo .
    .. Cf. p,«ro'''J "01<. Sy",. M.g.. EIoon. <166. '0- 1>: cf. G<org. Co..... (_ "d.C!joo "I.
    8000. 31~.6-1 .• nd ,d. E. Mu.. I,. G,,,t,i AI""", •• o,.. ~"" 1- "I. IS, P",,,bu'g.
    ,119).7)" .)-6. ' nd Grot~. C"" .. I - «d.e<;"" IJ I. <d. V.M. I",," . J( 1r',,"I~"
    G' ....tir' """,,,I< " .,,'"''" 1I"'1.... '''~ 1"'<.oJ< . • (Pc"OS .. d. '9H). 9 .• S-9 (00
    ,h, '.
    ,wo ,..d.1.e<joo, ofGtorg. Con, .• Moro m ,'. 8r"""""'~;'" '6\1-7')' Cf. Vi,.
    A.,,,,,!, i"",..i,
    (BHG. ,..I.
    pe,ton", I< •• inq",,"' do,
    "u,,,
    "',,1><,.
    .... ,, ....
    I l. <d. F. H.I. ", . ·S. "",oio< I< l'U" < "
    All. 6, ('9"), , S7-")' I.. " "0. ' -0. tn ,dJ"koro
    A'no,ia" (,iump/"

    di'pl .y of the defem-d l'mir'l hcad ~" d ,holc of mOllY of hi,


    followerl. If the lhcme comm~ndcrs dom in.ted the ceremony,
    tbey were led by. member o(th~ imp~ri~l hous<:, ,h~ p~triei . n
    Petron"" m"lern.l uncle of Michael !If ,md brother of the regime's
    eminence grir.c, th e C"csn Bard." In .ddition to his overall
    responsibi lity for tlw opc r. rion, Petron~' .eems ro h.ve been
    st.a/rgoJ of the Thrace,ion theme ar the time.·· Hi! CO!lrrib'.nion
    w~, p"rticulnly honored in a ,p.:c;.l r~ccprion by Michacllll and
    the ",natori.1 order; he w~, promoted to the rank of magis/ro; and,
    it would "ppen. the Dome,ricue of the Schole,.70
    The ",cond "'g~ of Ihc celebration, "'''' .gain dominated by
    the rheme commander, "nd took place in thc Hippo drome."
    Accl~m<ltiom which In~y have been compo",d for thi, occ.. ion
    are pre",rved in the Ceremony Book .nd offn insighr into the
    tenor of public utterances framed for such cclebr<ltions. They
    comined of two quadruple invocations . nd dOled wirh a wish for
    the ,ubiliry of Mich"eI', po,ir;on .nd th.r of the August.e. 72 The

    W POl","", ,b< ool¥ o<h« comm."",, pJ,,,,,[,,,d by " ..,,< i, N,,.,. "'"',f''' of 'h,
    Ilurt ll",.,." "'I",P"''''P'''''S i" ,b< 0l"""."m ."d p",um.bly ,hc «leo,,,,,,,,,
    w«. ,b< "'""to' uf ,h. "',m,,,,, k,,,,, <>f Cui",,,, •. I'.phb~"" ... "'""olikOll ,
    0",,0 ""'. C'pp.doci., ,I,. ""'''to'
    ~I.i,"",,', o(';,d"u,· .. . ml Cl " " .. "on . "d ,h< of
    n"" ,nd M",du"". Th i, Ii", h",hn do wn b)· ' h, di,"",iom {mrn wbid. ,,.,
    .or""" uni" 'ppm"h"d 'h, "'"IH. mm« (,om n«'ph . Con' .. • . 'J. Ilunn .
    '~ "V- 1<I. In hi, <om"" "" ,hi, P''''~'' H. '.d"" p" G,,,,,i. 4" brz"n"";,,II<"
    '1~""'" "1"'""J (L, ip"K , "w), pp 1>9- '00, p'Ql'<"<d ,""nding "Colon,,'
    ('Il>coph, Coo, .. [lonn , ,! .. ,,) '0 'Child,,' Th i, i, ",u inly w,ong b«;,uw:, "
    Gdw h" nOt o"""v<o. ,10< , u,"" of Th<oph, Com, 0' 10" ,.,,,,,e "'1"'''' ,,,-
    p"".""" of,h, ,h<"l< comm,nd""., 10, <"Urn""'" "eh 8'''''P', ,omprni,,,,,, .
    11><oph, Con'. ', " "ins of u"i" , ,,,,king f'on l ,10, No"h fUm "'.m<n;,kon (thi.d
    inU,,,,",., T""4",, .nd Phik"b<u,), Bu,<i l"ioo (I;"h in oo,h) , Cok>/", {.b",n' in
    U'P''''''
    Ph;' ",h,m). C.h , ld,,_ "" ,h. mh" h."d, " nk< .k"n , h on
    Phi lo,h,u, (,d. Q,k",,,,m idt,. ,9 "oJ ']7-9) .
    U'''''''''U''''''''
    nonth '" Phlloob<"' j ,,,d P' phlosooi. «'Sh,h in ,;
    «n,h in
    ,nd ,h;"«,,,h i"

    .. Cf V. A",,,,,;i ;0" .. .JJ. , " . 11,lkm . "U - 9 'nJ. in ~.""" I. fl . Gu,lI.nJ. ' p""",
    do> "S"" J., Thi:"ph ik., J., Mid,,,, jJ', R.v""*,',,4,, So'·f'"
    J9)-6'0. 10«. JI'7-I .
    ,""ph."". I( '970),

    " V. A"".ii io"., dd., 'J, I !.lkon, ')0.' - J. On P,,,,,,,,,' dign;,"" Gu;II,,,J. 'p""",
    d<: Th<oph,k', p, 101 .
    " '''''''g. Cun' . IIl I. ]'"in. 9·,3-9' ~/ Ct "fP~f'll'ol . . . ,~p,t.~!iW<1,d, '4' 1"","4';
    <f. G<o.g . C""'· I"'I. Mu"I< , 110.".• nd lIonn . !on.
    " n. " •.. '.7' ("'91. VOj:'. '. ' J".'I - »' "An' bl I"')',a,a''f'a~~p~ I,' ~o"~'+'
    ~"~9t,,, ~.H , ..pt81"r. fo, ,b< "" ibun"", ,"d d.«; J.B. Bu,y, 'Th, Ce,emoo,.1
    &>ok o( Conmmm< Porph)"og<nn<to" 11", E"SI,," Hi",,,,,1 R,"i,"" i 7 1,W7) ,
    opemng invocltiom insist three times on the role of God in
    procuring vinory ~nd once on the divine SOUrCe of impcri~1
    ;lUthority,71 T he ernpr:ror is h~ilcd ~s the embodiment of the
    'success of th{' Rom ~ n', the cou .. ge of his army and the
    instTumen t o(hi, enem ie, fall. If thc' ~,cription i, correct, it reveal.
    ~ truly bipolu ceremnny: the ceremonial action fel l to the
    victorious comm:m ders wh ile the texts salmed the young ern peror
    ~s the ultim;Hc instrument of Roman vinory ,"

    4· TH ~ LEGITIMATION OF BAS IL I

    The dark events of the night of 24 September 867 were nOt long
    concealed from the inh~bilan(j of Consl>tuinoplc. As • usurper
    w ho had achieved power by the most r{'pdJcm means, with no
    great family Or profe"ional connenions to butl reSl his position.
    ll~,il I could only have becn expected to 5<'ck in the repertory of
    impcri ~1 ideology dcmonjl .. live evidence for the ~ptnc" o(hi,
    rule. Whence hi s forged Armmi.n gmc~Jogy; whence 100, it is
    likely. politic~1 fntiv"ls for his pUl:l tive meee''''s. Omens of
    vinorioume" e~rly ~tuched dlCmsc1ve s to the Basil legend. The
    story of the b~bc Hasil finding ,helter in an e"glc', ,hadow h~d
    obvious d~"ic,, 1 and !:Ire antique antecedents which connected it
    with victory." Even more signi fi,,,nt is the unexpl.ined coin-
    cidence, propagated no later th.n the funenl or~tion of Leo VI on
    hi. f~thcr, ",cording to which th e M~ccdoni"n pc""nt first
    ~ntered {he imperi,,1 eity vi~ {he middle por{~1 of the Golden G~te,
    w hich w", normally op"ned only for triumphs.16
    According to Co",untinc VII. God distinguished the vcry first
    day of liasi]'s indepcndent rule by cau.ing it to coincide with the
    " rriv,,1 of new. of ~ gre~t victory ~nd th e de1ivcr~nee of ~ g re~t

    <r7-)9, il.", oJ,: d . b" 1f.""'1· ··.""',"" _j&,,1 1. p. '77. n. J, >oJ Hu.l<y,
    'Em»<,o,' , p. 'Jo.
    " u.,,,, .. 1. 7 1 (69).v,,!!, , '.<] 0 · 'J - '7 ·
    " I' il., 1)6.17-'0.
    " Th,oph. Con, .. l. l. IIonn, " '.,-" O· 'l: of. G , Mo"v"ik. 'S'8<n und L'g<n<i<n
    u!", I(, i", Bui!";'" I.', DOr, 'J (ly(i r). 6'-1>6, 1><" !J - J .
    ' . Ed . A. Vog' ",d I. H,",l><rr, '0"'000 funib« <k Ih, ik I~ P" >on f,b Lron VI k
    S. g". 0,.;",,1;. ,~,i,","., .6 (' ~J' )' s-?~, 1><", )0., 0 - " wh"o ;" ,,;umph,j
    ,ymboh.m i, <xpli<i.ly m<n';on.d. (:om."".;n, VII «~"" .h< .."", "ory in .h< V;,.
    /I,u,r;;, T hwph . Com ., I. 9, II",,", ") .1-10; d . MO,,""<i,k, 'S' g<n'. p. 9\ ·

    '"
    ugi,ima,ioH of lJMil I

    num bet of Christ ian prijonets. 17 As the very (irS! public act of h is
    indepe"dent rule. Basil decided 10 ,tar:e a procession to the Hagia
    Sophia to thank God for the victory and for his sole control of the
    th rone, a celebration which implied divine, or at least patriarch.1
    ,anction. 70 En lOutc b.ck to the p.bce. Basil .vailed himself of the
    tr.dition.l mcanj of f;arneting f.vor by throwing coin, to
    onlooker< lucky or import;w! enough to be standing nearby.'Y
    The positive political cffccts which may havc attendcd the
    Itiumph B.,i) celebr.ted in R79 were guickly dissip.ted by the
    sudden death of the co-star ofth;" ceremony .nd heir ap p.rent. It
    is not perh.ps coincidence th.t within the yeaT the dcci,ion w.s
    m.de to ... ge .nother Iiturgic.1 celebration of victory, this time 10
    dramatize the sUCccSSc, of th~ imperia l fleet commanded by n ..il
    N asH , ag.inst Arab detachment. in h . )i.n w.ten. '0 The gu.ntity
    of olive oil cortured by Nasar w., so enormou, th.t its .. le
    triggered a 'teep, if tempotary, slide in the price of that staplc of

    " Th,oph. Co", .• j. '0, IloilO , 'jM - I> . Com"",;"" ,,~U<,"'" .houllh, p"",i",
    ",,,,;on f<>< 'h, ,;«o,y celeb ,,,;,," ,nd 'h, .""nc, of ,hi, d".;l f<om o,h<-,
    hi"" ' ,,n. ""y ,ug!«" th" h< inv",«o 'ho "o'y '0 bu " "" ,o. Ih."lon uf
    u,u,p"""" o>"",pl if,oo 'n h" " ",um of A."I·, ..ig". I, i'iu" " I"",ibw,. huw.v«,
    ,h" 'ho ",u'I"". 1;" '" m,ny of bi, p.. d""""". m..ely "i«d on ",m, minm
    "'co'" .nd ,"~",d ;, ;",,, ,n opoch.m""'~ ' i«my " , 1"''''ic.lIy pmpi'wu,
    mom," I. 0". I""~bk cond;d,,,, '"ggo"oo 1o m. by A .P. K"hd,n. would h< •
    min'" ,"ccm ,~. i n" ' h, ..,oit ofSymh.. 'iu,. whi,h c.m, '".n "nd i" 'h< Ii", Y'"
    of Ih~t", ind'l"nJ.n' <uk. Cf. AY K,,'.J.". ·t, ;""'" o;,.",i,,);oi kh'onoS"fii X
    , . !. 0 .","v, ". n"y,,,,,mo; "'komniki pmdulzo"dp Fouf. n.···. VV. M.' .. 10

    (,"", I. 79--<;>6. h",,, i i . """'h'" I""'ibili'y ,",'0,,1<1 oc • ' UC<'" «bled to 'ho Fun);"h
    ,ml"'"' Lou;, It", comp';gn> ;n ",u,h"," t"ly' d , J G.y. L'/"I;, ""'i.;..../'"
    r,",p;" hrun,j. J,P"" r","",,,", <k &"il, 1" j"'!" " I. p'iJ( .k &0,; p" ~,
    N"",,"" ($6,-,.,.), fj;hliothiqu< d" feu l.. ("n,';"" d ' A,h<"", <I do Rum<. 90
    (P"i'. 1"".1, pr, H -j ·
    ,. Th<oph . C"" ... " '0. lIonn . >l6.' , - , lo "POOCOY "". b fJ~~'M:oc i~1 f,). ~'Y" ,,>OJ
    9_ ,.... , tt>, ,,,... I~dow "-<>iIJ", t.w,"I'0' .o,~~;~''''''. K,J do ..pi ~j . . w,
    opooJ ,"~al',adoc 06f<l' oiKOOOOc, xyh"". Thurn, 'p." - )I, &,,""" 'ho
    p,"""»;on .nd b'g"" bu, .,."', ou' ,ho « ' 000,
    " 'Th<opll, Co", .• j. >y. Doon , 'j6. 'j- '0; of, Scyli,,,,,. Thurn . IJUS-)I .
    .. TtKuph, COMI .• J, 6J. lkH,n. JOJ,lj-Ij; ,f, Scy i;"". Thurn. 'JH6-rj6.6., p,
    xh"i""" iii< hru~ri"i.-it," KI,;",",,",',", >. CfHfJ • ., Ilkdin. I~77I . 100)-10. • nd
    Vi" Eli., i,,". (BIIG. Jlel. >J. ,d. G. R""i T "bb" Vi<. Ji ".,·I;Ii. il Gi"."" T",i "
    m""um,n';, T ,,,i 7 !p.hmu. 196'1, JI,.9j--<l, On ,h. <' p'J"ion; G,y, 1"li,. pp.
    , , ,_ .. ,"d H. Ah, ..... ;"',. Br'""" " I. m". Ut "'.,,", .k l""" , I, ,./i'....' " I"
    i"~j'"'i"", ".""i~",," BF'''''''x Vlf- X V' Jild" , Hibl ... hlqLl< byu"'tll<. ,E,ud .. ,
    , (p" j" ' <>6<') , p.' ' J.

    '"
    Dtvdoprnw t in BF4n1iurn

    cooking .nd lighting fuel at Constantinople."' Such a develop-


    men< could only pTOdu cc a favOTable imp.ct on the np ital".
    general popubtion.
    Of speru", l.r triumph.1 entries and reb ted ob§crvances , it
    would "ppear that Ba.il celebuted two. both in the 870 •. 02 The
    firn cdebr:ltion .cern. to evidence the kind of politic al image_
    making alrcady referred to . It was organized in connection with
    Basil', !"'"onal direction of 'In expedition against S.mo.at •.
    Z.petra and Me1itcnc (M.bty.) in 873 . T he emperor w ..
    succcssful against th e first towns but suffered a defeat ;I t M elitene.
    Two years eulicr, he h.d already returned to the capi tal in
    humiliation . nd. following Lemerle. it i. c>.sy to g" 'p th e politic. l
    motive behind his decision to conclude the camp.ign of873 with ..
    quick incurlion into Paulician territory to take the sting out ofhi.
    failure. l l Bui!'. second triumph m.rked his pCrlon. 1 direction of
    >. camp.ign again.t Germanici<l and Ad<l tol, during which Tcfrik e
    . bo fell to Byzantine force.; it m.y be dated to the autumn of
    879." AI far a$ can bc determ ined tod'I y, both festivities 'IllUmed
    the saITlC gencn l .ha!'" . nd may conveniently be treated together .

    ., Sqli,=. Thum. 'H. j>-'J6.j).


    " I, "' .. fo,m<r ly bodie.t"d ,h .. B.. il ,do:b,,«d , "i"mph in 81> to ,d"l;or.u" th" f.ll of
    To:f'iko:. oo<;n 111 .f"", "mp,iJ" .g.i",' Moli,,"o: ,nd ~'m""" ,n.! I [""I "',. in
    1710' l")y. ,fto:< 'n o:xp«ii';"" 'll.;n" Gen"nOn"i,. Tho: <ub,"·n.., vi<'mio~, "'~rt,
    from <amp';lln of B,,;I. ,t.< Ch'-;,,·lov",11 <mp<lO<' lI"' p. fup .• &nn. 49! .14-' J)
    w" IUppoted to in.!iu« th" t~o: ,u,ho' h,d <ombi""d 'w" rimi]" '''''non'''~' ,hi,
    ,(<;ount. Thi, view w" ch,lkngo:d by N . OikOMm;d". U,,,, .. p'/""'''' p. JJO , nd
    n. JJ!~. who ' "Ill""t"d ,~" 'he f. ll ofT<f,ik, .<1U,Uy ,oo k pI"" in 179. ' ."' ...
    ,,,,,fi, med by P. lo:m"l<. "l"~i","" dn P,uh,i,m d'Ari, mi"," " d· ' p, .. I" t.OU""
    S''''II><' ·. TM. ! ('11"1) ). , - ' ... h<to: 101. '0, _1. fu,,'" d.",,,,,,,,,,h,S thl!
    C'"'''''''tino: V![", v. 8o,!I;i. , . )7- ,0. <"rubin«! 'wo ><1'''''' "mp.ign. '0
    "mooft.s" B"il". in;,;.1 f,il"",.
    " k",,,,I<. ·P,ulkien,·. p. IOJ' E. Honigm , "". DH OJlg''"~'''' ~r .."';"i,.~," R'~""
    >.. ~J .,', "7'. Co,pu' bm"ll,"" hi""" .. byu "ti"",.) (D,u"o:lo. ' ~IJ I. pp .
    S8- 60; V,rilie.- Un",l. A,""" >. '.4)-1 .
    .. On tho: o:xp«i;unn. ij;~ .• pp. 19-9<: 1..0",,,,1<. ·P,u lidon,·. pp. 'OJ-I . The <mmony
    w" dmd 17! by 1,m,,1< on ,ho: b"i. of,.. <""<I"""., of f. H'lkin . "Troi, d"",
    ~i"o';qu<, p,'ei"" 11';« '" 5y"ox';"'· ' B,' .... 119!. ). '.-17. tho< /l " i]', >on
    Con",n,i"". who p",icip,[o:o ;n ,hi, """''''''" y. ditJ "" l ><I"<ml><, 810.• no ,;"""
    'h< comp, ;gn ,.." "n"in",~ b,,,, ",,, "r ,h , ' ppto"h of w",«r (Tho:nph. Cen' .. J.
    ,I. &nn . • 1>.9-10). V. Grumd . 'Qu<I '" l"<ml"l"<u, Co"'''"t;n I< Nouvo:.u
    oomm<mor< d'n' k Syn,.,ir<.q l "'p"mb«l" ..lB. I. ( '>.>66). >1.-60. "sun ,hat
    tho: Cen "'"~ n' ;" qo><>,ion i, mo« lik" Iy CO,,,,,",," , I II . If ,hi> ob"',k i> ",mov"d.
    C,n"d', ,ud;,i"".l dat, would «<'" p«f<"bk cr. how,V<f P. K" lin_H,yto: ,.
    11,' .• )6 ('>.>66). 6,.-6.

    '"
    Before return ing w the capi tal in 871, Basil staged a special
    ceremony for the !rOOP', in wh ich v,l orou, 'oldiers were
    rewarded .nd promoted bdor<' rniring to wintn quarter, ,"' The
    cdebr.ltiom in th e cap ita l concCIltut<'d on the tr iom ph.l entry'
    unlike those of the Amnri,n<, neither of ll"il' s triumphs is known
    to h. ve been e xte nded with circul ilww., On bot h occasions , U.,il
    began his triumph,1 CIltry by cro,, ;ng ovcr from the A,i . tic
    ",burb. to rhe Hebdomnn . I n ~79, he w,\ welconl ed there b,'
    representative. of every generation of city-dwel\c .., dec ked out
    with !loral wrc.tlls, ;Ifld by the entir<' "-'nJtori,, ] order re,ident in
    the c"piu L"" Th e empe ror pr~yed at a . hr ine wh ieh he held in
    speci~l esteem, the dmrch of StJ ohn th,' Uapti,t-in- Hcbdomon."
    [n 873, the pa ..de kd from the Hebdnmon to the f-[" gi. Snphl. vi a
    the Go[den G.te; tlw it inerary w~ s pllnct\l~tcd by the "iewry
    accl amation. of the deme. ," Th e more circumstantial accounl
    from 879 indiclle< . n intermediate phase: the emperor, "cco m_
    plnicd by the heir. Comtanti"" the younger, and praed ed by the
    Sena!e and people (ACI!k) of the city .nd 'ordin~ty b~n""rs' , rode
    down the p. ved rold kading to the Gold"" Gotl', os far a, th ,'

    " n>«,ph. ConI.. j.""" Sonn , '70., L; ,f S<)·Ii""" Thu m, 'ln,' ": ,n '70. ,h<
    ,von' "''' "'g,d " M'd"on. ,h< fn""h_"n ""~ .own of 'h" 0r-,k"", '~on<, "', ,h<
    P'" ""'"g" w.J 0'" ofn"'yl""um on 'h, Tom b"" p<,h .1" '" h< I"".liwl"
    Kmdj, Eyuk (T)'''''ph. r.nn' ., " <9. II",,". , , ).', - ,,<. , ), cr. j. ... . C .. m«, II
    i "I'"P'i,,1 "m) ~i"",~.1 ...,,';pt'"' 'J A,i. Min"" " IOxf",d, " p ) , ' 0 - 0; W .M .
    R.m ... y. TJ.. /';" ... i,, 1~'"R"rhr .J ,i.,i. Mi"", ("-P"" " ~ m""~"n, ''''';,), p ')0 ,
    .nJ C,m".n';n, VII , [-'< 1""".,iI.,.• , ''l, ,d.~ . Pm",;, S", d" '''';, rOo IV";,,n
    C"y. 'V"), .., .
    •, In i7 I , 'h< II,b<l,,",on ~ " f,,,," w only h)· S<yl " ",. T ~un ' , rF ;6--" fo, i,", ''''P'
    hr·. Ronn, <0' · '7 " N" '" 'he ... 'o"~ "-CO""', " " el<" w i", <"", )y ,Il< hi'
    00<
    ;,; J"ntp,~" ,~I d 'HpIO" ,41 ' ~:JlMp'~ I.~!, t7 - I! ) Rmh ', L" ", ", "ml),
    cnlmd"h<!<", md , folj,:,wm~ .' ,,",Ii,'", jJ",,,r,,, d 'lip!." ~ ']opd, . p,ob,bly
    on Ih, .n, )uKY Of)04 TJ ' d, J.,, 'n. 1';.1,,,, , r . ",. Th, i""nli' ,· of ,i 'Hpoo "m.;m
    problem" ic.
    " I"". &, .. Il<>t,n, ."" ,'- J, 0" U,,,I', n'>to,,';un of ,hi, ,hmch, The"ph . C on !.. l .
    9<! , !!onn, ),0.6- ' 0; cr. J,n;", t~I'"". p. " j . if "'oold b< <mph.",<d 'h>1 ","h"
    S<ylj ,,,, nor ,ho- <k",1<J 0<><"1"'0" of I",p. Exr. b,,,,h<, , w",d ,1.0"' ' h< ,nci<n'
    p.I"" of Ih, Hd><k",,,,,,,, ... h.,h h.d ""en Je"", )',d by K",m " 'he b<~ ; nn;n~ or th e
    'v, p. J ,0, ,,~"« ,h. , it m"" h>v< 1>«0 «buil" 'co01m< Of' k
    ,,<n'u,y .J . n;n. Cp l.
    v"i, p" I. Lm. "" ,hi",,,,,,,, d<'";v.,,, Ic ,,;"nlph, de< <mp<""'" (no "f<!<t>«
    g;"n) . Th, only "Ie"n, "f"once i. " . '16, I. whICh 'Oft<W" ,ho- "<ly SF. n"n,-
    p<'iod . Tho ovKl<"" of .j"O,)' "kb","o", d"", no' 11",,,,'-0., '"PP"" ,
    '«00"'''''",., of 'h" p, ),<c i" ,Il< " i",), «o"m)·.
    .. Thooph . ConI.,), ; 0, 11o"", , "1.' - ~; ,L S<,ii, ,..,. Thu,",. ')7. 51 - 00.
    mOIl:mery of the Virgin of the Abr~~mitcs. There the empero,"
    proyed ~nd rested while the triumphal cortege was drown up," As
    under the Amori~"" the pu~de had two distinct segment'. The
    first 'OOn gOt under way dowlI the triumph~l route to the Bra'l en
    Hous,- :md the Palace, di'pl~ying the booty and captives t.ken in
    the c~mp~ign.·" Shortly thereafter, the emperors themselves
    donned military anire and 'tnted their OWn parade. First they
    w ere greeted by the dcmel> chanting vierory acd~m~tions Wme-
    what similar in impiration to those ~ttributed to the ,elebration of
    867. Just outside the Golden Gate, they ~..,countered the epuch
    ;md the patrician Jnd pl~ip05;roJ Ih.ne l.· ' This par ade too tr~vcled
    down the Me,e, which h ~ d been 'peci~lly . dorned for the occa,ion.
    Before re~,hing the Forum of Constantine, the par~dc stopped
    OvCr half a dozen time, for acdamations.92 At the Forum, the
    emperors dismounted md paid a vi,it to the ,hrine of the Virgin-
    in-the-Forum. where they werC greeted by the patriarch Photiu,."'
    Aftcr pray,,,, there,. new ph"e began; the emperors changed out
    of their m ilituy uniforms and put Oil silk robes and chl.m yde., [n
    what is den[y an innovation with respeC! to earlier ninth -century
    "sage. they walked tnro"gh the Fomm behind tnc grcat golden
    proccssional CrosS of the emperor. and v:IIiom ,t:llld:IId,. Tnj.
    processiun led them down tnc final "'gment of the Me"" and into
    the H~gia Sophia, where a euch:IIistic liturgy w~, p~rformed·· [n
    "ddition to th~ new , non_mil it~ry ,egment of tne triumphal
    p:lude, ~ f(1rtncr innov;nion occurred during the ,ervice in th e
    H.gi. Suphi:l. :lccording to Ba,il', gr.nd,on. [II the COllIse of the
    th . nbgiving services, the u,urper waS ceremoniously cruwned

    .. /"'p. Exr .. Bonn . • W. ) - 0 . On ,~< Abmm .. ,,·: 1.nm, tgU!<J. pro.-6.


    .. I ..p . bp .. Ilonn. )00.1-'.
    " I.. p . Ex, .. Bonn. )00.)- )01.17 . 1 ,on ,,,u'""'8 ,~" ,h, ,bQ~Q"o:.c. of lOLl) i,
    ,d,ntK,t w"h '"" J,'"w. of JO). , _1: d . 'f""o ~.;h,,· '""Y. il,.I .. ,DIU . On B,,".,
    " ",.r. R. Guill .nJ . . p"",,, 00 .<~""' <l< 11,,01. r' ., d, U"" VI" . ilL. 6J (11)701,
    100-17. "" ' 0 l" " of. .,' I,,,,,",,,,,,,. I. ll)-o; )~L Po"ibk "nJiJ"" fo< ,h,
    ~nn.""d ,porch V. LIUI<nt. L. "'l'"' .., "" ,,"x ';" /"",,,,, "''''''' ' ' ' <d. N.
    O,k""om"k> . od W. XI ... ' (P.. i•. ,o!, ). n<". 'OO. - ~ .
    " imp . E>;p .. Bonn. ,01 · '9 - ,02.1, "d ""I,,,,,
    lDH'- J. Cf. b< low. Ch. ) . p., 1.1f. fo, ,
    d",ikd di"",,ioro.
    " Ann,ho, Ih,ili,n ["un"",,,,,, , J"'". tgli",. pp. 'JO -1; I .. p. hr·, B"nn, 1°'.'-1 .
    .. /"p. Ex, .. Boon. )O,.' - I!. Th" 'hoy w.lk<XI " " b<d<XI",,~ f,om 'ho . «ou",',
    f"lul< '0 mention tho;, I<moon';nK' d. 100. ' 1- 11 "d ,h •• "",un t of No«pOo.u>
    t'.,,<o,·
    Imp« i.l "eo".' of .pl, Dt- w ., '."". ~Qn" . ')0. 0-9·

    ",
    L(~irim"'i"'l of Basil [

    with the 'crown of vicwry' by Photius: the visible sign of his


    ,utbority , nd his vinory wos publicly conveyed to him by the
    h".d of the church. T he expl,n,don for this unum,l ceremony is
    likd y to be found in the rircu m$tances of Uasil' s seizure of power,
    T he only explicit ecdesi"tic. 1s.11ction of his ,u thority b,d come
    in the origin.1 <"<"Temo ny of his <'In'ation to the purple by his
    bcndactor and victim Mi chael [[I and in the usn,1 services at the
    l'I'gi, Sophia, <!Jrting with the thanksgiving process ion of
    25 Scptnnbcr 867. for, according to the 'pcci.1i,t of imperi.l
    investiture,. no new coronoaion h,d .ttended the murp.tion. 9 '
    Since venerable tr~dition had long ...ocilted crOWIl! :md victory,
    the triumphs of873 and ~79 may ....-dl have ",crlled apt moments
    for J 11ew publi c di'pl,y ofthc church', .ppro val of the upstart
    emperor', ,uthority.9h
    The celebration that began with the bureoucr.,y ended with it
    as well. A fuJi -Kale b.nquet (KA.'1rtiJpIOV jlql!T!ov) w.s set Out in
    the Triklinos of J ustinian, The guest list secm, to h.ve concen-
    tuted on ,he ",natori, 1 order.· 7 Once 'g,in, thc di,tribution of
    Inge.. 'ppc." to have bee" . CCOlll p~nicd by promotions.9 '
    Basi]', successor Leo Vl li h']y st315,-d at least two major victory
    cciebnr iotl!. Th e ",cond mlTked ~ defc~t of the Saracens on thc
    upper Euph u te" probably in the autu"," 0(90,.90 Arcth .. of

    .. rotorh . C",,, ., j , 40, Il<.m. ""7 - ' 0 , oJ J , 40 , .ap-j . On ib"I', ;nvo-o,; ,u,.,
    Ch,;""pt,;Jopout"u , 'Edifi1, p. 9>; d . lI<)w,"", 'C,n",;",,- ., '0, L<>miilkr_
    W"",,,, 'nJ nu ,n . Som-J whICh ' PI""" '" m~g'" Q,h"w,><,
    •• 0., om,'n, ,nd " ;«o' Y '" ,h" f'<ttod, ••", ' . ~ .. J- D"i" '1)", U"pmng <1<,
    I{,,,..,,,oo,<',
    Dy"o> "" • .Lt, ob<...JI,"di,,", 1/",,,",,,.," , II.'R''''lrll< II.p,"" ,
    VO"fi~ .. ,'On ro,,,,h''''gcn. " (S 'g"w'ns"o , ''In ), p. JS .
    • , I.. , . l'xp .. Uon" , j O'. 'Y_ ''- Th, g""" ,..-,;.w /1U1'O~';"P~~'~, ... hKh N.
    O,.onUnlid<> h" '"g~,,",d '0 m, ,hooto I>< umlmtood " 'ml; .... ". from ,h,
    '"' f'<",1 v"";,,;u m, Th, ;'HC' P'''' " "" f,,, w<II ",.i,h ,h< f.ct ,h .. th, J ''''''0' of tho
    V,";","m, ,h, P""""''''''''', w"
    in ch"g" of S,f" ~"' .. " <0 J'gn'''''''''' p.t.«
    fun",,,,,,, Gu'll,nd. I""i,",i""" ',"7 ... "~ n" . p " O!,
    ,,,,,6,,,
    wi"" ''I' ~","!" , <1><0 ,00 "''''''".'''.)
    .. I .. p. hr .. U""" , jO) . 'J- I.'
    ''''''1110,,,,
    ~.!<lam ~,l lxJJp<iiJ. ~"fNlpl ~'~I. ~"~ ,,\ Ju,,,,,O. ,,,Ic
    "pt.r' ~",oo
    "~ I wk, I, ,~ .J;" IJM">fc, No ... ,II< d",;"':"on of ~",,).~"'''' [,om lxJJj><W'
    "I'opl "HI cr, ,ho ""g< ofi"I~~"1C '" Ph;I" ,h,u,. ,.,[""w '0 ,bov., n, JS,
    .. s« V,,,I,,,, - C,",,d..~,. .." " " '17-' S . "d R .J.H .J,,,k.,,, II . l • .,."d" 'nJ CA.
    M. " ~o, ·N", .. 0" ,,,,,,, of ""<lh" f,,,,,, C"" . .'1 .., . GL j2.', HZ, H ('9j4). r-40.
    ho« ' . 'J,

    '"
    D,~dopme", iH 8yzantium

    Caes.:tr~a allude. to th e great quantity of plunder and the wealth


    whieh the distribution of booty brought to the army , 'enough to
    ouffiee for an entire lifetime of comfort', in the .peech he deliv ered
    at a banquet in honor of 'the most illustriou. triumph ever
    celebrated' ,tOO Jf Arethas may be taken literally, leo mu.t have
    celebrated another triumph betw een 886 and 901 .• 0. There is little
    direct evidence on victory celebrations in the reign of Romanus
    L~capcnu,,:1 fact which may seem surprising in view ofhi •• h:lky
    status as a uourper and of the accomplishments ofByz.ntine arm.
    in the East. The narrative .ources' reticence is probably due in put
    to the circumstance that they view Lec apenus' reign through the
    eye< ofConst:lntin~ Porphyrogenitus' restoration to power in 945.
    That some victories were indeed celebrated in the period i.
    arguable on mOre th.n general grounds. A chance allusion in
    Thcoph.nes Continu. ru' story of the Arab renegade Abu l:bs. fs
    mggcsts that Lecapenus celebrated at least One triumph for an
    eastern victory. The .tory also demonstrates th.t commanders of
    field forces Came to the capital to participate in triumphal
    parad,,', 10' Furthermore, ,he medieval erosion of 'he imperi,,1
    monopoly on victory continued under Lec.pcnus, for th ere is
    evidence of a victory celebration in honor orthe eunuch patrician
    Theophanes, who forced the Russians to retreat from Constan-
    tinople in 941. • OJ The festivity resembled that accord"d Petronas
    nearly. cemury before. It ",em, to h"vc involved a triumph.1
    return, a splendid ceremonial reception "nd a promotion, in this
    ca", to th e office of p4r4 koimome"OI. Th"t ,uch " great honor w",
    gunted Theophancs fit. well with the import"nt IOle he played in

    , .. "'«h", 01"" ";.''' , «1_L_G, W ..",rinI •• (t<i pri8. '~ 7 ' ) _l ' _ " fm ,ho oem,,,,,.
    ci,""""
    cr. 'he ,;tle' )'-' - >: )'-'7 - >0_
    '" Am"". s." dr .. ) ' _'9-'0; iJpl"~~oc ft'~" t~l>_
    ,. , Tho:oph. Con,_. 6 , ". Bonn. " 1.,011"• ..p_ . ,6.1-l!; d_ Ge0<8_ 0>n'-. Bonn ,
    6; I",;n. 17_) _6. Tho: p""u. <h",,,ology of th. dof«rion of Abu 1;I.... r,
    '}<Y1,' ) - ,
    .nd AI""-'I,," '" John Curru .., i, no' d.,,_ On ,ho A"bk "idon<<: M, C,""d,
    /-/i",i,,"1.t I,.,,,i<'" H'....4." ;.. , ..J"II••"k 5,,, •. ' . Publ'''''io", do L. F. rnl,.
    do. 10"".. d'Alg". ' . " (P,,'" '9JJ). 7 11-j. " " " .. d in V...il .... -C.""d. A,Ut"
    '. ",61-9_
    ' " TI.n.ph . CO"' " 6. 19, Bon". " PI _0,6., •• nd ,n. p,,,,,,,,,.ttr i<l<ntk .l "«OU",, of
    Gno'il . Con' .. r,,,in. 6'-)' _ .... 00 Mu"l,. '.)_>0-,.
    On TI.n.ph,n". Gum.oo.
    I",;"";",,,. " ,1 ,-, 'od "P, "9- 1<),

    ",
    High lid, of l,j"mpIL' 9S6-7Z

    Lecapmus' administration and his d"st:nc" to the impnial


    f:lmily.'o,

    j. HIGH T 1 Df. Of TRlU.'trl!: 9S6-72

    In Iwo dendcs. !emh- century Coml"ntinople wiUl es",d .. n",,,y


    vinory celebratiom as :Ire known 10 h~ve occurred in the
    preceding 150 yeus , The carlini recorded triumph ofConst,minc
    VII c:lmc some ten ye:ln :lfter hi, acce"ion to re ..1 power. It
    represents dear-cut innovation and de,elves ("reful scrutin y.
    The short-ter m military b:lckdrop to the .raged event of 956
    W:lS:l gloomy one. Three years e:lrlier, the scourge of Byzantine
    Anamli., S:lyf ad -Dmb, emir of Aleppo. had inflicted heavy
    c.!Su.lties on the Byuntine army and, more particularly. on the
    Phocas dan: the patrician Len MJleinu, had been kill ed. the
    Domestic of the Scholes Bard.s Phoc.,. himself 'mrried to a
    Maleina, had been wounded and hi, wn Comtamine. JlralrgOJ of
    Scleuci•• had fallen captive and mffcrcd the humiliation of~ing
    p:ll:Ided through the ,treet, of Aleppo. "" Thi, w.s •• evere hlow
    to the prestige nf a famil y whose support and high visibility in
    miliury affairs were essential to tlw re,toration of Coml,mlinc. 10.
    In Oerober 954, S:I yf inflictcd another di,a'ier and again ca\u~hies
    ran hc~vy among the aristocrats. reaching Iwo more Phoc:ldes: the
    dome'tic', mn_in_l aw ~"d gr:",d'0l1.'07 This defeat triggered
    Ihrd.s· dismiss.] and in 954 or 9)), Ihe domcltie> tc pas",d into the
    h.nd, of hi, son Nicephoru,. The ch~nge in comm. nd did not
    produce im medi~tc rcsults. since I:!yuntinc force, suffered further
    humiliations in ]alc 955 ~nd again, in Ihc ,pring of 956. when
    Romanus, son or brolher-in- Iaw of John Tzimi,ces. fell,'''" In
    what appcafllo hove ~en .. vcry seconduy operation rd.ted tu
    ,his defe." N icephorm' brorher. the p~trici,n Leo Ph""",,

    ,.. 1'", .x>mpl<. Th<oph.nt> pl. y<~ • highly ;-;"bk ,01, in ,h< w<ddinS of M .. i.
    l«.f'<"u, ."d P.t<. of Bulg" i" ;, ;i " p, ]!"
    .. , On '0 ... ,"n", k"uwn <hK~r t!"",,~h "'"bi,' '0"""', v."lk,'-C,,,,,d. II' .... '.
    >. I. Hi - l 1. On do< ..if, of B"J" P\ooO! . oJ C",,,,,,,,h,,, C. lop.«v. 'Or;",,,i,

    '.
    ",
    n<ko!O<ykh s,,,h,dakh ,hi"i "y"yU', VV ,. ('!9')), JJ]- ~O', 00« J _ "
    A, R . mb.uJ, L""pil< 1''' ''')(,' ,;"k. C"""""". 1'''p"I'',~.i'' (P"", rS70), p, W
    V.,ili..-C.n"d, ;1,. .«, " I. JJJ"[' I, DJ"'''\ 'Porod"" F~h' , ll...";/, ,u.,v•• '1
    (1976). '91-'96, h<r< 'Jr.
    ".
    159
    Dcvfiopm"'l in DyzaMlium

    c~plUred S~yf' s comi n A bu'l 'A"'ir. '00 The Porphyrogenitus and


    his ' Upportl'" both hadly needed som" sign of military meee",
    T he re,ult wa, a spe't~cubrly innovative ceremony, In it.
    Constantine VII perform<:d the ancient ritual trampling of an
    enemy leader. last atte sted J2 5 ye"" earlier at the cundu.iun of the
    de.perate muggle against Thoma, the Slav (fig. 8. p. 145)."0 The
    fact that Ihe celebration involved the rarc ,~Jcalio of a high-ran king
    Arab in an unspecifi,-d location of the cap;t,l HC precious dUl, to a
    dnailcd knowledge of the ceremony,
    Scholars h,ve long recognized that m.ny of the descriptions
    cont.ined in Consu11tine Porphyrogenitu s' ceremuni. l compi-
    lation arc based On account, of ,ctu.1 performance'." I Moreover,
    it ha, b<:en ,hown thlt in the absence of contradictory evidence
    like obsolete titk, or illappropriatc numb<:rs of emperors Or
    empresses, it must b<: asmmed th ,t the!.C descriptions were derived

    ," Ibil., p . ll l,
    ". S<yl" ''', Thum. "" .11- •. I, ""go, b< ",,,<d 'h,,' S"Y 'i"'" '«"un' '''S~«,,« ,h.
    ",,,ory', >,(op< . nd im,,,, "Of "" A..,'I 'Ai.> 'j" cQ",m.nd '<l~,;b; l i'y, .." on hi,
    blood (00[1('("011 u';,h S.yf- S<yli""" Thorn. ,,,.'!-"", ,r, V.,iI;',-C.""d,
    A, ... ,. " '. JlI, j,,,Mf",ult w .I<"-,mi",, ""10", ,f ''') , ",I"",,, ,h,,,, "'igh'"
    I><1w,,,,, ,0;, meiden, .od ,he ,,,,, jmony "n the ,t'Sh rly I"" "f",vi,) 196,-6) of "'"
    1""" ,nd o.lf_G,,,,,k Ahii F;", ,1_!,I.md,,,;. ". R. Dvouk, AU F;,J" "" A ,..bi",1oa
    [);'"'" ""d ! H / . .. ,\ I" 1•• 1.11', Au, ....... 1.. , "" "" p", ,;. Il..<y<l<". ,!~ J), PI', !OO--- I,
    who d.;"" 'h" .11 A"b p,;"""n-him",lf ,,,opted. " • '0'<" of tlo!: ,,,,po,,,,',
    1"'",," ,1 " ",m -,uif,,,J , .. <ok.,;, ;n • pi". ,, 11«1 aTOM ( _ Hippodwmd),
    nil ",,,,,,ooy "
    'H,,"n.,hn_V.hp
    ,.0,.nObo""h""'"<1<..,,1''''''' of (:o","o'ioopl,', s.-,.i."iu,"
    by ,h" of ",10" ..... b p';lOOm, <.~. A.A. y."I;'"
    ~ ...... _
    k,. ,""u,", , I'"" ), '.~ - 61 . On Ab~ F;"" H,A.R. G;bb" 'Abu H,i "I_!;hn,d,"i',
    E''T,I'l''''di''J 111_. , 1'\100) , "11-'0 .
    '" Imp"'"'' p"",r fu, tI,i, ,I",,,y w» .J-on<eJ on G. O. "o~()"k ,-E . ~'rin, 'I);"
    K,Onung ~"o" un~<n .... z.,,,,",,,,,;"nbuch ... (:hrunoh>g;"')",
    un<! y"r"'U"g'i<-
    "h",hd;ch< B<m" kung'"'. BY' .. 7 (191"1, J 3J-.'J . 10", ,iJ--\lQ, wlo!:", '''y pro"
    '0., ' 0, "mm"; .. "XI fo, ,10< io",I1",,,," of. ""'" p",j"d, ILk m " " ,.1 """
    """,n f' om 'h< h"tori,, 1""'''n' of, .. ,",,,II,,,,", of ,h, p,w i • .-<h Th<ophyl>.«".
    on t f,h ,"uy vB, "",,";n<d II .... " JI . To., .J,p"';"" <o"~." "","b. lly of , ..
    ,roo"""" of . 11", '''' '0 ,~< pro,.n, ""'" ,nd 'h< "'PP"";"" of 1>',,,,,,,1n.""" ,..
    ;n'"'f,,,I"Kon '" ,upp"";"" of m,,<ri>.1 wh ich i. «."'0' 0' j,,,I<,,"t '0 •
    nmm"; .. "'""" upd""'g f."
    or ob.Jl<" ,,,.,,, «c, Th< du, t, ' . w .. Ot:ftv<d
    fmm " J! pm'" t o<> ,h.t. no no"'" wh" Coo".",i... VI1 h"~ ,,, l f lOy' .boo, u,;nK
    ooly 0,,1"'""" fOf Uook , IlJ.oon. J ,6" ,- '7). ,)", ",rond book doe! in r"" u,;li"
    WHtt'" d""u",,,,u, 0., tI>< d", of ,h" V'" of Boo, >, Pu.y , 'C",m",,; , 1 Book',
    V· H .. .
    Hig/' ride oj Iri~mph; 956 - 7l

    from the mos! ,cunl prrjormall(( of a rite prior to the work's


    compil.tion.' '2
    !look 2. chapler 19 of the CercmOilY !look de'cribc~ " ritu,,1
    .ttc,ted only Once in the sevcn hundrcd ycar! !Urvcyed herc: the
    (a{(alio of. ,.ptivc Ar>b emir. Furthermore, Ihi • .cClion of Ihe
    Ceremony Book wu compiled between 957 ~nd 959· In other
    word" Dt (er~molliis, 2, 19. w., written down, a! the laIC\{, two
    ;lIld a half YCH' after Ihe riuul humili" tion of Abu'l 'Ai~'ir;
    .t the eHlien. the tr"mcription could h.ve taken place within
    month, of the event. The conclusion i! inescapable: Dr .tmnoniiJ
    2, !9 i! baled On thi! event.
    The irn~ge WOn of thi, ceremony is a vivid One. Initial
    eeremonie, imide thl' Gre.t P.I3Ce complex open it c.rly in th e
    morning: they involved the veneration of Comuntine Porphy-
    rogenit", by members of the ",na tori.l order .nd personnel of the
    Chamber (koubouklcion) "nd the form;uion of a procession. J 13 The
    cortege went to the I-bgi. Sophia for. th"nk,giving se rvice,
    including the chanting of Marim hymm deemed appropriate to.
    victor)' fnliva!.' U N"xt, the emperor .nd palri:lreh progres'iCd to
    the Forum of Comt;"'tine in ""pa rate processions. The emperor
    stopP<'d and remained stand ing at Ihe top of the steps by the
    marble base of. ero" 'iCI up at Ihe foot of the Porphyry Column,
    while Ihe p:llriarch entered the liny meine of Holy Comtan-
    tine . ,,. Arab priwners werc lined up facing Ihe emperor;
    triumph,l offici.l, (o! bIIWK&'PIOI) held them by the h~nd, a,
    ooldicrs {t:X~CWtcu} brought forth their coptured spe.u and
    't.nd.rd,. "~ A PJ~llts (hen intoned <I victory ode inspired by

    ,,' F. Dolg«. r<'. of OmORo"ky - S«m. ·Krunung""J,w"8e,,·. in BZ. )6 1'9)6).


    ,. I-J7. h,t< "" .
    '" (.It m .. l. '9. Uo"n. 007., ~ - """·" ·
    ". I" •.. 601.' !- (;",,;'-7. Th< .urhor cj,,",,, 'ppmpmt< ".mp"''' npoc<oci. ¢<>P.p*.
    E. F"IIi<ri. /. i". hy .. ",,"," mk,;ul"'''''' ,0 1, . ' - lb;,. S,...!;, «<Ii . "'-'Jbi,
    (V,"nn C"y. ,.,00-6). !>ere J. )66: 'Ed col ]'/P<'. ;/.iJ•• '. l'l ' TtIX<><
    j~~r0l"m<o • • ;114..•.• 0: T ~ iA«PPl!f ""'P""~i'i"~ TI~~'~plll ........ . . '19""".0.
    m .. l. 'yo Boon. 609 ..... '~ · On 'he C"tumn: J.nm. c,t, ~rz.. pp. n - lo:
    , ., [.It
    Mull<r_W;'''''r. Bil4l,~'."". PI'. >jj-" On t!>e ,h,;ne.J'nin. f!l/i", . p. )06: .n J "'1' .
    C M.ngo. 'C"'''''n ';,,,,', ~o'ph"y Column ,nd t!>e C"'l'd ~r S,. C"",,,",;n<·.
    (0..<).'/0' ,~o IPK1" ..·..·~o,jn.W;.{l"I'K~ j,,'p<I"~. '0 ('9'''- ')' '0) - 10 .
    '" [.It en .... . '". !Jonn. 009. ,!-610.' .

    ",
    DevrlQpmeul j" By;ramium

    Mose, Victory Canticle (Exod. 1S, 1- 1S), wh il~ other psallaj and
    the as~mbled crowd (b AIlO(:) answered in rcspomoria l fa,h ion."7
    When they finished singing, a delegation consisting of the
    Logothete of Ihe Dramc,'" the Domestic of the Scholes, the
    Jlmlego; who had p,, ,ticipated in the expedition, i.e., N icephorus
    Phon, ~nd, prcsumably, John T zimi,ces, among oth~n, as well,,,
    the turmaTchs and le.. ding officials (pEd: TWV roVpJ.lIlPl.WV Kill
    J.leya.i.wvipl.t.wrwv) of the eaSlcrn them"" lcd Abu' l 'A~ 'iT to Ihc
    triumphmt emperor and placed him unde r the imperial feet, even
    as the protostrator pushed Ihe emperor's lance 3gaimt the c.ptivc',
    neck. Simultaneously, Ihe other priwnc.. fell Hat on Iheir faces,
    the Byzantine soldiers Illmed the lsl.mic standards on their heads
    and the p,al/fJ intoned the prokrim~MoM or respomorial psalm
    'What God is great like Ollr Godl Thou art the God who works
    wonders' (ps. 76 (77 1, 14, IS).'" To devoul onlookers , the
    selection oftnis text mUSt have enhanced the solemn chacactn of
    the occ:" ion . Thanks to the cathedral \Crvices of Ihc Gr~at C hurch,
    it would have been familiar to th e crowd from lOmc of the
    liturgical year's leading fco>!>: vespers of Christm., D~y, E~'lcr
    Sunday, Low Su nd.y, Pentecost .nd, most 'ignifiGllltly, from the
    procession .nd ellch.ristic service of 16 Augull, COlllmClllor~ting
    the Virgin's delivery of Constantinople from Ihe Aub siege of
    718.'20 Once .gain, the Virgin was recognized for hn decisive
    int~rvcntion ag~inst the infidel enemies of the Byz.ntine empire,
    A, the "'lvice continllcd, div ine ",ccor was implor~d with the
    Great Rog.tion , ch~ntcd as f'lf as the very ~pprapri~te line ' c~st
    every enemy lIndel thc emperor', feet' ; thc 'peCtators rejoined
    with for ty K yric cl eisons and the p~{fiarch conclllded with the

    ,"
    '" tdentily un kn",.n: fo, I p''''''I'''il''pbi,,1 Ii", "'< R . Guill • ...!, ·Le. lo&",h', ...
    ~ 'u<i<> m. 1'.;'10'" .dmin,,"";" "" l'Emp i« byu"';n', R£B, >9 (1'11 '1, 1-' , J,
    .." )) - 6; d. u""n', Cotp." 1, .03. ""_ 4)0. T .. "'~'" {m , .. mili .. ,y',
    p.t1;C<p"ion m 'ho '"""""'y "oIlv;o.", 'h" fm ,.. 103°''''<', ",II "'. It m. y h.v<
    b<en d..., '" h .. 8<0",,,1 ,<,p"m;b;l«y fo. f~";g" .If.i" 01 (o. r,""g" d ,~n""'"
    d",;nH ,'';, "'y in ... <mp;,, : '><yli,,<> "'«" In .. , .il",1 bunl<H1lIoll "id<,
    "","'I 'Au';, wn w<ll "",«I in c'poi",y: Thum. ' 4'-'1-4·
    '" D< ,,,., . , '9, 110"", 610,6-6"_4·
    '" Typ"'" M"""" , . , )1 .11-'" ' .96.9- ,0; >. 10' ."-)' , . , ) ! _,,- ) .nd t .)74 . 19-><>-
    Higl, tide oj Iri"'''pl, ; ~56- il

    appropTiatc praYl'f ,l21 Abu'l 'A,. 'ir and hi, mmp,nions were
    then m~rched off ba ckw ~ rd. , [heir face. >till tnrlKd toward thc'
    empe ror and hi. lieutell""t' _ Four !,ITOUp_' C~ ",e forw>rJ ,,,J took
    up their customary pOlitiom IIcar COIII!Jntinc: the ,lm'~lai of the
    two f.ction" mem bt'" of the Arithm", or Vi gl, (OIl{' of the unit,
    entru' ted with the defcme of the' Pa lan'), the oarmlcn of the'
    Imperial Vessel and the pJd l,,,;,IZl At ~ sign from the praip<>silllJ,
    Joseph Dring:.. , th ese' group, broke imo a gre]t fom_part
    .CclOl m~tion, beginning with thc cu,tOtmry wishes for long lif"
    followed by invocations of Chri,t, hailing the contin ual growth of
    the empire of the ROtl1lns ~nd endin,; wi,h protest~tioo~ of
    loyalty , This wa S the sa me .ccbmation u",d by the army on the
    oeosion of victory celebratiOn< or impcri.1 largess,' n The ritm ]
    concluded with a decl.IfIJtion of the Polychroniun ;md , ;" in hi s
    gr:llldfath,>r's vcry different triumph in the preccding celltury , the
    emperor retired to the Virgin', Forum _,hrine. There Comuminc
    remov~d the eb bor:i!e 10rM h(' h"d worn during the ceremony,
    got on. horse "nd f{)(k b. ,-k to the' palace,' "
    T his pnticular kind of imp ,'ri,,1 victory cckbra!ion involved no
    triumph.1 entry; it was \ail'-'r-n,,,d~ for an l'rTlp<:ror who ha -
    bitu"l ly resided in Con'tantinople_ Yet it Jvoi,kd JI wdl the
    tr"dition "] drc,," seuing. Dy it, lil,ion of the liturgical thJnbgiving
    service with ~ very politic~1 triu mph.1 rin," I. th~ Cl'rl'rnon y of 9 56
    marks a new ]X"k in th,' litm,;"."' impact on im]Xrial victory

    '" 0. "' .. ' , '0, O""n , ~, ' ·'- 0, 0" II" M'I';:~ ,,,wi "" T7r~"", M".,,,, >, >'} J,
    L. CI" ~""" 0;",-""", ,- ,,
    1'''-ft'''{ . ,-, i" "'"If
    I'Mg',!"" ' " "'J' "'''
    I' Elli" ~'" ,"'
    (pm" 189\), pp, ,\-6, ,,,d
    G . P. Mpd;"oru" 'A';, ~a,c' , ep~" ~"'''''~ ,,~ I ~~'K~
    t-i~"K)onl~,i~, I 1'%1) , " ' 7 - 10, h.", " '~. y"."" tox" m p,int<d on F,F.
    Il,;gh 'm ,n , I,i"',~i" 1:.,,,,"
    _J W,~"" (O ,fo,d, ' !''''-'), )"', lOll', ,tId <'po J eo,,_
    b.d."loX"., ,i, ~ ,if.ol, (:''''''''""" ,,,,I <dn (V,'n"", " )0), pr, » - j ,
    ", ,)" ", __ >, '~, [kon", "' .' r'" On ",_.~',." fl. , (;,,,1 1,,,,1 , 'E,oJ., ' ''' I'H'r-
    pod,om, do Ily"n<r, IX . 1..<, f.c"o", '" X' ,,,,,,k,, l , m <Kg,",,,'ion', HS , ]0 ( '9">9),
    ' - '1, h... 6 - 1 ; d . O i'",mm;o", Ii"", p. ]'" .nO """'W, Ch , j , pp. 'H - j_ 0 "
    ll>< A , .. h..", O,kononlloc., L""J, pp , j j ) - " cf (;" ,II, ,,d , ,,,'''"''"''_ " j6]-'7,
    on 'M 6 " '"'<", eo",,, n" tOC \'1 1, Dt oJ .. . ''''r ., _", "r.
    M ", •• ,, ;k - J"n k;n >, 1,'" , f.
    C,,,,",,, pr, '~jlf, 0" ,I>< ,,«',
    I,y"" ,, l\-1 '''gu, 'I'u , ~hp,. C u lu","', pp_ '_7
    '" D< "',,', l~, Uo"n, 6 11 " " ~", ' l, (>I ' ~'n.~", GU ill",,!, I""i",i.,,,, I, , i), W" I,
    ,Ii~~' ... i. "", ,I>< ,. m< >ceI"",
    110" "'''un " V. (" __ 2, H. Ilun", OW , ,If, '" I",,"
    'he n,b,ic jJ<mif.., i, " 'A,ci> m"i<>" >c,i>",,<rl by ,0. "'''Y du ",,~ "I< 'Ot y
    ",kh" ,i "", . nd ,"umph,. N,~, 'h" '"" "n,.. ,,,1,,,,,,,0" ., ""'~ .1,., by ,0. mlly
    ",·o.n ",m. mu n'~'-.n" m ,",i"""" ~,vc n «, ,h<m", tho <mr<"K .'
    ". ,)< "'.. " '9, Ikon", '''_''-'7·
    Drvtloprnem in Bpamium

    ritu,ls. The public phase of the observ.,lCc, bcg,n in th~ 'peopl~ ' s
    church' , the Hagi, Sophia; "ven the most "",cular element, the
    ritu:>.l humili,tion of Sayf" comin, took place in the pre""nce of
    the patriarch; its ch,neter w" deci,ively in formed by the broad
    role assigned to liturgical clement' in it, ritual make-up: hymn_
    singing, , liuny and a prc k, im.non associated with some of th e
    great fcasts of the Comtantinopo litan ecde,i.,tical calendar,
    The re",on which induced the appropriate offlci.ls to shift this
    ceremony out of the more tndition:.! setting of the Hippodrome is
    not known . But several factors help expl.i n why the Forum of
    Comtantinc could be viewed :... suitable alterna te ,ite. A, the
    Typican of the GTe.t Church m.kes abundantly dear, the Forum
    of Con,r.n tine w •• one of the most im portant n.tion"l pivots in
    the procession.l liturgy of the c.pita!.''' The Forum and more
    p.rticul. rly the .hrine of the Virgin located ther<' had played .n
    im p<.>r!.nt role in the trium ph s of Comt:lI1tine', grandfather, • fact
    of whkh the Porphyrogenitus w.s cert.inly .w.re, .ince he
    himself recorded it in the Imperi.l Expeditiom. '26 In a w.y
    Constantinc's sakmn procession ro the Forum WaS the counterput
    nf the fmal leg of his grondfother', triumph.l par,de, , solemn
    proCCjS;on from the Forum. A, , ,;te, the lorgc, open character of
    the Forum combined with the raised pl,tform of the column ',
    b,.e mUSt h.ve .fforded excellelll conditio", fo r ..sembling.
    crowd and performing ,ymbolic g~stures within eas y view.,n
    Finally, the growth of COnltnerce in the ninth , nd ,enth century
    w", contributing to make th is ,ite one of ,he city's chief
    commerci.1 g.thering pl.ces. A re.son giv~n for the con\!ruction
    of the Virgin 's-in-the-Forum was to provide. religiou. center for
    the merch.nt, who flocked to the Forum. ". By the middle of the
    tenth century, the Forum ofComt,ntine and thc laSt stretch of the
    Me" leading to the H.gi. Sophia were muming their definitive
    char.~tcr .. Comt. ntinoplc', bazaar. 129 It is difficuh to -'. void the

    '" I,,, '"" mo<t r"'qo<n,ly me"';,m,d munu"t<" ' in ,o. Typ''''" ' Typ'"'''' M .te",.
    'Ind" 'op<)g"ph;qu<·. '. >7). •.• • -W,wc..
    '" r..p. Exp ., lIun". 6'''.'-'0 .
    •" So, 'h< «0'>-«"'0" of ,he mo"um<" ", foom" .,," in Muil,,· WlC"tK" B.IJI,x;), ... ,
    p. 'lo . • "~ <op . M.n~o , 'Po'ph)·,y Column'. p. ,~ . fi~. I.
    '" J'''", q li"'. pp. >4\-6.
    ," Th, ""' cOn""''' "h"m<~ by N, 0, , 000",0&, ,h ,ow viviJ Ii~h, on 'h<
    mmm«d. 1 .<t i.i,,,, of th, fooum in 9J)-9: ·q.,dqu" bout'q"'" d, Coo"' ,,·
    High ,id. of "'''mph: 9j6-7Z

    impre$\io'l th:u by d~cidin); to 'U);(' hi, victory celebr,tion in its


    mid,t and paying hom.g~ to the merch~nt\> ,hrinc, Constantine
    Or hi, ecrernoni .. 1 officers were not i"different to the imp .. ct it
    might hwe on the sector of th~ population puticularly associated
    with that He. of the city,cape.
    The n~ture of the 1l1ilit~ry '$ r~rrc,cntatio" in the triumph of 956
    ,how, lignificant development ,inc<' the <"ady Byzantine period.
    As in Bclis~riu,' parade four centuries e;lrlier, the commander of
    the Hmi~, stilllc:!d, thc enemy leader to the empero"$ feet. Now,
    howevcc, the Domc$tic of the Seho1<-, is not alone: in addition to
    the logothctc of the' Dromc. he i, :!ccomp.nied by the theme
    eomm ~n dcrs . They;" turn ore "corted by their rank;"g mbordi_
    natn. The ceremonial role of the military has become a wlleg,al
    one. i" which the comm~nde" and their mbordinates participatc
    ~, ~ group, projecting fo, all to s(T their solidarity 3S an
    org~n;z~ t;on:!1 and lo ci~1 unit. This development be-comes eV('n
    mon° ciO'lUCllt wh~n wc tit what ra,c~ we ,::In to [he ~l1onymom
    titlcs ofth,> Ceremony Book 's account. Th,- rCCent rCVerS<.-S of the
    Ph ocadc, ~[S ~yf'< h,,,,ds were .urely more "vid~nt to contempo-
    raries than they ne to US.'30 Th ,- ..tfec! on th~ crowd must h~vc
    been ",ns,tion.l when they saw two or mure Phocas kimmen
    )c:!ding the fe",,'d Sa yf' s rdatives to the Porph yrogcni[us' fect. By
    thc lame lights. it becomes clearer why Abu'l 'A s~ 'it w.s trc~tcd
    roy~l1y after !he purely ,ymbolic humiliation in the' Forum. for
    S.yf', treatment ofGr<-ek pri,iollers i. reported ro h,ve improved
    markedly 'OOtl ~ft~r [hesc evcnt,.'3'
    Twice mOre Constantine celebrated victories over the Saracens.
    Fo, ,cam", that are not de:!, rod:!y, both Ob""v , "ce, ,hifted b~ck
    to thc more traditioll.l ,itc ~lld fc.tl.lred p~r.dCl ill the Hippo-
    drome. The fim took phce in September or October of956 and
    muked 'he victory or [h,il Hexami!ite., patrician and "'~"go, "f

    'mOp""" X' •., 1";'. ],'yon, HHJ'<-";'"M' 1'..1. 1'"",,,,,", ' 1')". oor. '~I'97')'
    )41-)6, of. C;u,II,"d. T. p"S"plo". '. 7JIf. .
    ". 5<. fu, . "mp"' ,~. ",;tud< ,,,,,,. ,,1 S'yf b.".y<cl by '0' I", ,.nth--c<ntu,y V. P... I,
    18HG. ' .1701. , I . ,J . H. [),kh. y<. ·Vi,. ,. !'.ulij"mot";" M""" LmQ'. A8, Tl
    I' !y'J. '9-7.: ,)6-1,. ~<'. 70' · . . O:.U" nl ~,I"" 1""' ~poc re. t, LlI"n~.o'"
    ",p,w",~ov. J~;.o< olt ro,oc !~,al t{ J,"~~",C X.~pM.c . .. , on lh. d". of
    ,hi, «X!. il,' .. pp. ,, -1,.
    '" v."]ic.- (:.n,,J. 11,..." '. '. JOO .
    Drvdopmwt in Ilyzant",m

    the Cibyrr.eot theme, over ,In Islamic fleet from Tarsm, ,n The
    ~cond occurred in late 958 or 959 and hailed the defeat of N .g. al
    K... ki by John T zimi,ee, ,,,,d hi, joint operotion again't SamO,.I.
    with the regime', i'minencc grise, th e pa ,al;:oimomtnQS Basil
    Lec.penu,_ IlJ In .11 prob. bilit y, one of !l,e'>C ccleb[:ltiom served ..
    the model for the ceremony described in the Ceremony Book, ~,
    20, ,)4 This rim.l h.,. more archaic flavor than the triumph ufthe
    Forum: it take, place in the tr.dition. 1 '>Ctting ufthe Hippodrome
    .nd i, relatively free of liturgic.l clement', It was integrated into
    th e gen eral ceremonial for imperi.l appearances in lh.- Hippod-
    rume . nd .ssociued with fuut ur hurse r.cco.'" It fe.tured the
    ancient pH.de of c<lptl.lred arms. booty, fI'g', pri,onen .nd horse.
    and nmel, . They were led around the trock and lined up facing
    the em peror. The ,arne performers intuned the same acciamHion
    .. w •• used in the Gre.t Forum. As they '~ng it, the Anb, fell un
    th eir face, .nd ,oldier, turned the ,.ptured b.nncrs up,ide
    down."· Even though centuries before Justinian II had u~d it in
    this '>Ctling, the la/catio i, compicuou.ly ab,ent from thi, perfor-
    m.nce, offering • preciou, indication that thi, ritual w .. an
    oplion.l dement from th e repertory ofimperi.l ceremoni.I, to be
    trotted OUt as the captives' status and circum,(ances dictated.
    The Phocadc! werC again u the center of the ceremonial .(age
    . fter Leo Phoe,,,' victory over S.yf on 8 November 960. Leo
    seems (0 have ~n granted a triumph.l entry: like Petrona, •
    century earlier, he was received with great splendor by th e
    emperor: he was allowed to stage a parade ofbouty .nd c.ptives in

    ' " Th<oph . 0>n'_ . 6. '9. Il<>nn. <l'-"' - <H- '9 ; d. V,,;Ii<v_C . n .. ~, A,.".,. >. '. 1M;
    F.. f.i<;khojf. S"" ;f;f , ... S",.lt" r ; ~ ,,,;'</,... 101.,., .... ,1b,,"dl.o"i_ D" M;"","",
    ."r" .rz ..r;",,,Io,, ",i .."1;,,10,, 1/,1''''''';' (IJ.-,....! (Ik'hn . l<;l66). p_ ]lO.
    '" Th<oplt . Coo,. 6 ... , Bonn, 46,. ">-46,." cf. V."li,v-C. n"d, A" .. , . ,. ' . )6.- ,.
    ,,. 0. '".. '. 10, Boon. 6 ll .' ,~, J. 'J. On, loin' that the modt:t ""y h, .. I",," ,I><
    «",mony <>f 916 (om<> hom ,he inmuctlon, for tho arnoll'''''''' of 'he pc" ,"". in
    ",hICh the I""i,ion;ng <>f hon" or ,,",<I> i, ,,,,",hed in ItYF""h"iut '"m l, .,
    ,hough oon. It.d f,~u ,.., d;n ,I>< .«OU", 00 which ,he <h.pI" i, b."" ."d .. ooe
    mighl<xp«< fo" ", .. I <niP-II,m<n'. 6, ).7 - 1, nlll ", ..ltm I~~O' ~ K~I dp~;"',
    '~I~""" """"3,..",, d«rjllw. _.. ; ,[ 61 <_3- " who" ,he ... Moo""m,""of til<
    p."d.< .t< ,,,,h d.<l<nb<d U i,,,;nll und" .... y. ,nO ,b." ;, n~ m,ntiun uf <>p,ut<d
    ,n;m.1<.

    '" I'i'.
    ' " Dt W .• ' . lo, ll""n. 6" .• 1; d.. • ' p - j ,nJ 61j . ' <-'j .
    61P---{;1j .• .
    ,u
    the' Hip podm",e. I.,"" ""d }m fel low <o}d;e" WNe reworded"
    well wi,h ". rio",. ''' ''I'''cif, O"d I'"""mio",.' ·"
    Tht" rceo nq,t<'s t ofCrcte by Ni(c'pho rtls Phoc>< an c'vmt of w.,
    capital i", 1'0"'11'" fur d,e el1,i rc c·."ern M ~ditcr"",~an ba,i". uo
    N iccplo " " " . 1'1"'." to h, ,'C' t" ~ p,;,",ed ,h e Ill"''''' "f a <ri""'ph . for
    he eot",arkcd ccrui " '1'0,1, ,nd c.pt ivc', lo r th,. cct<'",ony as SoOOn
    ~l he had stor nlC'd CI,."da x in March of 9(,"" · Ilack in the
    <.pi tal. ,h e " ,'W< w,.
    gnTted wi,h. tI",nhgivi"ll SC' rvicc"o Like
    hi ' bru,hc' ' wo }"Colt, bd"rc. Nicel'h",,, , wa , ",.gnif,cem ly
    ren';v,,') by Kom;","1 It when he ",,,,,,,,·d
    to Const.nti nopic
    tI' Jt 'prlllg or ~,,"'n1l"r,'" U"c ,,'(o""t indicate! th .. the
    «·,,''''U'' }" wl' in ' pin'') by P""'opius' de,~ r i p[ i o" o f Ilcli sarius'
    ltiump},,1 pru~r~" , Pho,.,,, W J' a))u,,"<"<1 to st ' lte a "i"mph~l
    ," On ,.,., "p"d""m. C.n"J , [),"" ,,,. ' . ~oo/I. """,~,,, ,,,,,. O~J"" U, pr· ') ~.
    F", ,.,., yoc!o'y <.kb""""" Tf.,urh. C"H.. 6.•. " "00" .,.,. ' 0- 1" Lro 1><""" ,
    I/i""" .... <,t C 11. II.", I ~ '"' '' . "" 1. ' P ' " .6, :"-yl""",, lhum. ')0.1" -0',
    7."""" . '<. ' J." 'J. H';tH•• ,· W"I"t. " " ·' - 1·
    '" Ah.."iI,.. 8""'.,,, 1<1 .. ", f'p ";-'1' ~Kk hfllf, s.,.,~~, pp, JO' J.
    '"
    ,., l", ["" <0". '. ' . !\on", "'';-'0
    S1'~. M '~ .. [~."' , ""·'0 _>0·
    ,., S1'" M '~ . lko,,,, 7)9." " /,<,',., .,,)..;, N ;«ph"'''' w" b>c' on ,h...,,"" (r"m
    m I.. , """ C,""d. /}r""";' p. ~J . Tho ",,",eo, ,,< " odd, .boo,
    ,h" <"<,<"'o.. y .
    xyl;"" '''" <1< " " ",,< w,""" ,"" ,h .. N'c.ph",u, w" nu< ,'Io~',d ' 0 ,I>< <"'''
    "p,,,1 '" """ 'We)·Ii '"". Thum . ", 'y- lI ; Zon'",. IIii" .... '-Wut.. .. ' .',{'- ';
    M "b,d (OIy"'. A •• ,,,",. ,d . I. IH k" (Ilo"". ,i JOI. W'. l1-'" s<,h,,<, "" """
    o(,b< '"um ph of",,) =m, '0 imply ,b" N'«phu,", " '" ,<1<"''''''8 h" C"""
    ""t Sy"''' vic,,,,.,, "muh ....".,,'y· '['bum. 'H .JO 00. Hut l<o ,.,., I",,,,,,,,
    <I<",,,k. t wu "'P"'" a",",,,,,,, .oJ S)'''' M . ~ pi"" ,f>< C!<"" ""''''rb m.d",
    Rom'""' II, " ..... "''' ,hJ '" ">< '''''" ~(,i>< ~Y"'" "' '''''pb. Ti>< ""h"" ,y,,( ,b.
    I",", """ '" =m, p"(,,,hl<, S)'"'' w" [oll»w"' g 'h,' I" " I", P'" of Th,-uph .
    e"",., ". ,n,,,, ,ho,,1 y , It", 'h< ""'t<. ,.. b;k l."n. ,.. " ,i ng i n .~", d« '" "" I.. ~(; ~
    ,n<l<l'"''' d,,,, .nd '" I" bl< ~."' «> IMo, ,,<.ik . BY'''''','''''".,.... pr, jOO-" ,f H' ,
    ,,,d )9' - "1 . N.M. fug~m' . • ~,'" ltu I"'"',,,,, Bum" rr , "xi,""'" G.
    'Web I" m b.,~". l.'. ' '"P'''''"' by"""''" J. di.,;;"" ,;;, "",' S "ip""" I'J.o<.. (p "i" ..",,).
    p. w, o. " ",d N.M P''''g''''' M, f#,.Ma10<. b ~1i" M"" .,1 ,I! .ol~~. ",;, 011
    ·'A).,"" .... 'II<: KI"i''1<".. Kp~m'" I~'Q",., ~IPi.rO~~'·'.' II k " , I;"", 106111 . r,)6
    ... t! " " ""t
    ~, ~r JO- 9.• 11 <1«<1" ,1)(" I""u","), of 01", <;'" ''''''''rI>.01,<
    "pl."".", fo. d,," " ... f",,,,,, " <""" <~",t h)' ~)'" M.W '-' ,,'~«'''« <h"
    N;« rhDm, " UK' ,,, C"""'''''''''pk in "'" " ,b. "P"" ",.t., of Rom,"", II,
    Ilon", 71 , " , ,,~ .... u '~/i'~ riJx,.... • ,>ii<. '1' .6."
    d~~;.a". Fm .,oj. 'We,lit ...
    "' ht< """" 'PI'<'" w «1>0.> ~'·m. M.~ , ""'h,,,
    10< """" ,h"
    N"'pho",,<n ,md ,10<
    <'p",1 by ,h< "r"" ,,,,,,", <;>f·[h"'Vh,,..,,, ~ h,'" B,," ~,, """ ".!"'" m.d W P'"''''
    'h", Thu"" ,,,,<1- 9' ,i.,.. "
    I> _ . 1c N"~If<l""" ";.''''''' 'II< "'GOo!>.,.... ,~
    1"",,,.. . 09~.,~ ..,1 ~';." .wi",,"""·..t. Kw.~u"""".o;.u, Th" '"M "" ,h ..
    x.I,uo' """'" " '" h"... d~ , Ikd on H"n~." eHe " . Lu ,h,..", 01" " .. mph of .,0' ,
    ",1.<",< SC)I " ,o' "01.,,, 01,,, 1'......-" ~.., ",u.l l, {u ,bidJ..·" '0 ,,,", ,.,., "'p,,,L
    1' .. ,,1<- of!ll<' u ptiv~ SJ[.<:~tl"
    all .:14.1 in w hitl', from I", OWI\
    hum" to til<' Hippo<lromc, Lik e J" ,ti ni.n " g,'"cral , hl' w. \ obliged
    to forq:o {Il<' ""e 0 (. 11",,,-, o r vchid,' ,IIlJ (d,'br.tl' hi. trill,,' ph " "
    rOO L'" Th" p:... d~ fe,~"",'d {h,' {""Iilion,1 ordc'r of bomy
    follow ed by p,",o",'r$_ O"luukn' Wc"fe ,ke'ply i",p"'",-,d .. "I
    Niceph"'''', i" recollnitiun of hi. "'rvin" , W", pron1<m'd to the'
    d ignity o f md,~im,)j and cn""q"d o'a'c ' 1-':,1i" with the dome, t;c,te
    in the E.",·,I
    Two y"~" btn, Rom anm wa. d~ :,,1 .'1(1 • ,h" ky " 'g<"Ky
    1trnl:)':lnl to ,,·ttk it, alltl", ri, y'" Imo til<" '·.'-ll um rod" none
    o,hn dm, Ih,' co"'lue 'or of Cre·,e. "o"'m'd w;lh fre,h lallrd,
    from hi, ,,{Je k Oil Aleppo ., 4, A ",illenn;"m af'n AUg"''''s had
    'ollgh, '" !tr;p Rom." gelleul , of Ihe {till'" ph ', pr~ll;)':" .nll at,
    t'",y ,pr;ngbo.. d to P"WC', hi"o,y wa, l{or";"1: (ull cirel<-. That
    come mpo,. ,i., perceived Ni"e:phorus' projected celeb"" io" in
    ,hi, lil':ht i, impli"d by Jo~ph Brin ga~' dfon to h.lt Phoca, vi,it to
    ,he "pit.1 in April of91'>3_"· Niceph",u' is <uppo!ol:d to hdvt·
    alrc.d)' n',olved on rt'voh"io" whe" I", ""de hi' elltry im" ,h"
    cit y. ,., I-k poi ntcdly rcmind,'.! Ih,' popul.,'" o( hi, pas, \ltt'«'" by
    OnCe mun' di,playing boo t)" from Crell- in tIll' H ippodrome
    p ... d,· . I-Ii . piety "ltd ils con tributio" to his virtur;," wn e
    "mph~.ized by Ihe ~pp("r/.ltee .<nong Ihe 'po;h of J preeio", rdie
    ofJoh" the B. pt;\" , •• A ecord;ng to ~ contem por.ry observer , ,he
    public glorific.tion of ,hi ~ b,nl sueec" onl y deepened I'ho",'
    hold on the popubr irn~g;n.ti()n_'·~ Wilhin IWO ",onth" hi,
    troop' had pf<xl.itlll'd him Augu",,, frorn hi, f.mily strongbold
    ill Capp~d <x i •.
    ," s, 0\ M'~ , I',~" , . 7 \0 ,0-""'.'. ~,,~, r' ,h" ,,,,,,In,,,,. ..." ""I"-""I "YH"" ~'"
    "" iK>I< 1"-"""'" '" ·o"id h,,< , 110",«1 h,m ' 0 ""<"" '" '" 11K" '"'' "." , SYm ,\I,~:,
    ",.",J,,,~ ,oJ ,m,,,.,,,, (,f
    ''I'. lr",_. 61 w~~' " ,h" "',, "''''g l',oc"I""' ,·i, ."
    on,«<Q<J"" ~>U"<. pmh,bl. Th<orh'"", A_M_ ,,,,,6.
    I", B,.", ''I') . , , _ '00.,,_
    '" l «> Ix"""" .• " ,~. """'"," 1)-'. ) , ~\"" 11.1 , •.• t~.". , 7''''·' , .
    '" O<... u",~,ky, C,,'''''', r, " " (;".{I,,,", I.",,,,,,,,,,. " " " Sch l"","",~,'"
    N',IP'-<, rr, 161H'. B,.,~" I" .... J, fu, '''~ ''' « , ,I .. , ,I", okl""<'J S"ph«.
    L« .",,"u , (~ ,, - . !I m,~h, ).• , ","001" .1"".,.·,-1'1 ... · Sc\' I""·, , n ,,,,,, ""M _]>.
    ,.. C,".. J, 11,.""". pp. "",, - n,
    , •• ScY ""'" num, " .... 9; d . ,OOv<. o. , ...
    '" l <u Ix><"". " " , 11"'00. ) J. 'J.
    '" I~I. , jl.' _' ,
    '"~K'"'' ,,,"mph.1on")·, ./o-••dd,,,,, J< .k: ,~ &;:fmo, ...1... ,_
    " ;0 ,",' ,,), ~ph!'~o'. I'hu< .. ,n,;..)·,J , '.nom ....... 1""P''''''
    ~y ,... ""uri< ",J
    ",,,," u ,",1 ,wok" ~J, jl .h-IO; ,( So,I" "", ') h"f", ' ) H ? - j'_

    ,0<
    I! i, link wonder that the lISiIfp<'r !l~,,~ul" ",Ie",,, ""t.y iolO
    Con.t"u;nopk .i",ul d 'n'~11. ;n '"Uct· th~n unc dct.il. the
    "iumph.1 """ie, or "Hli"•• utoc rJt', T he initia l .ccl.rrmions,
    ",hieh ",er<' .urd)· ,he pwd"C! of tCvCTi,h cumpu,ition .",1
    reht· .. ,~I , wo"ld h~vc I..,~" 'luit,· "I'P'"pri;"c 10. triumph:
    , .. W~IrOI11<. N"erh",,,, ",h" h" mll'ed 'h,' en,my" .egimen"!
    Wdmm.'. N;cerh"'''' who h" ",hd ,Ilt' enemy', ,itie,'
    Wek",,,,', ""''' ""u .. ~,""u' vin"" ,"v,'r "'II'"''
    Wek"",,' '0 l<ll'. ,Ilfoll)!:h wit",,, d,e 1"~'''' h. ve h.,,,n ,uhjug,t<:d'
    By you "'''''I,,,,b,<I Ism . ell". bt"'lI mllrk ", jlh tetrot!""
    Fullow;ng ,Iw pren'd,'Il' " " hy Ib,;] r . ,,,1 the Forum triumph or
    ~5('. ,he church or th~ Virgiu_in_th,'_F<>rU'" ", .. ked. key
    It"mitiun ill rI", parade' , t " TIl>! the lI~u'I',:r con!>C iou, 1y ""ploited
    hi> irn')';t- 0" wi''''n prU'n'lt'd by \1 ... Vir!:i" is underscored by.
    f.n whu ...: , i""ir"'>I"t, h" IlUl ),;",,,,,,lIy N-'-" .pp.~...,i'led . I" .0
    ')!:C when the datc uf impni.! invest i",,,' w.s Jupcrs litioul ly
    c.hbrJtc-d to the li!\lf)!:i"a! " ,.,", wi"·,, pup"l.r bel ief i" ve",cd
    (crr .;" .by< wi,h deep ,ml m y>< ... ious pO'ency. N icephotu •• I""e
    eh",.· Aug"'t ,(, for hi . c""y • .,d wfOnJ!ion,' " Tht·liturgic.1
    re"" "f ,h,' V If),;i,,'! vicl"')' ()V~r th .. At.b bc,it'!le" of Co,m.lI-
    tinopk. ,h .. 'a'"" f.."" whi"h h.d nH ll,ihutcd SO much to
    Nice rb"",.· fi N victory cdebration "' Dome' t;e of tht, Schole ••
    w.,. fmillg .n"iver.."y of . ccc"ion .nd w"' ,urely "'C.1l! to <Ct
    tbe ",ne for the fl'i,;n of ,he ·p.lc dc,.th of Sa •• ce",' .
    I' '''ci,dy tWO Y",trS later. fllrtb,", n'idcnn' of tbe divine f.vor
    a'Tulllpany;ng tk "'"'T"'" a.m, cU lll,1 I,,· trumpeled. 0" tbe
    tWO bund .ed J",I fort y-",,·t'mb .lIn ivc"., y of th,- ddivl' •• nce of
    ConJtant;,,,,pk from the' A"b, "".I 'hc ,""ond .nniveulry of
    Nicepho,,,,' cOTOnJ!ioll. th.' Dyz'llIillc "my u«upied T . n""
    long. <OlIffe of gte'l! da"g'" ('" the' F..,L , •.• Nicepho,u., II could
    "u' (.il '" e.p;taliz.· "" thi, . ucce .. and Ocwbcr wil1lc,,,,d hi.
    triumph.l cllIry illlo tht, ,-il)', Th,' Ullly' , nUIIY-st .ndards which
    had been )mt tU the ",,,b, u(Tarsus.1! the rCllw.y'J om"'t wen'

    " . n. ''', " "", tlonn . <J' I,-,J", .','-<io& ~<'I<c.. r-<,~,Of<Ip<. I> 'po''''''''''''''''.
    "f.i."",c ~";"I.k"., ~ • .i"'" ';;.0",. N'~~.,op" ~ .op~"".c dLu" t .. " ..." ,
    "" ",,,-,,, ~"'3<.-.. • ,'J p.r,,.,. YI~,d, ;<I~f~,~", ~ ,i,"" ~,,3<o:, 5,. oio ~«f)I!<1"
    , 9" J,' ~OO 'r~~,~. ';ll,~,k. ~,,<",<i,9~ , . ,
    '" 1't4 .. <)", , - 1. '" Srt, <,g, T"" l~old . .... "'''.Ky', pr. ,6<\-7 , n, H,
    " , C,,, ,,.!. 1>,.""". r O' J
    nrvr/opmrm in BFamium

    r~covcred ~nd se! up . , special dedication objecn in the Hagia


    Sophia, Th e public waS gr>tified with racn and victory spec_
    tacle •. '" To enshrine the memory of hi, succc", Niccphoru.
    revived th e tradition of victory monUment" He had the bronze
    ga, .. of f. ll en TH, u, and Mop.ueS!i. gilded. The one. he
    di.pla yed on Ihe new fonifica!iom he waS com'ruCling around ,he
    Great Pabce; the others added a modern !riumphal nOle the '0
    iconog .. phy o( one of the key ~ "hilectur.1 setlings (or triom ph.1
    ritual, Ihe Golden Gate.'"
    The bold but Iruchcrous 'lSSaSlin.tion plot which broughl
    Tzimis<;cs the purple also brought him serious liabilitie •. He
    alicn3t,d the powerful I'h ocade., whose reaction would erupt in
    revoh Ie" th.n. year after hi, accession ... • ju.t •• !.Criou. were hi,
    diffieuhi .. wilh the patriarch J>olyeuClu., who exacled from Ihe
    u.urp'" • hu milialion o ne ..: hobr hu rated a 'Byuntine C.nos.. '.
    To obtain ccdniastiC31 ,ane,ion. T.imisce5 waS forced to "'parate
    him>elf from Theophano, the source of hi, power.'" Hi,
    cont inued need for a firm seat (or hi, ruk i, evidenced 10(] by hi,
    marri.ge into the Ma ce donia" dynasty. via the respectable if
    homdy daughter of Comtantin c VII.' ,. Against this unsettled
    backdrop came word of renewed difficulties on ,he Bulgarian
    frontier .
    The campaign itscl(wu presented in such. way as to cmpha.ize
    the divine favor which i. ,uppmed to h. ve attended it.
    Although there is SO Ule discrepancy in Ihe .em.1 dale., Scy!itzn
    2nd Leo Dea con comciou$!y Connect the most important battles
    with ,he fea.t day. of the mi!itoty ",in\l George .nd Theodore
    Str2tcl>les. ' • 9 Imperi . 1 .ucc~-.. w.,
    ."ribcd to their patron. ge: a
    ,.. 1.<0 0<"'0<> . •. ". IInnn, ~I .1- I I, xyli, «,. T1I~m, "O,ll-7.
    '" x , I,,,.., Thu,n, ",0,17-14: If. Z""" .,. 16. >1. 1- 9, II ..""",. W""".
    50 •. 1'-101 ·• . f ", Ii>< ;'\<'",f".,,,,,,
    0( ,hI "' ''oj><>!;, wi,h ,10. Gm' P.I",
    fo"ih""ion~ Gu, II."". T.I"'t",~~, I, 1,,1f.
    G. xhlumb<IVI, I. '1,.,1"'- . " ..,..... !oJ . J • ... ; ; - ,;jt k. I W.,;I, , ~) , "71f, d.
    ,.. F. ))Otl'" /1,1'''''' no. 1)' .
    o.,,'osonky. C..... ~ ~~ " . p. 'u.
    ... xhlumb<'I '" t,.pi,. I. 7' - 9 .
    ... xyh" .... 1'hu,", lOO,6j-6lb.u'" "" s, GWIX,. d.,), ,~ I.. loll, 17-19 (b,"", on $,
    ~,<, w y): d . lro ll<",on, 0, I . &nn , I j'.I' _ ". Cf llulICim.n, 1Ioo1.! ........
    F"",,,,, P" ", n. I ... III f, IJO;I~". 'Vor Chm.. oIoJIor d<> K''''''''' F••buS'" d<>
    K"","J"",n'l<" T ""',,.,, "'~<Il dJ< Ku"'n'. HZ. J' (101)), '71 - 0'. 11<" , 17-00,
    W","", Ih,.,...,,,,,, h" 11«" follow," """ .

    '"
    Higl, tide of "i""'I'/''- 956- 71

    miraculou, ~to rm ",curred, thne wn,' ,,'puns of Sl Theodore',


    pc .."".l p>rt;cip.t ;on in comb.t, ."d d vi,;uIlH), . pp<.r,ncc in
    Cunlt.minople of th,- Vir~in and S( Theodore guaranteed the
    cdcslial credibility of the imp<ri.1 PJTri~ide, '.0 While sti ll iu rhe
    f,dd, Juhn h;m <c ir c,,,,.<ccrJ[~d hi, victory to the .. inn b)'
    cckbr>tin~ Spcci ll vic(ory se rvices in h""or of S{ Geo rge and by
    tra",fcrriog !U Theodore ~n ~ndCI" preros,,{ive of imprrial
    wvcrdgnty: oue of the c~p lUred IOWns w"' ren.mcd Thcoduro-
    poIiS, I·' Tha( rh h aWlU\phcrc or ,upcn,.mr.1 .uppon and the
    app>rent !uborditwion of; "'pcri.l prcn ige to th,' cui! uf the u io t'
    was no ~cdd e", in T zimj,ce, policy is con firm ",) by the triu,," ph.1
    entry intu ConsWHin op le which conclnded the camp.ign (fiS ·
    to),'·:
    Leo the Deacon ~"d Joh " Scyli tz('! pro vide imerlocking
    .(countS uf this ","cnt which He quite like- ly deri ved ftum the u rne
    lust sou rcel~.l They revc.1 , cncmu"y so clusely rd~ted to rhe
    de«:ription of (he I rn perial Exp<dil iun s d, . r it i. diffIcult to rule out
    mm<' diren inA",-"cc ufth .. cun' pil at;"" ,'·· Y<'t cumparison uf
    the <·"tr)' of 97! with the Expedi{iom lIlKO"c'" ,,'vn, 1gl~ti"g ~nd

    , .. SHli"o, lhu ,,, , )o! "o- , O<) 'l


    '" S, (;ru,~t: ;/'i' . ) 00.6j-6, (>0 , .... , ... ~ ' '''''0<'
    ",J" jW") n ,r. ~,~ 0.""". y, " ,
    lion", '\1.' _., 0" ,'" '"~ " '" of • "w, "'~" ,,-'''"' ",~ , ~" ,ft" hi", "If in t",
    '''''q'''' y,n.j ,10< ",ty M Oddk A~", "" m~0"",, 1 L M"n,,', .Lt., . ,1'" h,p""'"
    On ""m ,1'"" ~M""''' '' '' h,", mo)" n ;1<{V' X',>«-k,,- , ~"' ....... "'f'" ~ I.. ,.,
    ' 1- )< 1' '>711, 27-)3; T",",,,',, h,J """tleJ ,ho.' """ P'''Qg''''< r", h,m "lf.
    ",n,min1 'h< Hul~,,;,n "p,,, 1 'tu"""o"r<,I,,, S<yl",,,, Th",n, ,.~, .. - ,,,; l..«.>
    [)'KOO ,~. '. Il0l,,,, ')!" ~- ' O
    '" A,,,,,h<, ~'" ", ,,,,I< "'hleh ,,, ,,~,,,,j ,h< '''I''"",""t k g"im"y of T ,im ,,,,,'
    "'''' P'"'''' w" d.. d i" 0 "'y in, "''' '""' i,1 ~ ",I", o( • ,,,I< w" h • '''"pl<-, po.-' ""
    ,nd ,10< ,at..", " Oon _ ", ~ 'nd ,'To ,10< U'''''_"''''''g )01 ... "Id Tho.-OOo .. , m,ny
    y""'" Ev,n ,Iocn, ", no< 'ymo """ode"d 'h< J""o,uy w boo • (01" " ""'" by ,10<
    'I"' k"' ,, 10 ~.in ""1",,,, 1 f,,'o", s<,I"'n, Tb""" lOJ ,~'-?)
    ..,' t ,",,' !::o.- . m", O. ". tkM'" ",. J ' -'" 0, ",.I s.cy t" ' M, lhu on , , ' ". j . - .... : '" ..JJi, "",
    '0 ", m < ""'''I'',,,(h "-""" p,o",J" ,",,, ,,,,,, I,, ''"~ ,n '"' ",",,- Th~ t<nJ. to
    ,,",ti, m, fUf '~i, "'«1,~. ,ho.' hyr<~h<'" ... M. ~'''' Y'''''Q'' -Oh " "",hnibkb l ' "
    tJ'y,k""" S. ,Ii"y', I',: •• " " . ... """"'''''',' 1'9'6), ,M-"". ,h" both 'o,ho"
    ,,>cd , <om m on """'" (0' n"n-<,,<k',i, ,,;, ,I ,'W'" ,,( ,""
    I" , • ...J <.; f. i><k,,,' , n , ' 1',
    f", 'n ' PI""'" ,j,,,,,,,p,,,,y, ""I" '1' f .., ,1.-1;"" 0 "'''' a( , <omm, .. ~'"".,.,
    ,ti","", '0 Pto'mh,
    ... Tho< 'h< tn"",,ne< on T '''''''' ' ' mmho"""K'n' f,~ , .... ~, 'i, 0' ''''0'1 "own, 'Old
    rup"" l", t.:>.,<ot,,". " . no"", ' ,<! '- )0' d, 1.." br .. H",,,,, )0' . ' ~- 17 ,nJ 'h<
    """'''p'."'of 'm' ,1.-00"""-'" ,,( , .... M,,, ; {"" {"-,en,,, !~."' , "" ,6_'Q ,nJ I ..p,
    b r .. H",,,,, ,,,,,~ " "'"h ,·."1"",,

    '"
    •
    ":"... ,.. ..... ,
    ..
    ,

    "';' "", . ~
    '-;;+<1) , ,:".!i"" . ...
    'J~
    ,
    '. r ~ -
    ,
    ....., .e-1 ···l·
    . " ..
    • ... . - .1::
    ,
    ..
    High ,idt of triumph: 956-7z

    highly signifK~nt innov~tions. Thus, the composition of the


    offici~l welcoming party outside the Golden G ~te was cnh~need
    by the presence uf the new patriarch. Basil r Scamandrcnus. The
    only comparab k instance in which the patriarch so honored a
    victorious emperor went b~ck to the unique coo!",ration of
    Herac1ius .nd Sergius during th e Pen;.n war. '6' Of Basil himself,
    nothing is known. except that hc was rcgardcd ~sJohn's pliable
    creature ~nd was deposed after ~ short p atriarch~te. ' M His coming
    out uf the city tu juin the uther dignitaries was an extr.lOrdinary
    concession to the emperor; as such,;t was a powerfu l statement of
    the new patr;arch· .• reversal of Polyeuctus' hostility toward the
    controversial monarch.'67 The secon d innovation was the pre-
    sel1l l tion of a triumphal wagon to Tzi misccs and the request that
    he ride it to the ·.(C ustomed' triumph. , •• Tzimisce'S refused to do
    50; inste.d, h,- sc t in it the captured icon of the Virgin and the
    Bulgar;.n imperial replia (fig. 10) . I •• By the ten th centu ry . t here
    waS uf coorse nothing at all customary about such a wagon for
    im!",rial triumphs. A dcar undemanding of th e organization of
    such celebrations , whose slightest details were regulated by the
    appropriate ufficial •. predudes ..scm to the source,' ,ugge'Stion
    that this was a spontaneous inn ovation which coul d h;\Ve caught
    the empe ror by surpriscPo In fact. J ohn celebrated the triumphal
    entry as was customary, rid ing on a white horsc behind the new
    clement. a wagon decked out with the icon and Bulgarian .poils.
    The phys ical juxtaposition of the emperor, icon and cap tive
    reg alia was de.rly not coincidcnul. Not only did it allow John to

    ,•• s« .Oov<. Ch . •. pv·,'-' ·


    , •• v. a,um.!. 11'1<''''' " '. n~; T<,,<>« m<n,;"". fom <Io'f,",·. Cf. 1. lIn'bic,.
    DIfGE. 0 ('9»1. '''7 - ~, ~<r< ,,'~ .
    '" On ,I>< S<TI<f,1 def""""" u""d by ,h< lIy""';"" emp<""'" ,h< p,""rrh in .hi>
    p<tH>d ,ad i" limi". Tt"'ti"g<r. 01lt_btl.t. pp. u ,if. On p,<adM"" 'ad ... ..., .....,
    ",hom wh<<<. I><,.,w. Cb. j. pp, "" - II, TI>< 1U1U« of ,I>< '1""'"" wbleb
    ,ecomp,n"", /h,;, ;. '",ock .. , S« B. S«ph.nidt •• '0;" 8""hlebdicl>< EntwlekJU"8
    de, Synodtn de, V." .. "h. " • .,., Ko,,,,," ,;nop<l', Zt;"t ~ nft fl, K;"IttIv<Jt~i<Io"'.
    !l ('9)6). "1-17. 1><", 'll - 4• • nd, p.,,;c,.I .. ly. J. D.""".o., "",,,""'Itt, ..' 1<.
    #q>l~" *
    rfitl;" .F""';.... A<ch;y"" <It ro,;.", ch'<ti<n. " (P ..;'. '97'». p. j).
    ... 5<,1;"". Thurn. ) ' ",ll-7; Ltu D<.<on. 9 , U . Donn. Ijl ....... : , . ,<>6 ~...,..• .,~~ ..,
    .00).0. ..
    ~~""' nl ,~ ....nl'",~j .o. ~""'1'.yd. 3plt1.l'~"
    , •• 1h;1.. '1~ · 6-, <= 5<)'1;"",,, Thurn , l'O. jj-6"
    " . cr. ""low. Cb, J . p, "J. Hi"",; ••• h.v< ..",,.,,.0<1 ""'" ",,,,ffici<ndy
    ';""""P«' in ,1><;, 'pp", ..1 of 'h< "o,y <.g. Schlum""'1I<" "I"'P/<. '. '7l - 0,

    "J
    Drvrlopmtnt in Hyznntium

    emph.,ize the divine f. vor m.nif"'tcd in hi, victory: it en.bled the


    emperor to m.kc. ,pect.cul.rly ostentatious act of humility. A
    due th.t John's contemporaries construed the ceremonial u"ngc-
    menl in prcci scly thi, w.y is concealed in • hitherto unnmiccd
    classical allusion .pparendy sh. red by both rources: the descrip-
    tion of John', chniot is borrowed from Plutarch', CamillwJ, in
    which the Rom 'ln's fabled arrog.nee w.s reve.led by his use o(the
    triumphal chariot.'"
    The third innov. tion with re.pect to ninth-<:entury entrics is
    significant on a different score, for it reveals how ancient
    ceremonics const.nlly incorpoutcd .nd ."imil.ted more recent
    rimal developments. The segment ofTzimisces' triumphal ent ry
    staged in the Fumm is much mOre developed th.n h.d been the
    case in the ninth centu ry. Not only wa, the emperor .cclaimed
    there as in earlier entri". Now this ...... gmenl was the scene of
    thanksgiving hymns 10 the Virgin 'lI1d, before the eyes of the
    ."embled polita" the grc.t symbolic OCt of the ca pti ve Bulgarian
    tsar's ritu.1 divcstiture wa, (n.cted. '72 The influence of Const an-
    tine VU·s triumph over Abu') < A!i'ir is patent. As was customa ry .
    the triumph.1 p.radc Came to an end with a se rvice in the H.gi.
    Sophia."J
    To commcmor.te .nd express his gT:ltimde for the victory,
    John fulfilled. vow he had m.de .t thc c.mp.ign'. outset and
    onder took 01 reconstruction of the .neient monumental !.ctting for
    one ' tation in victotiou! entri cs, the Ch.lke or Br."n House.
    which nOw became the church of the S.vior of the Ch~lkc. ,74 By
    '" 5<,ti''''. Thum. J'O. j)-7' . " ,'$p'~~". iix~J" ho ~u ",; .. , Iv" ,
    Aw~""<l>""'l ll~>'f« IJ<D,~.,,)Ii>~, d ..,
    J,..p.1l<I>< "~I ,<>0\<""Io,~.",s.
    <i~JOIl"'u: $p"I'~.~ul. . ,b ld ~>t<l<. ~afl~p6 ' t9t}.oJ • . .. , 1..<0 0.""".
    Bonn. 'j l .6-7"iro, ld nllI'l"'O~,jU'lIO' hod "01).6' %p"". Q6 "po~ , . ,.
    .r"
    ~IJ n, ,00<0, ~~I"",: d, Piu,,,,h. C"",ill", 7. ,: . , , ~M ,w-. ,Okopu"',j>,..,
    M,» ,k. 6)",0> ~~ps.k. ",I ~pIJ.~~ • • 61"1"" ~.I ~o""'~fI<. <iPl~c
    luX IJI.tJlcpo'. ,~ « iiU. ~o~.pliJc. t9P'~~ fI<"d' ~oJ ,'$p'u.,
    """,a{~jU"'" ~." ~6~","o. hth ".1 61t~~"1"" ,~c 'PwMC, . ,
    '" Styti'"". Thurn. J '0,6,-6, Lro o.:"on ddp> ,h" <km<ll ' , nd .pp<an imphddy!O
    . i'V,l< me divmitu« in .h< G,,,, P,]"o: Ijl.,<>---), P,,[mnc< h.. < n,"" go to
    Styt,,,<, quite «phd, Ioc.Hmion of ,o. <''<0 ' in ,o. Fmum,
    '" Styh'=. Thy,", )'0,66-9: d, Lro lie""", Iloon. ,) 1,,<>---) .
    " . J,nin. ~Ii"'. pp. j'9-JO: M~tk,· W"""' , BilJltxi."". p, I •. M' ngo Iu. provod<d
    ".oni .. gumrnu fo, id<n 'ifying ,h< <hu«h with ,o. Ouon .. n A"]' nh.n< ,
    i,<tuding ,I>< ,..f"",,,.o Scy,h. in ,I>< f"gm'n'.. y rumm<mo"" " in''''p'ion
    K~'~ Do:o8W, i"~ ,,,,,,~o IhpjJ6 •• , ~tX'1O wi".."",d by Tho"", S.",h 10,.." .1.

    'H
    H'gh ride of rriumph; 956-F
    one lecount, too, there was an implicit link between the victory
    celebration ~"d the rcmi"ion ofthc kapMijwM t~x ~nd the fmt is.ue
    of Ihc anonymou, series of .opper coina!;c,' 7'
    Tzimisce. staged another triumphal entry in late 972 or 973, in
    honor ofrhe wnqucst ofNisibis (r l October 972). It roo fowsed
    on the Forum and the la,t leg of the' Me,,' and included a
    spcet~cul~r di'play of booty.' 76
    In Ie" than Iwo decades, Comt:mtiooplc h.d witne,sed:1S many
    victory celebration, as He known to have occurred in the
    preceding century and :I h.lf. Th i, sudden 'p",m of triumph.
    cannot be l"id wlely . t the' feet of the . ouree' surviv.1 or the
    chronology of Byzantine fem of artn,. Alth ough :I complete
    expl.n.tion would require " much fuller undem"nding of
    developments of ninth- :lnd tcnth .....·cntury hi,tory than is yct
    .v.ilab1e. two s. lient contributory f~ ctors are already evident.
    The fim comes from the mouth of the I'orphyrogcnitus
    himsel f. looking hack on the p,.t of court u'<>ges. Const antin e
    ch .. ractcrized the cra preceding hi s reign 1S Om' of decay and
    disorganization in the ritu al, which .Ione distingui,hl·d the
    imperial taxi, from priv ate life. ' 71 Hi, porpose in compiling the
    Ceremony Book was to restore neglected traditions and tr3nsmit
    Ihem co his suaes,on.'" Constantim' him,elf viewed hi, own
    exercise of power as ~ torning point in Ihis history. There is no
    little irooy in the foct th,,, the ~uthor of the work which h~s mOst
    influenced the modern notion of an unchanging B yl~ntium.

    (1).,,,,,,,1.>.,,, . '7'6), p. ''', d«d by M,Dio. &,," H""" , p. '''7)· TO. I,,, foo,
    word. "info,« hi. condu,um. lInC< . ""n~< wind pl. ". , ",;"",Iouo wI< in ,h,
    vi<tQ'Y ' ScyU" .. , Thurn, J~. T O-" .
    '" 10"'., )''-74- 1. of. [)Qlg", R,l''''•. ' KI'. 7<' " G . O"'ogo" l;y. Ili, r"'dr~",
    S"""I"""".If .If, ~T,,,'i"i,,Io," R'~",I i", X. )010.10""1." i"prin', Am""d..m.
    '9<">9). p. p . G.;"...".. C, i"" j, " "14-j . "p. n. j , f<F" do< 'rr"""', 'mph<l! lmk
    wi,h ,0. ,";umph.
    ' " L<Q 0 ..",,,,.10, >. lIonn, ''') . '-9; d . C,""d, Ily"""'. pp . !'<>-', .nd .. p. M .
    C .nud , '1..> d", ok, "[><di';",,, '''<''''p'''u m",nn« do J" " T,i'"i"' .. ', AM •• ," h
    fl",';'.,", ,iiI.I'Si," 4"10"";,, O1i",,,k,,, .to"", '0 (1 910), ""- '03, "P, ,,,.,.
    m D< ''' .. " p,,<f.. V,,!!, , I. '-7-1 , : nO,()<I1'p Q1& "I> ~~KP'i> XP0"f' ~","~o,(,",""
    w.: /. ""rif> ~P"X.9t ..~ ~.I ~'~""'li h.n~'w", ... 1"3' W. K~116 ~I:I'I- u,ft~. K~I
    d~,"., ~ 'ft<: fi,uJ'lkroo '~~UOCfK$wk "",I !~Of""WO-"', ~c n~pop~&ta~c nt,
    0/0' ot~"', ~~o,..,pwSd"l!C .. . • nd ,1;<1.. 1. ,6- • . I.
    ,,. IIi•.••. I-v; . . . Mfplru. If/,;,. ~"p<Wr'~""" npoJ""" ,ok: P'I/' ~~,u:
    l.a~~~,"~3a, .

    '71
    fruzen in time, shou ld have umkrt akm his t.,k with 3n anguished
    cry .g.inst the rdendns change. impmed by hislOry, ever
    working to transform the imperia l and ",nawri"l 'orders'
    (d{r.IC), '79
    l::Iut was Cunstant in e's dfort at rcnewing the .y mboltc di'pl"y
    of em pire succt'"ful)"o The rmh of victory ri t~, just examitlcd
    scnns to suggest so, T rul', put uf the Spu rt nn be' ascribed to :I
    .ccond f.ctor, namely th" twO murpns, who needed the
    legitimacy conferred by military success, fol lowed Constantine's
    ,on un the throne, Ihl! • dircct cunnectiun betwcm c,'remoni. l
    reform .. nd the Ceremony Book appeared in [he identi fi "uion of
    C"mt"ntin ,, '~ fint recorded vin"ry Cl'kbratiun with the gener. l
    pro(Ocol for a triumph in the Forum. ThOll the transformation of
    ccremonial renewal into documentary guidelines bore fruit i,
    indic~ted by thc discovery of a Iccond early manmcript of the
    trc~tjlC, ~n unexpected te., timony to the interest" w"h'ned by mch
    a tcchnic.l documcnt.'" Thc fact that the Ceremony Book
    continued to be r,-vised ill the rei!';n' of It om."", IJ and
    Nicephorm I'hocas strongly mgg<'m that it was indeed being
    cuns ulted "n d innuc"cing ceremonies of dlO"" ye"", There arc ,.2
    evc" grounds fur s"'pcni"g: the impact of one of the COlman-
    tini.n wm pi lati"", on a victory fest ival ,tJg<'d by John T zimisce"
    These observatiuns ""cd to be testcd again'! the history of a broad
    r~ngc of ccremonin before it can , . fdy b... co"dudcd that thc
    ceremonial renewal ' ttemp ted hy Co",tantine VII "nd embodied
    in the Cercmony Book and ,I lied record. w .. in fact effectivc "nd
    trigg:cred ~t least two decade, of rilm l renew,l. But the evidence
    of one small s<;"tor fmm the panoply of imperi ,l ceremollia l
    " ppe",s to point in that direction .
    The Nisibi, triumph of 972 marb the end of a remarhble

    ". /l< "' .. ' . p"o(.. II" .. ". 1,6.' _ 1. "'p . ' -I' ...
    P""'~'O""" ~. "">< ",1
    1,,,,/i,;':'0l1b,,,,"'0 ~o,. ~o'P"'>t. "'" "P>7~"W' I"."~"("~~«t, nl '''''
    '~~'w' , ,
    '" ,,, .dd""", to d", '''mpil>tiu .. of <I .." c."·m,, .. y Ilo"k. fU>lb." ,.;d,,,,, "f
    Cum""'m,, p"''''cup''~''' w"" 'h" ...,'" com", f (om h;, m><w.1"f,h, ;mp«;,1
    ,_,I.
    ,,>he> .,," 109";' (Th'''rh. Co" ",~, I j. 11<.,"" . .. 7. ,..I hi, """''';'''' of 'h<
    0\><:];", '" 'h< H;ppnd",m, IMu"".W;,"<,. 8ilJlui."". p. 6,).
    '" C[, C. M,"go , .. d' . ",.i,""o, 'A N<w MS of ,o.: n. ,.,......,,,'. DOl', " ('9<>0) ,
    '47-9 ·
    '" Bury. 'Q« mon;.l llool;·, pp_ "7 ...

    '7('
    High tidf of triumph: 9,6-71

    spate of victory cdebrations whi ch began late in COnstantine VII',


    reign and came to an cnd in the long r~gcncy of 8 uillecapcnus.
    Thi.long in terruption is on ly known to have been broken two or
    th~ timn by Unil II , who docs not appc:lr to hve bern overly
    utachcd to the splcndon incumbent on the imperial office.,n
    Basil and, in all likclihood, hi. brother and ~ mpcro, Consun-
    tine VIII cdebrned a triumphal ent ry to sign al the defeat on t}
    April 9R9 of Ihe dangero us usu rpation led by Ibnb , Phocas."·
    The pattern conforms in general to that of other tcnth-ccntury
    triumphal entries. The parade seem. 10 ha vl: reached ill high point
    in the area between the Foru m of Cons Ian tine and the Arch of th e
    Milion.'u In keeping with the OCca,i011, Phocas' head wa.
    publicl y displayed and imultcd. while the aristocratic Mcli.scnu.
    and Mcsanyktcs dans endured the humiliation of seeing members
    of their families paraded on ...co;, pre ceded by hcralds procb iming
    their crimI:, as the cortege headed th rough down town Con.tan-
    tjnoplc. ' ·~ To further publicize his triumph and up.ess his
    g ralilUdc for the Vi rgin 's aid in this despeutc st ruggle, Basil iuucd
    a eommellloutive coin which alluded 10 her !uccor. .. •
    '" M,dt><1 ...... h... 0_,.,.... <d. E. R......w. , (1'."•. '9>6). lI,toI II. J'.
    '\10 '7->0.>\1·
    " . S<hl~"'bots<'. 1'.,..,... '. ,.,If. 00<, _ _ ,. c." ... ~ ... pp. " '- }1; Ojurit,
    ·I'urod" .. ·• r .•kI. Tht p",kip"ion ofCon"' r>liM VIII .. ""'" p!>"",*,. -....: ,he
    "",I>i<r &«<r"'I""it<lI»~1 Oft ,he c.mp>is" . rK! 'v,,, , I>imtd '" h, o, killod <h<
    .""1'<1 h,"'''lf, s..:y~ ''''. Th"'n. ))7.67 • • n<! r.dl .... n,';! II. ,6. Rrn . .. Id. r.
    , r. '7- '9. Cr. '00 ,I\< ,""y of c •. 096. b<low. n. ' Iv·
    '" S<yl; ..... Th .. ,,,. llt.)< - J' on ,h• .,.,.ILmion of .h, ·.go,,· in ... , h COlI ......
    Gui ll. oJ. T.,.".. r!oi •. >. 6'} ",J " p. 7JK.
    ... s<,li ..... Th .. ",. JJI')<-J: y.hy .. ,bn.-S,·i<l of A"''''''h. Hi"oirr. II. A.A. V...iIi...
    p....w,;... ~,.I" .• J ('~H) .•><! • .xyli'J<' """'" ·n.,,,,,, 'AI'
    M...",k..... pnh'!"
    '" be .dm"r,.d ... "h d•• yo,"h'K ,i;<: 'w • ....... '''.I'KIir> 11<- ... /10 loll ,I>< . ....1, Oft
    ,I>< .... 11, .,{ 1' ... 1>010 .. oom. , ...... ,y y....... I~ u., 0....,.,. I. 0.. lIonn.
    '1,.' 7- >0. Tht ... n b, ,I>< >1m< n ..... who ..... ;"001",11 .... h'v.... ... .I.UIJ _
    '~"""KIir>~p~~ ...... In • pi.. . ...... MICIoxI ,I>< I'.pt.!>"""",
    _"","", (5<,10 ..... TIl"", . . ..." -7). S<y .................. ~ Mt'; ..
    m., Iu.", b«>o.

    ........ '1'1>< 100",', """ ......... 110 I><Id do< ",";'y of..,.... . ",".... b«>o ............
    .. .do Ph'~PI opobI ..... "",io</o, .... >pam! do< h."';I;'".." of 'pp.."", in do<
    p"od<"l1« II< bI<I ."", 10K bro<h<t- ro «fro", f""" """..... 8 .toI', ' mpni.l.l
    d'I""1 dun." ,II< /in.1 bud<. On Leo'. <lK'CT. D. A. uk ,.he, ,.....M~", upI'""
    ho ... ,.,q,:. .. ,~wc. to "i' 8o(."'~
    /I<{ .. ,,_~. ,I ('Wi) . ..,~ •. h<f'< 6o• • rK! V .
    .,,,....... 'E_~pIr: .itG h",pdoG , d'W
    u..,,,,,.·u
    cto......,loJ..
    dn J<KI><''''''"d·A",;.,,;h< """ 10 orrund. """,.\1,,,,,,
    by .. n'i",·. 1</;/••,1" k
    tV.i. ",ilI S. ) . ..,.. JI ('96'). ' ' ' - I •. he", " ,.
    ,n P. C'io .."". 'A ,nl"'toib .. "d mil,,, ..ion of B.. i! 11'. Z_ilr ' __ . " I ('9611.
    Devdvpm m t in Byzantium

    Another gre.t .erie. of rill",1 ob",rv.nce. m >rked th~ ,ucccl'ful


    outcome of the ye.rs of w.r . g. inu the Bulg.rian., '"' Before
    returning to the ",-pital. 8 •• il m.de a triumphal progrc" through
    th e conquered territories and tr.veled w Ath ens. where he
    cdebr>ted speci.1 thanksgiving services to the Virgin in the
    P,,, rhc non,' fO The victory celeb"aion in Comr.ntinople took
    place in the flm h.lf of 1019, sincc th e patriarch Sergiu! was still
    .li ve .t the time.,oa The triumphal entry ••" n" to have heen qu ite
    in keeping with comcm porary tradition. l:h.il entered the cit y
    through the great middle po rrah of the Golden Gate. wearing the
    t"j~ .nd driving before him noble Bulgari.n c.ptivc<, including
    [he wife of John VI . di ,].v .nd D.vid. >rchbi.hop of the Bulgars.
    The paude ended .t the I-h gi. Sophia where " service of
    th . nk-giving hymns took pJ.cc and lh.il refused to fulfill his vow
    to rem it the ~lId~ngran in honor of the victory.'"

    6. T II~ CELE B RATION OF VICTOR V U NDH


    T il E LAS T M ACEDON[ANS

    Modern •• se»men t, of Ihe three dendes bctwCt'n the pa.sing of


    B ..il II and the <le.th of T heo dora h.ve v>ricd ",dic.lly, from
    ... umptiom of uttcr dcc.dence to appreci.[ ion. of tentat ive
    innov.tion . Whatever the value jud~cmcnt, mOl t will agree th at it
    waS an cr. of une>oy [C.",i[; on. on the eve of the grcat

    " '- ,6, cr, C,i.,. ) .•. boo. 6ll. 6),. w"h 1'1. <1, 'V. ,_<_ »"i1 h>d ndcl<n ioto '0;,
    bolO 1<. d o 'eh i"ll ,n '''''' of ,he v; 'll in: f>.<1I",. C .'''"'X'''''''' B,,; I II , ,6, R ,n,u IJ ,
    I.IO,j- l ·
    '" Scyl;"". Thu,n, lJI .IJ---? . nJ )6~, _" cr, Schlu",be'iI" , 1'1"'''<'' '. W'-"'"
    'nJ Bun. WI,I""''''''' p. II.
    B.';I .nd C""".",in, VIII w,'" «!'«IN 'Q m.«. vI<.o';",,, miry into ,he "p,,,1
    '" <'_ w6 .f,,,.
    "'"f""S" in whl<h .h<y <k><,v,tl ,he ",I", ~ ~ "a'~<1< IMntp';~ ,..,1
    ,h"p~"~k,, we bm froot ''1'0 lettm of Lro Synodlu, .nd mmopoli"" of
    Sy",,<k>. ", JJ , ntl J'.
    N.). f)",,,,,,e., I'p;", I;", 'F"" '" "" X' 'i"k. A"hi.<, d<
    l'O't<m dtr,.i<n. 6 {P";,, 1,,00). 'OJ. 1[ - " .nd '01,) ' 0. , nJ "09·' <1-). 2l0_<'- j
    ' 0<1 69-70. Th, ,,""mph of .001 m<""m,d by Schlumbe'g". 1'1"'''<'' '. '_'00
    (,r. G.i<.tO". CO "" , J. '. 6001 i.. ghot. c<,<mooy of " 'hi<h I h,ve f"und no m c< in
    ,be toU"""_
    •• G.u mtl. R't<'f<'. I , '.')9.
    '" xy""'" Thur". )6.,1I-)6),9!, Th, [.mo", m;" i,,",< of. "iumph.n' B",] II",
    V<0'«. ». Marc. S', '7. [," i I'<rto. h" ",".lIy "",n "'oc;, ",d w ;,h ,hi, v;<1o.y; , .j!_,
    A. GraN' , L""'pm., d." I'", '""",...
    pp_ 11<\--) _ A. Cu,.". 'A Pul,« "f B"il II
    (P." II) '. ;I", V,.tt., )' ('1/'17). 9- ' ,. h,,,, LO'f . h.. ,hdkng,d ,h;, ,.j,n,;!i""on.
    transformltioflS u~h~H:d in by the Comnmi. It wimes'>Cd It ka,t
    five major victory (debratio"" , Although for mo,t of them the
    evidence i, reduced to " b"ld mention of unusual facts, like the
    humili~tion of the defe.ted u,urrer Theophilus Eroticu." who was
    drnocd in women's clothe. and paraded through ,he Hippo-
    drome, it is dear that the Cl'kbration of victory h,d l"'t little ofit.
    eadier ptcStigc,192 Thus Roma11us III Argyru. eagerly .. nticip,ted
    thll. triumph would conclude hi, ill-st arred effortS in the Ea't and
    went sO far 3. to ordn the fabric.tion of the triumphal crown,
    needed in the eeremo11y.,··l M ichael IV eekbrat<'d 0 triumph:.1
    entry .1 gre.1 f>Cr>onal and political co,t, revcr,in,; the pre"i"".'
    policy of concealing hi. [atal illne", Indc<·d. not 10llg before tbe
    dis;\ster . t M .nzikert, Rom . "u, Diogenc, ~'.gcd l celehr.,ion
    whOle prop.ga ndistir intents were hardly m.tched by hi. militJIY
    remit,,'"
    The victory celcbr~tio'" . bout which we .re be" informed
    occurred in the 104OS, Al thi, turning poi11l in the monarchy's
    history. it is symbolically significant th'il both ob,,:rvanccs
    m u kcd the ddeat o[intern,l enemies_ Shortly before hi , death on
    '0 December 104' , Michacl lV .u oged .triumph.l ""try to honur
    hi. victory over the Bulgarian l1prising led by Peter Delj.n,
    The defe. t of the Bulgarians must hav~ been 0 wekolOe relief to
    a government who", h~o d of , tote wa, i"""rably ill and which h:.d
    confronted two ser;oo< c"n'pira~ics, a terrible drought .nd • f!Ie
    ,., ' r~" H;ppOO,om, "<i,b,,,;"'" ,,,,,I. pl".;n [o.J '0 pubh,;", 'h, d,f«, ohh< "vol,
    ofTh<ophHu" ''''''1'' ofCypm<o SC)'h",~ Thum, .'".'J '1_ In ,I-.< .. me fW ,
    Mooom"hu , JC< m, '0 h... <t l .b"t<~ .'riumpn. l =uy ;n h"nmQf ,1-.< """',<of .
    Ru».i." m" k On C""",,,' ;nopk P",l lu" C/""",t'"pi<i" Conl"m,,,, IX. <)6,
    R"",uld , ' ."_1 - 1, . P,<Uu, .1>0 "PO'" 'h" Com"",,,,, «kb"t«l ,h, '~'''l<''
    lriumph " .'" I-.<"d of .f", th, clefo" on"" Tom i"u, in '0.7: i~id .. "), R . ",uid,
    .... _.)_'6, Scyli' rr>"f' ,h" do< <>. PtU"'~ ",kl,,.m d;,honm«l w;th. p",d<
    through <he bm",.,. di"';<l ~f the M«" " 'hik th, 'p<'«h of Joh" M,uropoo<
    <1<:1;,««1 " th, v""o,y ,deb,,,,,,,, !how, tI .., ,h"'~'~;v;ng ".v;'" "'0"
    «I<b""d "'" ;n the fhg" Sophi>. bu, in ,h, "hunch ~f ~I G.",~< T'op'~.ph..,u"
    xyl"m, T hu",. 44.,1 1- 1, .nd M.u",!",",. 0,.., ,'~ . <d, p, de l , ~ " dc
    (Gi;"i"sen , I~b). 11S---<j\. h,,,, '91 , no. 7J. Cr. J- L,fort. 'Rhitori~ ,,< "l"'li"qu<,
    Tlo" diKo.", <1< ) "" M,umpou, ,n '0<7' , T ,\!." (.Vl~). '~J - l O J, 0<00 >].If, "
    ';"'..-y "l<b",,,,,, ",om, .1,0 !O h.v, m"k<d h .. e Co "'''' n"'' d&" of the
    P«hn'l!,;n '019 ' P",ltu" O'_~'"P~ '" '".e. 10. l'.<n,u IJ , ' ."7 .'0- j .
    ",
    ..'''.
    ,
    p"Uu,. C~","QI"r~ io. R om.nu! III. 7, I'.<" , uld, 1.)6.1!-"_ CL 1><10", Ch. I. p.

    P",Uu" Co,,,,,,,,,,!.;o , Rom.nu, tv, •" I'.,,,,,M ',I )9. '-1 ': d, I. , p_1\ 9. I- j .

    179
    De"r/opmelU in HyzmHillm

    which h.d d~v"t.t~d thl' c.pinl only , y~ar e.rlier.' " The
    ectl'mony w,,", "" double one: rhe defc>lcd Jnd disfigured rcbel
    le.der< were p>raded 'hrough rhe ciry during Mid,.d', triumph.l
    en,ry . nd onCe agoin in tl,,: Hippod rullle. when fout .nd hur,e
    race, Wnl' held in tribute to the vicro'y .'90 The deci,ion '0
    celebr.te. ,r.ditio]].1 p.r.de w"' ",.de only with relUCI.nce. for
    umil the 'Tr{"[liuny, Mich:ll"l', emourag" h"d been , t p:liIU to
    cOllee.1 hi, dwind ling healt h. Whatever ,heir calculations. :I
    contl"fTiporory ' pee!lror could only conclude th.t a transit ion of
    power W:l' at h,nd . ,~,
    The choice of" ",'W
    emperor for the I'orphyrogcnito ill 1042
    w., not easi ly ",,,k and it i, not therefon- surpri'ing ,hattlK fir't
    ye>r and a ha lf of ComtJnti,w M onomachus reign "w no lc"
    th:1I1 three victory celebrations. ,9 ' Of th e~. one i, well enough
    a"e>ted '" reward a eHdul e".min.,;otl, In it. ,he full legacy of
    the silent appropriation of dcments of imperial ceremonial by
    .. my command,r, j, de.rly manifesl<'d.
    The u"e"pected defea, of the usurper George M aniocC1 at the
    hand, of the luy. I;" arm y led by the eunuch $rba5lOplw rul Stephen
    Pergame"", triggered" >eric< of cdebration. in who~ org aniz_
    ation the vi~ibly rc1irv,'d Mononuehus played a leading part. '99
    Fulluwing .neien' tradition . Stephen disp.tched the , wful 'ym bol
    ofvinory to Constantine IX, '0 that the murper', he" d could be
    p.rad~d through the ,lren, of Comtantinople and prove to the

    ,. , Sch luml><.~«, El"'pU , j, l'" '" N , Sh"''',n""kh. Vi ... """",,.,, ..,,,,,, ,

    ". ""."' , XI ""'IS' V<t<"o."K.


    M"h,, 1 At"I",,,,, , Hi",,,,,
    'I'~) , pp. nlf.
    rd. I. &H<t (IJoon , ,1I1l), 'O" O-' J: 1'.. 11".,
    CIo"""X"plo ... M,d...." IV . • <r-J'. R <n,u ld, Lh - J; s<yl", ... Thun'. 41 ... 6--1 .
    Schlumb.'g", tl"'Pt..), )01 , n. J. in"'p.<l<J AIt,.,i",'- >OWunt tu m"n th"
    Mi<h,d , d,b .... J both, hun"Nrl . nd foo, p....k 1m ,h< 0<".."",. Foot .. , .. I.. d
    i>«n ."",,,, .. 0 wi,b "iumph, in th, Ilippodwm< >on" th< mid_ton,h «n,u'r" th<
    I"", (IN ''' .. " '0, ISo.on, 6 , l,'I ) . nJ wm u><>l no ]'".,b,n ,h< 1,,< ",,,,h «n tu'1
    fo , ,m!",,,,1 , nni.."";..,, Ph,loth,"" Ck,,,,I'R'"'" lH"""m'J<., "'.J).
    '" 1'''' 1'" " ...., , ;f .. p . R<". uIJ, "'J .-8, Cf "" ~"phi< ,Je><"p""" <>f M"h.. l",
    fu"",.I'pr<mnr<", ,ni, "'''"OIlY' )0, R"n , uld, T h ,,-I .

    ...
    .. . P",lIu" 0, •• •
    S" b. I" ,o"Kh.
    £,",.;.,
    c.,,",,'.o.
    "
    C"",,,n,,,,, IX, rS. R ..",uiJ. ,,' ,~ . !-,
    pp, j~lf, S(hlum""T~<', t:.l"'pi •. ) , <JO- 6, On
    M,ni" ." R , Guil]",", 'p,,,,,,,,, du 'OK"' d< C"",,,",in IX Mot><>""q"" . Z,",,","
    ..... . . 1) (,,,, ,), , l j, h,,, 10 ," 00 S'<phon, Il . C"ili,nrl , 'l< "'b,<I"pho,,;Q
    ~'~'''w.pJI'''' ·' REb." (' 06J I, ' '''' ,07 , he" , 0, ,.
    ,.,
    L~5r ;HaredoniaH J

    poplll~tion thc b'Htk', 01l!eOme.2"" Con~tantinc ordered the


    pcrfotnlJnec of victory services and had tile I",.d .ttJched to 11]("
    top ofth~ Hippodrome, whmn' it would be vi,ible to ~1I , 201
    Uneh,.~c!<'riuic~ lIy, the ded,ion to celebrate. triumph WlS
    m~de only lt [he bst minute, when tht· gennal ~nd his army had
    "Irc"d), "rived ounide the w~lk It took p14ce ,omnimc be-
    tween March and July 1043.2U2 The itinerary focused on Com-
    !3ntinopk 's bnaar, i.e. the ar~~ from th~ Forum to the Arch of
    Milion _,u3 Sincc the or)';a"iz~tiun uf the pnd<k w.s direnly in
    the hands of Constantine, tlwre Con be no doubt about th e
    ceremon)"s acn'ptability to th~ throne. Thl'loy~list force, opened
    the p'r~de. Fint c~",e lightly .rmcd [TOOP', moving ..s ~n
    unorganized crowd, Next {Jnll" fhe h~dvy l-.valry, fully armed
    and, unlike tlll" light troops, observing miC! militory order,
    Behind d1("m c.rne representati veS of the rebel' I arm y; their h e~ds
    had bem .haven in di sgrace and th ey wn," seated backward on
    :lIse,; their [wcb were draped with dung or other refuse. Thi, bst
    refinement .. ppears novel and may h,,'e ocen in retalia tion for
    M~ni~ecs ' reported treamwn! or the imperial ~nvoy l'ardus. 20 '
    Even in public humili:l tion, th,' Byz~n!ine, oh,erved the rules or
    precedence: the de~d u,urpc' s he.d, held .loft on spear. dosed the

    ... xyh",~ Thum , "'.9'-r ~.! "i' ~j, p~a,h! or,"''''' t~tw,,~~ KO~J'W' d
    '"'n'U" rjjc ,JK'I<'. scy !"w Ot";,, 'Oe h"rl «nd ing .nrl P""" dir«<ly '0 rOe
    !r;umph' l "''''y ' .. . ,i""", 6t P'~' ~~tjYX.O «,~" nl b Lrl"",.o< ,~, K'I"~,l~,
    o:)'W. «>OJ ~h"'::IK~ n! ,000 "fJo>-,~at, ..o / . rw ftolt.J'I!,· 1_ '.-J K.J 6,; jda~c '''''
    n'.r,I;,; 91',~~IJ<fJ<J.c. , Cf. 1'",1 1"" lot, ' "' .. 16: R,n'uid, ,,6,6-1 , 11K
    p', fm m.n " of th, ,,,di,,,,,,.! h<>d p' '''!. an b< d,dLl«d '-rom j.'I .. !7. ll,n'Llirl.
    >,7"J-'~: tcp'oIc ~ ,,>OJ ,oP'''''" olio t~P"~P'!J<fO K'cp .... ~. wf.." tl.< h"d;.
    ",fwd '0" h>v"'~ b.<n pm.l.d ... ,'<m<i ';m<. Cl<>dy ""'!iLl' '''u'',,'' ,h" ,II<
    "".I., );now, wh .. h,pp<'l<d wOen, u'"''p''' b<.d .," brough, into tl.< <'pi " l,
    R,,,.uld ', bbor<d Cot"!ru"joo of ,h, '0 ,h,
    f. ",oi08 of ,f.. h<>J Hipp<><lrom, "
    'Un< P""'K« m.nit« .I. !riomph<', ,4, ,10., ., 7, n, J " ,lI<rdot< uo""<",,,"y .
    .. , ' '''''lIm. I.. . ,;,., "-,n.uid. , .n.t - oz,
    ,,' II .... 11, R<n'uM , ,,0. ,- , . I>1.n;"" h><l cro,,,,d 0." to Uym"hium ;n I'<bru"y
    .nd hy July. Steph'" w'" in di'g"",,, Sk.b.b "ml<h, Go,"''''''o, pp, J ~ - 9,
    ,., C"KO'Y Ao.;'l Fmi (B .. H<b,,<u'), n"""'i"phy, !r, E .... . W.lh, lIudg<, ,
    (O.ford, '9).),'0r: So;yli"", T hum , " '·9)' , _. K.J ~,. pi"''¥' ,~ nh'oJ~c
    ~p"~P,",,o;u:.. on wh"h '"P"R"ph,,,,1 "'m "" Cu;II."d, T'I"'J"p"", ',7)·
    ,.' Poc llu" I" , "' .. '1, I>..<",uld. ' _7 . ~ - , ); xyl;",,!, Thu'" , " S.o(\ - 7; G"'80ry , Woll;,
    Budg', '0'. fm ,h< .l.K,jptjom of'h< pmd<_ On P"du,. Cu;lbnd. 'C"",uo<in
    IX', pp . .. - 'l_ "'",,,,din~ '0 'h< w<il-infmm<d Will i. m of Pugl", M.,,;.= h.d
    ~1I<d P"d .. ' """'. "" . nd mou,h w;,h "m •• 'i""""'"' I.. A"" .. R••"" C"",.,d,
    ', ""-1)0, ,d_ M. I>1 .. h"," (p.l"mo. ''''', ), "._
    p ... de of hi, defc.ted foliowe".20, For " " y Oil looker who f" jled
    to gr.sp the ,ignificance of [hi. bmt,,1 di'pby, he •• ld, marched
    wi[b the paude, crying ·The .... are the just r~ward of ~Vt'ryone
    who rebd1ctb 19.imt [he king [i.t·. emperor]."o. After the
    impe.i.l gu..d,. in the very pl .. ce which .ncient cUltom ,ud rcccn t
    us.gc .,,,,,.veri fu. the empe.ur himsclf. • pectaw" Sa w the
    victo.ious e unuch. splendid in hi s nr.y and riding the traditional
    white horse (fig. 11 ).107 Ihinging up tI,,· rear w .. a nother unit of
    jmperi.l guards . l " ' The par.dc rcach,-d in culmination ne,.. the
    old 10:°.1 of triumph. ] parade •• now converted into Ihe church of
    the Ch.lh· . lo , The ,-mpero. w.tch,-d in pomp f.om i" forccourt;
    s.c.ted Ix-side him to cilhe. ,ide. in an obvious ,tatement of the
    n'H Ure .nd .\D Uree ofCun,!.n,ine 's juin! rule. were ,he twu pu.ple-
    born '""'pres"" Z"", .ml 1'hoodo",-. Af'er the procc"iolt .tld
    . pptopri.tc . ccbm.tiun s, Cun,!>"tinc rode olfin (ere"lOn y [0 ,he
    p.I"-Cc. 110
    Although [here is TlO ~viJe"ce [hOI Stephen Pcrg.menus'
    t.iumph s.c[. decisive new pH·cedent - consid,·.inS how quickly
    he .!tempted to ,onvert hi, t.iumph.1 pre'tige into til<' purple. we

    '" Th< h<,d w ..",omp,n",j by ",m, on<p""r",d ,I<m,n' of 'h< o,",p"" ~1~~"
    "",II""",,. ,;r.. R,n,old. 2.7.'S '7: d . Scyl"'". Thum .• ,J.~j _ •.
    •• r;«gmy. "". ,;r. Alth""Sh ;0('''1'''''''1' ",,~ ,d . ",,,]d, 'W" ,o"om,,<ir ' 0 h.. ,
    p"",<kd 'h, pm"," of m(,mr. "l'ong • ",b" I",mul,;" ,""m,o' uf "'mpl"y
    ru""h,.""" d, Ag"dlu,. L.k< ""'''fi''U, ",I,,,", K","",,';'. '" . ,d. A, T",i
    "'''rooi. Fl.".", ;.. I;,","~ ""P"'''. IlI-oioK"" '0'<I ,J""-4. ,,,<I Nf<ml
    ...
    ',j
    Ckom.. ,,,,. U;",n'•. «l. )A II .. " [);"t"". CFII~. ". , (!><,,;". '1171),1)' ,''''''' >.
    P,dlm. "". ,i, .. 11 , R,",u ld. 1 .) . t1-lt . Th< .., _",.... n ofli.,., t1 - , I ",m '" '"
    tho V"",oS i",,, "' ,,, .. uld. i. .... n . j : d . , . , ,1.S -6"."h n . J.1,~j.9 -to.n~ 97. jj---<!
    .. nd S. Uloo.hl-Il.S. II<",.M •. I'M V.....S""' ..j B,,'"',",. IC, mb,Odg<. '9",11. p.
    '0>. P"h'r' 'h<~'p .... ," ... " '0 to< id<nnf>«l "'''h ,h< M.tl~bb;"i. 00 ""hI<" I«
    Qi ' ""o,"'d<', I,,,,,,. p, )'3. " ",""IJ "' "",<d ,h .. Il<,<." ,ile,,'h<<<. PICl lo,'
    fo,mulm"n " "'" ~'"",,", ,mb'IU"Y fo, 'Il< ",oJ<,n '''d<r: "" ->1: ~oA.l "
    ~)-'l9o< ~"""6,,,,< ,00 ";,, "'p""'JIi,w, orl<~O'<OO"""". nl t .1 ";O,.j~,"'""
    t"Jc~p,,,,. ••1r....." .,.1 ,~ a!Oi..~ . .. 1,.1 ,00<'1' ,0 oo_p,~iJ. ("~~ .. , " m'gh,
    ,'''"' '" .. ,hOI to:,r-....-. ,dm!Q ,Il< to:<l,,,,, ~'h"h 0<C"" .. ,.) .oJ j, ,h< ",bjw
    do .... n '0 I,", ' 1 .. nd ,h .. Co","o",", h;m,dt'ru<k in 'riu"'ph .• n ,n", muk by
    S-ch I" ",""~,,. t"r«. J .• ) ), R"".old·,,, .. OIl .."", ", ho~·,v". ",,,;"1 y <on"'.
    10 e, II. Yo" " .. J <10" '"' ,nop'''''''' '" ,Ie" '0 Coo",,,,;.,.,, Ch. lk. "'hi" ,1><1'
    w,,,"'" 'Il< ,,,",,,ph 17.j 61. FUftl><,mm" S-cyli",,' «coU" '. which ,"",,;",
    .km<n'"'''' f""nd on ~,dl", ("-,<.1""",,, of ,I>< P"', .. d<. <"I", of St'p",,"', h"'><1
    d,,,ty h.. , Stop","" ,I>< pl .. « of l>o""" Tho," . • '1 .~)-7 . Cf '00 ... ,"""''''.
    11,,'m. " ." - '0.'
    '" ¥«lIo, ..... ';'" Re".uIJ. ' .7 ,0-,<0 M "OfJ'!ipCp,~'" ("~" ...
    ". M.,,~~. ~""" fl • • " , PP, 'P- J · , ,, [',dlul, I"" ' ;' .. U. R""u l ~. 1,7,'-'.
    , ,

    . k..; ..L!';'J,LI~ ' ~..,,,,..., ;


    k'" ~ "':'%" fl-':" ;, •.•in

    - •

    Figur< ,I. T riumph of Stcphcn Pcrg.mt'11u , o ver Gc-org. M:utioca (>« pp. ' 80-~)
    should expect the confury - it seem! signif'c~ nf th~t the
    ~mpe ror's place Iho"ld be t~ krn precisely by ~ member of th e
    group r(cemly identified by Lcmcrlc ~,diSlin"i"'e and typic~l of
    the innonli"e !«'nds then ~t work in Byz~ntinc go ... ernmrnl and
    society. the all-powerful minill" of ~ute.2" For a Aceling
    moment, the Jtlnm"ph""" enjoy~xI the pinnacle of power and
    unlimited credence with .hc cntperor. before he wu nIt down in
    ulter disg race for a plot against the throne.!'! The ceremony
    honoring l'l'rg~menu" ... ictory o ... er M ani~cct affofd~ at last
    unmist1kable e ... idence of the symbolic contours aSiumed by a
    successful imperial licmrnmt', :",i",ilotion of imperia l ... ictory
    prerog.livel. In a med ic .... l mciety, there w~s no place for the
    Iystenm ic (xci ulion Of curbing of the ditc implicit ill the cI;mical
    doctrine of Ihe impe ria l monopoly of ... ictory.
    llIlpe rial ... ictory cckb.aliom did not come to 11l end wi th the
    Maccdonian dynnty, On the contrary , the militarist lendcncies of
    the rc"'a 'npcd Comneni~n styk of go ... ern ment woold pro ... ide
    ample o pportunity for new and innonti ... e ... iclOry celebratiOn!
    and honon. But Ihe great !OCL:II t",n,formallom onder way in
    thc ele ... enth «nIU'y mean • •ha. rhe context and Content of these
    celebr11ions would. of nC«'llilY, adapt 10 new ci rcumsuon"li and
    ma ke of them a subjcrt worthy of a .po....::ialized lIudy, While thei r
    ,naly!;' lIlay wdllhd light on th ... condit ions of later Dyuntine
    govemmelll ~nd society, it il not indispensable to a pto ... ilion~l
    ~1~'lmCnt of imperial victory cclebT<lIions of Ihe I~te anti que' an d
    corly mcdie ... ~1 po..'riud.

    CO NC I. I.IUON

    The preceding re... ie w of ... iclory celebrations down 10 the


    ele"enth century ind ic>!e! Ihat. li ke Ih..;r bfe antique an«1lors,
    the triumpha l obser ... ances of early medie ... al Byzantium under-
    ... ~."t 110 lillie change. wit h rClpce! to their coo tent, ~ructure,
    !.euing and particip1nt!, II i. importanl 10 remember lhat, e ... en

    .. , t' Lrn>tfl<, C.... /toM, ..' It XI' ..alt .1'-. (1'...., '11'77), ,60-j . In ,I>< t"",ru1
    '" Qik"""mtd<1 T :0<'1""", ,I>< S<b;o"ophonn fink ... , ,<m<ly itli:h, "",ond of ,1Iot<
    wll<> do no< do><" ,I>< <ml""'''''' ubi< .oJ .MoJ,,(.1I 'M -t,..,; .. d pot"";. ""
    «I. N. OikOr>O,ni,Je" Lit"', >6po .
    ... On SI<pl><n', ;n~u<'''., ... " .Iml<., HOI'", ,o.'-J,
    CONclusioN

    though many elc'mcnU . like the solemn entry. pHade 3nd hc~d
    di'pl~ y or th~n\;:sgiving services rt'm,ined the ... me. medi ev ~1
    victory celcbr.tiOlu did experience historic~1 development leading
    to profound and significant tramform3tions.
    l'erh~ps th e single most striking facet of this change is thc
    rcpeated emergence of no,,~imp"rial p~ rticip~nu .. the cen tral
    ("cus of the ccremony, a phenomenon which Sccmi 10 contr~dict
    the convcmion.l wi,dom on the Dyzamine monarchy. I! i~ often
    assum ed [h,t the IlF~nline empcror w~s, in practice, th e ab,olutc
    "UlOCr3t h" claimcd to b,' in thcory ,l1J The history of mcdiev~l
    victory ~debr~tions paims a differing picture, one in which the
    le. ding role o,ciliates betw~en the emperor him~lf ,,,,d hi,
    military com"undcrs and rcAects. to <I gre<llcr or lesser extent. thc
    domi,unt dement in the power equation ofthc moment. Whcn,
    for example. the thcmr commanden emeq,c as the decisivc
    powcr~brokers of cmpie<' under Leo [V. this fact i~ mirrorcd by
    th" , ontcm of the ,dehution of imperial vierory. In the tenth
    ccntury. it i, the Oomcstic of the Scholes who bys cbim to
    ccremoni~1 preeminence while ,he great theme commanders are
    rcducnl to playing. eollegi.l second fiddle. Undcr Irenc in thc
    eighth century ~"d Constantine Monomachus in the eleventh, it i.
    , palace eunuch chosen from outside the tanks of the traditional
    military elite. who domin.[es the celebration of victory_ The
    $hort-tctm b.[ancc of political forces in the palace is vividly
    revealed to U', in much the same woy os it w .. intended to be
    rcvc.kd to comcmpor.ri",. But the full ,ignifiunce and explana-
    tion of the", pauerns mU't aw. it futurc cbrific~tion of the
    evolution of Byzantinc .ociety in the dark age,
    Historiul change' extcnd. much further than th ese det.i}, of
    ccrcmoni<l[ org aniz.tion .nd is often .[1 the mOre rcvealing of
    dnT[opmmts in ,he gener,1 condition. ofBy»ntine cxi..cncc for
    its uncomciou, character, For inn<lnce, although the b<lsic itin er-
    ~ry of th e triumph.[ p~r>de through Const,ntinople v.ried r.ther
    little, texts of the ninth century "nd earlier tend to localize the
    p.r.de in tbe Middle Avcnue, in the Me,e. In the late tenth 'illd

    '" Cf. A_P. ""hd,",'O "~",I'no' p •••<,>d, 'i"n" " ~Ojlo .. mod<"h"iy" , N.,cJ,
    I"i, , 11ft,.;, 6 ('966). »-6. ,"d H_G . Il«k , 0., ~ y"",""i,,", j%"",,,,,. (MU"Kh,
    , .,.,!), pr, .6if,
    D~vdopm~nI in Byza~ljurn

    devcnth century, the s~mc route begins to be referred to ~s the


    'Market', Although the physic"lloc"lion ofthcccrcmony remains
    eon,r.nt, the m.nner in which contemporaries perceived it has
    undergone 3n importam transformation th:u cannot be with~
    out rdation to the resurgence of commercial activity at Consun-
    tinople. 2 '4
    In the three and a third cemuries between the defen", uf
    Constantinople in 7 J 8 and the death of Constantine IX , we h.ve
    encountered Some thirty~two victory ccieb .. tiom , or an aver. ge
    of about one celebtation per decade. The aveuge span between
    celebratiom would be even greater if we were to factor out the
    clusters of 956- 72 and the !04OS, If this evidence is reli .. ble. the
    rhythm of imperi.l victory ccleb .. tiom appe'" to have .J:.ckened,
    in com parison with their dynamic development in latc antiquity.
    Usurpations tOo occupy. ,m.llcr part of the picture in the
    medieval period. Of course, very important celebrations heralded
    the defeats of Art.basdus. Thom.s the Slav or George Mani.,e •.
    But the frequency of major celebrations for ,he .oppression of
    oppmilion (Ie" Ih.n onc- Ihird Ihe "te,,~d cdcbntiuns) <eem.
    distinctly lower th.n in late antiquity , By their COlllen t and
    cha racter, usurpation alcbratium provide a coumerproofto the
    positive evidence of the .ri,tocracy·, de,ire to be .een in hono rabl~
    positionl in honorable p~r ~d~s. Th e humiliation of .ppcoring in
    public. shaved and defiled. riding backw.rd un an a$S, mUSt have
    been an extraordinary one for {he sciom of {he grcat familie. of
    Byuntium since. on more than one occ;uion. i{ rtplaud the death
    penalty. In the eighth century. the punishment for revolt or dose
    association with revolt was often capiul. 2 " Nu later than the
    ninth century, a new trend begins to ~ppcar. After .uppressing the
    revolt of Thomas the Slav, Michael II decided that ,he hum iliation
    offeatoring in hi, triumph ~nd exile were puni,hment enough for
    the mon guilty ofThom.s' supporte,, _ 2'~ Thus too no further
    " . 1.., _Exp_. !!on•.• 97_'0. jOO .I, jO','" or. jOj,9' ~I.t"r' ,~o .6.i.uoc: l<o Due"". 9,
    "'!!".
    ... !!onn. Ijl .11 , ." .. It;ump" of 97 1 in ,t.< M.o<. ",hilt '"" of97' i,"" f~"
    ~'I"I"'0 (10, '. Ikonn 161_6). Triumph uf919' s.ty\;"'" Thum. ll7_11; G"'~Ofy ,
    /0< . ';'.
    '" Tho. It.< "",,,,i,,,,, "'hieh ",,,,d«I,1>c """'I"N "' U'palj,oo of719; d . K.. g;'
    U.It". pp. " I-II, ur Ih,' of nin"«n high ."r,,;.I, under Con.umlo< V: . bo ••.
    n . ...
    '" Above, p, '06.

    ,"
    COMc/",ioM

    punishm ent w~s meted out to Maniac cs ' followers who figured in
    Stephen's triumphal p>rad~,~" Another ex,mple i, the ritu.l
    humilinion of the umrper Theophilu, F.roticus_ After being
    p ..,dcd in the Hippodrome in women' s clothing, he h.d his
    propeny confiscated and w.s simply 'dismissed'.'" It is probably
    no .cciden! th.! eleventh_century rources distinguish c.refully
    between stagcs of alienation and rni,uncc townd the monarch,
    between np<>J/aJin (defection) .nd ry,m",iJ (usurp.tion) or that the
    tenrh...;entury compiler of Ih e Ceremony Book included"
    document on the proper procedure for imperial pardons ufSI.vic
    defectors,21' Th:u there rem.ined borders which could not be
    crossed is demonstr.ted IlO! only by the execution of wou ld-be
    usurpers in this period: if the defection of Andronicus Duns docs
    nut ",cm to have triggered far-reaching repression, the murp.tion
    of his 'IOn resulted in m." . cre,no Bw.n incident from ,he revolt
    of B.rd .. Phoc.s shows how flexibk the..., borders h. d become.
    AI the imperial .rmy faced off with the insurgent forces , Leo
    M eii,scnm is supposed to have tried to ,top his brother Theognos--
    tUI from piling un seemly .buse . nd insults on th e emperors they
    were .OOUlIO comb,t. B.,il ll i, "'ppo",d to h.ve witnClscd the
    incident from afar. After thc coll apse oflhe revolt .nd the c.pmre
    of the Melis",ni, the ring-le.ders of the usurpation .ttetnpt were
    paraded through Const.ntinople. with the wle exception of Leo
    Melissenus, Although he had fought against the emperor and lent
    his IUppoTl to an imperi.1 riv:ll, he had done <0 within Ihe bound,
    of behavior acceptable to that fabled sm.sher uf aristocratic
    furtun~ and w.! !pued the public humiliation of the p.rade of
    infamy'" In other words, in more th . n one imt.nce of
    usurpuion auempts from the nimh century on, the .ristucracy

    ' " G"S"'y, 10<. til_ Cf. 0;.,11;",,,,,,, ,,"u,,",. ,d . J. litH .. , , l!lonn. ")9)" "/0,' )- 16
    "" <h< 1',,,,,,,110' who .rt.,-w"d, ",,,,d ,ho ,mp''''_
    '" S<yl;I"'~ Thu," . "y" ) - 11- I d n nu, knnw why th< ,Ji'o, h., "kon :i"I~",,' {Iill<
    '7), 'dj,m;,>«I '. '0 m,. n ,to" Mo.mm,,"", OX",""J to;", (;oi./., j 'I. ,.h "","ior),
    " . Dt ''' .. 1, J". ' ''<pl """" ~~""nl~~"f<'" ~" d,lI. Jooim:JiVf"", .&<.
    iM~lJr)a •• "~¢ foil ~",,'-lwc. ' . Iloon 6H_9-611 .6; "" ,I>< dm . Bu,y.
    'C<remo,,,, I !lool'. p_ "j_ M,u",!,,,", , 0",,,, ,16, J. L'g",k, "", cr, I'1<lIu,.
    (."""_"r~"'. Con,"",,", IX. ~3. Ron.uld. "",(>--,,,
    '" 1).1_ !'okro;'. n.. Do"~";. ,oj "","i"'''",'' by''''''"' P'''''I'''i'"P"Y (Loo,don . '9611,
    p. '" .nd p. " ",i,h n_ ,, .
    ", s.. .00><. n. ,8/; ,
    Devr/opmem in BY.lalllium

    seems!O h>.ve enjoyed almost a kind of'right to re,i.eancc' which


    is strikingly 'medieva]' in ch",.cter,'22
    The ci rcum't.nccs in which triurn phs wercstaged provide wme
    information uscfulto evaluating One aspect of their signific:mcc to
    Byzantine rulers, Although a number of cclebratio", marked rc,,1
    >. nd imporeant soccc'",', "t the vcry Ie"" two wcre ,t;> ged to
    celebutc viclOrie, of" dubious SOTl ,·21 We m.y suspect th:1! there
    were others among th e cclebr:ltiom whose si gnific:mce is nOt easy
    10 ""'''' with .ccuracy. It is at any rate cle", th.t in medicv,,1
    Byzantium, as in the b.ter Rom>.n empire, victories and victory
    celebratiom did not . lways go hand in hand, and that such
    celcbt<u ion , cou ld ow e a' much to the politic,,1requirements of the
    moment "s to any real military signifICance of the opeutions they
    honored.
    Finally. if we arc to a[(Cmpt to cJ.ssify m.jor victory cclcbr"~
    tion, " ccording to the period in • reign in which they occurred,
    . nother p.ttern emerge •. A ,izable proportion (cleven of thiny-
    two) of imperial victory cclebr"tiom were cclebutcd within the
    first three yea rs of the beginning of. given emperor' •• ctual
    exerci.e of power. Thi, ,""ems to sugge't that emperor\. were
    puticulariy e. ger to celebrate v;ctorics ""ely in their reign, "t "
    time whcn such ceremonies co uld m.l:e their gre.test co ntri-
    bution to est.bh,hing th~ new cmpnor', rcputation .nd political
    clout"'"

    '" cr, ,I\< d.,~, " udy o f F, K'<n. C""'t"""'''"'" •• 4 Wo./t",_4",,,i, ''" ?".,.•
    .'.1""1,1",, Z., £.'",id,I"'i'A,,,i i,",, "" M,.,,,,ii,.•"d «In (Mon"" . '91.).
    1/>,,1', triu",p~ of!1) ,0<1 COO"'n"n< VII', 'n 01"· 01h<r p»,;bl< ;mnn,,,, would
    '" b< Th,uphiiu, ' fi,,, ,,jumph. if ,h. " . dillon,1 ~ ' l< i, m," ",n,d. >o,d S"u"du ,'
    "I<b,,, ""' .
    '" T ,;umph, of7<). 771 , Ill , '/61 , 97', 971 , ,b< ,h", v",'unn ""I<b",rd In '0' ) .od
    'h""" of I.. " t ' nd Rom , nu' tV . tftb< t" d;t"", , 1 d""w,,, m, ;nt.;n,d. the ~, ..
    ",umph of Th,uph;!u, would hov. tu be . Jd<d .
    5
    ----
    Organizing a Byzantine triumph

    A Byzantine trio", ph w~,


    nO! l1"dcrt~ken lightly . The specracul ..
    enemo"y mobilized a smdll army ufstrut cleaners, clergymen,
    I<'natoes, POCtS , prisoners and spectators, while the pnform.nce
    iudf blocked rh" c>pit~r, III lin thoroughfares (or the better part
    of. day . Nu attempt h.. , yet been made to uncover the hidden
    mcch 'Ill;,ms which as,u red rhe smooth (un<;:tioning and optimal
    cffic .. ciry of ,ll early Uy zaminc staged 'event'.' To do so is 10
    .tlt'mpt to .,wmble a pinure nfhow the P"lace as " " j,mirution
    went about the ,c rious bU,,;ncs. of exalting the monarchy and its
    OffICCfS?
    Although the wuree ",atcrial on any .spect of the Byzantine
    mon,rehy prior [0 the deven rh Cen wry is Cl<.spcr;ltingly thin. the
    simarion is ptobJb ly k." di~mJying for imperial (CTt-monial. The
    triumph was a ' non-c.taloguc' cCTemony, i.e ., a staged event
    which did not reCUr .1 fIxed intervals. It nalU r.lly tended there-
    fore to leave fewer docullU"ntary trdcn than ceremonies which

    T h< ",I, poo"blt "" ' ptiun ~ ' h, "" ,I),"t "wk uf!)_ Th . Ikly"v. 'E,ht"dn,vny,
    pn<my v" .. ,, ',",kh ' .. n' , p",dnKhn)" vy U,udy ,k/, v khnm ,._ s.c.", • IX- XI
    vv_ '. Z"p" ki i"'I"'"" " k'K" '""" ;f<' " ' Io",J.R ..~,,k'\t, 010, ..." , ••. "_, . 0 ( ' "9)), ;_.Iv,;
    .nd , - 1",,_ Th' o<h<' p" " ef hi, monum<",,1 ,,"oy, 'Ob"" ~ I. vn y kh <h.",;
    Ilo1\h'He Dvw .. V".",;"k,kh ''''''' , i'....".t. ) ( , 3<)J) , '-'00. 'no' ltoHOmQI 'ny'
    vykl>ody v' .. n, i ~ k , kh ,,, ... v go",,"'''' ' r"~o,,"'ny< kh .. nov Kon ... ,,"nDp<>ly'.
    bp"ki 'I."i,",,~ ",b l", iy' ''''1''' "'''' ' "1' P." . ,!" ",H"'/' l i,"uhK" 0/0,"","'".,.
    • (' ;oOO) , , - , '~ ' " Ie.. "",ful m ,h" ' '''1'« '-
    , '1'h, 1'010« ' (r~ "afrO,) i, ", ,,, ,,j,,,,, u><d in ,h, ll yn"'"" P',j.,.j ,y "'''gn , ,, ,h.
    whQI< ",,,,,.,,,,,n,1 compi<x ,"",,,,ndmK ,h< ,,,,,,,,,,,hy . So, to, <x,mp,: th< I'l>n y.
    ,d_ H. C'p' II" 'L, Ky,i. do: I, mM"'« Ie P'P' G<I .... ·. p,,", Hnloj(,i", .•~ ('9)<) .
    '; 6 - . . . "''''. 'J'. "". , _
    took pl>ce every few weeks Or even ye.rly.' Howeve r. rOu Une
    characterized .nciem bureaucracies nu less than modern one,. and
    precioul evidence can be derived from procedures followed in
    other ceremonies to fle,h out our im.ge of the organization of
    Byzantine victory celebr.tions. Moreover, the ",age, of the later
    Rom . n empire can so metimes be .dduced, if not to furni,h
    positive indi cations on medieval practice. then .t le. st to allow.
    me.,ure of our ignor.mcc of the latter.
    Thc very first step in th e process which led to the celeb ra tion of
    "triumph w.s the announcement of a victory. Next to nothing is
    known .bout the 'm edia ', the diffusion of offici.l new S in the
    Byzantine empire .' It is clear. however. that just '" the p . lace
    sought to conceal or delay b.d new" '0 it ",em, to hove .ttempted
    10 spre.d word of it, mcce".! In Republican and early imperial
    Rome, the b urcl-draped letter Or Iitrrr~e I"urr~t~~ w .. the
    traditional form assumed by vinory bulletins dispatched to the
    capit.l." The tradition was very much alive u"der the Ictrarchy
    and carried over imo the ea rl y Byzantine cr •. even though the
    lau rel fellOons ",em 10 di$.O ppe., ~fter Ihe f, fth century.7 Often the

    , Fo, thi. u", of '"' ' "m ~ ..~.l.ul"'" 1«. <.~. D< CN .. ' . 11 169), Vo~,. >., ,,. ,-> I<f.
    'pp. , d Io<um) . An " ""tko, il lu"",;"" of '"' ,rndrncy of I<cu"'n~ «"o 'uo;.., 'u
    <komi,.", "".,.d-. « ping ;, pro, ided by PhikKhcul ' B,nquc, T"" il< 01 C/"",·
    Io{ i, .. ofS<pl<mhe. !w , which "mph";,,, ,h.. ;, " ""onJOO fu, ... 1< 'n rio< "gul .. I,
    ,<Ql ,nng «lob,,,;.,,,, in,~I,ioi"'" b,n~, .."" cd. Oil;onom,OO , U,,.,, "J .J---<J.
    • Fonhe d . "ic,1 prriod. >« W . Ri<pl, [)O, N"It,..-~""",,,<".,, IIllm",., .." ..,'''''''..
    R .... ,k.' ..J Ji, R...." (l<iplig. '~ ' J). pp. ),,11'. )i7if, m .
    • In 1 " . M..""iul lupplmed .. Rom" «pom of Con",,,,;,,,, ', ,;<10 '''' ;n n,,"",m
    luly' XII p,," .• ! l 19), ' j,' , M)·non. >'>-» _6. n.oo.:..,u, lI1<mpo""ly "l<ocoJ
    ,""W, of H""Qnu,' d",h ;n order '0 n,.~< '"' "«"" ' 1 " " og.m<n", Soc" ,,,. 1/.,. ,
    7. ». PC. 07.119A. In ""', M.u,;';< '''<mp<,~ '0 '00"".1 ,he n,,,", of I'h"",,'
    UIU'PoI;"" by ... ging '''''' 'nd h,.;n~ h",I ~, n"" ,",Iy , pm;, 1J"d",u"" uf tho
    [,,'" TI...,phyl."tu> S;mou,,,,,. H", .. !. , .!. Dc Il-001, >!>Ii.,.,...: d. n""'ph'n".
    A.M. 11<19 • . 0. 110<>" "'·9- 1>. In 'he 0;0,10 """,u'Y, M"h..1 1I1 w.. f.mou, ru.
    olimin.d.g .ho 'igo,l ligh" ",.ming of .n A"h , ... c. , '" " no< to dilCo",,~<
    tho ,./;/0, f.om ... ",dinS hi' "" "",(mm.o""" Imp . up .. /Jono . ' 9) " <>- '0' ,f.
    P. i.<m«l<. L< P""" " h"m,"i,"" . r" ..'i". ,..,',,,, " " ...."''' '"' "',, (f"'.... , "
    "'/, ..... 8yn",.dtl .. i{i~,,"" X' ''''k,BibllO<h«ju< by".,,,,<. E,ud.-•. 6 (P , .... '97') .
    p. 'lJ wi,h "·,9·
    • A. ''''' Pl<m"'1<;n, ·Lilt".., I>u,,,,,,,,· . RE. ! l 1'9>J). '0' . ' l . H.I.",. S"ppl".r;o, .
    pp. 8<>-,.
    , S. M...... ino ... ,Annu.ct" 0 "public> I>«i", ": l "!CtI"'lIl< rom'n' di F, u"u < .lr"
    ~,;' . II",..., ,,,u,,,,,... , J / " ''',.,ro" ...... j (n. p ., '97' ), pp. "9- jO: M.
    M,Cormic., ·Odo.m, Emprlol Zrno , nd '"" Rug;' " YK'O'y Irg" .m·, By, .. ~7
    ('\0711.' " - I', 1><><. ,, - '9· To tl« ",i<l<oc< ",,,mbk<l ,1«><, 'dd. fo. ,h< T , ,,,,c~y ,
    bullclins were accompanied by objects captllred in butle, the
    ',ymboh of victory', destined 10 be la id.t the feet uf the su preme
    commander and ultim ate victor," In late antiquity, the bulletin
    and its symbol. of .ucce.s became so deepl y iden ti ('cd with victory
    itself that an impatient emperor could send to the field md
    demand symbols of viclOry from. slow-moving general.· T he
    symbols them sel ves served a du.1 purpose. On the one hand, th ey
    allowed the loca l commandn to recognize publicly the emperor',
    monopoly of victory and to rc>ssure Constantinople that he
    would not me hi, meet"'''' springbo ard to the purplc. 10 On th.,
    other, this tim e-honored milit.ry cUStom supplied tangible proof
    of the victory. A, an e"'''peralcd gm,'ral retorted 10 suldiers UpSCI
    when he dispatched booty to emperor M . urice. 'Wh:1t orh",
    witnesieS to yom accomplishment. will YOll be .ble to produce [in
    Constantinople]?'" A socicty aCCU'lOmed to increasing victory
    cdebration' gcneuted by decn::asing mcCeSS demanded proof of
    the victories which were publicly , nnOlmced to it.
    Imperial officers continued to produce victory bulletins well
    into tb e Middle Age. and il h,,, been mggesrcd thaI the content
    and tone ofthe,e documents mmt have left a deep imprint on the

    XIII'"" .. "1 )).7 . ' . Myno". >61 .1.- ,611.,"0) .nJ ~ IJ ). J. >. M)·""". "I .J-O. on
    ,k,o,~ m""'"gm 'Ap<",J " T,;,,- fu, ";"m y bull";m of C""".n, in< .od hi,
    ''''''''''''''', XII p.... 7 16), ' •. I, M)'IIO", > '. ·, - 7; fu ><b,UI. 11.. .. 9. 9. u. Schw.",.
    '1 "' ~ - '" CI",.ji.n. D< 10<'" Ailloni... '. 10---1). B,rt , j , j , John Df "'n,;"';h. n.-
    i",,";" f8. '0) , IX 11<>0" !i~"'I''' ili"",k" ) .'4).'0- U . nJ H,m];", "port"o ,n,
    ",""I men'ion«! by Th<oph."", "'. M. ~, ,6 , lk Boot. ) 1>.'9- )' p. i" .J J" ion 'u
    ,0< docum<nll ""","",,,,d j " Ch,. '.IIJ ) . bo,·<.
    • McCo'mKk, '000",,', >I S ",""h • . >! . fu, d"" <v,.j,n,·, "" 'h, ,m'om ",,,u,, in
    Th<oo...i<.l'· plOy" for hi, ""' . CLuJ, ••. III "'", ., )J '. Hi". ,." P,ocopiu" &11.,
    j, I •. ' j , H.ur~, >.7 ! .) -.; d. J . ';, " io;<I .. "7 ·1. - ' ' 3., 'nd 'K.;n 7, ,", j', ,., ....
    •"" .v- " Iccmm . nd", .nd k.,. of Rum,); ,~i' .. .. " . <6. H.u,y ' ." '-, ,_, 0 ""I "
    '<, .1 .•. J... .. - I ("'''plu"d Rom.n .nd Pc" i'n ,und"d,j. Th., ,",h obj<m ,,'<1<
    I.id " 'h, .mp<"'" r«, "'"HH,,«d by "'m m i.,,", ' .wb,o '''''". ,h .. lh<
    ",,,,in,,,d G.ll u,·..oo., w.re ,h,own" Con"",,,,,,' f«l" ,h"" so ,o,y "'<I< ,ho
    .poib of. P.";" n king , '$, '. ' . Cl"k . 1.1' " " '" cf. ·l"hcopo.Il«, .... M. 00", l>c
    Soc,. ,.1 .,1-> •. "" ,..hich "" McCmmd. k,i/ .
    • Jm.'" II >tn'. mm' "g'" "qu''''"g ,h. k,y' of N,,,b,, '0 0""" ,0< '''8' 0"0.' oi,y:
    Ev'H"u" 11.'·,',9 . jtio;le, _ P,, ,m<,,,,,, . 'Opo-j.
    ,. McCo'mick, '0<10'«1 ', "7-" . Sin"l" «.,,",..,,'" .,,",m '0 b. impli<d b)' ,.,
    ci"" ",,,,o«. of "',;"om.chu'- "ip '" r"n".n'inopk ,flO, h;, _COl! in Nub ..
    uod<, M'U1i«: John "f Nil;iu. 91, '<-' j . " . CI" ,k-l, ' JJ.
    " TI""pnyl"""' Sim""'''''',/I", .. o. 7. , .. -'0, 0. 1<00" 'l1-'3- » •. , ! .
    Orga",';d,,!t a By"amin, Iriumpll

    I.
    .un"lvlng historic~1 record,. The victory commullique, which
    COI,t,"!ilc V 5<' 1I! to COIl,tan tilloplc during his Bulgar w ars
    cou ld sl ill be consulted by the patriarch Niccphorus >cver~l
    dccodcs l~ter.'J By No<). events h,d so erooed imperi,l credibility
    that Niccphorus I was forced to swear to the accur~cy of victory
    disp,,, che, claimillg th, t he w" ce lebuting Easter ill the camp of
    the def~~ted Bulgari:m kh:m .' 4 Five ye . " I~!er. Leo V ci rcu l~ted
    to ~ 11 towns ~nd territorie, ~n off,ci, 1 report of his defcat of Krum
    at ComtJntinopic." In the h.·yd.y of hi, usurpation, Thoma, t hc
    SI,v >ell! out victory bulletins which hi s ultimate victor would
    qUllify ~s bllificltions, Forgeries or not, they did succeed in
    bringing: the rebel .ddition~1 lupport. ' 6 Vinory bullet ins con-
    tinued to ."ive in the c.pi!.1 down to the twelfth century."
    The fashion in which on impe ri,l victory hulle!in wa s commu-
    niul<·d to the public h"d not continued unchanged ,ince ancient
    timel. Undcr the Rom,n Rcpuhlic. gencr,ls· iiurTn. iaUT( nra(
    were first read to the S<·n~tc and only l ~ter published to the gcner~l
    popubtion in • (milia." Thi, diffcrenti~tion of ~udience waS
    prc>erved in the Const.ntini.n empire: in the >econd h~lf of the
    fourth cClltury, the Sen.t" of Rome and Const~ntinopJc conti-
    Ilucd to he" r victory bullnins frum the commandcr-in-<hief, re~d
    to tilelll by th~ City I' t <:fcct or his eq u i v~len,.,q In the provinces.
    the lilllJtion m ay have been sumewh.t different. For imt,nce.,t
    " v, ik""I"", ·n" Iio<K~ .f"o Uy"",;no,,,"" K.;"" .u, <km 5,hl.,htf<ld·.
    <1<,
    D "'~",,~. b 1197< 1. 71- 1 J; ,r, M<Co,mkl, 'Odwc<!'. lOV. n, )0, L "", <vKl<n«
    o,ho,,', ,n", in ,II< ,wclfth <<'ltU'Y. th, ~<:>g" th" <
    ofth< !)wmn. wn '''''0,,«1 w;<I,
    th, COmpo'''''''' of ' N""'y lo"<n, bu' ;1 ",,,,,Id I>< uow," to ""' pol", (,u n' ,hi.
    'n",nco '" ",I "" uug" MOoh",1 1..I "u •. 0, .. ,0. ,d. I' , G, u,k, . A"h,,<> ok
    I·O,k", <h,Otk" , ', W"". 1'17_1. _»-,wi th n . " d . too .,S,!,
    I 0'"" tni, «fmoe<
    ", tho kond""" of 11. . Ilmw"i"g.
    " N;COPho,u>. 11",;" 1,,,,.,. J, 7_. I'G. ,oo .jo!U-C.
    ,. Th,opn.n<>. A,M , 6)0', 1)0 U.:.:y,. ,g\. 1>- 1" J)Qlg",. R,X',,,", 00 . Jt'>!>. A ,; mll"
    "PO" mo" b< ",h" Th<oph ,o" h,~ io ,0,,'1~ "'Otn h< m'i8, ,,d Nk<p"""' fo'
    .on""n""~ ItK~"""<). In Ju l)' ! II, ' "' ~"" '01< of S"u""u, on ,It< oni,,,).
    """,,,ful '"8'~<m<n" ,on lit< <V< uf h" g"" <k("" Th«>ph .""" A. M. 6)0). D<
    A"",.. ,,,,,. t 1->1.
    " DO I~«, R'R""' . 00. )9>: <f. H,;',l i". ·I!or ",h. f"o· , p. 7J.
    " ·I'h,oph . Cool.. >. 10. ik>nn , OJ .11--<>.." d, G<,><,,~> . l . 6. 1.<,",(1)«. "'<1<1<, .o~
    Thu,n. N7. - 7.
    " So< .00",. n . Il .
    .. H.l'm , S.ppl..." ..,. pp. 3) 7·
    " Til" t",·IKS> ;pf~~." wm ",J '0 .h< "'" "or' of C"".w"j""p~ " impliri' i"
    C<>",,,"uu,· "f<r<n« <0 ,h<or «I',,,,,,;on ,h" ,hi, "'., wh" ,h<y w<u going '0 It< ..

    '9'
    Orjialrizing n Hyzanline rri~mph

    Antioch ~round 390, John Chry'o'tom', liSteners were familiar


    with a ceremnny in which .11 clements of the population together
    lillened to imperi.l victory bullctim, 20 It took pl.ce in. rhenr70n.
    Whil e the imperi al word, were ocing read, le.dillg dignit •• ie"
    govnnorl , city council .lld peupk remained standing and
    observed the strictest silence. Any disruption of th e ceremony
    with umolicited noise wa, pun;,hable by death for imult to the
    imperial majesty. The assembly was concluded with .cclamations
    .nd 111 this way p"r>Ikl! procedure for most imperial
    announcements.' r
    Th e one piece of early mediev.l evidence on the phy,ic.l
    con text for the public delivery of victory bulletin. is t.nt:.lizing ill
    it. mggcstion of the primacy of the ,.cred: He radi",' mrviv-
    ing report from the Persi.n (ront w., read from the . mbo of
    the Hagia Sophia On Sund.y. 15 M~y 628. 22 At fit\T glance.
    the allnouncement's timing - 15 May was Pentecost in th'll
    ycar - and the cxtr~urdinat y tok of patri'Heh Sergi'" in the
    imperial guvernment might Seem to suggest that this was an
    un",u.l derog.tion from contemporary custom. Over. century
    earlier, the setting for important imperi~1 announcem ents _ppe"rs
    to have vari ed according to their content: churches werc used for
    doctrin~l or ccdcs;",!ical communicatiol1\, dvil buildings for less
    religious nlltte r~. n rn the ,ixth century. thi, ch.ngcd. Justinian',

    w"n fUK;"U ', p,ob. bly p,,,,,,,,,,ul of Co"".mmopl<. , .. d ,h<m , .. oo<ifi"t ion of
    Th<m;";,,, ' p",m(>'M:>n, ;" 'h, I<u" P'''''''N .m""g tho I.." • • wod", «I .
    '><lI<nld-lJown' y-Nor",. n. J.I> • .6 ...,: of. PLRE. I, ~!9, 'I"'ti" ", 1'. I" )79.
    Symm.<hu, , ,,d ' n ;,np<t;.1 ,,,,'o,ybul l«;n '0 , .. 11.0""" """.t<.~'p .• 1, 9) , ""«k,
    )1 .20 , nd "p . '7"": or. Ch' '''gool, l~iJ"'"", p, 61. For • dol<';p';OO of 'he ",.d;ng
    " f .n imp.,;.1 1«", 'u ,I>< Cu",,,"dnopoli"" """"C, 'J'h<mi",U!. (fl .. "
    x .."k!-!).,w,",y. I .) r .1-1 7.
    " H",", XIX ;. M ,"•.. re. '7." ' . rom 'h, "'-t<. ct. It. MUlo,;IIo. 10bn Ch, ... ,,<um',
    HomiJi" 00 Mmh<w . nd , .. Vmion of "'"n;,""'. Kr"'~'" f,,'''~,ijiJ••''''n''
    <;>0","'" , IMiim",. 1970), " '- (\(), h,,< .1.,
    " PC. \7. '!J; cf,Jo~. I..." 11."."", E",p'''. '. 711 -) .
    "O",...p""" .. /jonll , 7'7·9-1.,
    " Thu, in 411-6, '" imperi. 1 """H, ,,,d .. ,"ok" of 1'<""" .1 .nd doc1,in.1 .on',"'
    f, om , ... ",00 of olJ H'8" SopO;" V, l_i,U, "Iii'.. (BH(; , '~9). ~ •. lkl,h , y<.
    79. 1-'0. fu, ",h<, ;n," ","" ofimp',;. 1«,mm"n;'. r;"" or ,d;g;"", <on',,"' ,,><I in
    ,h""bn: T broph .. ,<I • ... .M, 600) , Do: Boor. 'jU- IO ,nd 'WI-I ; h'g';o" H., .•
    J. I J, Ilid<l - P"mcn,icr, n o. I Ill: In "', D . ,!o, "" rh< ",h,dund, ,II< fin' " , dOng uf
    V"j".·, "'"'J'<'
    p,ocl. "" rioo of ,II< u,,,,,,iu. "'" g ;' , n in An,K>.h·, P""miom,
    M.I . lu, ~I ».. ' j. Sp",k._Dow"<y. ' W·

    '"
    Organizing a Byz~nrin' Iriumph

    novel on the provincial ad mini.tution was 10 be displayed at


    church enlrance. and copies of imperial edicts were dispatched to
    vnious epi.copal >ces. H That the reading of Her.di,,' victory
    bulletin in the H.gia Sophia conformed to contemporary Cll.tom
    is confirm ed by an Armeni'ln hinorian, who memioO! thH the
    same emperor h.d ordered th.t .nother important political
    document be read to the p.triarch .nd grandee. ofConst'lntinople
    in 'th e House of God', presumably the Hagia Sophia.H And so, in
    Byzantium', dnk .ge, the 'Grn t Church' came to serve as the
    natur.1 point of assembly and public cummunic.tion in times of
    cri.i •. Thu. the ,,"urper Leomiu, uised what may have been a
    .undard cry in hi. cu, sending herald. to .hout 'All Chri,tians to
    the Hagia Sophia!' in each of the city's regioO!. The cili~enry
    assembled at the lJ<lpti stery, where the uprising ag.instJustinian [I
    was revc.led. 26 In the middle of the eighth century, the fal>c newS
    of Comtantinc V', demise and the .ccession uf Artabasciu, was
    announ ced to the IMS assembled in the galleries of the Hagi.
    Sophia.'? The pattern was not, however , irreversible, since, by th e
    eleventh ccntury "' Ihc l.,en, import"n' impcti.l announce me""
    were being read in the Forum?'
    It is not "'"Y to characterize the coment and chaucter of a kind

    " R. XOtl. 'M.!.I . . . nd Ju"ini>n'. Codific."on ', By".""" P.p"'. By .. mirl •


    • u""I;.",,; •. , (C.n""" •. '9!' ). "-JI . "p. ,6 .nd '9 .
    .. S<\>roo. I/o'" ,,,,, .tI11. .. li., .• 6. tI. F. M>ci<, W.,.;" '904). So,
    " Th<oph' n<:,. A .M . 6117. D. IIoot. J",. ,,-,6, A urn,]., .,><m bly wlit, in tl><
    ",v<nth Cml"'y i, ,rtQ,ckd by S<\>roo, Hi". HiI., JO. M.ckr, '0),
    " "l1u:oph.n<o, A .M. 6>J]. 0. IJ.oor. "P-I> , I "" ..,. .. t< how '0 ,,,,,I,, 'l><
    .n
    .mbiguity inl><'m' in .igh,/>.«n,u,y ">OS' O[Il>< wo,d .c.o!<:.. The 1"".l i",ian in
    'l>< g.Il<rit> "'u"'" ,h.l l i, ""y h... bc<n ••d«t .ud;""ce, 0" Il>< g.lk,it> ~f the
    H.igi. Sophi •• nd 10m" of '00, funtl;"" •. T,F, M"l><w •• n. ""Ir , •• " .. , 'f
    C .., ...." ••pk: ...
    ,,,;m", ,I.,of
    ,.i"'''.''' .... 1;/.", (Univ<'u,y P" k. '971). PI" ,,!If. A ,ouSh
    K.li<oo· ,1>«>",,,,,1 m..;mum "poci,y mi~h, b< ""mpt,d "" the
    b,..,11 of ,l>< o"bi< Il00, ' p,ce, whi,h Robr-r, ~ . V.n Nkt .ndJoIut Wibon w"" lind
    .nough to ,,1t"1", fo, me, The ,,,01, wot ,I&) m' fot.11 ,I.,.. g.llerit> '''II"h«,
    Allowins. "'y lI<T1<fOu, , m' P'" 1"'''''' (1"" of the g.ll<,i<. IV'" t.",,,ed fo,
    im!",;'1 ",<: d, M .. h.w" flltl, ,.,"' .... ,. PI'. ']] _. ). ,I., J.o:b<. which ji".""d '0 'M
    ,""ouncem"n! muld h.." "umb<-r.d ,,,.,,,,.1 JOOO 1"'100', fu, ,l>< ",,,,"rem,n" of
    the g.lk,.;." on which ,1.,1< '''''.i«wr<l''' b.l<d, 1<, R .L , V.n N>o:, s"i., S'p"i. i.
    1,,,.""1.' A• .'1"";,,,,,,.1 S."", (W.<hing'otl , D.C.. '96)), pI. ' .
    " Fof "",.monr .nnot.ln«"''''''~ !C< ""low; [0' tl>< ,,,ding of.n impo'''''' iml",i.1
    .omntu,,'wion in oht Fo",m in IOU, [)(jlg«, R"",,,,,•. no. 1. 1, A few indic"ion,
    00 ,h. public"ion of Hy",,'in< 1.'0'''' g'v," by F. DOlg"-J- K"' Y'nnopulm,
    8,...,;.;".. U.....moltol"." (Munith. t9'\I) , pp . 7,1f.

    '"
    Org@izing a Byzanli,," tri"mph

    of document which h~1 rudy bern preserved, but .. few SJ.Jicnt


    point. ~,c worth mmtioning,'O T " sct the tone, the bulletin.
    typically bC);~n with " bib ]i,.] cit. tinn or twO .30 He ro diu'
    missive CHries this the fnthe,!. lt StHts with 3 whol<',.lc qumation
    of PSJ. lm 99 and procccds to trumpet the fall of the impious in
    I.nguage and im.gery whieh reverberate with ~llusi"n. to the
    p.. lter.' 1 There follows a rdad vely ptecise narration of the (act.,
    including frequent references to dates . place"' and personal
    names.Jl Such aCCoUntS were .nything but immune to propa-
    g.. ndizing , .' is shown by Nicephorus (" oaths on the truthfulness
    of his epiHikia and the 5~mc emperor's efforts to po rtray hi, son and
    heir a5 the maimpring of victory , as well .. by Lcmerlc's analy sis
    of Michael .. nd Theophilus' loo~ handling of the truth in 824."
    To judge by the surviving docummt of 6l8. the stylc in which
    scventh-century emperors announced thei r victory wa s rel atively
    str~ightforward and accessible to a popular audience. Un like the

    " tn .M",,,,, '0 11«",I;u, k " e< . 1)011';<" Kf;f'''ffl. no. '9' , .« tl.< k ,t« of \ , .
    "'nm'n<"'~ ,be <1<1<>, of Thorn .. th. ,1.0 to ,t.. h.nkio.h <mp«m louK '"" Pio",
    (DolS'" K,t"". ' no. ~), «I . A, W <rt " " '~",,If, MGlI. C_., U (1003). ,, )-&0
    .oJ ,h< '''''''0",,«1 k!!« ofJohn T",",,,,., '0 A,hod IDolS'" K,~",., DO . , JO).
    p".""o«l io M,,,h,,,, of Ed< .... " . ~, 1)o,I.ml". cr"on '!"'.k .~f",~ i" " f'.k" ,
    I~'_ " "e). H.bl;od...,.,,< h;11O"~ '" .. n"'""""",, (P .. ;,. 'IJ i ), tf>-'J' cf, C. Kuchuk_
    lo."n<",v. ·P',rno ""1"""0" to.on. T",.",~h il" k "rny.",~um)' u ""y" A,h,>tu
    III .'. VV, 10 ('90)). 9'-'0', ~<r< 0, - 10 '. , tid p,~ , W.r,,,. ·T h. """,,ok" cO"""
    T"m'K<> ,n ,.., I'gh' of .... '" Anh" ,v•.!t" ,o· , ~p .. ., 1' ....17) , JO' - 7,
    ... Dijigo,. R,l""" ' 00 . ' " ' , ,i,e. J.rn .. ,-". Pmy"bl ' ,1 l - ,6 .od I"i. h . J . 1J " d",
    .diwr hOt<d, , Ii, ' i'-. <7J .Jj-6: nO. 7lD. ", Dull",,,,,. 16. •« rn' " , .lIu& '" 1'"1,,, 97
    19l1).' '" p<,h.p> ,,,,, •. " .. w,1I " ROm.,,' " .J).
    ,. R,t''',., no, '~'. IIoon. 7" ,')-'" p"lm "" ('00)' 7>1 , ,-,,!,'; of, Pulm 9) i9'l),
    "-'" 7'!,6: P" lm loS (' '''')' ' ): 7'1 ·7-" d, P"l", JO I) ,),,~, "S,'o: P"lm y.6,
    <0<. If migh' I>< no«J thO! Do",«i .. " ,,' ~o "" l l 0" ,h, "" "1""« of M"'l,opol",
    p""".d m n"'ph)'I",,,, \"n o<. "", lIiJl .. •. t". ' J. De il<x". ,S, .j-6, . lIud<. '0
    P"lm 9J (96),' ,-u ", """'h dot .. nO< f"h;"" " H, ,,cI,u, ,octO'y bulk"n.
    " to . J,j;,i"" '0 "'t<"'.' ..... '9" f~",". 7,0 " - " ... ' R,S"''' ' nO. ,00. W ... ""'~_
    holf. ~76, 6 -47 1 . 1: K,,,,,,", nO, llo. tr. Dul, ",,.,,, !7-')' Thi, p" ,i<u )" puiol;'
    <onfi ' m<d by , n .t>«do« ill 'h,
    Pi" Sf""'.;' >If I"", i.,,,,,,,
    (8HC. ,!>So). ' !7•• J,
    P. von <l<n V<n , r.. ";' "",i,"n, .k S. Sf ....' . S"Ii" It fr'"" Su"'; ~ i.> ~'K"'K"f>hic"
    ,b-."
    J', , (B,u,,<I•• ' <>Il' J, ,~) . 'p;.";' which m ;v«l " A",ioch wi' hin til< " '« k
    bcr, out ,hi ,,;nt', prupl><,y of . Rum.n ";c<my "y« At,mun,j" down ,,, 'h< J.y
    .n<! hoo"
    " On ,wo,n ,,;.;~i•. •boo<, n. " . 1 p">um,' ,hOI '" ;mp<,;.1 .;<''''y bulle';n w" th,
    mton, by wh",h N i"phuru> t ~ ~I"" t< ,h., in;,;.1"":c<" of ,I>< ;n ..."," of HuIS";'
    .. d"" <0 ,I>< .Ir!"~!. n J ."~oo;J" ofS"un <i", {Th<npl""". A.M . ~JoJ , D< 1Joo"
    ."".rl - , 'J, For '"" p,op , ~."di"ic ,. "~",, of Tho",,, ,h., SI.. •• "p,;,;ng. I.<n"',k.
    'Tho"", l< SI.v', p, llS.

    '"
    Orgao,iziMj1 n ByzanriM( rrillmpl,

    langu.gc of {h~ di re , rhi, e. rly Ilyz.ntinc victory bulletin did nOI


    .void mil;t.ry j.rgon or L.tini,m •.H
    Litde infonn .. tion is avail"ble on any kind of imperi.l dec;,;oll_
    m.king in the ca rl y Middle Ages. A num\x,r oflcss th'\fi successful
    ,.mp.;gm condocted by the cmperon themselves seem not to
    h. ve incloded triomphs.'! If .. m.jor victory cele bration w,,"ot
    an .. uwmatic by-product of.n imperial expedition, the il. ging of
    mch. cclcbntion required. conseiou, decision. Th.t this decision
    w.s n",dc.t the highest level o f governmen t is suggested both by
    general ccremoni.1 practice .nd speci fic ev idence for victory
    cekbntiom. Thus, even for rootine .. >nu.l processions to the
    H.gi. Sophia, it w., the emperors ,hemselve. wh o formally
    ordered the ceremon y' s org.nization. J6 The triomph, of Theo-
    philm .nd Michad IV impl y th.t this w.s no Ie.,
    true of victory
    ccle bralions. For the triumph of.n impe ri.l genenl, the ruler' ,
    17

    ." 0" 'h, "",,, I <onn,,"",,", uf 'h< .. "id. n« of 1u,"_wmJ,. M. M<Com,;,k ,


    'G ..... _ h'K'O" " phy ."J ..,r ul" l .. ", ," I", 'n"qu",y, , .... , . .. of . /1; ....".
    , ... - ~,~,p." . 6i, 11 .. ,,1<... j."..1of I'I"r.loty. lb, (,yl, I, 'J' -"). 1><", j \ 1-9·
    Among J"g"" 0' L>,in"m, '" Hm cli .. , ' k ,,<o: ~'C,t)~IO' Ill",,". ,,1 .211,
    ~~'~.m. (1'9. ,6 ; 1)0, 111; nH", 172""J),I ,~,p't ..~~ (7) 0.1): vi ,~< ~'''''''I><:
    (no. , , ); .... ~Kp~'''' n,I"''''' (;)0. ' 01. <I<.
    " Thu, (0' Con",n',"< V, Th<oph.nn, A.M. 6'51. U. I!oor , oJ1,'0-j : ,kr~;'a..
    ;M~"", !. , ~ ~ oJ.<o. n" m.y b< ,I>< 'mplimi<m" ""II. ihil .. A.M , 6,66, .. I ,.:
    ~~~t, ~o,tj~ .... CO"",",;", VI ,,,u,,,<d ' 0 to. " pi,,1 " • fug" ' " . f« , .n
    uo<u,,,,,fu i , Ifo" ' K"n" 'h< lIuig,,;.nt '" 10'. ,1 ,4__ A.M. 6.30. O"',J]. Thi, ",o.ld
    . 1", ' PI"''' w b< ,he ",,,",ns of Th'''I'h.n,,' "p'"'''''' fm Nt«phoru' 1', ",urn
    , fl<" fu,,1< lIul~,,;," "mp"~'>: ;d("~. ~~p",«" ,.04..
    A.M . "''It),
    d"'j -~.
    ' '''~P''''oc ",<m. 11<<< to l>< 'h, ,n,onym off~.pn'"", u",J in ,i>< "",,"XI of .
    ,,,umph.1 '"loy. f,g .. Con<untm, V', triumph of 11), ,iul .• A.M. 6'6J, .. ,.>"
    ;.16'f!<~' ap"~fJWa'U:.t. l~ • .;-,<" •• 1 '~~p"" ot;. <Ig.;'~.,. . Th"'ph;lu" fo •
    •
    ,II "" "mp"g"'. "",m . '0 hJV< «kb,md ooly 'wo '"umph" ,I, .\>0.<. Ch. O.
    p. l J) . Th< h",,;1< , u'h~, "fTh<oph, Coo, .. )." Roon, ",, - S. d,,,o,,, 'hIt '0
    wgg'" th" h< "',." "kb.",J , lIiu '"ph, ,II< ,mp',,,1 ac, p" «"iI",,<; .U·
    ~"~10 ".:in nl 00 u ri ~.gl'b "_'P'';'" for ,«<n, r.nd;" gl ,h., 11,,011 did
    no' «kb .." .. m'ny ","mph, ,, ,>lnr"S"', . 1>0,<, Cn . • , p, 'l'. n. I "
    ,. IX '".. " '. V "11:'. "J.l' - ,,: ,J" ",,-,-,. ",.,,,"'" [, I>< 1"" '1""'' 'J QI J""~&UI
    """,,901 I~I ,~. ~'tiplO' ~{M""'Q" cr, Il<ly"' . ' P' ''my '. pp . >r_,.
    " Thu, Th=p" ,l v, " explicit ly "",d ,~ h,,, «>mm,nd,J 1~lO plr1 ~fQ, kid.",,) , ....
    «"ito" .nd ,1><" w i" , '0 tem.'" w;,h h;m un,iI I.. ", ~od h" .",tuno" , <"" y. H<
    I.." o,"",,,d ,he ,h,ld."" of Com"n'mopk tu wd,,,",< h;m Ju ,ing h" ><ronJ
    triumph ( ~ _'U~<" I .. p. I'..p .. 1I0,m. J~.' l . M 'f' Jol, JI. Th< h <1 of J,b,,<;,
    md;",,,d fo< M ;,h.d IV', lIu lg.. i.n lIiu'''ph by P",ll v,' ... ,,"''''' ,hit "ntil ,1.."
    i'l<oc). M;<h.d', rou ..!<Jor, hid """'pI<d to con,<,1 hi, ,.,.1 ,lin". ~.! floC;>'!'
    b",<><l'fQ ~.pl ~''' ~ ''~....e, '0 H o,d ••"olu''''''' Ck,,,""t'"'/o'" Mi,h. d IV. J',
    u"
    '""OIl
    eo""",nd '96 " 'u' ",ay 1'''01>''
    1(1 wcll fuv~ '''1'.0 ~v""
    >e,'" f"'~11 I" " "D "'0'" I''''.ro, 1"''' ''''I''''~
    ' 4' JUindi'pm.,bfc.'"
    ,,4 "'J' " ' 1' "'''1' '0 0", 1''' "D)(> ,.,~ u, 'u'''''' I",J " "'I' m", ",,,", I''''ow,,,,
    Th .... dcc;..iotl '" edcb,,. .... , lriumph prob,bly fdl into lwo
    "J~ ,""""'I mJOqJ''''N '-I Y' 'PI "<U' l l 'L, 'XI ".",",,,",,;) '",~d";;""'''n
    'l. g...."'"
    '""'~ '. "Sometime,.
    '""'J ""'" ""-evm before ''"
    ,,~ -" I' 'P!"'~I'I' he""Id,'",",t out !><; ~,on'" ''''''
    , c, l'qJ mp,ign,
    """ .. . 'J]
    '"U~
    empe ~"'P'''P
    "' ror might U"}"'!make~I' M"'I' [hl'" (w"dccc'rn,in",o"m:nion ~_, -" I' JOthat 1'-"'"he" I'would,
    I"" " " '" '" "'I :III
    if.t
    "'I' I""" r>' ''''' X! """".,,"":) " q' "'''"1
    po"iblc , (ckbr:Hc , triumph . This woufd exploin Ib,if 1'. 'M ''"II'''d moq OW' - , ,-10; ''''1O\l "d<.'1
    -J"I ',,"P"'I''''q Ol ''''P " '4' P''!'!'" I""" ''''I ",.,,~ud _~ I' -". 1""""' o_'!' ...d
    "4aftnthonglu
    "' ,,><I d. 0' 1'-'"' uf~",an '-'A
    incu"ion
    "J, , 'q ' JOinto I""" !'aufic;,]]
    '-"1' pu. I"terricory in 873."""'I
    ,J" ' q ' J" "l'"qm J~ Th.t
    "I' 'u I"'''' '''I '''-''''''''l
    Cun't.ntinc VII intended to '"st.ge
    ,\,1' ,",' A), J" JO aA'I"" triumph,1 1"""""'''"'
    entry r'~ i, ,ugge'ted
    "'I'qJo' q,1. "
    -'_0' odd P " -" ' " -d ',Aw'"'d,
    by hi, cumpil;<tiun uf ,he tr,'o,i,,' 011 Imperi:ll Expedition>, '' ' '- \1''11 "' "",,,'Om _
    " 'I' JO ,,, '~IJ ,."
    'I"w "",""lI",,.. .oj ""'I"" '''I' H' ~ ,"_1' f , .,!«o" " " ' '" -'1/ ,,,,,,,,-,,-,,J
    complete
    "'1' !mp"",d with "'r "'I' dossie",
    .. , p., "", on ",_ how .... , ","other,~,.."dempero" "'I'JO ""'''!II
    I" """ 'OJ edehr'ted the;r"
    triumphs. Ronw"" II! Argyr"s i, knuwn to h.vc urdcr~d thc -(O J 'u 'r ' ~J .,,"'I ~ ••
    mlln' ("HIre of l vi<'!ory nu""" <"'Tn before leaving ',;, 'U· ,the "ncap;t,1'"''''1Y for,,-
    -."i.I'l "~ -> lOluod, '101 1"1 m.l,! 'i'~ '<'drl'I"e dm1fd_w)1~" Q :t_ i 'y "
    , ca'''p';g''
    'f'l",u,'lt 'L , 'XIin", A.' ;a M;nor
    ' "U""","::' .'o Th~oft'"~
    '.. ~J"j;,,,,,,V t,n,1JOde~i,ion """ 1'4d"mu, must.'."'q~", however.
    have
    ,., ,U"",,,,,ocen,'"I I"nude
    .I .~ pm,hon "" " ly "4' <oj .);"-'I"A,
    before
    "'-'Jj.) the c'w"' "-"Id. _ ~ -fad", . "0"11 .. ~ ' W
    -d» po.
    -,"A~Regll ,", -"" -~J " _
    " "I' '11'-
    f>rly reclIrr;ng cncmo"i~, like .."nll, " " qJ,""U' "'I'J<> "'"'''4-'1-'- ' '~I' '" '1,ld. or
    f processions
    0, " ... ~. 1'1""" "'I' """""1<1 '"' ,<q ''''!' '4' ",," oj I'J:""~ '4' 1'''''1''" '1""'ld"
    c.t,logll~ b. nqllet< received [he green light from the ~mpe ror on
    "'I"' 'q' '''I' "'" qd ''',' ,~"'w~ "I' -i ,,<\ I"" ' '''' J'''' 1,1"""" ."-""1,1'" "',,"'" N "'~ ..
    the d.y befon' thei r p.:rform.nt·t,.4' JI"''' ,\,H"",W Cunsidering
    -'4' OJ "JJ" " thc "q' complexity
    "'I~"",J ""
    "'",," ·,"'.""""''''P'.I, u.,,,, ~''''~<J~pO'
    u(tlK' cnnllony. dK' ,,"mbc.-r o(particip, m, and Ihe (:In < -' I" I~''''U)I q~"'xl' I Y -4J""""that it
    '.I"~"W J" ,""0'" ~, '1'" '1'''''''' ' '-"011")
    involved an area of the c;t y wh ;ch wimt',,,, d ;mper;,f ceremonies """"" "'II. L _ """ '11""")1
    only occ"io".Il)", Iht'I,,,al !,:o-ahnd for, triumph,1 emry would
    <"~~U~"havt'
    of "<'cc,,ity p . IIIbem Hll~'l l I'~')II"
    given.t Ie:", ll~"ISthaI m~q for in') ""4 hll«.n') UJo
    ,dv:l11cc."
    PlnOM AJI UJ 1"4d lu nU l " JOJ P" ')4"--o:l I""Y -''I) '·<II""O"U){}.< 1"0
    '~!"OWJJJ~ 1"!JOKl",! p"",)UI!M 'PI 4'" .( Il~ .)41 J" "Jl " U" P_'"'IOAU '
    I~c", ,,kl, " ' ) " - 7 -'I", "" """ ("Ilo"..> i",meJ","y 'h< ,,"'"", nf Mi,k,""
    II 1"41
    ",,""p~_l~~J AI,,,,,,,~
    J4l pur " I\ 'lu~dlJUJ
    c", "1J .. , '-,"d JO l -'<I""lll
    '''''ana .... ''' mo." 'AUotll.''''' '.'''ll)O
    _"(IT,dmooi",""", i","",
    AIIl',ml""" ol<- ,""
    ~ldlllm ~'ll ":luu
    "rer<~P""oJ "" ,,,,,,,y
    ,,, [~'" ,~ ' ,'_'U""uojJ.>d
    " ",If -" ~'P ~.IOJ'>q ""1' ~'ll
    " r, ,, N ""1""""' I'h".-,,· ,,," "1
    ,, of 0 1 ",J "" J. ,I '" ~n" m
    110 JOJ OKlw~ ~41 WOJ114~h l "JJJS ~'l' P"'!J~JJ 'l~llbu~q JllSOI"I"J
    ,to ",",ph "i" <I", 'he rule,
    .. ph«!ly .~ok,«1 ,ke ~" "',,' 'n " " " , ... fi, y , hy "" I'~O<" ''''', '"" '" <><lid ' 1'1>"" ,,,
    JO ' mo!" l ~llUll~
    r p' y ,,,n"K'oJ, '"dI<-b", '" n of ,he~'1 "!1 '''"'
    'J!UOI'h .,llUDJw<ilo ,b<"", Co . • ' n. '". IJ"ln
    :luIJlnx)J ' ,nd "p. li~ 'dS ym.
    M,~.. lion". 71 ". ,n J hpl - lU~"
    ..... ('.~f,',,«
    .' '''1' '" JJ"P'l
    01", "If,'f! ""If,,,,"~P"'"
    hllJOI{' [, Y J'>< II",
    u~"'l ~Anlof
    ' ><'00"'
    ~"rhe"', ')Sn,u
    'J~l>~"'04 " ,"mp",1 uO!,, '"'" Ci"'''''1''J'''''
    ~.>pof1"""""1.1
    '""Y o.-mu, V\I(;"'" ~"V .. ""'''" '7, 1<""n. .. ld.
    " I"!IX,"lI!"dUl "
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    -!OJ 1"lld~) J'll ~llll> t~I.'JOJ"'l U.H.> LJ ,,,',..>AJOPI~ ")0 JJI1P"J """lU
    ." Abo" , Lh, ' .", , It ,
    ,'•• p.)l~pJO
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    p. ''-, n. 1; of. pp _<(>-"4 '- .<q
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    pm",'; '" ",,,.1.,. 1i~- p,-;"",,,, I. .., "".. I ..J<kd ,h"... d,y' '0 h" "h<dot., I",p.
    ' ,I b,,,1!'~11u",,,,,
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    "..,11> bef"" d"OdinS JOJJ<\",a
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    ,im< (nme;,llIOS not - S~S "l'
    ~; . . n'
    C"',",,~'p"'" CO""'"" '" IX . '1. R,m" ld, l ,O 1-, No<cpl>otu' 1'1>0<,,' f,,,,
    OM l Ol"! IPJ " 1<J"qOJd Ild"ll1! ' l " ~1"J<pp~ 01 UO!"~~r ~'{.1
    ",em",,;,1 '""y '"'0 ,I>< "1"'" ""m, ,0 h"" .... ,," "" ''''Q '" 01"" " . y"r,« h"
    or'jlq",u~d"I'UI
    bwtl><, ,,>Ok ","'m' or.)]0", ,,,. ... ,'1I.M.
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    , . 0;6,110,,",

    ''J7 V 3'"!;:'!,,,,,\',0
    'Idu",!" J11!"'V;r~1I
    Orgnni:dng n Byznmin~ rriumph

    The great early medieval ceremonies of enthronement ~nd


    promotion Were customarily timed to coincide with the most
    prestigious feasts of the political and liturgical c~lcnd"r, d" y' like
    Christmas, Emer, Pentecost, Autokratoria and even the an-
    nivcr5:IIY of the delivery ofConst"n!inople from the Arabs.~J The
    rare indications on the precise date of victory celebration! hint th'H
    emperon wmetimes tried to link their own triumphs with dates
    hallowed by church observmce. Thus Constantine VI celebrated
    hi. triumph,,] entry of 194 on the eve of the gre"t festiva l of
    Blachemac which commcmor,,!ed the role of th e Virgin·s relic in
    defending the capital over a century eulier. In this inst"oce, the
    ceremony'. timing explains its unique itinerary.~~
    Whatever the date of imperial victory celebrations, the
    Byzantine! followed R oman cunom whi ch fi xed th e m"in events
    of public life early in the morning.·' The grcat annual processions
    to the H.1.gia Sophia - and, by implication, the coronations and
    promotions ""ociated with them - got st:IIted very e:IIly in the
    day. ' · So 100 the triumph in the Forum, which was staged early in
    the morning. "? [n H9,ju"inian·s triumph.l entry began ,hortly
    after dawn, in the day's first hour .~ · Although there is no explicit
    record of the time at which early medieval triumph"l en tries gOt
    underway, several faclOII argue for an early start here as well.

    ",.",ri. 1 ''''n8<",<n« fo, mch • m<mooy wm of <ou"" v"y


    ' )1. 11- .. )I .J. Th<
    moch I;k, ,h_ "f ,II< ";~"'ph . 1 .n,,¥.
    " ro, o,nc, ''''''pk" Tf<.dgold. ·Ac<u"cy ·. pp. '66- 1. n. )<. Fo. ,h. ,;m;ng uf
    ttumu",,;c p,om",""" w<.~ 30t>1l oj- ,,~rpc_ hpp.",....... ,n 'h' Ch'YIO,,,kl;no,
    onci<, Lt<l VI. >« PhiJo<nc",. CS.",.s.., i."" O;~""omid" . Spl -jo. On N",<_
    phO'U' 11". «>'01"'"'" d.I<. Ch .•• p. ,6<). In .dd;,;()" to ,II< p""'g' 'nd . r<'n.p"
    aood fonu"< ..1OCi.I<d wi," thot< d.l". i, i, no< unl;ktly ,n., til< I<.ding p.o""'ci.1
    offi<i.1< <1m. '0 'h< upi,,1 fo, ,h< K'''' ool;d.y,. ,),mby "" ••",;n8 ,I>< ",. ."d
    qu.I;,y ~f til< go"","m",,,1 .udicn« fo. ,."h <v",,~ $« . <.g. Mi,h ..1 . "d
    Thoph;Iu,. UOlg<r. R<i''''''. no. 008. W<rmio~holf. ' '';.)l - o .
    .. AboY<. Ch . • . p. I.J . On th' o,h", h.nd. 1hm .. no <,,,k,,,;< Qf,prci. 1 mo,iv" fo,
    Con". n';n< JX·, «I<b",;oo af 'h< ci<f<1l of To,n",;u, on '9 D<<<mb<, '~7 0'
    J""ini."', "'umph "" " AUi"" JJ9 .
    .. B.IKlon.I.if< ... r..;,.". p. >0. Th. poin' " m.d. p"d,dy fo, Imr<", 1<m,i" by 'he
    old""",, ofTi'o,. prob. bly" Al, .. ndri., 00 'J Ap,,171 "7 • .m.: P. O,y. '7'J. «I.
    L. Inll"m, <t . 1.• no. OKI.h,"'Io., Pop";. l< (Loodon. '08), 1>?-<)•
    .. Ikly"". ·P,i<my·. p. " . In ,II< ">th "",u'Y. fo, in"'n«. T,b<,,", "'" p,omo1<d
    C .. >i, in 'he mom;nl' John of Eph .... ,. H. •. . l. J. J. " . B,oo" . 9J.7.
    " 0."' ..•. '9, Bonn . 607 ·' 1. . , I ..p. &p .. lJ<nln, .\17.6.
    Imperi.1 "J,'e,ml$ w'Trl"{1 the .. me itiner~ ,y in much the ... me
    w.y .nd .,e known ", h.v~ bq~"n in th,· morning. " A (OIII'~ ';O.
    imperiJI cntri ... which 1<",k pl.,·c at otl1<"' time, ofrh,· day were
    ,itl,,1cd om and 'Tidencc . no,,_rilll.1lijti c d",,'rter.'o Fin.lly, the
    length .nd complexity of Ihe rernnony proeti",l ly ,·njo ined .n
    e.rly ,un whenever fc.sibk .
    Imuring Ihe widesl possibk p"bli,·i!)" for . ceremotl)" me.nt
    .. tltl[lutlcing i! 10 the city", popohti"" ." 0 ,,,1 or written . n_
    nouncement , were hy '",lIOn· '·phen1<",,1 and h.ve v"n;,hed
    wilh hard ly . trace" Th."b on l)" to bu,eaucratic pre,erip,ion i,
    i, known !lu, w.i't,·" ordns (/t"l!I·(itrcr) wc·re im,cd to varioo,
    g'''·c", menu) "Ain·s info'min!, li1<"m of" crrc-mon y ou thc eve of
    in performance." Cert.inly r"mor or intention.1 ·le.k, h.d •
    h.nd in 'pread ing the word on more than olle o<;(.\ior.. In(o,m.l
    new' oflco VI.. impendin!: p,>tIirip~tio" in his father's Eli.s Ihy
    pro<;cs.sion of SR6 ciec"ifjcd thc dty', population and brought
    ,hem OUI in drove •. Nu Cu,m.n,inop,,!;,.n nc,·ded !r> l>r: told that
    i, meat" l eo·. n·m".!ion . s bd, d,-sign",· to Ih,· Ihron,·.·· But
    thi, wa, hard ly typk. 1 .",1 ,bc 1'.I.cc wo"hI not li kdy have kfl
    th,· pu blicity (or in ce ,en,on;,", to ,·h. n...·.
    It i, w ell kn own th>! vc,h.l.nllotrr'(cmcn" of ,1..1"'. ,ime, .nd

    .. Th", ,fK ....1""", ...."y ofNo«rh'''"' ''"'' J" ...


    "~"" 9'0). I:>' m .. '. "". Uonn. 01., .
    .. I h", ,fK ,.>ok", ''''.o r'"'' urc""''''' '''"'pk by C",,,"n',,,, V, TfKoph.n", . .... M.
    "J}. 1>< 'lour . ,>0. ' ,-'" a'P'"
    np"' ; :lIJ<''''''~, ';"';·1, ~'" ,w l'p"~I"" «IX_
    , ~. ~6'" ~.p"'fI". 0 ' 1'<0 V·, <"tr,· .r«, h~ """P""'" ",fK H,l>dom"",,, '00<
    pi", " m,rlo.y ,nO >v,,;<lro '"' GoI<lrn G"" '. ;1 .... .M . 6)oj . jO'.' j-G: ••1
    _ofu~c ~Idp.c . .. • ". ,~. X'I"'(oo ~~p1'1<; "~'pp"J ",,,h/l<')' ,:I /h~Ill." .
    •, The ,",Iy "'o,~ don. on '"""",,«mm" """I ""~. Wmo (,urn I""'g"'" T. 1(1,"1<,.
    ·1" ", .. kii,,,lwm~ · . RACo 7 (' '-' ">J . ]f.,-",. " "I ~ C,b'ul. ·L·." OO<K< C\<, f<",·.
    /lAO .. '.' (.11<'1"). ")0-" .
    " S« fu, «""pI< '"' "H,,,"",, of " I,,, ... ,. ·f<",,, . ".,,Ii~",,~·. rr . '7) - ' ; 779-00,

    "
    ,"
    ~. ~.1-'<"•. '. '. V,,\:,. '.j." -> ' Lf ,I>< ,d<"n,,, « ,lIa,nlb)·IkI,. ... ,. ·1',,,,,,,)"".
    p." . n , • .,,,1 , ..........« ,,f , .... p"".,rf,.1 ,..reocn.!.,y..." ,,,,,,,1 W,'" 1'''''k",,1
    m"'''g<"' f", 'h< P.IO(" Il""",,,,. ",,,",,,lot,. pr. )1)-1.
    .. '·iI. ·/."rh ... '"'~ . (illiG. 11 ~' ). 10 . • d . E. K"",. ·Z",·" Bn«h""", T <>";;10<. do<
    hi Throph"",. J", (;"m,hl", K",... , l «> VI.". Z,I""; ;"1"""'''' '; . k"""'",;; ...... I.
    I. pO "''' .,,.;i.I. ",1,/,", y•. ). "". , (S, r"."b<o, ~ . ,'o! I. 'J "-, I ,,'" 'J.'! - , J . I'm
    'h< 0"<. k J II. Jmlm,. ·Th< '", ..... ""'",1 """ ' ""1 o-f ,h< ··lOfl .... h<'<·· fQ' ,10<
    y<'" ... n I,,? -V" ·. rx"JP. '" (•.,.,). 9' " , ....." "'.- J . "'''0'''"'. <oonl" "ol<
    ."" .." " c"" rpm· ..",w" of""",· "f ,m.· 'P ,,,rl " ·.,,d ,,[Jm';" 11", " «",,,,,, I." ..
    '. ,."If. C.me,,,,,.• ,
    pl.ce, wCr~ part an d p",cd oflate amiquc IilOrgic~1 pr. ceice." In
    fifth_cenlOry Constantinople, an emperor could calily order the
    patriarch 10 announce details o f .n upco ming relic Iranslation.'6
    imp,·,;.1 ceremonies 100 wcr" announced in .dvanel·. The
    annuun cemen t !.Ceml to h.v,· taken the form of an imperial
    order." [n 602, for exa mple, Phou, dispatched the ~S(('eI;S
    T heodo re to the Hagia Sophia, There he moumed the .mbo and
    delivere d to the population the usurper', order (npooTClYjla) that
    the y go out 10 the Hebdomull Palace fur hi, eOTOn;"ion. '" Under
    CotlSt>",ine V. the cru wd wh u wJtched the rim al humili.tion of
    tk p .. ri . reh Const;"" inc was co nvok ed in the ~bgi. Sophia by
    imperi.1comm and. 'o [n the eleventh centu ry, the in auguration of
    Mi chael V as Cae,ar was . nnounced in .dvance. perhaps by
    her. Ids. A li ttle [atcr. an "rob visitor rem ark ed on the public
    announcement of Hippodrome fest ivitie, by criers on the day
    preceding the g. thering ,"" Thcse general .n nouncements . ppear
    to hav e bee n intendcd for the popo[ation ;" large, ,ince more
    specific me anS were at ha nd for .lerting the ci ty's government.1
    and cotn merci.1 elite. Impcri.1 ritu.l had long since instim-
    tion.li,c-ci the in volvcmcnt uf tWO highly ,ignificant social group' ,
    the mcmbcT! of the senatori.l order or !ynklwkoi and the city's
    guildl.
    Sen. tori al rank brought to i" holden 10bstanti. 1 privileges and
    pc'qu i!ites: in return . member< of the o rder were comi dercd
    bound to the emperor by lped al tics which ran deeper th.n tho!.C
    of sociny at Ia rge. 61 Sl"tI.turi.l dignity enta iled the highly prized

    " S« <·K· KI.m". ' f, ,,,,, k ",,J,~uns', p. 1>«'.


    " v. 1)..."1,, ",);,., (il liG, .g9i. I!, D<1<h.y<. \6."
    -J. Kt.m<,. 'f.",,,kLind,sung',
    p. 71' "" nnT),op"P'1" (_ n '''"i"pJtp'1'') " unfound<:d: D• ..,,,,,z6. R"lond"J .
    p. ,)1.
    " 11<ly"', ·Pri,,,,y '. rp. , 0--,. " ,"" ",1< " ,,,mno' of 'h" prookm ",it,b1< '0 do"
    ."d "<on«r", onl)' ,"" "",if,,,,,,,,,
    of ""t,,,;< ;m'"u,;"", """"d on IJ< "'.. '. , .
    .. T""opbyl"tu> ',m "","" . /1"'..
    1. '0. '-J. Ik kloo" )0,.'0--)0) ." d. T"""pb,"~.
    ,o,.M "",,~ . [), 11m, • .1S0.'O_ Lj .
    .. Ib'J.. ,o, .M. 6.1)9, IJ< B001. " ,." - I! (I~ J"'",II<: ~'~jJ.j~~CJ .
    .. P",liu" CII""$"pl"., MKh.<I IV, '), R<n,uld . , .61.0- 6; ~~i'<'''''~ ,00, tol"~.
    ~p<J~~,w.:~.,,,, ~.I ,oo)(;t. ,tl.<, ~6~"~"'''' .1< ",. I. Bhxtp . .. e ""'~~l>"jK~U'"
    .. lI •. I, " nO! im p"',ibk rh" ~PQ' ~.x-o"w ~ bemg u"d m<top horK.lIy .C,",n fQ,,1><
    H'pp<><iro",,<c M ono"k, . 'M"",,'. p. ~61.
    .. TI"",, ",,,m,n,,.,, ,0,. Ch",roph,lo>",uloo, 'H "07~ ",r"" .1<. TO B",." ..6.
    Kpi,,,,,. 'h " ~ pic "N 'Plow.. : 'I< 1~1 "ph" 100 IV.!! " " 00 6'~.1"", . 1,0, ,1><0', 19'9);
    '00
    right of partidpating in imperial processions and ceremonies.'"
    The constant reference to the .enatorial order in the Ceremony
    Book off"," convincing ,"vidence ufthe sYMkletikoj', indispensable
    ru le in imperial ritual. Indeed, .cholan haY<" ob,tin.rcly ]]cgleeted
    the fact that for irs a mhor, the book w as c"entially" 'Trnr;,e on
    Imperia] an d SC";lIorial CeremoniaL·' In the Middle Ages, the
    distinction between right and obligation was a fine one and, ,. we
    learn from the ten th_century Life of Euthyrnius , attendance at
    imperial ((remonic. was not Jeft to the ",nator;,,! plcasure. When
    the newly appointed patriarch:.! Jy"crl/,jj had [ailed to ,how up at
    reguln COUrl cerclllonic! for lOme time, the imperial ,mni ster
    Slyiiaous Zaoutzc. is mppu",d to have scnt him a written
    warnmg:
    App ..enlly. f.ther. it h •• e"'ped Your Holin"," notice ,h.1 you 100 are
    now. digniluy of 'he re.lm (ilTI P,¥'''),IIwil 6:,''''P''IOC ""010<:
    pJ.tolOC ,t'ionC) and that you, ju .. like tlio,", of u' who are enrolled

    H.G. lied" 5<"" """ V.I. ,... 1("""'"""01"1. p,,,.,,,,,,",, .",..".1,,11<. V"J"'""I"
    I"t' ~"'" Si"''''g,t><'Khl< do, lJ'y""d", A.. <I<",,,, <1<, Wi,,,,nKh . r,,n, Phil,,,._
    hi" . Kl. IMunod, . I'lM), 'K'. 6, ,,,J ,1\, b,,,,fbut <xcdkn, ob"",·"iom ofP. L<m«k,
    Ci"q i'""", pp. >'7if A 'h"",ugh """.1 .oJ in"i,u,;.",.1 hillo,y of d>< 'r""I,,", ;,
    b.dly JK'<dod. Th< "",ioo of ,0. 'I'«i.] ,i<> I><,,..«n 'T" "I,,'h>i .nd ,h. <"'1'<<0'
    rum" 'h'''''gh <Indy in ,h. wo,d. r"' in!O ,0. mQuth flf L«> m by ,0. nin'h_
    <rn'",y . u,hu, <>f ,t>< P""i, X """1'"'" 18HC. j 19\), I!ASS AUI" > (17) I)' 0)4-7,
    h", 'UD (.. m< ",f. in ),d .J,,) .... I"'n ,hOI 'mpcm' " depkt<d., t<p,in"nJin~ ,0.
    m,ml><" uf 10. .lit< who ""'" in,ohd in ,h< , .... Q'« tho C~.Ik< i<on: 'U" 1'-1'
    liptc We <ill ,> lm'I"':I,~ '/Ioooc ~.j 4~1(tI!"<w. is.nc. p~ oVtWC p,d '(0'
    «10"",1«>. ~~I'" pol~"'" 1~",0Il0 bc~~,,,,,,I~ '" ~o I ,,<~"" '''''.O,~. ip.o,tj<r., ,~
    .o'".l" ~t. ~ol&"';p<.c <~di'~c p.",.,h<:, y"ta9". On tho d",um,n' .nJ it>
    d"" I. S<",n kQ. 'H'gOQg,.phy of '"' kon<><I." P<,iod', 1,,,,,,,,/,,,,,. ,d. A. B'r"
    .nd J- Ii''';n IlIinn,"~h,m, 19771. pp. I IJ-)! . her< , ! . wi,h n. ~, .nd eop, C.
    M.ng<>. 8,.,," J/,"", pp . ' ,6-17 .
    • , The g'''' in' p<lm,Ko to ""'t<"'p<lmy mind, of pmie;p""'" in <:<<<mMi<> ;,
    <o,<I<n«d by .I.u" on whooh Th",Ju<' Stud", <um,,'" ,h. 'P"""".' Eudu<imu •.
    whu ... " <kp,,,*,1 by hi. /.,,, "f 'igh'. w~i "h p"duJ<J hi, pu,;'-ip""'" in imp<ri.]
    pro"".;""" " Im t, w,it<> nood"", ,hi, .t.ould P"""'< ~i m r",m th< comp. ny "f
    ("mk>!"" .n ~ ",,,,ogdo,,,,! Er .. " ,31. PC. \>'>.' J60B. 5<, ,I.., ,ho dro'" of tho
    (I<,i< K,." " 'Q buy hi, '0'1 in", ,h, "'gt,i,y of p'''''''p"h .. ;u, . "d it> ",,,<om;"n'
    ,«,moo;,1 obliS";""" Coo"'",;n, va, D.- H ,". i,"p" JO. 'J6-j6, Mota.,,;);·
    J"".in" ' ' ' • • 0J Co,""",,'"' , pp. '0'- $' d . P. l<:m«k. 'R'K." =" d'",. , ,u.
    X<-XJ< ,;«k,', R(;II, >J (1\>0) , 17-'00, ~<f< 79- 110.
    " 0."" __ >, ~",f.. lI""n , 516.1 ' '0 ~'pjnl"po"''''K~cl<1Jl''''l'K''~''''~& d~<wc ;~.
    Fo, .n o>,<v;<w of ",n""ri,] pu'icip";"" in imp<.i.] .i,u,I •• Chri'mphHopoulou ,
    I6y~.~<"c, pp. 11 1-'0; <" llely,",,', 'P,i<my', pmi," .

    '"
    wi,h you in ,he .. cred Sen.. ~, muU nOl f.il to p.nicip..e in ,he regu!.u
    ""r~moniC$. Do not peni" in mocking the Empire with ,hi, prolong«l
    retiremen', ,howing your co",emp' for the rulen ,hcm",lvc>. ••
    Thi. obligation darifies why .he authon of various accounts of
    triumphal entries simply prC'uppose the synklwkoi's general
    panicipation in ceremonies of wekome and victory. It is Un-
    derstand.ble th at a late antique bureaucrat had once taken th e
    trouble to specify the various alternatives open to members of th e
    senatorial order for discbrging their du.y of puticipation in
    imperial entries."' The manner in which ...:nators were convoked
    cannot have differed gre. tly from that attested for other cere-
    monies .""
    If the ...:n;l!o rial order resident in the capit al was ipso f aCIO
    intimatel y invol ved in a .riumph, the ecclesiastical eli te of the
    provinces, at least, needed explicit authorization to enter the
    capital and p'lfticipate in the ceremony. T hus, bte in th e tenth
    ,cnt~ry, Leo, the metropoli.an ofSyn.de~ wrolC '0 hi, colleagu es
    and the emperor in Constantinop1c, expressing his eagerness to
    reach 'he city, witness and perhaps even eulogize the triumph of
    Basil and hi, brother. To do \0 , however, required imperial
    authorization (to rite. ~I(TWD(TWX: t}'bo(lIp.ov); as the bishop
    bitterly eompbins, it was not forthcoming and Leo wa s stuc k in
    PyJ_e with th e pigs in tended for th e tables of Constantinople.·'
    Even in the ev ent that he would miss ,he ceremony, Leo hoped to
    learn it< dctails from morC fortunate colleag ues.·'
    •• v;,. E.'~I""U (~HG. 6"1, " «I . P. K"lin_H'y"'t, lIibl.,.n<Q"' <i< "y"ntion. J
    (11"",<1>, '\170) , '1 .' 0-». whoo< , .. n,I,,;'" In ... , .d ' p«d ",m,w~"'- Th< "",,,I
    P''''g< k" . ""I ~.,\I:I~,p ~!"k. 01 ~" <101 ,~ f'n ~"I".Yj"f' ~~""'itm:c.
    ottr"", ""I .,., oop,I.I.J", ,oC ~~ ".S",mp,/"I '''''' b< '<i~"" ~poc.IuIc-<w •. ~~t< ',~
    »<1"11<]< Inl ~oM ~_" •.(",p<i). ",,,u!(IfC <~c P..".l.<I~c "''''I'po''';'. n l "".;,.
    ,d:!. ~.."!.rod..,",,. Th, "Q";"m..,' prob.bl y 8<><' " ",," ., for b" • .,
    J"It;ni •• ', "Qv<lll "" ,h< xn.", (A.D. I ]'): N.",II" I.,,;" ;... i, 6•. I. J . <d. 11.. S<h<><11
    .nd P. Kfil g'" C"',., ;.,j,~',ili" )llIodin. '9.11. JJJ ."" ' o, ,&,,"'~ 10 dIe"' 8' m",
    . nd ,,",,," .. , . x«oo Th<m;,,;", imi,"n« on ,h< ' p«i, 1oblig""'" of, .. 5<". ", of
    Coo",",inop"' to «lebr ... irnp<.i.t hohd. y" 0.-" . , Sd."nkl_Down<y. '., 1." _6 .
    .. I"" . fix, ., Ilonn . 49, .1-<"' .'1 , d,,<d toJ""in;'" " .-<ign by BU1 Y, 'c."muni>1
    Book', 1'· <19, n. ,7 .
    .. 5« IIoly,," 'P.-i<my ', p. '), n. L Il i, not< wQ"hy t"" in th< "1'01" ,pp<nd,.d '"
    I"" . fixp., lh"i, P'";dp,,ion " '" to . ... fut s"n",j th" it " , .."d ".-i,h o "'
    "pio n.. ;",,; IIonn <93.'0--'99. ' ,nd , .,. ., - 6.
    " Ep .. H (10 m<mb<nofth< Holy Synod) .nd 10 (to 110,,111) , D",,,"," . ""J-IO .
    .. Ii, .. J' , P"",u.o" >10.67-71.
    Like """y of the mon~rchy'~ rilu~ ls. p.n ieip"liun til .n Im-
    peri.l <riumph was lI",,,ly .11 . If.;, fur mel1, The >exua1 ... g_
    reg.tioll which h~d crept i",o I'le Itum.l" life and which. by
    the .ixth century. w., reg",ded ~s ch"r.ctc ri ,tk of Const.n-
    tillop1e', upper crmt. i, underscored by the glaring absence of
    women - "'pt; ve, ",ide - frnm triumplul p,ucessiuns .nd attend-
    :Illt cerc",n,,;,,·o Thu •. [be """urs whu Weill uut to /:I;creil to
    greet the ,,;umph~tH Thenphilu, w,ore u{1 occonlp.nicd by their
    wivt· •. It w.s unly when thecmperur decided to keep hi, m:.gn.t,-,
    with him th.t the ladies wn,' ",mmuned to join the court. The
    "'ntiv~tion fnr this order;, re\'C~ ling: it w"' intended to ~lI()w the
    wives to be with the AllgnSta. nut Iheir husb.nds. 70 The ,eaSun is
    that in early medi,·v.l Byz.ntium, th,- public Jive! ufthe ladies uf
    the elite gcnn.lly revolved ",,,,md the enemuni.l life uf the
    etTI press. whik tho, of their hu sh,,,ds ",rued nn the ,c tiviti~. of th~
    emperor," The ",rc cxcel'tiu"l [(l [hi. principl~ ~r~ rC<ldi1y

    .. u" "'"' I ~.~ ,,·s .. ""'. ",',' l. lhi to"". I"""" I" ... OM by: ,",i",. '-nd <do (p or;,. ,,)7<>J.
    I'P t'! . "J ", of J {:",,JiJ,,,, J,.. M""",. ' L, femme run> I'<mp,,,, by"",;n',
    II;""" -.,1;,1,.., I. f< .. "", ,·d . I'. (;"m. 1. ) ({'or;" ">"7), " - oJ, h«< >1 - 1: ",m,
    ",J", "'"'' "" ,m I' "",,, ."d " 're, ,,"', ;.1. ;l;l" rp." - J' '-", th< Kg " g""n of
    " 'om,,, .. ~."'" ."J 'P'''''''' '" . "e;"", Rom<. IhMon , tifo ..J 1<;,." ,
    rl' 'j' -9. [)o:-<.c,i"," ~ ''''' ,< "'" "-", uf ''''' 1"-'p" I.""" uf Coo,,-,-,,,, nopk donn ~ ,10.
    ,,,,hq .. ' " uf ')7, ~ ~.,h;" "'''''''-0 ,I" , ",",-.. I ",ol." w" "umpk,",y o,·,,,"rn<d '0
    ,~< 1"->'' ' ,h" ".,,""" m;figk"d ,,,dy "'"h m", - ."J ""'J"" 10"", ,~" ' YJ'<' ,It","
    /I,,, .. s. J. 7. K<ydd l, ' "7 · '~ 'J.
    " '"'p. br .. ,w.
    ~'ri' """.w. IJ."m. \0 •. ,,- ,6; ',·Ii.''''' M. 10 /I>~r!.'* l nl "0 j'''OT".c
    I{,W"';'-.c ,"" .oi.oo><. .I,t,,,,at}, r~ 00'oo.,~ I~''''',
    " TI",,, ",.~,. f,,, t"'''l'~'. 'nK'opl"'K~ ,JJ, 'h< <"",n',",)' " , e ,k"n ,hot ,10. ,Ii« "f
    C ''''''''' ,mor).- ".,," ."" 'u ~"cr I ",,<. ,,~. ,-" ,,'« of lw I V , w,,~
    "'h' , n, H"o ,. <H ' ) I". TO" l,m ll<1 momo",, 1 hf, of ,I>< wom,n of,,,,
    , ", ;,
    w;"" A .M ,

    8 y"n ' "" dire """,,«I " ' ,J., . ttit",k, "fb« .n"'l";' y, Tho.. ;, ;, 'rl""'"' ,hoi ,I><
    m 'f"N d,d nu' p.rti«p'" ;n th,' h'p';,m .1 r""""""'" "fTl><od",;uo II , M"k ,Y".
    P'"p~r''' (BIfG. 1nO), " ",J " . ,d. J J. G,i~o i " ,nd M.A. Kug,n" iP"". ")]01 ,
    J9,"- ' O.' .<: ,f ,I ... ",,,I,,,,,,,,,,,·,,, "1,1,,, """,,,,;. 1 I.d,,, of ,I>< " " h «n'u ,y.
    "u~ h' J." "'"." ,.'''' ,I"'y "f "~.-,or,,, ~ "' ,' " ,o. w;f, "f ,0. ,,..w
    C...,. , T; bmu,
    .nd ,I>< Au~"," s.,,'ph;', jc.k."y' J"h n nl Frh",,~ IJ.'" ,. J. " " . ,",nob.
    <>I ,,-'-". Wum ..", ",,,h ,he <x'-'r'K. ' ,,' ,be \'''''~ r-><p"'h ' "
    ,mp<".1 h""I''''' ~""" I" " ,.- ,bo.. """h ",J
    _""' n' f,om ,10.
    'end, "" "" "." 1'{,;lo,h<u" Ck,,,,·
    I,,~; " ,". O,,,",,,m,,J<,, Y)."- 'T7.(' co' Th, 'p<C,,1 «I,,"..m),,? h<,w""n.n <nor''''
    mol dR' ,-<n"o" . 1 t.d,,·,;, emph,,;,«1 by th< ,,-.,..1, M"h"l ]I ""' ppo«d '0 h,,,
    fH-" on'Y 'h' m"",h "f h;, "",n m'~n"'" "" )"iJ' b,,,, vi,,, ... . J"""~oc
    bw , . . /I,a,;." " ,~, ~~I rk ~~"Ip,c ~"I"-'~~" , ' I",; c &,,.01"1" nl
    IhooJ.M,., Th,orh , Con,,, ,. " . &nn, 7 '. q - '0 . It " wonh " "",,,;ng ,10" 00 "',
    P'Qmo"'m ''''' (""" ~ ~"p,"l. d", ,,b,,,,d '1',,,,.1., " , tl>< ""'" of p"ric;,p, .nd
    cxplic~blc in terms of the particular circum,unces, Th,u the
    im perial siMer, ,at side by ,ide with Comt'lllline IX during the
    triumph uver M ani.cc, wa, due not to cuuom, but (0
    Constantine's conMitlltional deht to them .. the sourcc of hi,
    authority."
    The senatorial order w.s not the only d ement of the city's
    populalion directly implic;>tcd in jmperi~l ceremonies, In 1.le
    antiquity, the municip.l gui ld, had play ed . role in rcprr~nling
    Ihe.popu lace and turning out. crowd for imperial ceremunies,"
    This certainly held for tri um ph cerem onies, . ' Justinian· , celebra-
    tion of 559 shows. The Stteen were su packed his horse could
    sc.rcely move forward. Thi, is Ie" "
    token of the ~g ing emperor's
    popularity Ihan th e effICiency of the Cit y Prefect's office al Illrnin g
    out the corporati on\ for a public d i,play ofloyal t y,to It is unclear
    whether .11 the guild, continued tu play Ihe role uf offici.l
    spcctator-p.rticip. nl in thc early mediev.1 triumph . • Ithough
    they cenainly <lppeHcd in other ceremonies." The only gruup

    ,h<m' mmm."J"", Ix ''" .. '.;9 rjo) , V""" ,,6pl --&l.; , Cf, ,h< .ooi,n" of ,h.
    Au~"," on ,h, ~.Ik.y uhh. H.~; , Sopn; • .•"ol"n~ ""Ty ,h. wi,'c, of .,,;"u, ."".
    ~i ~,"''''<'' D< m .. ' ,9. Vog'. 1.61.10-6,,1.
    ,. Cf, .00,<. Ch, • . p. ,~, . Notu .. Tl y ,I>< ~<"< .. t «.<moni.t ,",~,,~"ion of wom<n did
    "'" oold in .Xctp!l..It.1 ""urn",n,.. , I;k< th< "~'''lCy of 1<""" (cr, ,,~, T brophit"',
    A. M , 6'91. 0. Il00,, . 1 • .6--" fo, 1><, [ ,,'" M~nd.ly pm'''''''''' '" A.M, 6'9J,
    <77-]-6 fo, ,ho, ""p io<"'ion ,h>l >I" h.d p",id,d ", •• b. nqu, u wi,h p".,,,,,".) 0'
    Th".!"," , wid"w "fTh,ophi iu. Ib.n4"" fo. ,o. r.." of O"hoJoxy. ""n~<d by
    ,h. d« ~ Y' Th.oph. CO",.. . , ". il,,"n. ,60.,lI_, "' . '7) .
    •., Aero'" ''''pO''';'''
    to, ~ 'u J.I'. w.l" in ~ , t, ... """"if"' ,., k' p"j",","",II" ,"a k'
    R.... ,.' "'1"''' /" "'i~,"" j.~ " I","." '" I'Ii" p;,d(}ai .la.,. , (u,uv>;n. ' i 9j) , p j .
    • nd , ('39<11, ' _7. '"' ,.Ikti, .,," . Ily P'''i<,p''od in " iumph « .<mo"'" "f 'h,
    ,hi.d ""'"'y. bu, hi' .. i<kn" rum" [mm '"' '''''P''''''
    I.",,,,;,,, ""1"""'. whi'h i,
    "'~ " Ii.bt. fm ,h" 1"'.;,,<1 .
    ,. I .. p . hp .. lIonn. '91 .' - 7. Nu" ,h" ,h. 'o.pon'i"m ru m, ' ij;h ' .r". 'h< P"f«",
    ,,ffi,,,. cr. ,h, rimil .. ,v,okn« of Co.ippu' d""" i p ' ~", ,,r Ju"in tt', ,on,ul"
    pm''''''on , I." .. .. 61 , C .m ",,,, 7l. wh,,, ,h .... IJ" i, 'divHum in 'u.m" ,, ~ '" in
    m. ",.put', nsh,ly " ""p"«~ by Com«"" , ,<><.
    " Th, g",Id, "'.'" «P ' ''''''''" - . ~"" in """"i",oo wi," 'he , pmh', of(i" _ " ,I><
    >ot. ",n pro",,,,",,,, ftom ,h. (j"" P.T". <0 ,ho, H "~ Lo Sophi>: lJ< " '.. I. ' . Vog'.
    '9 .'6--' S. Tho< ,h.y wt .. , ho,,, " . kmJ of oIfoci. T"",,,,,J ;.'"~g<".J by Liu' p.."J"
    """ dt",,;pt Oon. [u< ,h .. i , ,u,dy ,h. Hk"",y uf ,he ' ,~",,,, ~ of m."h.n" ,nJ
    i~nobt. po:nom'; liU'pr>nd of C"m""., I-<~"'"" 9, '0. J. !leek« , MGII, SRG,
    1'9'J), 8<),19-'3, Th<1 . 1", ",,"cd 0" ' fo, 'o. [,,,i,,,,,, "'..".. 1<00 by ,no 'Ki,
    of A"b em; .... ' ;" ""<1<, Coo",n. in< VII: D< w. , >, II. !loon. 179,1-r>, wh«<
    ,1><<< ",om to h.v, b<on mo" ,h,,, .ix of ,I><m, Cf. S, V,yoot!. J', 'Ily"n'i",
    which may have participated directly in imperial lriumph~1
    PW{T";Om walthe rather higher ,tatu.' organiz ation of nOlorie'; in
    the early (enth .;entury, this guild was obligated to t.ke part in
    "arious impCTia I ceremonie, at the ep.rch', b~hcst, Fa ilur~ to do !-O
    ent,iled thc stifffin c of a third of a nomi,ma, of which half went to
    the eparch', offiee and h~ l f to the ddinqucnt notuy', coHe"gues, 76
    Thi, 1m det"il di,do\e~ the extent to which participation in .n
    imperial ctrtmony was • que'lion of group pre~tige.71 Eql.lally
    revealing j, the f>cl 1f,.lthis fin" i\ only ,lightly higher than th e
    One for failing to attcod J coHcaguc', fun~ral procelsion ,'"
    If they ma)' have pbycd • Ie.,...r role in producing and r._
    prc"'llling the crowd, the early mediev,l guild, followed in the
    fOOl'tcps of their d~,sical prcde{'cswrs in anoth~r Hea , the
    decoration oftlU' capita l for the emperor', ceremonial progress,
    Thi, festive decking out of city '!Tens with greenery "nd other
    om_men!! (carollnlio; on;rplivWOl(:) was deeply rooted in the
    n,ilkn.ty us" gcs of Medilcrrane'lll civilization,'" Just a, private
    citizens fe'tooned their hom es for wedding. and birth" 10 whole
    cit;e, wcr,' deco,. ted for the great rdigion, and civil festival, of

    AHMOKP ATIA ,nd 'h, gu iki. ;n ,ho, <"'<n ,h "n'u,y·. DOP, 17 ([1'6)) . • 8<>--) r ••
    hm )00, " ... <11" tI", '"'0" ,'x«p,;on.l """" "[,,,,.I to i0;4,. pp, 'O.-j . J[ i, no[
    ''''1''''';01< 'h" gu;I~. w,,,
    p",,,n' ;n ,h< 00;.1,,,,1" which <xp ..... "d ;,. Ioy.lo y
    '0 Th<ophi l", in f.on' of'h, B"",n H"u"" "u,ing 'h" <"'p<mr. E" , "iumph .
    " 1Ioo. 4,1« ~P"'~ ' I .•. <J .J- Niwk "F'" I. Dujl<" n ;"~Pl'Kb, {ilfJi.!Il> (1<mJ"".
    ' 910).'".y- '" Th< m<m",,",. ,,< ,&,,«1 ' 0 "'h,, ns""ly .. ;. {i.CI;'Ko/
    ~p<>~I""J' ~ lu&Jp(>1'o/ ii ~",(i.6}-<p ii """"K;~aU fool /.60{Of6f"" bdplOO.
    ,II, /. "1~6~~1>,, 4'a~ ~"""{,,, cr, J-" S'Ockk , SfM""'''"' .. 4 Iy>."'i.i"~'
    b.ft" r.;;"".f"""X'"' '"'" ''1'.'""''";Mp~IKb. {i'{i;Jo. uo,,J,, W,i,..". Kho.
    U<Olfig< 1"' ,I"" G<><~"h". [0 (L<' p,iS, '9"). p, ,S.
    " Th< i<kn,;~<>,iQ" of ,ole t. ''" ~u;.M·"" (&0 • •J '", I:pa,,~. Niwl<. f6.'. ) ..
    'wlbg""'- .",m u",nimum' N ;,uk ihi~. ,nJ p. 'jO; F",h[",ki. ii-;J ,. p. ";, ,oJ
    M, Sy ,,'yumQ Y, Vi".,!"!" ,, ,",~, Fp""". (M OKOW. 'y6,I, p, <7. n., not;"" 'h"
    f,i]<,,< ' 0 'PI"''' ., '" ;'nr<",1 c<<< n'O<lY ... ,," """h '" ;"r""8<m<", "" ,ho p<<r
    ~ ' O"P " "', ,h< 'pmh ', ,",ho", y do.dy p",Ud, inform",,,,, .bou, . 1<v<m"_
    ".'''''' y I" ,,,,,f,,<c,,"'y '" C(""",,,,,,op l<. in ,,"'hK" , m<",h<, ",ho h,J r,jkJ <0
    . " "nJ ,mnf,,",m'y <..,monr fm ,h< f"" "fJohn ,h< B.p"" f".d, f<n< ;ml"""d
    by ,ho u 'll,n "",,,n', '''' .. u''''' .\li"",.I. A " , .. ,; IBUG. '711. '!. ,J . A.
    P'p,Jop<HlI""K<t"n<Ul. 11.,;."",« UK,. (S, 1'«<"bu'8. '909). 'O . ~->1 ,n No«
    'hot 'h< m noo l"y <kK"b'''g ,h, <onf,,,,,";,1" c<",mony " bmrow<d f.-om
    ;mp<"'] "",.1 .
    " 1Ioo. oj '" FI"'''!,' " ,6, Ni,ol<. ».6-, J,
    ,. R . Tu".n , 'le, ~"HI"I<l<, .I,", 1""''9,,;,<, <!,,,iqu, , JAC , , . 1'97'),9'-')9,
    h",,' "',
    O'gnni~ing n Ily~a"'in( ',iumph
    antiquity, including, in p~rricul. r, Roman triumphs,so Although
    some rigorists had originally opposed Christian puticip.rion in
    these rires, they were no more ouccc"ful here th .n eh.ewhete .t
    alicmling [he new religion from the old society. SI Ind eed, by late
    antiquity, the ClIstom h. d ,pi lied olll of priv ate :I!ld public sewl ar
    use ~nd into the decoration of churches."' Among the many
    occasions on which the capitals of the laler Roman empire were
    adorned with wreath" lights, , ilk veil, and .ilver and gold
    deco r. tions were consul .. processions, impnial accessiom, ad-
    ~enlUs. b~plilfl" md marriage,." The guilds ,,--em 10 have pla yed
    no little role in these prcp'r:ltions." Although the record is, as
    ulu:ll, blan k for the By»ntine dork age, the tradition surviv ed or
    at le.,t revived. Thus, ,he tenth-centu ry guilds of silk and ,ilver
    merchants were chorged with the decoration of the T ribounalion
    between the Great Pa!.ce and the Hagi. Sophi. ... A due to how
    the system worked come. from a delailed p. lace memorandum on
    the decoration of the Gre.t p.l.ce complex for. vilit of cmissari~"S

    •• Ii, •.. '01-, • .


    " E.I. Tm"lli>Il , D< ,orOll'. IJ. !---<l. ,d. A. K"'ytrt,"". eeL, • ('9$<).
    ,OIi • . ) ,-,OIi) . I, 0' D< iklD,." ... . IJ. 7-1. <d . A. Rriff""h,id .nd G . W;"""". il....
    1116. , 1- , (ok). Cf. K. B,",. [h , K".,,;. A.,ilr, •• J c.,oo.,.,". £ i", "i,~, ,~ ..
    ,,'~I"I~1ot v."" ..... -.It,,,
    "1 .,.-. .. & ",Ir,klo'(P"l T,,,.II, .. ,. n.:Oph"lC" . 2
    (Oon". 1940), pp. 66If ",i,h fu"l><. ",f"'n'...
    " R . Tu".". ·Gj .!.....!.'. RAG. ,,(,~,), 1- '). h,,, ,! _ ,~ .
    " ~'i. Ch' pOllQrn , /lo,.ili" i. K.I<" ..... ). PC •• S.OJ6-" Cio"diu,. I" R.ji".,". '.
    JJ9- ". Di" . • 6 . C .. ,. S,il"". , '.1"'- 00'/ , 0;". "7 .n~ IV ''''.. 64)-1. Ili«. 'J I ;
    Prod",. II_iii. 9. PC. 6j·n l " (CPC. jloll); Gmipp"'. I." .. J. 0' -1 , C.",,,"" 0,
    .nd • • 1< - 19 .nd .o6ft". G.rn<mn 7j- n .no 79; M,,~. V. I'c<P"y,jj. , 7,
    G"i""..-Kug<n<., 19 .J - 7' Ev .gri" ~ /I. • .• n. '. Did«_ P..-m<",i< •• ",., - ."
    Throphyio",", Si",,,,,,,,,,,. /I;" .. 1. '0. ,- 11 , D< !J.oo', j7., - )o. j .
    .. cr. <.11. J- M..-q .... .-d', 0., Pr;."w.. .... R .... , . • nd <<In (l,ip.ill. "M). p. j16; tl><
    .,,",1 pmicip.. ion of 'h, 8uikh in dc<o<>'ing the <i'y;, .. idrnocd by ,I>< ,j,..
    <oilqi""''' . moog ,I>< ,oommm" ofth< 11«<" I hfou~h which Co",,"nlln< j p..",d
    ."Iy Ul hi, "'igo: XII ""~ .. J (I). I • • ' MYI1OM, 13!.4---<l ,od ,onf"m<d by the
    <1«0<>';0." 1<, ou, in f",., of ,n. "14"";4 of " ",;,,,h I<} «l<b",. ,h. ,",m'n'y of
    Th..oo.:..;u, I .f", the Sum" flO!' ChfY"'"0",. /I,,..,, ;. ,r.,.".•, PC .• 9."0.
    f"'m /1_. i. K.I""'" ,.PC.• 1.91<. i, would 'PP"" ,h" ,h. "I"''';' u .. d ,hi," .n
    opp<>rtuni'y '0 .dYe"'''' 'he"~ "'.~.
    " 0< '''.. " " V"II'. ' .9-9- ')' cr. V,y""i,. 'Guild, '. p. )<><>. ,nd S,ij.ckk, Z ••ft, . p. p .
    Con,,,di<;,o'l' Kkn,if".tiom of 'he n"o" of ,hi, mon"mon ' in Help .., ·P.i<my'
    p. 7J . ."dJ.nin. C,1t 01" .. p. ! 1<0 ."",.-dinll to ,h. fo.m". it ..... . kind of "1""<:
    fo. tl>< !..'''''.' .. II .

    ",6
    OrgnniziHg n BYZmPline """Hph

    from T~TSII S on 31 May 946,~6 Th is document indicatcHhat it was


    the Cit y Pre fect who ~ct ual l y org"nized thl- decoration with
    material mppli ed by the g(, il.1,,81
    The epareh was in charge of th e preparatiom (rli ItPOW7,j,)IC!;j
    for a triumphal entry imofu as they in volved d"coratinn~ ""d the
    like. The ornaments were arranged along the entire triumph . 1
    route. from the Colden Gal c to th e Arch of the Mi lin""'
    Although there i, no direct proof Ih a{ the guild, pruvided Some of
    the de co rations for Middle Avenlle 011 the,e o(:cas iom, their sub-
    ordin:llioo to the City Prefect ."d the cirnlln>l.nce th.t thl-iT
    ~hops appear to have bem grouped hy trade. j,e. hy guild .• Iong
    part of the triumph . 1 itineruy Il' gg ell thaI thi, may have b<.-m the
    case; decorations were ce rt.inly mpplicd by Iho ...· who lived . Iong
    the . venue. " 9 The prep.r. tion, aha included clean ing the streel
    .nd strewing it with flower,: perh.p' too ,,,w du .t w.., sprin kled
    on the Ie ..st s.vory spot. of the imperi.1 p.thY" With the
    comhined flor:ll decor:ltiom n[ branches nf ,wee t_,melling l"lItel.
    rosemary .nd my rtle wreath , and btt ices decked with brae.de,
    ~nd chandeliero. it is nn IlIrpr;" th.t the tllcdicv~1 obs<:n-cc could
    comp.,,~ th~ h"", of th e city with a huge Greek marri.ge 'Telli.
    (1tGlOl/tCj. Thc triumph prOCC'lin" comtitutcd • Ireat fat the'
    beleaguered llyz.ntine no,,", 'IS well .. I th~ ey e."'

    .. .o.pf><ncl«l to D< ,u,.2. 'J , Bonn , J10, 1J -J9" W fo, ,10< d,," . n~ ,-,,,un"",,"'.
    V." lkv-C, o"d , /I, ..... ,." I. J'< - l l·
    .. D< m,. " ') , lloon , J7'. T<-, !: . , , ,.; lp.fJoodi.w. t~,I",i.,~" IJ iJ"PlO<. • ~,~ '"
    ,1cJ~1>c. "Ie. "poc",:,,=<,. ,b6 " fJh crlcJ. hi.wl',hw. ~.I .,.,.Jk ~~16"'; ~P)w.
    ~ptJ<1tn. ~Of ~"I"",(i). ~.f ' .. y.io)q>w' ~f'l",p<il". ~~!.o.'&t. f<," .PJ'l'po~p"tn.
    ,,~,~ np,~6,,", >,

    .. Th. <p",h ', ' ''pon,;b; I;,y ;, c"''''r ,,,,,J ;n ,w" of th. "'1'''''' on ,,,umph., .n"""
    . pJ><n<l<d '0 I,"p. Exp .• Iloon. <9') ,9-'J. j0 1 , 1I-~Op (11. ,, 1 I) .n d ~o~.J-7
    (Th<oph,lu,) , To 0')" k ""w,.d8<. ,h, u", ~f ,h< " ,m ~ _, ~ i>J" ru, ,ho p"p",';om
    for.n ",,",",.,;, fit" ,,«,,<d In P,d,"" O'''''l''P''"' CO"'''"'In< IX, l ~. ROO'BId.
    " r '7. r,. It ;, <"'. ;niy ok!... how,""." Tl><odm. S,ud;,,', m'''phm;<>1"'" of ,I><
    wo.d >how" f'" . 1, ". P(; , 9')" ' J) "' ,
    .. Gu ;lI.nd. TopoX"p"", >. :>0; d , p, n Scyh"<, , Thu," . <",' 9·
    .. I .. p, Ex, .• Bcnn , ."".'<-' j .nd )0) , '-2. S'", '-<I<>n,"~, .. ",dm' .n~ flow ..
    ',.. 'mon' w,,< ",nd. ,d of><" '; oS p"""du", fm ;"'1"';" p""''''''n" D, '" '. [. '.
    Vost , , ,).'t - . ,6, Th;, w .. n"u"lIy 0" ;no".";on uf 'h< m<J ....1 1""00d, 1'",<1<],.
    H_. ,. PC. 6).77 ).0. ,
    " On ,h< "'" chh<., pl.n". /"'p . Exp,. <9'). [ 0-, I. Th' <omp.",on .,;11, ,10< m"';. ~ <
    ",II;, ;, mod< in • ~ Io" on ,hi, p""g<' if.;,/,. <99.'0-'. So ,,," l,u D•• <cn, Hi" .. 9.
    12. lIontt. r ~ " '(\.-'0, <00' 1'''<' MoJdk '''',m''' J""tt~ T,i m"",> Cliu ''' pl, of 9" 10
    WOllld the guilds ha v ~ had solt· rt',ponsibility for supplying
    dccoration~' The an~logy of other ceremun ie, mggem othcrwi,c,
    >t I.osl a, far as th, Pahce is cuneerned. The 946 mcmor,ndum
    ,kmomrrate, that for a p>rticu larly illlpre~,ivc fc,tiv, l, the ['.lace
    mobilized resource, in precious objects li kc silvcr-pl. ted eh.ins
    . nd chandeliers, ha"gi"gs and so on. frum seve",[ \Durce' _Ther.e
    induded not unly the various h.lb. treasuries and ch;pcls uf the
    G rea t p.lace complex it,elf. but aIm different churche, and social
    w elfare imtitutioll' like hospitols and old-age home •. ~2 The w;ly
    in which these itl'ms were collnted i, revealed by ~n ,mccoutc in
    the contemporary Life of Empress T hcophano (ob. 893). T o
    decorate the pab, i" c church of Elias for the ~er~monic, honoring
    that prophet's fem day. the ufficial in charge dispatched ~
    , ubordinate to the church w here the appropriate decoration, were
    kept_ I" ,hi, ca,e, the ,te"og taphcr and cG"didmu, Myron w ..
    entrlmed with the t",k and obviously was ~ccomp.nicd by
    hdpcn. The pTOtSla, of the Huly Apostks' handed ovcr ,he
    required m:lteri,,] "nd it was ,ent to ,he apprnpriHC pbCC. 93 This
    procedure, howeve r. relate, on ly to the ~dornment of the Gre.t
    ['. lace itself.• nd the extent to which it may h . ve been followed
    for are'... oUl\idc the PJI~ce precinc ts is not de .. r.
    Alth ough the triumph al ruute's gmera] outline wa, dict~ted by
    the urban l.nd,eape and dnai lcd by cmtom, circumst an ces
    occa,ion.lly compelled change. Thm the itinerary of Justinian ',

    • bnd.l ,h.mb<" 6J~~, 9~M!,,"'. 0" ,I>< ''''urt . nd H<ti<n'''O<Qngm oftb< ~""d.c
    1« C. v,,,", """",I,,, " " k ",,,,;OgT" "' '''''';liOl< It "' i''''''"",iit .I 1'1"""""
    1"lli""'i~,, l\;hlio'hCql>< de> Ecole, [""",1<, d'AlOO",'" de Ro", •. ,,6 (P";,,
    ''''''I. pp .• ' ,If.
    " Dc "' .. '. 'j. Ilu.",. J70_ rJ- Ji ... ~ I"" ,0. foti"w;og in"""t~n'" '0"""'1: S"
    x'~ i'" .nd B",hu" , ... No. , M"""" • .f<,""_i•• oo , '.I,,;oi '" 8<n<,.1 {J7, .i ---<j 'od
    ,, - JI. B i ,,~"n" . 'h, Ch'y"",,;'ii noo, 'h< V;rs," of !'h"",. ,h, ""1".;,1 Phyl .. .
    til< 0,."",,,, of St V,,'" ,od St Th«><lo« t. to/ n~.l>rl<p. Holy "'I""'ie,' , S,
    tJ<m<l<;", roo n ',(~rtoo . nd ,0. V,,,;,,i"m roo K ~pl~'oo .
    .. V. n"r"""". 'J. K UHl. '7.l(>-jl . 0., My.oo', dign i'y "'hi'h. if i' "''' low in ,I><
    'Q
    0,,,.11 p,I , ,,,,,, h,,,,,,"y, "''' "m I1oth,<lS ~,«,< or. >c< R. C"ilb"d, 'Lo ';"0 do
    ""d,d,,. (... ~i;,"'" I; ~ ..JIJ.iI,OC'. f'.I,(~, .. i,," . F"''''''ift F. NItt, (Hoid<Il><'K.
    '0<'><1), pp. " 0- ,). My"''' ,"ould l>< ,Mod !O h;, P''''''I'''~"phi" l h,t , 'li4.. p. "~.
    11,., My ,on w" ,,,i>«~ con l>< ~""u,,~ f,om ,ho (, ,,, ,h " ,ho ~«m"ioo , oolt««d
    r,om '"" "'1"",10,' wm "'" ' ,Ion~ (~PQ";"""). ,,'h;1e "" him",lf 'ook "" of
    Th<oph'"o', .. il: V. 711 ..,",,,,,. 'J, Ku",. n.'S. On St Hi,, '. ""J.njn . F.1U",. pp.
    1)6--].
    Organizing a Byza"ti"r triumph

    triumph of 559 was l ~ rgc1y ~typin l. in that it stretched from the


    G~!e of Char;sim along the upper segment of Middle Avenue,
    with the major sanctuary being the Hu ly Apostles', rather than
    start ing at the Golden G~te " nd perhaps ending with ~ vis it to th"
    Hagi~ Sophia , 9~ The rc"mn for this ch~nge w~, th" terrible
    c"rthqu ake of Dccemh,,, 557 which resulted. it would appear. in
    seriuus d"mage alung the luwer M iddle Avenue and the collap,e
    of the Great Church', dome in the summer of 5SR.9S Simil;IT ly.
    althuugh doubt less fur uther mutives. Lcu V M'em. tu h"vc made
    his entry ofs I J via the Gate of Char is ius ,•• Such exceptions aside.
    huwl'ver, the City l'rcf.·Cl and poplll~tiun could nol but have ~en
    aware of the great portico_lined bou lcv ~rd of triumphal tndition .
    the luwer and (mtral Middle Avenue. which ,tretched from the
    city', ccn'munia l mtrance at the Guldm Gatc ro irs monument.l
    heart. via the m,~or public ''Ill",e1.97 If. however, stree t p.tterns
    "nd bui ldings defmed the route in more or less permanent f.. hiun,
    .. Imp. Exp .. lloon, ."', I J ,ylI.I) . Th" ,0< nOfm. ' ,,;umph.t ;I;n,,,,y .t".dy b. ~ ",
    ",he Gokl,,, (,;", .. ,hi, dm" "'",N "'" onty by Ih, ,,;",n« of th .. t"i.h
    mOllumcnl, 1>1" . 1><> by 'ho f.co ,h.. ,I>< ,,,,ho' of th' "I'''''ju'' ,;t," . ltuJ.., w.
    ,h.n ~<", "'" ""'''''''y oc<>oo< ,b< <mp<lol h,d ... omo' w Ihrou~h Ih, Gol<l<n
    (;"" ;b;'" '9!,9-1I,
    " H.g;. "'ph;" Mulkr_W .."". B;I.b ;...... p. 86; fo, d. m,s, '" ,h, Middl< A,'nu,
    '''' """,;",d with , h i. <,,'h~u. k, ,.. R. Noum . n". ' N ,..., II"'N,h'un~'" ""
    Thw.!""",OOg<n und Forum T.ur' m 11",,",,1'. /"...... 1" ,\fi,,,il""K"". n (1'17<1).
    "7-", b<" 'p ,
    o. Tb<oph. n" , A.M , 0)0) , n.- Boo<. $''' .'5 - '0, "'paloo I><;ng ,I>< ",.ding ,,«plOd by
    tk Iloo, fro"' ,oM . V .. . K'· .7' , Mo.", . K'- 191 .nd p"tO<ut,,11 A,."",;u'
    1I;blio,b«,,;uo. ;oil" ' .) )9"9, X~jJ<7I"" (. <oll.""t form of X'p,aioo, d . j.n;n.
    Cp), 'rz __ p. ,!,
    I i, <·",,;nly. g",rn ,,,,,om, ,h. ),,"'. J'ffi"r;" .nd mu" .. p"r""d
    '0 ,I>< XI"-"'~c of Pol. S', 171 I •• MS ,h".«<";,,d hy ,",v;,;,m, .nd . ""poi..<ion,
    (;' ij .. ' . j 17ffi . Til< ""'''' for ,hi, ,,,,,,,I ,x,u",,' i, th .. 'Thool" u n,,' <o"I<mp"'''y
    (" v.... ",,",un dow" p",b. bly wilh", momh, of,ho.von<: MOf'.";~, By'''''''''''''''
    d". I, IP ) "",mOl'y ~.dy ,,,,,,,,di,,, ,,",h-c,ntury h(""rK>!l"l'hy. wh;<h
    .1<",,,",,, ;n "",,_kg'"" ")' '"'''' , ,yp",,1 oJ",",", ,i.
    ,I>< Gold<:n G.l<. w;lh •
    w,knm, h)' Ihe ,," ~I" ;~" ; " S, juhn S'uod;"" 'G"""iu'. ' • • . Le,","II<,_ W O'""
    .od Thum. ).70-6.!7 " ,d TII<"ph. ConI .. ', 9.110",,' , 1! ,,1- 19,9. WlI<th" ,h.
    "" d._"",,,,y "',ou'" ... " • (.h''''''otl of ,h" pe,i(>(! 0' 8"<> h.c~ ", •
    .i.
    ptor'~""'''I11~ ,""""",f"o"hk !O lro V ;, not ,1<". P"h,p' ,0< ""'y '00' pi""
    ,b< G.I< ofCh.",;u, 1><"",,, of 'h, p"",nco 'hm of p"'i,,m of ,h. u>u'P<" d ,
    ' .g. 5;"',,,", ;"""., .. u ... , ,h,"",i• . ed, !. & klm (lJ.won. 18 •• ), J 40 ..,.. u . Cf. 100
    ign";u> V. ''''~'fh<><; (!1HC , IJJ5), l>< 1100" 10).IJ - ". ",,;ll,n .f", '"
    ISo.i,o' o, ·H,~ i~~"rhy ' . p. Ill)'
    " D, Th, Ikly"v, ' EI<>golllol 'ny< ' y ~hody' . pp. I-J6; j""'" Cp), I ~~ .• PP · j6 - 7;
    Gu,II."d , '['r<'l"ph;" >, 69-79' D'g"",. Nm""". pp. 93-10': Muli<-<_W;"n".
    B.IJlu;. ,", pp, '60>- 70,
    Orgmlizing Q Hy;:mujn~ rri"mph

    thc ~mpcror" >lOP' . long th.t roUle, i.c. th e point' :11 which he
    m~-r various reprl'Scntativc group" w~re mbjen to innovation.
    In thc eye. of the Constantinop"litan ui,tocr.cy, the most
    meaningful of the ritual encounters which studded the triumph~l
    rome was th.t of the emperor an d the offici.ls entrusted with the
    city .nd palace in hi.ab,ence. Although the.., offICials cu'tomarily
    left the capital to meet a homecoming emperor as ,oon as he
    .ppro.ched the area, they l.ter returned to the city before him to
    stage the ritu.l welco me, during which the emp<-'ror received the
    cu,tomary 'gifts' of. l.urel wreath .nd • gold crown. 9 " The
    encounter usually took place in the p.C'ence of the ,en.tori.l
    order. In thc c.rly Middle Age, thi, second, city greeting
    h.bitu.lly occurred at the ent rance to the city, generally the
    Golden Catc. 99 This had not always bun the case, however, for,
    on .t least ,omc oec.,iom, it h.d becn cuuomary for City Pre_
    fects .nd sen.tors of the fifth .nd sixth centuries to weleom e
    the emperor and offer him the tradition.l presents imide the city,
    a! the Forum of Theodosiu, (Forum T.uri}.lOo Even carlier, it
    would >cern, thi, kind of ritu.1 encounter w.s aswci.tcd with the
    Forum ofComt.ntinc.'O! In other word" with the P'''.gc of
    time, the point of ritu.l encolln ter between the emperor, hi,

    .. Thu, l .. p. Exp .. Bonn, . 1)1.) - 1; of. ,(>< ., - 0, ,0,. )-7 .nd JOO.'-) '
    .. I .. p. bp .. • 97.'.-11 lAD. jj9), jU l. IO_ ,6(B"il)): JOO.I- ' ( l'h<ophHu,), Lro
    Due"". H;JI .. 9. <>. 8o.m. 1 jl ., _lo, .no S<yi,,,,,. Th.,n, ,'O.H-I (.... D. 971):
    'i.cyi,"", Thu,,,, J6<.II - )6J .\>O (11,,;1 ttl: P,dl",. O""'.g"p~ .. , Mich.<l IV, JO,
    R,","IJ . I.!'. ,-,. Cf. II.. od.m", uf Con""";'" IX, i;,oI., Co"' .. "ti .... IX, '9,
    1. ,,0 .1-""', (11.,.< , how<v«, 'hot ,h. pm.g. ;, ,,,,rup<: NH B.y",,·
    "'ggmlOO ,~G_, I. Ir9J61, ,60 "'u" b< J;"n;"'J. ~n« tl!. L""II w.lt, w.,,,,
    f" '00 ""Unt fo, ,h" 1000' Y'J,nln. Cp~ hr>., pp . ,6'-)1. Cf. too ,he ,,,,,h-<,,,,,",,
    v<'1"'" of Leo V',e,,,, y, ;" "h i,h h< "''' S"" .. d by rh< C""o' of t.. W.lt, O"'~de
    ,I>< C;'y: Theoph. COOL. I. ~. Ikmn, 17 .6-'! '0" , .. mo,e ",pliO' vmioo of
    'G<O"'"". I, ), L<lII\;;ik ,·W",,,,, . "d Homo .• .<J-I.
    , .. Thu" on S.. u,d. y. )0 S<p" mb<, , ,6. Th..,J,~,", ",urned '0 C .... ".nt;oopl< from
    Houde. 'nd r<<<iv<d 'he gokl "OWn n'~ 1~' ~".~.9< ... f,om UnLU, rho C"y
    p"r", ,nd ,I>< Mnm, /. UjJ 9w.!"",,"'I' "';1"1" 0,,," . ,.". __ Bonn. J?4. ' - j .
    The 0.1"",,,, m.morand"m ."",I><d 10 I..,. f.xp . I';'",if"" ,hi. pl>« ku
    .mbl,"""'\Y: Bo.ln , . \>6.17-'97." ' " b • .,oo.-" .WjJ t, ujI ~i><P aw&.al""
    UjJ ~""""!'i"l" ..01"1' . .. , ,r. Guill.nd, ropol"plri', " J1. On ,I>< F<>rurn T'"ri.
    J.nin. Cpl, 11~ __ pp . 6.- 1: Miilk,_Wirn". Billhi. "". ?p. ,jl - 6J '00 "p .
    N.um,nn. 'Neu< !lrotr.ch,unson'.
    ,., 0. «r., ' . 91. Bono. <' •. 1) _ 17. S<hot.." " ill """,ioo.lly ","me lIu, ,~;. pm,s< ~
    p"t Qftl>< k;"o"r;ot «pon of,~< '0'00><;00 of Leo I;n "'.D. <)71e.8. D'g'oo,
    N.i"''''t , p. 10>. n. I) . bu, Ilu,y. lii""1 _!'''' I.", ll ..... '''p''' .. . to ,'" .,.,. ,!
    ,,,
    Organizing a Byzanline triumph

    prrfect :md hi~ J.enate shifted outw"d from rhe Column of


    Comtantine toward the city limit,. Now in rhe anci ent world. the
    di,{ance one advanced outward to greer an arriv ing person wa,
    calibrated - and commonly considered - to mark the hnnor in
    which that person wa, hcld. 102 In rhi. light. the outward ,hift of
    the point of riu>:11 encounter symbolized the relationship of the
    J.enato lial order !O the purple. Ev en as the point of encounter
    moved outwnd. however. the gift-giving which chaucterized
    the meeting underwent profound change: it became an exchange.
    The Byzantine wre.th offering<,t the Golden Gate harken back
    to the Helleni,tic and Roman custom of grc<:ting an "riving or
    victorious sovereign with. golden wrc:uh known as the aumm
    <,orcnarium. 'OJ By the fnurth century, this "oluntuy conrribution
    had lnng .ince become compulsory; it developed into two kinds of
    payment. o[which the senatorial venion, known rechnic. 1]y as

    J",,;.i.. , " j ", n. '. , oJ T ,, ; ,i"~« , O~,"'i"." p. ' 0, " . ~ (cf. 8'<:, J~ I '~j.), '97)
    .I,e.dy we,e . ble ' 0 <I<,w ,~< ","«'''S''1O''' ''''''f< of ~"., ! '0 ~17. '" to i, toO,
    iml""'ibk ,h .. ,hIS "",io", " ""h«, ,h< compk""''' of,", "rhtoJ"",-" W.Ik.ti,,"
    'he only ii'''' mrn,io",d 'nd ,,,,mon;.II)' di"inH";')'ed;, "tied 'i mpl)" ~ ~6pr~
    (or 6.17) ,nJ " I""",d b. tw"," th, t ),kn;,n" P, )", no,.. t,,,.Ii..,) O""MI, 'h<
    Coo",ntini," "mp'" _ '"" th, ro",m of Con,,,",j .... , On H,kni,n ... , ,<" V.
    Tif,i'''lliu. Th, Hekni,n.i tK"0., " m~'" ,,><1m" 1l<""U"S'" "" Vorftld d<>
    f,"hr" Kon",n,,"optl ', S,"";", '" F'""g'''';("« K.."",,,;",p<1J. Mi><.II.n..
    by""';'" Mon>«"~ •. '0 (Mu"",h, 197J). rp,.9-"0. 1><" jO- o,
    ". No" "'.g.,,",' obv;"", p,Kk "" ,h i, poin" R" t<"'" "oj ..1'.\""';. " , '- Som< of
    <h. bc1-t <vi<kn" oonmm <"'1'<'0" ,n" holy 1'<"""'" Thu., ",Iy in tM r,r,h
    ,rntu!y. Me!>ni, W," 8,,,,ty hono,ed hy th, <mp"" who fin' "m, ,m' to ~""
    o., in ,h< ",10«', ronico , nd ,hen m.<I< h" "~, with h" on ,h., th",n" (;,,,,n';",.
    Vi,. ,'.1,1"";,, ion;"i, (BIIG. " .. I. ", <d. [l, Go,,, , Sc. '-JO (P"i., ' ;<I,). " '; d.
    811L. )II}. <d. M. R.mpot1.. d<t Tin,j,,,,, .I·_to M<I"." l i .. i",. "'''''~' ,""","
    (Rom<. 190}). 9,J' -10.' , Th" ",iw"," """ i"d well into 'h< Midd" Ag,,' .f,,, ,
    ,w<.>-.nd_. _h.lf_y<>< ' '''''n''. Eu,byn,iu, ,,"'., w,komoJ" til< p.I, ,, by leo VI,
    ou"Kk th, Sil"". Got, ... hi, bi"" .. pl ... , w<f"lIy n(.". V. F",., .. ii. • '
    K.din_H.y''''. 'U<>-J. l 'h< k<y to ""d<n,.ooms thr .mhon· "'rn"om... !O 'h"
    <I<"il i, provid<d hy J,"'n l)'dn•. 0. "".1"'''''''.'.' , 9....","" ,h< ~'''' p,,",' ; ~e of
    th< P",""",i.>.n I'uf"",",,;. dt",o." ,,,,ed by ,h< f." 'h" .11 ,o. le.din8 p']'"
    otf"i.>.h ,.m< f"'th ","yunJ ,hei, o ... n ,h,,,,"'W, '0 S"" ,h< P"f«, ,nd thot 'M
    eml"""0' him ..lf. 0'" I,,,, ,o. rmp',or, pon"i', len ,~e p.b« ,,, ~o forth ... ith
    ~im' Wu""'h. 6J ,"~. I3. r . " i,,,I,,ly ilI"mj""",~ ; n ,hi, "'p'e' i, tho , mph .. i,
    ,h, p.>.p.>.1 leg"" of \19 bid 00 'hr di,u"", ou,w>fd from (:o","n'i"ovle 01",
    «.I"d pe"on' of,h, eo"" n on<!O S'''' ,hr", J",inS ' hri, ... ".,,"' (,h, ","'h
    m;k",,,,<); C.II<" •• • ",11.... "" ,n<! Hj, ,d. O. Gu",I"" , C~H. J\,' ('~o~).
    ..
    , 619.1-!! and 63).6- ,),
    T. Kb"",r. •... UfUm 'OH)n"inm'. PI" .'>8- J"'J,

    ",
    O '8on;,,;ng Q By".n';nr triumph

    the Q"'Um Q/>IQ/'d"m. di "'ppeared prior to the co mpi l~tion nfthe


    J uninianic Code,·n o Although the triumph' s gold wruths have
    been ident ifted wilh the Ime r. it is de .. Ihal unlike Ihe ~bl"ri(jum,
    they survived u a rilua l clement and were Iransformed in the
    prOCl'1S. 'os From a compulsory ' gift'. the wreaths developed inlO
    an clemen t o f rit ual exchange, In rerum for them. the arriving
    empcror offered his officials cash equal or be yond the objccts'
    va lue. In othe r words, by the sixth centu ry. the senatori~1 order
    had fr .....d itself ofa rea! fin anci~1 burden even I I th ey maintained a
    ritual honuge. n.e fact that medieva l emperors immedia tely.
    publicly rei mbursed the wdcomeu emphasized that imperial
    behavior townd the senato rial elite wa s bound and limited by
    c,,",om.,a& By the eleventh century. eve n procu rement of the
    wreath seems 10 have been assumed by the empe ror. to?
    The meeting o f senatorial order and empe ro r was but one of
    nuny ritual enCounten staged along the triumphal bonlevard.
    The antiqu ity of the system is dear. Th ul. one o f the ra re glimpses
    we c Heh of th<· founder of New R o me in hi. capi tal reveals him
    riding on horseback down Middle Avenue and meet ing pet ••
    lioners when retu rning from a p",/tmr"•. ,01 The cunom of
    choruses grt:eting the arriving emperor with festive accbmuionl
    at vario us lrat ions (f(·:nd fonooc) along the road wu qui te famili ..
    to eonllaminopoliUtlS before the middl" of the fifth cenrury.' 09
    Through the cen turies. ucosional m~ntion il made of some
    monument by whi ch the emperor pa rsed . but the on ly co mplete
    picture of triumpha l statiolll comei from 879. when Basil [
    enjoyed tW O ce remoniel outside the wall s and !topped for ten
    recepti ons (6o;(<xI ) bctw~....., the Golden Gate and Ihe Great

    , .. K."y._olco. F......,_.... Pr. " '-7;J"""" t." R_ F...,;" . ' • • )a-,.


    ," K.r>y. nnopuloo.. F_ ....".. pp. , . , -.; IN, d . W . Emol ... ;c •• f."I'""'~ In
    """ K........ _
    ",..,.",_mJ
    "".t'
    4too p.";"",,,", ..oJ .... ..........., J....., A.... ..
    ( W~ ...... J.
    19017). pp. n -I .
    , .. Th" 'M <fVWm " ,.., ....... ", b< ~"""" J.."' . ......... ''''p<r ..I ...... oJo ... d ,';"... ph>
    .. d ... (rom ,100 A .......... ''''''_ ..... m ("""_ &." .\lII. '~·.97.,). 0 . iW..
    10' .... '7. >t><I l<>c> I)<_.~. ". s.,..., ' 1"-'- 10.
    C"'-,..,....
    ,., p .. n.... M."""n~' m.? R ...... Id. >.11'1.1. " .
    , • • L«,« ufeo.,,,,",,,.. I. SOCO" .... 11.,_. '. H. PG.97. ,oWl}.(:; d , 50>""' ..... H .... '.
    >t. 1"11. Hod<,· H"I<1I, , ~. 1 91f; Gtto,; .... /I ., .. ). ,'• • • Londou..H<in.mann.
    '10·"-'1,
    , •• Thu, in Pr<><lu" pm;"", tof C",,""nhoQPI<, 11_. ~. '. PG. &1.111 A, . . . lOp.<>«.
    tr~"'~Iw' nt' ' 00""" au,.."t,,,,,,,,,,_
    Church . 11n After the initi~l welcome . t the Hchdomon . nd ~ vi,it
    to 5t Johl1 Ihpti,(. in_the_Hebdomon , the f,m st~ge of the
    ceremony ended by lhe side of the r~ved ro.d le~ding to Ihe
    Golden Gatc,.t the mon.stery of the Virgin of the Abr~"mitn,
    just outside the w~ll_ The visit cx pre,,,,d [b., ;r. vencr~tion for {h~t
    sh tine, iI ' icon ,nd il! monastic community, which had played ~
    prominCllt role ill the strugg le ~g~inst Theophilu\' icolloc1alt
    policies,'" Moreovn, the halt afforded the princes. momellt of
    rest ~nd .]lowed them to change from their purple riding c.ftam
    (OKr1.pr1.JlriYYIr1.) into milituy un iform" In th., mcmtimc, the
    milit3ry p3rade wa$ drawn up Jnd $tarted down Middle
    Avenue, 112 Tile first reception took place as the emperors left the
    $hrine. They were acclaimed by both factions , decked out with
    gold_,triped g. rl:md, on their brow, (OUrpriVl:l 0'l/lEvrelv:l).
    tunic, (KIX/llollX) and Aower wreath, ~round their necl:.; in their
    h~nds they C:lrri,'d h.ndkerchief" The dmlarchs wOre their
    ' vi ctory clo.ks · (tel VIK'ITlKrl IX(;rWV (T(1.yh),'" The firn .ccl.m.-
    tion th.,y ch.nted w.s • hymn of welcom,- and th.nksgjving:

    Glory [0 God who h.; return ed our own Lord, 10 '" victorioudy'
    Glory to God who h.. cnltcd you, ~mp<'ro" of Ih~ Rom.n.!
    Glory to you. 0 most holy Trinity. oce.II K we have ",ell th., our OWn
    lord; hove conquered'
    Wdcom •. 0 conqu~'ill~ , mos' wur'gcou; lord,!1t4

    ," In ,ddi,i"" '0 'h< ""ion" 'h< Fmum of Th<"",,,iu, "i><om"," . Ix,"" d, I't.oc.,'
    '''ffy of 00;, vi, ,~< Gotd<n G,,, ""~ 'h< T 'O,&,i,n P""K"" (C~ '''". pa"'~ ..
    n""n, ,"",l .' ''- o; "f.J.non, Cpr.- !1~', p. OJ) '" 'h< duhK>m ""oon! ufLou', w,kum'
    " 5, job .. SW_U""" 'n -(;.,,,,,",,,', [, ., L"m(Hk.- W,,",, ,nd Th"m, J .70- J. ,n"
    Th<op~, Co",,, I, 9, Il",,,,, ,i, '9-' " A, J"O""od ",, '.bov" Ju!t;n;,n', "iumph "f
    JJ~;' not 'ypi"t ",d "nn'" .,""" . pom' of ,ump>..ioon,
    '" j,non, ttl,,,,, pp,' ~, Sm,1I wood<, ,h., Th"'phi'uo ,"uhb.J ,I", ,j " h-c,,,,u,y
    fuund"Ooo Juring hi, [,'" [{;umph,1,ntry .nd p,d",.d ,,, ,," in , '00' pi,,!..d in
    ,h< mc.d",,· "f ,!.. Kombino,,,,k>n; .bo"" CO, . , l ·
    ." Imp. up __ '99,J-)oo, J . 11 ... P'W'OC'" ... ., follo..,«1 by i'!;«pho,"' Ph""" m .... "
    Dr "' __ '. 9'.ilu,,,,, <li .
    '"
    ,,. Imp. E~p .. )00,,6-)0<'J .
    1014., JOO.) - 7' t!<I~~ e,,~ "'i'~~oolJ"" ~p"I"'~ 'I~~c ,00.: f,!1""" l=J~In'c'l M~~
    9"f' ,q.","1«-<0,.,,, Opk, "&-'o"piwp«. 'I'wp./w" I dO,. ~Oj, "~""II~ -rpnc,~"
    iiJojlZ' YlK~a~.fOc <00.: i.Jiooc l=J~l!nc'l K~;Wc ijl.9'r< ,,~~.,-~,,«, ,"6pKi",.
    fo/ 6,~~6,~" TIl< M~~ 6l4> f.,.-mut. "em. '0 h" ..."" ' .. di, ....... t in "iuh'ph.1
    Kct.m"'om of ,h. nimh ;nd ,,",h "ntur"" ,f, 'he 'wo ".,. M~~ 9"'i' '<I'

    "J
    O'ganj"i~g a Br.,allli"~ rrju"'ph

    This was followed by further, un .. pecified victory acclamatiom


    and, "s the procelsion gOt under way, the f"ctiom intoned
    military-flavored proce,sional chants,'"
    The first mtion imide the city was aboUl 1.5 km down the
    lower Middle Avenue at a monument kn own al the Sigma. Th is
    was probably .. crescent-shaped portico marked by a column
    ~uing the mmc of Theodosim II."· After the r"eption, the
    parade turned kft and marched perhaps another halfkilometer!O
    the Exakionion, which StemS to have been • lofty column .imated
    juS! outlide the Constantinian walL! 11 The parade [hen entered
    the Comtantinian city .. nd cominued about 650 m to the Forum of
    Arcadius or Xerolophm, a square surrounded by portico. and
    distinguilhcd by the great triumph.l column of Arcadiu •. ' "
    Once the acclamations were completed, the parade again got
    underway, m.king no further nops until it reached the Forum of
    the Ox, the Bous, which was probably to the West of the modern
    Ab."y."9 The next segment took the parade to the Capitol.
    which N aumann ha, tentatively associated with the gundiose

    .Iu~6t~ .01.. ", • • nd M~~ 9t4> "i' ~" .. pl'o>" ~o.<t!ll""" on D< "r., " 71 {6<)),
    VOil' >. 'll.,,-,)6.>j ,
    ". b"p. E~,. , JQ'-7""1l' ~,I """'~ .b_~Ma9qa .. "Kq"d. ~,I :I~,",,,~.[
    ....... r.,.I'~.lj.uXs.,~n. em ,hi, '<rm, fo, whK" tho v,,;ou, dictio""" ..« ofno
    ... il. ... J. H,nds<hm. 0., Z"'....""""'~ K.i,., K,."..,i", ",,' d" ""X~"
    Di<~I""1 (11) ..1, '90'), pp . I-9 .nd '01, n. , .
    I I. The following .«OU", i, b.",d on I,"~ . h, .. 10'. 'Y-lO'.> . nd JO,",'-j . On ,he
    Sillm,. J.nin. C,I, By ... pp. "0-\. I< "'., . boo, ,I>< mOll"'''Y of P",bkp''''. i.,.
    u.. mod<", S"lu ",.n."ir: ,h" .110",• • n 'pp,o,im. " m",""mem oflh, pmd,',
    f,m "sm<nt. Cf. Mulk,·Wi'n<', Bi/dhi'''''' pp. '00- '.
    ,,, J. nin . Cplt oy •.• pp.lIl-'; GuilLond . T.,.,,,p.". ' . 6,-\: lJ'g'on . .""",,,,,,,, .
    p. '00. Th< ro"lIh ""im", vf tho d""",, i< b"",d (Hl ,h. p"""b,li,)' ,Iu,,h,
    Ex. ki""ion w" n", ,h, I.. hpi M,ocidi: Mulkl_W K"". BU.I,xi""". p. " I.
    " . J.nin, e,1t lIyz., pp. 11 - >; f )'l-f O; Guil4nd, T'P<'I "P"'" pp. S.-6"
    Miilk,·Wi'n<"lIililu;~, pp. '\C>- ). /"p. Ex,. dO<'! no' 'p<dfy whm in ,hi,
    loTi' oqw.« th< '''''"p,; .... "''' ".god.• I'hough 'he C,«",,,,,y aook m""ioo,
    ,,,<ion,., 'he '~'" or<h' , in th, 'middle of the Fo,um' , ." 0 '0<10" hom 5, C.lIin KU'·:
    D< "r., ".0111), Vog" '.91.,. - ,1 .nd t, I, i.,.")1.,0- '1. o.,'pi« Guillond.
    T'''i",~i,. ',fl f , 'he « l"iomhip oflh .... pl>«> i< nO< ,10" . Porh.p. ,h, :olrIK~ of
    \01 .>0 j, mun< '0 imply dl" ,h.« WO! no ' IOP" m id· fu,"m . Th< ' ppro.,,,,.,,
    di",,,,,. ""im." i< b.oed "" I..hpi M<..:id' 'nd ,he <.:olum" d A ..,diu,.
    ' " J.nin. C,1t lIy'.' pp. 6<)---,,,Miilkr_WKr><,. BiI,hiOOII , pp. 'J) - f . The 'Uil"';""
    'h" 'he !l0"'w" "'e" <>f A.,."y ,om<> f,om 1\,. N,um.nn, 'D" .n,,10;0 Itundb.u
    b<im Myrcl,ioo ""0 <1<, P,Io" 1\,0"'"'001 I. L,<.p<nOl', 1"...10<1" .If,,,,il"'If'''' ,6
    ('1"'6) , '99- ,,0, 1.0« " 0. P"h.p" ,",I<w., I<}me '''''''«''''''
    wi,h ,he "m,m, of
    circulu stru cturc known l! the 'M ytda cmTl', In any evcnt, the
    Capitol canTlot have been fa r from there ,"" Nearby, the
    ccremony ~g3in C.me to 3 h~ 1t at the intcn,-cti on of the upper
    Middle Avenue with thc main boulevard, ~t a place m~rked by a
    column mrmollnlcd by ~ ero" and the embracing 'Tetr..chs '
    which ~ re familiar to modern vi si tors to S~n M arco's,"1 From
    there, the processinn mo ved to (he Forum T.ur;, its triumplul
    col umn and the Arch ufTh"odosiu>, .bout h.lf. ki lomncr from
    the round bui lding, 'n The ne xt '101' took I'l.ce at th e Artopoli~
    or B'Ikers' Qu~rter , known for it, porticos, it, column with ~
    cross, and.n ~ rch, which rll" y h ~v e be,' n th e precise .ite of this
    Sl~tion. In Fin. lly th e p~r .. dc arrived ,t the brg e, circu lar , portico_
    lined Forum of Const~ntinc , which w~s dornin~ted by its gre'it
    porphyry column. I H At the Fo rum , l1.si l ,nd his <on dismounted
    and were met by the p.triarch and hi s retinue outlide B.sil's
    foundat ion of the Virgin- in -the_ Forurll_ 12_' Ag,,;n ~ church sc rved

    ,"h" h" 1>«" ",Ik d • ,,,umph.1 ",h . "",o"<r<d J"" ..,wh of ,ho w,l] ..oun~
    Mu,, ' P'I' C,m ;;;n '9W d . F. i) ;,im«k;n , ",y..;J, • .11.u,' hll i~' . , ('919). '9
    .nd fig. '" j, Lof,"" .. n,. 'Fou, II"" ol<oow",,,, i h""bu) d, '9J" '..,00', 8y ...
    '<>-10 ('9 1<>-60) , JJ<>-~6. "'" 17f, .no 1"- j'n'n , "Co"",,,,;nopi< by"" I;"'.
    U<<<x>''''<> " nu'", 00 'opog"ph,,' , RtB. >I I,,,,i) , 'J6- 69. )"" 'J6, If 00, .0"
    ""'''" of ,., p",,,", would hovo m."u«d .bou' h.lf . ' ,lem m,_
    '" N.u m.nn, ' !tundb.u ·, p_" ' ; d_ 'oo R . ;-';,um.nn, ",,,,,Ii.. S,,.,ji<l, '7 ('1>67).
    )0- 1. C. L ~" ;kO f, 11<, .If,,,I,'... (/!oJ,"," C"'''J '" 1","",1 (p,;n,,,on, '91,),
    pp_ " -'J. « j<'" 'h, ,do" ,i f"" ion, bu, ,ho b" wo,d h" yO' '0 I>< ",d .
    '" j, ,,i,,. Crl' By>.. p, .10: MiHk,· WJ<,)<" BilO/'xi . .... pp, ,(,6.--" Cf. N,u""nn ,
    ' Rundb,u ', pp_ '<>}_ 'O, On ,ho d;'-Co'"y o f ,he m" " "~ f""" of,h " R'''"P on ,h<
    rubbk by 'ho mund b"; I ~;n ~ .n~ '" I"'t<n'i.) ""p l,,,'i,,,, th" ,ho Ph;b<klphioo
    w» not» f" f,om ,h ;, "" " " 8oo<"lIy ,bou~h, . Con"," ,nl ,00 C'p;,ol ,Oo",y,
    ;t mm' b< no'od tho< ,00 ,,,,,.,n, of ,00 ) 10 ",.,mp" ck>fly pbC<! ,ho C'p"ol ' ight
    by ,m, ;n""<ot,on of,,,, ""0 M,ddi< "'"<n"", i" , ,h< r'" ),ddph"",, , I .. p. hr·
    497_'<>-" ,nd 491 .J- 6. Ev,n if tho Phil. d<i phlOO ,..'" h. lf w,v dowo th, Mo'"
    to,"..-d ,h, Fmum T,u" , " would onl)' h.v< 1><", .bou, '" m f, mn ,h, mund
    hu; kling.
    '" j, "i", C," By> .. pp_6o-! ,nJ i,-" Guill.no. T'F"I'"p"", pp, )6---9'
    Miill«· Wi<"" , B ' ld l '~i ~ "". pp , ,)i - 6J; R . N,um'"n , 'No"o IJroboc",ungon '.
    '" j.n;n. c,r. Or'" p, )')' O,tl<, ,,;nm!ln h.1< 1>' "i> ~'P"''i' ,.<. ,ho ,",h (d«iy,d
    f' um l";nJ".i~; cf. ,ho "'"h of 'h, M,)ion. m,: Dr w .. '. J. v os,. "OJ ,) ''',); Dt
    w .. "I, VoS'. 1.)1.,5_
    '" Jinin, C," BY' .. pr. 6'-4: Mii lk,· W~"", Iiildl,~ik"" , pp. 'Jj - 7. Th, Forum of
    Con",",;"o " ' 00'" 7jO 11\ from '"< Md, <>fTh<oo",;u ,_whi,h w.... ,h< "'<"",,
    <00 of Ih< FOlUm of Th<odollu,. If ,he " "h of """ pol" wcr< . botH hil f", . ),
    "'v, ,'t<,,, " ,
    '" _
    tl<tw«n ,h,m. i, woul~ ",On"
    I.. " Ii~, IOU- I' of. Ju,i", <:,1. lIy • . , pp . ')"-7.
    l'l m f,om o;,h,,-

    '"
    " multiple purpme. It W"5 " meeting po;nt, it offe red "n
    opportunity to p"y public hot",,!:e to " ,hrine - ~nd indirectly,
    perhaps, [0 the mercham, ",sociatcd with it - and it allow ed the
    princes [0 ch.nge from their military uniforms into civi li an garb,
    comist ing of purple diviliria, k~mpagia ... ndab .nd gold_threaded
    cape"I~. Still di,moonted , they walked in procession. following
    the gTeat gilded and bejeweled ceremonia l cro •• and vuio",
    n.nd.rds, umil they c~ me to the Milion Arch ~nd then went into
    the Hagia Sophia. '27 The return to the Creat Palace observed the
    ",o~ 1 cc remonial for ""lemn procession •. U'
    What docs thi~ rcview of the sutions used in 879 reveal about
    cercmonial development of the period? First, it makes cleat th.t
    regular sp"cing of ,(;Itions w~, quite ~cond;ITy to other (actou in
    their selection. Segments of the p_rade vary from COl . 1 ,5 km down
    to .round )OO- 12S m or Ie,", with ,evcnl seeming to have been
    ,paced at about haifa kil omcter.'19 It is difficult to .void th e
    impres,ion tha' the difference in frequency and interv.l, between
    ,utiom of the Theodosi.n !Cctor (two nations in ca. 2 km) and the
    Constantini.n city (scvm l lations in ca. 3 km) cannot be disas-
    ""ciared from the very diffe ren t popularion demiti,. of the two
    ~ctOTl , '3Q Th e comparison of th e 51.t;on, of 879 with those
    "tl"ted for impe ri. l process;om of lhe lcnth centur y is . Iso
    inSlructive (",e T .bk I).
    W ith two exccptions (th e Sigma Olnd the Capitol), the mtion!
    used by Basi! J correspund to st_lion! in the repertury ofpotential
    recepl ion .ites indicated by the Ccremony Book. Th~t the Sig m~
    does not ,how up in the latter is likdy duc to ill excentric
    loc"tio", (l' The repbccmcm of {he Capitol by (he Am.stri.num

    " , /.." f..<, .. j01.6 - y, On .;''';"•• nd , ltlamyilt' , Gncnoo . Co;.,.) . ' . 1 '7- ' 0 ; on ,I><
    form«. d, Ikly><v. ·Prl<my'. pp, )<>-7, Fo, h",I"'I;'. Oikooomi<l<>. Li/k l , p. '6?
    n. Ilj, On ,I>< m<r<h. n< pr<l<nco in I" Fo,um . • bov• • Ch, t . p. I~ .
    jO'.j-l1.
    ' " I .. , . IiJIp ..
    '" IMI., j O' .'7-19; ,r. n. m., I. I. Vo~t, I.IIf.
    t ..t, fOllow, 'hot tl><<< i, "0 <I<" pot,,," of di".n= which wmold hdp ,it"ot.
    ""i<I<nt; ("d ""nn,
    ' " D.J.ooby. 'L. I"'pubtion d< COll",n,inopl< il'Cpoql>< byun'ioc; on pfoblem< d<
    <l<mog"ph;<o,b.;n<·. 8" ,. ) I 11">61), aI-I",!, "p. 105--7' ct: D. g,on, N,;""",, ,
    p. J".
    '" Th< Sillm. i, 11t<>o<d " • litu'g;col ... tion ;n ,he ,<",h-crn'u,y Trpi<.... M,,«><,
    '-' 0 " :i<pt<mb(..) .
    is more intriguing, bw l!llckar , ,, 2 In the Ceremony Book ', lin of
    ,t,ltiom , there appl'u §cvnal statiom not a!t e5!e d in 879 yet clearly
    on the triumph" itinerory , like [he Modim, Praetorium and
    various point •• round the M ilion - Hagi . Sophia - Brnen Home
    comp lex. Thi', along with di,crep,ncies between th e Ceremony
    Book', Ii,,,
    tbe"'§clvcs, points up bow incorrect it i, to pre.ome
    l1l1>w ervi ng adherence to millen.ry tr, dition l in the loc,[ion$ of
    stations. , j J Th i, ill im,lf sh ow s what other evidence confi rm "
    namely lh.[ cmtom did not dictate the ",Iection of ",tions, even if
    it m ay bave ddlm'd the margins of chain', I,.
    The nature of thes<: , itl" reflen, an cJemem typical of Con_
    ,tantinople's lIrban land,cape: ,even of the ten woold have
    been visible from .fJt thanks to their characteristic columns. 1l' It
    would be a mi,take to cxpl..in this fact by thl' triumph.1 COn-
    notations of some of the columns, for many of the same site,
    fIgure prominentl y in nOll-triumph.1 ce remonies_116 The choice
    of these , t.tion, may have been mo 'e do",ly linked with the
    urb.ni"i, funnioll of the~ columns, if;t may be presumed th ,t
    th e example of old Rome influenced that of the nl'W one, There ,
    such co lu"'m were erected at juncture~ be[ween new city quarteu
    3nd old ones, to allow tr3vders between city sectors const antly to
    get their be~ring'_'" While the det~ib of ,enlement pa[tern$ in
    Constantinopk .nd how they might relate to the loc.tion of
    monum~" .. 1 columns rem"in unclear, wh.t ;, known .bou t the
    I, tter lend, credence to thi, possibility: th,' key ,topping points of
    (he p" r~dc coinc ided with key l. ndmarks.'"
    ." NOIC '"" ,',oou~h ,ll< C 'p"coI i, .b"''' l from ,he "'l<h.""o,uty """'n.1 h", of ,ll<
    C<r<m ony H"", (T.bk 'I , "" " ill mod tlI lh< ryp~ "" M",UI, 1.)66_>0 (to
    "'usu .. ),
    '" Gu,Il"Id, '1'0I'Wi,"P" ', '. H . , 'L""'pl"<m.u, de> ""ilm" .y,n, ,,,I r..II'" I.
    "'&"'Qt., "" ""mu,bk: To '''pl.in ""h div"g<nc;" " 'PI"'" [,om 0." T.ok '.
    Gu ill",J ",,'uk .. ,I", ', .... , in<"''''<1' ' ' ' ' ' of Df w , ,,,d. COP)·'" who w" lik<ly
    ign''''m of Ily,,"' i", ,If.i ", On lh, b" i, of lhe>< , b.md ",ump''''"', Gu,lI.nd
    (Ott"" th, ,<X, wlle",,« hi, to"." "'lui" .
    ' " $<, bt"'~· ~" d", r";p<>';"" .. t,di,," of ""ion ,;,<>.
    ". SiS"'" f.'.. k .... "'m , X"uluph.", Phil.d.lpoion. F"'"m T.u.;, "'''opoli, .n<l
    f o '''"' of C " """'''''' ,
    ". S«T.hk ,.
    '" W. G.""" ' 1) ,< T, .. " n ph "'tikn." W, 0",,<0 , " Ro"" " 00 <I", Rom. ",,"oJ. "oJ
    .1,1),",,,,>1,, Jer H<mch. f, j", lkon.utaum·. An';" "n" AknJl..... '7 ('9~').
    '79- 0 " i><<< , 3)-.,
    '" 1'10", ,~, b , k"",,;on " ,m,!o h,v, m"kod ,i>< end of 'h, Dtd M;ddk Av, ,,",,, 'he

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    s. VogI 0.. ,.... '. 10,
    V<>g•• ' .' . _'4 - 7S.Z7
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    ..... T . u, Of
    Arrt. of
    An<:>pOli.
    s. T'Q'O>
    6. "rch of

    , AnopoU.
    ,••. T .u,o<
    Artn po/i.l

    00 '~m
    ,." P••
    ~m "'.m . FaNn'
    •,. • ~m

    1_" Milion]
    .,o';um
    Mil ion ,.." P"<\O)rIUnl
    Arch of Mil,on
    P ..... orium
    ..... ob of Milion
    • I'bka,,,,, of
    "., MHion
    A bIt fun ...... ••• Son><wh.. p'"

    [11.,.. Sophi>]
    ,..
    "
    M"m""'Dn of
    Milion
    Znuippo.
    Elrnen I I.......
    .
    ",
    A b" furth.cT ... flrch
    Fu,,),.,
    ...
    00 . Zeu~ippoo
    EI,.."" H ",,!iC

    -
    Wh~tpreci.dy took pl~ce ~t ,he .talions? The report of 879
    mrrdy >t>l"s th~t 'in the n~med pbcc" receptions (ooled) of the
    f~C!iolls (rwv f/f-f.J('JV) and acclamations (e6<p'I/lir,(I) took pbcc',
    prcsuming th,u rcadn. of meh ~ techni",1 document w~r~ f~miliar
    with procedmc on thi, point.'" Qne clue comCI from the
    descri ption of the fim Itation al the Abraamites'. After B.,il ;md
    his .on h~d 'received' them. i.e. ~cknow1edged SOme symbolic
    gesture, like a proskynesir, the combined f~C!ion' ~ccbimed th em.
    The entire group then moved off townd the Golden Gate, Wilh
    the factions kading the w~y. There, they stopped, took up
    po,ition in front of the g~te ~nd the ,ave reign< were ~gain
    ~ccl:limed in ,imiin (.,hion hy the •• me groups. '.0 Since no new
    ekments beyond the location of the next sr~tion':lIc mentioned,
    thl' text implicitly ,uggests th:ll:l ,imiln procedure W:lS ob~rved
    at the next st~tion.'" The ~CCOUnt of Theophi lus ' triumph
    specifinlly sutes that the factions greeted the ,-mperor
    (om)vl'lOl!\') :IS W:lS "",tom:lry for ~ festivc procession (dJc hd
    topuo//lOV I"tpoo..ev(Jov) .'" In f~C!, the Ceremony Book', .. (-
    count of do(hai on just mch oc~~,ion' confirm, the implicit
    Sllgges,ion of ,he triumph reports. At e~ch st~tion. the f~ction
    s~lutcs the emperor. sings the ~ppropria,,- :lcciam:ltion .nd then
    <:scurt, the emperor to the next ,cation, ch~!){ing filling {ex", if the
    emperor so de,ires.'··'
    Now th" t 'he p:lr>de', ,itu:ll content is cleuer, it is pOs>iblc to
    offer a rough e.timate of how long it might h2ve I~Sled. The

    u,n>,,"tm .. " .. n'p." ~ tl>< SiS"" w .. th, ro'tt t" whKh th, outbound trav"er
    h.d to .om 'ight to , . . ,h tho Gold," Cu" J""i",,"',
    colum" ",,,ked the
    lIugm",um Squ.,-e ,"d ,he n,onu",rn,,1 he", oftM "ty.
    ". /"p . £>, .• )O'""-j,
    '"
    , ..
    Ib;./ .• joo. ,6-)oLtI.
    Ind«d. ,hi, m.y «pt.in why th, "otic< "np""i,", th .. the ""!"'''''' <",erod tM
    Sf"" '" ,d<ti< 1'",,,1of ,h, ("",ld<n G m b,pry'''"IJ<''Of (Jo, . I 9). II ,>de fron, ,he mi,i ,I
    ""em,"' th .. 1M ,,,,p<,o,, wer< p««ded by 1M s.rn,,< .nd !",opi< f.om the
    H<lxlomon . "d II>< .-.1,.-."", j"" ,x.mifl<d. t>O mc",ioo " ,II i, m.d<: Df tMi.
    ''''0'', .l lhuu~h w, <." b. '"t< I... lhe """,,,I Kgm<n' of ,he 'numph,t I'-'"d<:
    conw",d of mot< '0'" ,I>< empero, ."d hi, !On. By ,he "m< ",Ion, "NO he .. of
    Th<yphil,'" 'I<Ott of S<"'l< ."d ("'~.I" .. only wh<n ,he p... d" «.ch<d ,il<
    Mi l,on. whcr< It i, 'pe(ifi<d ,h" 'h<>< ~fO"1" di,mQunt<d , a il .• \00.1-,6.
    1,..1__ Joo.J---<\.
    '"
    ," D< tN . , I. '0. V"gt, 1.7<. r 0-7).1) . nd 1.26 {t7), Vog', 1.\I7. J0--<}9. ' 7. cr. G"ili>nd.
    T.""""p.". '."~-7,
    d' luncc {rom the Goldell G~te to the I·b!: .. Soph .. I, ~boU!
    j.s kill , I.e. ~ Iud ... o"er an hours w~lk 3' ~ no .mal pan', which
    would be qu" ... a bu f,,' cr than 3 puadc ,m"Uy mO,·..-I. It "
    dl fflCuh to muglllc that ,h,- "opP,ng. pe,(ofllu nce of accl~ m-
    311m... rcu rallselll CI1I of , he f3C1ioll In frolll of 'hc p.. ~tk ~nd
    "'U""S up agam of the procc'''011 could have be ... n l ccomphshcd
    111 J~I .h. 1I 'W( lI ly 1111110''''' ., ... v... ry .tOp."· Th ... hll, ... 1>0:
    V"glll-lll -.he-Fo rull1 , IIIvol .. illg ., i, ,lid . h,· ","deollle of ,h ...
    pltrlHd•.• vi'll ,n ,hc ,h. ",,- ~nd th" ch.n!;mg of ,hI' (lIlpi"O"
    ,·cstmen,•. mUil hlVC ukcn eon.idcu hl y Jnnger. We m.y ,hul
    c<.m~ rv .. ivcI y " IHna,,' that dll'sc oper~noll j .lone n'quIT" d ~ bo",
    ,"'"0 hoUls. Cml,idcrms ,h.t the", ilit • • y .e,,,oll o f the par ad" SO!
    und,·rw.y wIllie ,h,' C!IIpi'ro, waS .II U.", [;ng '" the Ah ••• u"',·,·. II
    ISd, ff, cuh 10 rOn cd .... of .",h • p..a<k bltlll!; kll,h," four hours.
    even before ,h,- !C.v,ce III Ihe Ha s" Soph,a. If ........ rem... mber ,h ..
    the fir!( ce .... mon y of the d.y Iud •• ken pbee a, ,he ",ven,h
    ""k"01 'e from. he ell y, w e nn read ily itr., p wh y UallJ headed (0 '
    ,hc Uanque, I bll of j m.;mln l ' lOOn U .hc ...." ·,C... WlI 0 '·.... : he
    .lId III. hung.y ... Klm had perfo rmed vcry dos.: ' 0 • fu ll da y',
    ..... ork.
    II hu alr eady been nmcd thlt th~ cuy " de of th,· vIctory p.rade
    fell und ... r the J" "lodlCllon of ,hc cp.rch. The further QUCS'1(Jn of
    wh ich oAicl~l ..... ~s In charge of ,he >(IU.I org~l1I z,"on o f ,he
    lTIum ph I. .. ""po"'''1 " ;, IS d,Aicu l,. "'hh ou~h ,he p"cllc~1
    ~bs<-"cc of ~ny prdll1m •• ry work un til<" I",mml on~l undctpin-
    !lin i> uf I",per .. 1.itual. neee ..a" ly Ii '" Its ,,1 ' Va r.lTlld r. inl'om plele
    view. o ne impo ,ullI f~n ,und, ou.: h,-rc. al d sc whne, long-'<"t'"
    ch~ngcs In .hc com pe!CIlC'" and ",s.mza!io" o r th e I'. I.ce wc<e th ...
    rule. nO. Ih ... exce pt ion .
    In ," Irlu e of hIS .uthOfUY OHr ,he Itu~rds ~nd o,her pcno nnd o f
    .he ~I~cc. th ... MUlCr o f ,hc O ffIC... , wu . he ke y figure m ,hc
    public hfe o f ,he b,er R om a.. cou r, . H,s fcsp".",b,ll1y ror
    aud ,enco ."d ,h,' IIkc coutTlbmcd puwerfully '0 md k"' g hnn the
    e nlp're', Indmg ceremomal OffOC'll. 'H ThIS , U... IIOII 1$ dearly

    ,., Cf I.. , r.... ,. "" ~. r,.~_J .. .. pl • .,<>o! ...... " " • .!ool.o ... ,.....
    , . , 1\ F. Il. I~ .. ~ . ·r .... M." .. el,,,,0Ib<.. m , ... l'I<' Il. u..... . .wI b y»n'.....
    Emr" •. 7·.....,'oN' .. ,..., II_...J 8, ,_" .......... ,.,~, ..... (N .... Y<><k. I~' . ) .
    ._If.
    1'1' I ,.." ....... ' ~ . nJ M CI,y". 1.)" ..." .... , o,fi<.~" .. ,. h' J,.. •• ,,'" (• .•
    )M"~".h,,!. v""_,,. " (Mum,h. ' 'Il10). rr~. " ~''''''I''.,''rh,,",1 ,,," foom
    Organi.:ing a By<:am;n~ triumph

    mirrored by Pel~r Ihe p.lri"i.n·slosl Ire'li~ on Ihe hiSlory .nd


    duties ofth.t POSt. the surviving fugments of which are the .ingle
    most significant source on imperial ceremonial of Iht fiflh .nd
    sixth cenmries.'·6 [n f.cc. the gene"l grounds for .ctrihuting Ihe
    arungement of the triumph.l p ... de to the Magister officia,u.n;lte
    confirmed for the sixth century. since the essentiil decisions on Ihe
    org.niution of Justini.n'. triumph .re spccific.lly .nribllled to
    his M.ster in the report preserved in the Imperial Expeditions.'H
    The mges and dale! .t which the Mmcr w" stripped of these
    functions arc obscured by the d.rkne .. of the seventh .nd eighth
    centuries. Yet it is clear thu dev elopments here pauUd the gener.1
    trend of an eu which .. Wan incrc..ing reliance On domestic or
    priv'le inslitutions of the pabee at the expen~ of the gre.t
    mandarins of the bter Roman civil service. Bury has .dduced
    evidence suggesting that the office wffered its gre.testloS$l!s before
    the end ofthe reign of Leo][1. [t seems likcl y, however, thaI .s btc
    31 769 the M'!ICr w •• still sh..ing with his (venlu.l mccc",or some
    competence in the fi eld of ceremonie •. , ••
    By th e time of Ihsil'. triumph in 879, power in eeremoni.l
    matters had p.,~d into the h.nd. of the p.ajpa,ira, or Chamber-
    bin, the descendant of the lat c Roman pra'pa,jruJ 'M'; wbiw/j,'"
    In the late ninth .. nd early tenth century, [he Chamber[.in w., the
    primary giver of cues during imperi.l ceremonies, in effect
    managing the ritu.l.ppe...nccs . nd enCounters of the sovereign,

    j>0 10 »7 in rtRIi, " 10)9-61 ,old >, "J7-1. cr. U,.",


    pp, lJ9K. Fo, 10< ptflod
    ,f«, JUllini,n, I « Ilo.k, 'M "ter', p. I It: cf. u.,rn1, COl'",,', ',669 ",i,h no. I 19l .
    On Pm, P",ici,"', !I,pl'O).nl~"" .i{uoc, 'publilh<d' O<IW«l> Jf! , nd )>._
    '"
    .., Strin, &'_£""1"'" ',7,1 .
    " <leuil of J""inun', ""ko." woid, obvOo"~Y rep""n" , d"""""", from
    ",,,,,,,, (,),""';"1 of '" 9p"~~'l>f,*;"O' by . n "".. ;,,; .... 1;, " to< P.l",·, ,nl"""")
    " 'p"c;5,. lIy id<n~fied " • drOoi"" "r th, M,,,,, Otf""",
    of I.., . Ex, ..
    IIonn.
    '98·9-10: MOl lip ,,",,1M. y"tc3" b 1':l7''''P«·· ··
    ,., Bu,y, Mm;.i"",,'., 'r"''',
    pp. '9-ll' d. Bo>k. 'M'"", pp. 11')- ' 00. 1llc
    .vid<n« fOf 169 i. f,om ,),. ' ppt"'"« of th. "'Ii'"'' ,;d.
    by ,id. wi,h ,0<
    ,"i,..'i'"
    1<.t: C. Diehl , tn. .. , .,,,.,i.,,
    mo'",,, " J' (.l), Vo" , "'6-jl, "p. '7. ') , na , I .). 0. ,11< dm of,h;,
    (p,,,,, '90l), pp. '9)-)06, for 769; G. O"rug""k y,
    ..
    , "'z .... i".. ).h •..,II<.,7 1'9)0), '0 .
    m, in grn",J, J.~.
    Du"i>p, '1llc olli« of ,tt" G"na Ch. mbe,!.tin in tho I",,,
    Rom ... ,nd Byu",;". ''''pi,'''. T... ,,",ii,,. pr. '"' - )'" o;k""omi&'. Li,I«,
    p. )00. ' nJ Guillond. I.", ........ '. " l))~So. F" • • n o.,n;'", of tho 1"",.."",-
    in,,,I •• ,,,,,,,, if> impt,i.J "" .. m""in. ,WI .. pp. ) ' )~ " d , Ikly .. v. 'P,iom ,', f"J' i.. .
    OrgaHizing a Byzantine triumph

    and he seems even to have been entrusted with th e opentions of


    the Hippodrom e.'"O Did this gene,,,1 ce,emonial competence
    extend to the aspects of the triumphal parade not cov ered by the
    eparch', urb;m jurisdiction? Onct a~a in , the reports appended to
    the Im p"rial EXp"ditions allow " specific and positive .mwcr. In
    879, it was the praipositos - and not, therefore, the cmp"TOr or
    victorious generals - who defined the actual order and arr.n~c~
    ment of the triumph.l p" radc. It was he who su ge-manag ed the
    ritu.l encounter of the vi ctorious emperor and th e governmental
    elite, the Iynklt/ikai.'" That it wa, now the praipositQ[ who
    determined the locations of the station s and tbe cerelT1oni~
    performed by what were >till call<·d the ·faction,' in the [ate ninth
    century is a token of th e extent to which the lalleT institution had
    become wedded to the p.lace burc" ueraey . IS2 Even rhe ch eeu of
    greeting for the triumphant empnor could nOt be left to chance.
    Ind eed, spontan eity w.s so litt[e app reci;aed that when it oc-
    curred, it was .. pt to frighten an emperor h .. lf out of his wits.' OJ
    Thus, as the 879 rePOrt specifi c.. lly states, the text of th e victory
    accbmations too fen und er the responsibilitie, of the p,a;poJ;los . , ..
    This point raises an import. nt issue in the medicv.[ hinory of
    th e factiom. It h as \x,en presumed th:a the pOl·,tai and 'M llsta;
    referred to in Phi[Olhcui Clr,rrolog,,,m were in charge of the
    composition of acclamations. '" The existence of so me kind of
    p. rt_time pon of this nature fit. wcll with thc obvious fae! that
    many _eclam_tion s are tailored to ver y precise circumstanc".
    New circumstances required ncw tCXt S, or 1t Icast the adaptation
    of old oncs. ". If the t",ditiona] assumptions abour the dulies of
    the factions' p<.>e1S are as well founded as they " p~" r to be, the

    '" 1\ f,w [,"'" m>oy "''''pI« in Gu ilbnd . In"I,.,I .. , . I. J<)-<. Fo , ,0< Hipped,,,,,,.,
    ,0< 1«y " ~Xl I"h, mu,ll".d fin.1 <h. p", <>f D. m . . >. j . (,00 . ' p .). Il<mn. 80-7 . C f.
    Hu,y. 'C,,,mony !look .. pp . "9- 2"
    ,t! I"" . up .• Soon, l OP - j : . . . ,~, U ,!je ~p<><,(w.-uoc d~" ~aJ ~ft"'~' '~C
    6"l'~L1''''' ...b ft"""~"""OC J{Qpl~"o.
    ' " I!;J .. , JOJ .J-J.
    a, Th ... , Ih. iI him ",If w ....."kJ .nd .1",<:><, ,h'ndo" ,J ,h, Elj., D. y Pfo«"jon
    wl><n 'h, <fowd b loke Qu' in ,n un"I"",«I 'Glm y '" God· " the ,Igh' ofu,,," VI
    jn ,h. "''''St: V. n. ..p" ..... 19 Ku .... ' ).>f- )O: d . oomm. p. J •. n. '0.
    u. I.. , . E~,. jOJ .)-f' ... ".:zj Til" P'piiw do t~m~h>v<: ",."".jc ...
    JlOpJaa,o.
    '" Ck""!.ji,",. Ojkooomid<,. I» . J' 'nJ I>j . ) .nd '.1.7." ·h,,, they." h",d
    tog""'" cr. ib;I .• p. »6.
    , .. SO< ,I>< ,,,umph.1 .cd. m"lon, ,""d . bov<. n. I I f. 01 'h, "d.m";"" obvOou,ly
    Organi;cing a By;cam;", niumpll

    ,t:l temclll from M79 th.t the praipo'iloJ B.:lllc, w" in eh"rg~ of
    JXX:ms mU lt m e~ " that he Wa, in (h.rgeofthe POielai, This in turn
    implies ,hat the bction, werc mhordinat. to the p,aipositos ,t this
    date. C"Hhnd h~~ ,,,,died the problem. While he .dmi" that there
    wne ContactS OCtw,·cn the factions and thc praiposiloi, hc
    catcgorically dcnic. that the former wcrc in :111 y way ,uoordin <l ted
    to the 13ttcr. chiefly on till" ground. of hi, intcrpretation of the
    I,st two eh"p tcr. of the prescnt .tate of the Ceremony Hook. '"'
    He is indeed correCI in . sserting that in the breakdown of sum,
    dijlrib"ted to va rio", pcTSOllllel from the cu,tomuy payment,
    conveyed to the p''''posiloi by newly promoted p,trici<ln" the
    memb,."" ofth.· f.erio"" including poinai and .nt/i'la;, >Ie listed
    separalely from the group designated as ;, nt';IG roD
    h!ltoilpoJ.!ioti. ," He is quite wrong, however. in claiming. on the
    b"ic of the rubric to the Ceremony Book', Ian ch.pter (n ~pl
    (1u~"lhlwv rwv Itpfllltoo/rwv tv TO rei,;el rou 11!ltoilpoJ.!/otl), th.t
    th~t mutilated regulation refers exdu,ivcly to the ,arne group a.
    the onc designated by the word, rei';/(: roil hf1!Obpol'/ov in ,he
    section on patrici~ns' custom<lry p~ ymenu. lnd therefore doc, not
    include the fa~tions. t .. Notwi,hstlnding ,he ch.pter', rubric,
    Guill.nd (. iled to no,ice ,h.t th,· personnel b"ing p.id in Dr m., 2,
    56. arc I~xri, polilikai .nd not the 'imple members of ,he lax;s or
    personnel of the Hippodrome referred to in l, 55. On the other
    hanJ. when the praipOliloi paid the lax,is polilikm' ,heir s.lary
    (Pi'r;rJ.j, they mcd two sets of records: their ow n, which lilted ,he
    members of the I~Xfis by n.me, .nd written certifIcation,
    (ei(l'<l':O.tl~j thot the members of the polilika; laxr;, h~d indeed
    performed their J.Crv ice. The latt~r arc providcd by none other

    ",Io«d '" N oc'phoru, tt "tod 'n en. 4. n, I So. " "',II " ,h, l"o,s;.,.1 p."U,1 of ,h,
    .""", "'F",j,' ,,[,md '0 "' to. th.nk'gi,inS """"C<, iN m .. >. 19. I;",,,,. 609,1-<),
    Ob,ioudy. roml'<'!l"K poe"" fo, i"'f"",,1 m,m"""" w" lK>< • full·,im, job.
    no', .. ",Iy.. ,h. ,,,,n th "m",y, • <1<:.<00 of ,I><: H'K;' Soph" h><l I><:'n .blo 'Q
    ' omb,,,,, ";, <"0''" 1'<''' w;tb ,h., of Po<t of ,I><: IIt=, Mi,,,,,,,I. A,,,,",, (BHG,
    '7) , ." P'p.dop<>ulo>-)(mm,u, "·'9-'0.
    ,,' R. (;",II.nd, 'E,udn '0' t"H'ppndmm, <I<: By .. n«. IX. In r,,,;"m ,u X' ,orel,,,
    10" , "'g,n;»';",,·. 85.)0 ('''''''j, , '1. <>p . " .nd 'J.
    '" n. m .• ,. jl, Hunn, 191, '9-'799. 16. 1'h. poe" .nd ,",UJI"; of <I,h [w;"" ":<.,;,, I;.
    m,h",~ . ""h: 70\0. j- l, d . 80,. '4- ,6 . nd 8o< .J-'. Th, ,0,:", ,00 JuoJPDPIbo ;1
    I,,,,d i'..t,. 70<1,11-&00·6 , .to .
    , .. ·fino,,",,' . prou-, J: Dt m,. ISonn. ikr),'-J).
    O'gallizin)! a Byzamin, I'i"mph
    than th~ chaflo,jlarioi or record-keeper> oj rhr two jaaions (Qf ruw
    ,j(>o Wpwv 1.IXprovU.plOr), i.e., the same oflicills who He li,ted a,
    the ",cond "f the ,CWn cia,,,,, "f faction pcrsonnd mbotdin~ t,'d to
    the J,marciwi in Philotheus' Clererologiu",, 100 Cle.rly, the..:
    ,.Jaries, pJid by the prmpOJ,ro" frum their own record$, in their
    own hou,es and with funds drawn from the imperi al fUland. 1
    uffie<' of the ridiko, logo"~ em on ly m~m th.t at the date treat~d by
    the I.st ch.p[er of the Ceremony !look .nd prob.bly by the timl'
    ofthe 879 tril"nph at d,,·I.tcst, th" factions wcr~, at Ie.St in certain
    aspects of their activity, subordinate to the p'aiposiloJ .nd paid
    "mployccs of the Std t~ bUrC.,lCr.9·. ,. ,
    In .rranging the p"rade, the pMiposilVJ wa, a"iued by the
    Mmer of Cnemony (b bti rijc KIXTIX<7rcf<78wc), the ,ilenti.ries
    .nd the entire wbiml"m _'61 The praipo,ilVS him'elfi' identif,ed by
    name in {he case of the 879 triumph; he wa, none other than the
    gre~t !laJnes, perhap, U"il's most trusted and influcntial lieute-
    nant, the man who hod represented the emperor at the counci l of
    ~69 ,,"d who, while the emperor wa. absent on campaign, enjoyed
    almost vice-regal ~U!hority.'6l
    The decis;ve role, pl ay ed by the hte Roman Master of the
    Off,ce, and by the carly medieval praipMiro, have a significant
    feature in common. In both instances, the organization of the
    triumph cnemony fdl to pnh.ps the hillhest, mmt powerful
    official of the empire of their day, _ That they, and no One lesscr,
    were charged with the .rrangement of the imperial end of the
    trinmphal par><k makes abundantly dc;! r, if further iIlustra,;on
    were required, (he importance cercmoni.l in g~neTJI and
    triumph , in parti"ulu assumed in the eye. of the imperial palace,

    ... 0.- "' .. '. J6, 11<,"". 807 . 'y- 'O; d_ CI""'w,i,," , O ik"""mid<., " J . ,~ - , >J_1 ,nd
    0.,,,,,', l! , lI"nn , 1<1''''' 'nd ""1->' "'" " [<.ght milo.",,,,), ",he" th<y , .... , I",
    I,,«d .moog .1>< I'moo ...1<>f ,h< ("""'" UtII'~I,
    ' " D< ''' .. ' ' J6. ilonn, "",.''- '0; "I y,p&~iW""lo, ;~cp.,y"" ,Woo ~O~"'~""
    '6~"'" r<'li luoJl"'plo.>t.J.j~/h."" 01 "f'I'"Otr"o, IK "><l ,/J'KOO .u-,.OIl, ,~o,,«:
    np' 1~"rok. Iy KwJ~~" ,do "I~"c n, ' ii",~~ n! t. '"' 0''''1' <Wt-." 1M""""
    )-"),>p.tCo..,,, tuaro. p~ ~~'''''J('. ~"~<I<1lhj ~pOC ,~,J"".w.. ";'00, 09<il<: o!
    ";,, Mv ~'pW' l,ptooUpw, 1",' trw'''''''' &<1'1"'J..i>c ,ro.""" ".tMiKO'OO'.
    ", I ..p. fxp ., jO).l 6 ,
    ", Gu ill,...!. i.";,",;"",, '. JJJ-<; ,r h" ' ('-" n".bu,"~.; I. r,,,,,,po~,,ph,,,.k I'omp;«
    by, .. ,,;n_ L", p,"i"., R7"
    OJ ( ")1ul. JOO - '1 , h<o< )01. 110< loop. hp . """"
    M.w" r~' t~ ' P(""~~"" roo ~",,';,IW(' b,,,,.ld.c .px~" JOJ .8_
    But the ccremoni~1 p<)w~r conantr~{~d in th~ praiposilO/ hand.
    sc~m' already to h~ve been slipping from his gusp less than a
    cemury afler Baanes' performance of 879. '60 AI pteloCnt. it is not
    clear who. if anyone. succeeded t X officio to the praiposi/os as the
    chief organizer for ceremoniC1.'6' What i. clear il Ihat, as btc a._
    the reign of Con<laminc IX, the arungemem of the triumphal
    paude WaS important enough to be looked after by the emperor in
    person. LU
    Nor is ;t clea r whether the role of the PrOtOnotary of the
    Dromos in the triumphs ftom the 9501 which 3fC outlined in the
    Ceremony Book is rel~tcd to the decline of the proiposilOS. In both
    cascs. the PrOtOnotary i. in charge or the parade of prisoners; in the
    triumph in the Hippodrome. he arranged the whole pa rade. What
    has changed with respect to the arrangements of 879 is thn now,
    the milituy possessed v~tO power OVer these arrangement •. As the
    Ceremony Book eKplicidy records, ~forc the praipos;/os can give
    the cue for the show to begin, the Domestic of the Scholes and
    relevant miliury officers have the right of inspecting the parade
    and making what changes they sec fl!, ailtr the Protonotary had
    finished hi. arr~ngement •. '6'
    The modern historian cannot remain indifferent to the
    economic aspeCts of these ce remonies. Calculations of the
    Byuntine budget have proven irresistible to more than one
    generation of scholars. But ;t must be recognized that we do not
    know what part of thc budget was (~ten up by ceremonial
    (Kpense. in general or what the Cost of One early medieval triumph

    ... no, lIoly.... ·P,.. my". pp. H _ •. ob.<,y,nl ,h. 'Pf'",n« of 6 K.p.~n~u'''."
    be,w«n , .. P"'P"'''.' .nd , ... mpe'Ol in .<r.m.,.,i.].,..... ,. lI<,crob<d In D< ..... '.
    J . Cf. ''''' on ,h" 1'..... ' H.G . Il«k. 'p<, br"n"",,,~o Mon;" .. p"~d.n'·. ~Z. , I
    ( '9 11) . 109- ] 1. t,." H '. n '-
    .. , "'"",dong ,,, G~,II.nd. In ,he ,wtlf,h «,,"o'Y. ,h"" fu"«.,." ( .m, '0 " .. m ,II<
    ~ .od, "f ,t,. P.",,,.,,,,i,,i,... " .. >L.d by ,I>< KP'J"K~"''''' '''''
    rh,,'olf' .dm,"",,,",,
    "Li*:
    II< r.m";« by"n"n. l< p",<o."".",,·. Ri."" .k ....,
    '£,,1<1 .. ""
    ".....Ii.; •• ""II•• ~" ",. , (. " ''/61). I - H', .nd I."""".... I. 101 - ' . n.. ,i,l.
    '"'1»''''' d,,,ppe'" .iL"1C<lI><, ,o"'>td ,I>< md of ,h. <k.",,,h «n'u,y ' Oik""o-
    m'd<-o. I...",. p. 100.
    , •• 1'«1t",. C~'_.f<.,~;•. C ....... ",,"" IX . ,. I"'... old • . 6.,-, ". who w"" '"" fm "
    • P«"" fo, dw<II,", on 'h< .ml><'o" "n" of ,h<",""I"y .
    .. , 0.. '" .. '. '9. (I"" •• <\09 .' , - 6'0.1; '. '". Bonn. 6, ),1- 6" .,. "'p . 6, J. " - '9: ~.I.r
    " .. ,~_" t"h .. t< 'Ltc .00 .pw,oYOT~"foo ,00 6pb~OO '''~,.«OC. tK,61OP-
    900 ... , .. .
    Organizi".~ a BFalll;", Iriumph

    m~ y hav e been. But COSt they did. Back in the later Roman
    empire, triumphs had b~..,n considered an ('''pensive aff~ ir, So
    much 50. in f~ct. th~t. reformeT hOld felt the need to w.. ro 'g, inst
    the excessive expenditures they emailed.'60 Although even this
    very general kind of evidence is h cking fo r the vinory celebra-
    tions of early medicv, 1 Constantinople, it is possible to ident ify
    so me (;ert"in or highly prob,blc area, of expcndimre triggered by
    triumph, uf the nimh ur tenth , mturic..
    The tex t! from thi, period clearly attcst the em peror' , paymem
    for the triumphal Crown offered to him by the City l'rcfect.'6 Q
    N o thing is kn own aboll t p(miblc relll unera tio]] uf panicip,nts in
    tbe parade. nor i, there evid,'ncc of direct payments to the fact ions
    solely for their performan ce of the triu mp hal ccrcrnun y.'70 It is
    not impossible that tbey enjoyed some kind o f I'lea.,nt favors: for
    example, in the nimh century, it wos customary to fill cenain
    founui,u or basins outsidc tbe p"l acc co mple x with honeyed
    wine, pistachios and almonds, for the ocnefit of th" fanions Or
    other performe" in i m peri,1 reeep tiom, , " Cert. in particip"m, in
    some imperial procession, reccived gr>luitics for tbeir role, but it i.
    not known whether this custum extended tu triumphs.' n
    A grea ter dent in the imperi al pocket m"y ha\'<' oce" made
    whcn the triumpb_1festivi ties included <I euchlristic service in the
    Hag ia Sophia. The hold of th is grea t building u]] the mudern
    imagin:ltion inclin e, us 10 forget how rarely tbe emperors of the

    '" In",m"",",t
    An""ymO"' . D< ."",, HI I ~;', "
    ... ,~, ~J (Oxf<>rd,
    I, ed. fl.. Ilol .. ,~ , Dt """' Hili';,. >. liAR...
    ' 070). ~,< f, ",",m",,", M,,<dli"o', ,6. 10. o.
    Cl"., U~ . ,_ Th, p'py,i would p,ob.bly "w"d ",,<Iy f, om .hi, . ~ ... po;nl_ s...
    <.1:- ,h, pu"h . .. ",<I., f~, • ' ug fo, ' h, .." ..,,"' of, .t.x ;n A D_ J l' in P. 0,),.
    ' 0J'. '"". D. P_ G"nfdl ,"d AS . Hun', 10. ()xr'" Y"<~" ' p.,ppi. " 11.0ndo". '~'~J.
    1i?-9"-
    ". "'bo •• , p . '1J.
    'The I..«lupl<' of 0. "'_ J""l1Ot 'p<<tfy ,o. freqtJ<1l<y of p"ym""u . "', p'y"""'
    '" '""1"0;".,,'1., " k", ;n", ,«"0"' ,h" ,h, O<n<f,ci"i", h"o "", ...... f",md w,"'ing
    in '<lWd 10 ,hri, dUli«, " .",,,,,d by ' h' ""i""" «",f,o" ",,,, p,,,,i<i<d by 'ho
    (,,,,om' ,~ .. '"I",ij; IJoon . ~. '4->0.
    '" Thi< i< dOI< ,;l><d in wlu, «<ml '0 I>< .n """, f,o,," .n "n "no"''' 10'1"'".1
    «remony book ",,,,,,,Jin Th«lph . Con!. J .• ). lI"n" . ", ., -6. It ;, ""nr"",,",, by
    Ill< '",,;o,ooy of H,,"" Ibt, y .hy •• ,,_ AA . V.. i l ~ , . 'lI"o"_'bo_Y,h)·. ' nd I,;,
    <I.><dplM>n uf Cu",""';"opl,', S.,.;"",;" .. " """";_."'. J ('9),), '00- 6) , h<re
    1)6-7 .

    '" Th,.,. Ph,loth<u, 1'<1'''''' P'Y"''''''


    '0 the "" per ill "ilof< , gold "''''m . 1ld
    80id,milh, ,'" , ; ~pJ K.. a~, 0Ikonooni<i«. l J J .!-1 >: cr. "."~. ;'id.. 'J'_
    O.ganizing a Byzaminl I.iumph

    early Middle Agel attended SO:Tvices (here. little more (han half a
    doz .... n times per yeH.' 7) Tht imperial rdueta nce to use (hc church
    'or(he common people' as an outside obse rver of the nimh cemu ry
    ca!led il. becomes a good deal more understandable if we recall
    th.t cmp<cron were expected to make a significant gift each time
    they attended eucha rist the re."· In the tenth centory. the
    recommendtd IUIII was ten Ibs of gold.'" Furthermore. the
    cntp<cror wu expected to distribute PU rsel of gold to (he
    archdeacon. ushers ¢lT1 1~pfOl). choirmancn (~I(t.l.tal ), and un-
    specif,ed poor p.... oplc (01 7!tv'1t~c) . .. wdl as (he s1cr;slans. 176
    Byuntine triumphs of the ninth and t.... nth centuries do not
    generally appear to have been accompanied by the indiscriminate
    throwing of coins to the crowd. On the cont rary. what general
    largess there was took place within the confines of the palace. In
    879. the recipicnu were members of the 5Cnatorial order who were
    paid in whH the texl calls ·veslomiliare!;a'. i.e. si lver coin!
    presmmbly from the imperial VtJlia,;"m.,77 W e have no idea
    how much cuh went into chil kind uflargess. What eviden" there
    il COncerns other oecalions and may usefully be tabulated as shown
    in Table 2.
    This list docs not. ofcoursc. allow us to draw any quantitative
    conclusions regarding imp<c,ial expenditures on largess to the
    rynk/rlikoi during triumphal festivities of the ninth cen(ury. It docs,

    ," cr. <, ~ " Ilc:lp.. _.'P,,,,,,,y', pp. 17 - ~·


    n . 0. <t._, " ' . v"Il" LI. _ .<>- '- Ibn V'"Y' ",fm '0 ,lie H'g" SoP"'" .,,1Ie '""I<h 'of
    ,lie common propk', doulxk" " d''''''8u;,lIed r.~", ,he mo •• DPUk-n,- .nd
    .. kct _ .m b"""" of ,lie .m,lk... nct"on'" ..,,",. ,lie G .." P.b ... rompk. ,
    V."I",., ') 1, d. ,)6 -7.
    '" A,,, ... "kn«d by • .. 10-<>1, .. on ,lie p'w~, Df IN " ' " " ',J"" , itod; Vogl, ,. ",
    .pp. : 'Ic'to . ik,6/p<IA.. ,r~ .... oao«o~fJ,o< X....... oe J,i'paI:'" ___ Th ..." of ,lie
    gk»l "pmly mu"I".d . nJ h.. g''''. "'" '0 ........ I,ltgh'ly d,ff',,,,n' ..,,""'''''' •. h
    ;. q""' .. k .. , 110.. , ..,. '"" ,h< {I",.. g<>1 .. ct'"" b<", only on IIIe prope' ... y of
    J"'''hnS "P IIIe 'n'" of '0 lb. ,f """. ,h.1\ On< 'mpr'o, h.pprn, '0 b< p"'''''' " ,lie
    "'''K,- ri, [I.] H." •• , .. , '" A. Vog', I... U." <k, ,1.1 .... ", . C ........."'" (P"'"
    '~JJ). pp. 6,-6, 'oJ V G'nmol. 'CDm""", ,«on.,,'"« I. ,",0)'" dn 0. ""..... ii' .
    I. I, c. I (<<I, V,,!!,, p _,.r, ~,." .ro.,,",. JJ ('OJ6) . 'n-v.
    ,,. 0. ,ff.. '. " V"ll', ,.,._1_'J. II " no. ,k .. "·.,,IIe, '"' ium p. id 10 '"' ,,.1,., ,.".
    m«".k<I '0 b< J~",b!ll<d (ullh,. ''''''''8 ,lie IInsm, II "no. jmp«>"bk ,n" ,lie
    ,hoI' "'" 1",01 .f". '''''1 pr,fo.m.ne,_ T"" >«"'. '0 b< Ih. 'mpliu'"", of v...
    C ' '''l,i A",,,"iJo, (lIHC, 668), 'j, • .1. V.G v • .,I',,,ky, T..Jr, I (5, P"",bu'g.
    '9')). 1~. " - IO, '.
    ,,, I.. ,. I'~ , .. J01."_ Tt." 1<I<""r«,""",," .ug~,,,,d '""" by N. O,ko>nomllk.,

    ,,8
    Org~",:/,;".I! a tJr :/,ant;"r Ir;"mpit
    Tlbk l. ImtH,;alla'~JJ aJJ<H,aud "',III JI~rr (t,tmo"'fI aj lht
    ""'Ih (ttlIOf,y

    -=~~-::-:-~~--
    Cor",,....,,.. (.11 ,,,m. ,n If"kI ,min. ",he,,,,.... .,.,..td)
    I" M"h.d I
    10 I'" ,o.he p." .. "h
    'I 1""0 ,he ·ckr gy"' "
    '0
    1 .h.. Sen" .. mJ w ny (r~ ",p~"6,,~ ,,,)'"
    8 •• (Ch",'n".): TM<.phyl'r<lrr !I"m", .. ml'<'OI )
    l',tc.ou.I"" , ~,... 1 {""".tI,",. H, ,Itt Ib~ .. Soplt..
    ' I I'" «, ,he p"""ch
    100 11>0 ' " .It.
    ·holy (h~rtc) <1o:'II;Y·' ••
    . . . Of 'Jo ( W h,nu,,,by) <Oton .. "", • ..d n""uK' ofThc-odo .. to
    ..... ml'<'o, Th<oph.h..
    ' ! 11>0 '" ,he p.",.orh
    Ij I'" 10 .h.. ·, k,U ·
    10 Ih. '" ,h. Sm.«'"
    IllY' (eunom "y ,urn (0 •• b."I,., ",..
    h" oc<on1<' """,1,,",",)
    '00 11M I" ·, h. r" . .. C h""h ·
    100 11M lo.he ·who k Se,,,," .nd . .. ...,••1"'''' .. ,. .
    '000 ""/,.."'. m
    (0 ..., h ' •.f'" .."I g'oup o f "l1i ~'.'"
    '9\1. (cun"m"y wm. for • JUlU", tm po:"" )
    Ott ..-I..r( ~ the p ........t'nll;'"
    1 Od><. oc ....""'.
    Il,,,m,r.. of ,he .. mpn'" ('wI
    lOr", '" ,,... ",,h,. ,,·1Ik .. ,,~< ,,( "'~n" .. ',", ...d p.I...
    pc""",,,.I' "
    " . Th<t>ph " .." ..... M 6)0<. Dc """". ' V))' - ) .',1
    t.Iw/Hj • .,o
    tw ""PUI'X.~
    11'<""'" .il,,n< .. . ~I <4' ~1~0¥'" I '"PI""" ,II< I",,, ,,(w '0 'M rlo:,~y of 'M
    ,t.... s..,ph......." ,II< 1"<c<J"'R .,.H',""" 01< .. ,,",", , .... "~ ...""',,, , .....
    ". 10.1 . .. ) 11 - <9< ,
    ". 11-<1 • <if< ,1- )/ s. ..... I"'""'m"' .... <_""m, ,....
    _, of Ion< wMh ,I>< "' ...... ,
    <1«.,.
    TIl< fo~ ............. ~~""

    ,,, / .,,. ~... ,,.,....""",, (81 1G. " / I). t"d W 1 ~ v £ _1R<g<1. .1_,.87'_'_
    ~.JJ". (So ........ """l. '19'1. ) ''1- ' ). ,f C;,,,,,,*. c-.. /. ,,)11 0.. ,I>< .uK.

    '"
    T,udluld. ·"'«u"..,.·. rr 'lJ-'
    ""doc"","- CI,,,,Hot_. (hk"""",odn. "" j -I u l ,~ .or .. ht"l' ~ ... ~ ~~.
    ,1>1<. ,of •·..~ .. lh>o ~., .... ~"'" tJAA'of Jh~ p. ~;I ~'A"lb" 6,.~
    ~,A" p~,,""'. Id,,"I' '~r~'" ~~I "",,,,,~~, ,~ ..""I,," Ot."""",,Jr. p«r",
    'd '''" ,I'l< ,I>< pi".,,· .., OJ," ~ .. ,...1 Y ., ".1 '" ,,; y ,t.,." "d. ",. "" I", ",,, '0 <>ch
    •
    "lin'
    '" 11.1. "" 'I
    "0 10.1. ,,/ 11 - 9. "'",1o:J 1>«.1. ,1,.." " ,,( ........ f"", ....
    Id",,'" "r . , .",..,.... '"
    ""'''''''''''y ptovul.<d by """"",,J
    J, ... ,,>I... d ~'~""",,",J •...1 ' '''''rl'' f "'.....
    !hi . • " ' 0_,6_ ... dJ""",.1 r'Y-' "'" u km .".......... '" .. 'hH "'ft' ".,....I<
    .0 ttl ..... , ,,,hll<'ml""""._..... "-"""" "J'" .. ., .... « ...... b, C""" . "', .... VII.
    Tabk 2. (Con/d.)

    Brum.li. of th~ cocmpc'o, (899):


    10 II» to the .. me bal~fid.rie.
    Brum.!i. of 'he empt ... (899):
    ! lb. '0 .h... m.
    ben.f,d"i.. '"
    Ann iv.rn.y of po""r (.~'~.,,'o'i.) of lc<> VI (!99):
    t6 lb. to the .. me bald;,i,,;"'. m;nu. 'he 10",., offICi_b. p.I_,.
    pcrlonncl and diHniu,ie\ , •• p«ifie<l"·

    however. furnish some idea o f the varying orders of magnitude of


    imperial munificence 10 Ihe Byzantine gove rnmental elite on
    different ceremonial occasions of the period.
    One area of expenditure for which no evidence is available is Ihe
    COlt of the circus spectacles marking triumphs. Howev er. it s«ms
    liktly thu, compared with laIc antique races, cos,s were lower in
    the e.rly mediev.! period. On one hand, the numbt-r of rac~
    staged in a medieval celebration appean to have declined con·
    siderably, i.e. to about eight from the later Roman cUllom of up
    to ,wenly.four.' "7 On ,he other. the Ceremony Boo k indical~
    ,h" in the tenth century at least. foot racel were - perhaps
    increuingly - sub.. itu,ed for hor~ races.' I I Since acquiring and
    maintaining Ihe hor~1 likely constituted the single greatest
    cxpen~ in circus racing, any such lubnitutiom implied consider-
    able savings for the imperial treasury,119

    0. , .... ",t. Oonn. <\0, . ' O- ' ~. "Tho: "m. ernp<fo' i, ",po<<<d ,e h.v. «Inoo];d.«<!
    .11 ,h«. B",m.l\. la'lCU<'1 in'" one lump munifocrncc Qr )O Ib" ;.i4 .• 60'/.,-,•.
    ". l~iII .. "J " 9"'""J .• .
    '.. IkJ .... , .j '-"' .J. Th"", .. dud<d from ,hill".",.• , w<lI .. f'Gm Ihc un,pcclfl<d
    1.6 lbo!) ."" "m' for ,I>< _.",,,;.,,, . nniv ..... y (~TI.,,...,) If< I"ted ;."' ..
    "9. ,1-'11.1. bel.d<d ... ,h< ebonul"ii of ,II< I<~"", ,he not ..ir>. p<"""",1 of
    ,he V"''''''.m. ubtr .. ,v.nll (~""I'YIa,) . nd d;8ni"";'" 'of ,~< C;'y' .
    ", C.ilbnd. I"""~""J", )11.
    mo.", .. _. JO. IIonn. 6u.1I .
    , .. On 'k< eO$! of cit .... , ,.c" .nd ,h. tn.;nl .... n« of lk< ".blr~ !'<,it. L .... ;,., <' I. v"
    '"."~;,.". pp. ')6- 9, .nd «p. ,~< ,mpo"' n' "ody .,f J. C. """. ·In,,i,"';'''', de
    I"Hippod."m<· .
    6

    •
    A distant echo: victory celebrations 11/ tIle
    imperial provil1ces

    The links between the latet R om,n copi,,1 ",,] the province. form
    " mbjcct whoM: imporu ncc j. nol dim ini,hed by the ~olltract;on
    of urban life oUI,ide the imperial dty in the ,eventh century.' The
    nudy of ,t alC ritu.l, ha, Jargdy b,ocn mnfi",'d to lhu,e of the
    capil.l ;md little heed ha, been paid to their ."ho in the province.,
    Th is is somewhat ptobkmatic from ,he point of view of imperial
    propag.nd,,·, broader dfccrivcnc", ,illCC. cv<'" if th,- empire'. elilc
    WeTC indeed concentrated in the c.pit .I, no emperor could
    conceive" via ble TUle which failed to {OIlVioec Ih" prov i nce~ that
    'the emperor e,{. bh, hcd in Con' tantino pic w.s alway. victori-
    ous', which failed to harne" the province,' re.ource. of men,
    money , ;Illd flntcri,,] to the iml"'ria] nervc center,'
    Provincial ceremonial also illuminates the flF;mt ine impact on
    th e barbari.n kingdom" The trend towards concmtra tiun of
    impcri.1 victory celebra tiuns in Cunst.minopie h" . Iready been
    obscrved. ]f the imperial city weI"<: thc only ",uret of western

    For , "ern' p'oorJm. <>f,h. "'hi<olugkol "oJ'n" ('0'"' ,h< ""m 'u,,"'" in ,II<
    ",,,,;,io,,,1 p<.iod., ,h. «oJ o( , m;qu i,y. >« C, lJ"",,,. 'G,), .. ,d "illlgo:",N."
    "";11:" 'oJ ,«hi""~,,,'. JOB. J T. > 1198 IJ , ~I I - H; to. • "'" "ooy of on, ",,.,
    p'''''' from p",.,"d.ii,m 00 "'p''''''m. A. (;oill"... Ri~""QI".. ,,, ;"Uf<1"d"" 01.... ,
    t''''pi" ~T''''''" "" VII' '''' .. , ~',x''''rl< Jr I·,x .., . ",,, ok I. Pt"d!"'/' 01"11,1;" Srudi
    "o.id, 7) - 6 IRom •• ' 96',0), 00 ,o. probk", of pro,",,,·, 'nO ",,,,,1. I, 5.<".n ko.
    'Co","ntinopk v;"w<d f",m Ih< ...to", p,o,;n,,, ;n ,o. w;eldl, \!Y """'''' p<rioo' ,
    H"",,,,j U."ini.. So.!ill. il. (Iv7\I- Io). ' " .7 • • 00 J. H",in, 'R,.. h,"" of
    B),,,.'in< pro";nml ~ov"""'<nr ; Hd l... tld 1'010[,0"'''"'''', [I &o- "Oj '. DOl', 'Y
    (!'TIl ). 'jJ-!4,
    , "Th< qoomion" fro", C","""nUl' ,J.k< to hil <hild"" 10 Ih"n piotr . g. im, ,h,
    ,m"" ..... lurdlro in th, poo',n'« , ,,d 011",,, doq"lII ,,"il"""r ,m lII< "",,,,,,,ion of
    ,k.",,"-«n,",), v;" .... )' oJ<:OI"ilr' <d. C.G. l;I>vnn. ,0;.,"'1 i ''''.'''T K,.....'"'
    (Moscow. '97.1 .• M.I~' J' <1'. • 03.IJ -')0. IJ : d. Com",. pr· HI"""\>.
    Vir/ory (e lebrations in Ih~ prov;nus

    fami lia rity with Uynntine {Our! cmwms, this would imply.
    drasti c n.rruwing of pUl~nti.1 channel s o f influence, limited
    e""nti.)]y to Ir.velcro lU Ihe E.sI, But from th e fifth century to
    the ninth, the weste rn successor wcil'li,-, were elme tu or even
    (untiguom with pruvinci.1 uutpmts uf th~ Byz.ntine empire.
    ThaI ;t was th es<: frontier pro .. i".:es whi ch funnckd Ih~ gre'le'l
    continuou s Uyzaminl' influencc imo th,' mow kingdoms has more
    than genera l prub.bilily in it, favor, Obolen.ky h.s shown Ih.t
    they were ~mong the most dyn amic f.clor, in earl y mediev.1
    cultur.1 ,·xch.ngc, Hi, f",dingl . re un1y rcinfurccd by Gri~rson "
    con clmi un th.1 far from ,crving a, • tru ly intcrn;u ional medium
    of exch. nge. By~.nt ine money - .nd bronze coin.ge .t
    th at - dl"ably ftlled Ihi , role only in zones contiguous wilh the
    empin- ,'
    Even though the capit.l dominates the eXlJnt evidence. enough
    ,cr' p' have su rviv"d to warram explorin g the tenor of public life
    in the imperi.l provinces. The deorlh uf m, leri.1 m~.'" Ihat,
    ~ t Ihis stage. the exploration musl be more lJnt.li zing than
    compkte . Nonethekss, three main w ays in which the imperi. 1
    idcolugy imping,-d on Ih,' .warcnl·" of th,- empire', towns .nd
    'ettlement' can be diltingui,hcd: the bund, between provin"i~1s
    an d their dim'"1 sovereigns, the impact of the church . nd arm }' on
    pruvin(i~l life and, fin:lll y, th~ enemuni:ll lift- uf luea l offtcialdom.

    '- TIES Tl t." T BIND

    T he fourth-century munJrchy 's itinnam character h.d guu~n­


    Iced mony provin ei. l<1h~ opportun it y of direct ly beholding [heir
    ruler and his impcri~1 splendor and p.nicip~ti!lg in hi~ rituab.
    Even , m.1l towns emulated th,' grc.t capital s in the prepu~tions
    .nd f~S!ivities marking ccrcmo"ie.lik ~ the impeti.l adVflllUJ. o But
    ",lemn elllri,-, . nd departure, were nut the unly impni.l rites
    ,t.. ged on th~ ro.d. The exi gen cies uf the moment me.nt, for

    'co,''' .nJ <ul,""t <<<Iu"g" ', A"" d. XIV'


    , tl . Ol>ol..n>ky. 'Ily "",,,,, [,"" , .. ,
    C"J'" i""",,,.. ,1 '" buJ<J I~ ...,,,,,, , {B"<h.. <~, '97'), )0'-", I', G,im"....
    'Cmn.g •• nd mon<y ,n ,he ~y"n1 i ne emp ire, ooS-<. , '''1"''. M .....", " ...1, ..!r.I, •
    .. ,di""." \<tt ''''''><.1 (Spok,o, [')6')' pp. ~"-JJ. he .. ..' - J ) .
    • M"Co ,"",k. A" .,J '''''"''''1. pp . "If fu, , m.U tOwn' . .. < ,he .,...,001< on C ..,..,
    Jo li.n', P"'"S< 'h,ooSh ,', ,<1:1, ,o"l'lw, In Soc""" H.t" J, I , I'C. 6?J1J D,
    exampic, that even Ihe ami III plion of the consulate could o({ur flr
    from the m,in imperial residences "nd, as h;\s ocen seen, victory
    cclebr.tiom followed the ,.me pattern.' Down to the deventh
    century. the we,tern empire .. eolbp,e , nd the rc'triction of the
    eastern court to Consuntinoplc Jnd its environs !harply reduced
    ",ch occ";o",, np,·ci.l1y '" rar ,. the western province' were
    concerned. In 6~8. Justinian II scems to have made a vi!it to
    Thc",,)onie> which pnh,p' induded. triumph.1 entry,. well".
    victoTY endowment for SI Dcml"lrius. 6 Further west, .nother
    eXC<'ption w"' Comt.", 11'. 'I.y in It.ly (1"\6)-8), which n.tur'lUy
    implied" di'pbcem<:nt of rhe monarchy', r;Iu, 1 ;\pp,r'tu.,
    exempli fied by Comt.",' advent'" imo Rome. 7 Evcn iflcgitima{C
    emperor. were T:lTe birds in Byzantine Italy. however. the region
    Sp.l woed ." impres.i,·e arta y of mUTpers from Eleutherius in the
    sevcmh centu ry to Maniacc< in the eleventh. and pomp commen_
    surate with their amb ition must have surrounded ''Ich of them.
    Bl"lWCl'n 6!9 and 7~7. for ill,tance. Byzantine haly alld "'fri~a
    wime,,,,d no fewer th,n n;ne tcmporuily succc"ful u,urpations,
    more than onc cvery other decade."
    Even ill the tr,vcling mondTchy', hcyd~y. direct COnt>'I with
    the mOJl:Irchy 'illd it, ceremonies must h,ve affened far fewer
    <:itizens th"n the usual disphy, of loyalty which were entrCl1ched
    ;n cvcryday lik Quite a nu III OCr of them survived into the ,evcnth
    and cighth centuries." Provincial centers publicly manifested

    • Thu, ,ho:- <on,,,I>« of)0"'''' ., /lney .. 'n ,hl' ~<d . R.X'", •. p.• '0: ". of /10"""'"
    " 1I0.ok,o, 'n )79: M,"ho:-w" 11',,,,,• ..i"""",i", p. , • .
    • EJ . J.M. Srk"" 'tn.""""" <n .10' d'un ","",I do> 'm,ril'''" n' h,,,oOqun ok
    lip""" ·r.\!. J I'",,). ,.,_i,. h", '16....,. wi,h b,bu""II"phy. Cf. WI~«.
    R'l""•. 00. 'I~. How,v". GJ. ·fhM<h."d<>, 'J"'"",,n n. t><k, B",Io,<» 1I.1 E'n<
    "<UC' l,,,o"~ 'u
    ,I,,,,,, ~roblom'. 8p .. ,6 {1976J, '5-,,3. h.. olf,,<d .<rIO",
    ~'O"nd, fm "I",o~ ,h, f.moo, S, !)<",,,,,", [toIC<> to lJ u il [[", "'"mph.! "'''y ,n,o
    Slfm ;"m .
    , U I. 1""' .• M"n'nlk"n . ,S/i ..,...,S,.IJ.
    • 1'. U"l<n . 'lX, "''' R;;""""g in do, W 'I<~,,,,hi<h!<. Zo, G<t<hi<h" d..
    K.i",,,",,,, ,til
    W,",n ""J do, K..... , kfo.'"nS ,n I<.om ,wi>ch,,, Tl><o<Iot;", J. G,.
    ""d K"I d. G,:. IIi"",,,", F",,,~".r" fo. W.I' .... 1i<~~,'.g" ICoIoS'''' 197,),
    pro j>j - ,.,. hm jJ6- 7.
    • ~.h. s<h,,",,". 'n", An<rk"'""MS K.!!, 00 G'",,,,n ... K. i"". H" K.pi«! .u, do,
    G<l<h,eh« dof m'",I.!,nheIK" S,,,,,,y mbohk ·. Hi".,;,,", Zt'''l.'ifi, ,"
    (1951),
    ..9-1' j . h'" ,6 5-0 . • "d J. Dei,. 'VI< Vo""ht< 00 K.i>c, in Rom'. Z.", K.ifO""
    K"I, . , (;,o>1<n. &;"":1' """ A.f""z<, ,d. G. Wotf, W,~, do. F",,<!mng. ,"
    IV"m'''~' , ' 0"). pp. jo , J ,. h,« "Off.
    Victory cdtbrdrions in thl' provinu.

    loyalty to a ucw sovcrei gn with ceremonies and .ccbm.tion.


    hunoring the uriv.1 of hi, offici.l portrait; traccs of the ,u'tom
    mrvive from .i xth-century Eg ypt, seventh_century 1,,1 Yan d even
    unspecified arcas in the eighth cent ury ,l O l ike rimal, marked th e
    distribution oflucks of ch ild emperor. h.ir to provincial uffici.l>
    in the seventh century .nd b ter . I I
    The promulgation of im peria l law s and the annOuncement of
    public rejoicing (galiJia publica, laf liliaf publica.) were another
    occ.,ion on which the cent ral governm ent of late antiqui ty
    reached OUt to the provincia l population. It wa, vcry much in the
    central govemmeut's intere't to diffu,e ncws of its ,uceesses to
    distant .. rca" for th e perception of. weakened throne could easil y
    trigger regional di,turbances. This is seen for inmnee in thc I t.lia n
    uprising Of718, which coincided with repom of the great ,iege of
    Const.ntinople, 12 The . buses of m esse ugers or loc.l offici.ls who
    demanded gratuities before announcing imp~ri a l victories or the
    li ke h.d ",,,,Ited in • "ri" of fourth-century I.w,." Both the
    custo m :md the .b u,"" were ,till around in the sixth ceutury, when
    Ju, tin i.m .dapted the early legisl. tiou an d set .. max imum fcc for
    announcements ,' O In some form, provincia l victory comm uni-
    que, persisted intu the ninth century." As we have seen, the

    ,. Thu, 0001<0'0" P'0<8y.k on J""in tt (I'. C.i._ 11.67")). rd_ E. Hoi!l<h. D;'
    pi".i,,"," D,c",,,y"l"""" dc, ,... i".... K.i""",. ' . A"'.ndlu"g"" ok. Abdomi<
    <k . Wi""",,,h.f,," in Go"i"8"" , PhHol.·h;", KL ). O~ (Giitt;ng,". t96' I•• 11-9. U"
    ",bj<n d: H. Krul<. St.dim. pp. o. - >: .Ite I<port on .Ite .""... ion and . «urn"joo of
    Ph"",,' 1"''''';' >n,w,d in G"sory 1'. <or.<>ponden«, R'li".." • . Appondi' I
    (f""m<rly 'J, 1) , ,ci. [J, Norberg, CCL. ' 0"'" (1 90')_' .OJ. Th>t lho Glllom .o.vind
    '" til< ";gII,h e<mu.y follow. f.om 'h, 'pp<.l m.d, '0 i, ;" ,Ite . ct. of ,Ite !<rond
    Coun"l of Nic.o> (7!7), ...Ii, " <d, J, D _M.n';, S",,",.,, ,,,,,,,Ii,," .. "'"." "'",Ii"i ...
    rolk"i., " (Flo"n,,, ,]<06). ' ""7A .
    " tl! O- j .. R ome: Lil. po" .. Momm""" "'• . 1- ), Cf. 'ho .,,'''''"' of th, ,hil<!
    ,mp<'o.', f,,,, h.;,rul and '"' duuibu,joo of hi, 10<0., ,,, ."iou, olf,ci.h.. Dr " '_, >.
    'J, lion". 6'0., 0-6» ., 7_ l", VI', k.ck, ".. 'f< lmm<dimly S'V'" 10, .monS <>Ihm,
    d" ro mrn".d", ,nd offi,,,, of til< An.!Ohlton . nd C'pp' ''''';' " Iltem«, ihi' ..
    6».,-,1' cf, T«;,;ng .. , O," ... i" .... PI', IOJ - I _
    t, iLu ttl'. 'noou",,<men' 10 ,Ite ,.."tom pmvin,,,,,hu tl>< ''''1''''
    h.d n(>[ y<l f,lkn 10
    th, ... "bet "" " <onoid<<<d • mKiol f"to, in ,I>< rulbJ>'< of,l>< "''''?''''''''
    of 1l>~I.nd
    So,g;u, ;" ,,10 Tbtopo.."", .'I,M, 01<0, D< Iloo" )9S_0 _ " .
    B Cod. n.r..I.. S, ", 1_0, M"mmr<n - M<y<r. 006- 7, " p. t , ", ) , "'",d ') F<:b"my
    J69. Fo •• <lu.1C;If"""" of,icto' ybuli<tinl, .bo.., Cn , >, p, .,n,>, .nd "p, '9'-) '
    w< ""n • glimp'" of rn«"",,<I, I><"ing ,I>< good "'WI offb< bi,," of m "<i, in
    M"k, V. ""p.,..ii, ... C,igoi«- Kuscn<r )7.0-1 .
    .. Co./, I,,, .. "', OJ. '-'. K,ug<c, , S7.0- S, .. Abo .., Ch. j , n. '6.
    mnouncemcntS could preripi(a(e 10c~1 celebrationl of the
    emperor ', mcc~ ..,(" In fourth-u·ntucy Anti()~h, th~ re.ding of
    imperi.l victory bu llc(ins WJS a uther impressive .ff.ir. Provinci. l
    celebr.tions ofimpnial vinories contin ued more or less Un broken
    down tu the reign of Anast.sim L 17 1'heoph'II'es' account of Leo
    III' s S~"d to the popul:aion of the WeSI indicacslh.1 simi!'r ritu , !.
    were not unknown 'wo centuries b,cr.'" They likely OCCUTTed
    'por.diG.ll y in the subsequent per iod, for a, l.t<, as the eighth
    century, R.avenn. celebrated the tradition.l par.de of ",odery
    when the head of Juslinian II wa, carried in from the capital. '9
    Contr:lfY to fourth_century emtom , by thi, d:ae the provillcial
    display o f . defeated tyrant', he.d was lim ited to. region which
    had particularly ,uff"rcd .t hi , hall,h,20
    Acclam ations, which often lOuted imp",i.l viclory, remain<,d
    .n indi'pens.ble e)etneTll of public life in ,he prov inc~, no less th.n
    in the capitaJ.2' The ideology of imperial victory insinuated i ••
    w. y tOO into other, les, obvious, civic acti vit ies. Perhaps th~ mos,
    stri kin g were the sokmn leg.l uath, impu",d un citizen, in
    situ.tio", :I, diverse as tax declo rat iuns, court t,·,timuny, confirm-
    'Hion of co ntractu,,1 "greements of '''k, service, dUllation , lu"n,
    etc., Or ., :I means of pruuf in priv~te documcnts,n A vicwry
    epithet like 'all-con querin g' or ' in vincible' often ,, (companied the
    imperial title in the uath ("rmul,,'s irtvuc"ti"n of the emperor's
    name ,2' Bec:luse such o"th, were me:llll to inspire "we, the
    concept' a cilizen im'ukrd in swearing plumbed the core of the

    " Abe,<, CII, >, pp, 6>.


    " Thu, ,", htusgk.1 "'"",. ,," '"" J<fw ~f Vi"Ii,n ."'''N by I-<,,,u, humily
    J<li.o,N on ,h., ""'' 'K>n,
    , be .. , Ch . >, n, 9J, P",eup;us 01'<0 ... ><e"" 10 .llud, ' u
    i n",h", « kb"""" ~.~«I in (Om fu, , .",u'y uf ,h. ume emp<r<'" I. i",p. A.",.
    , " " .. I, "'"'pm
    I.J---<i.
    " lOw "", ""'~, ~ .00.< , C~ .• , • . "'-I: fu, L<... tiL '00,<, n . " .
    .. s« ,he ,0«<10,< «)o",o,"~
    'he pm,x " RiVe",,, p"" ,,,,,d ;n Agod lu" u",'
    I""'i/i<'U, ",",,; .. R,","."i" I"" N, O. H"IJ<r_E gg", ,1/(;11. ~RL 11!7 ! ),
    )11 , ' j - ') ·
    , . cr, Thwph . o", A.M . ~"'J, De Il(>o<, I" ,J - ~. ,,,d Nk'ph~,"" B" ... tx IJoor ,
    ." ,,- ) .
    " Se<;n ~,",,: ..I T . Kbu><r, 'AH I.m.,ion<o', RAe. , ('910), >loJ.-Jj.
    " E, I-<idl, 0., Pid i.. ' .... i".·OiRrr"""'"
    1~'vi""',I,,,"', "
    Mu",","", Ik;"'g< IUr
    P'pyru>f"n,hu"s utld .mlk," R<,h"S=h«h", " (Mu"kh , 19JJ), 19K.
    lJ F,om Egyp"'" d""um<"" uf •.iv-vlI ' roo r~ d>ra "~~,..,,,,, ""' ~6f"", I-<idl , HI ,
    p~, ~ - ,;; ,w, :I"~~",,, ~,c'~" ;.il" 6, K.,u"IKW• • hoylw. ",",'0<00-,,,,., ;~id ..
    7, n. j , . " . C...,,",d. n' l<,,;mony from ]"h,n r'PY';' ].0. Tjid", D;, .klo,ji,,,,,,_
    Viuory ,(/tbratio,u in Iht P'OViMUS

    bter Roman psyche: ouhs were SwOrn by the emperor', genius


    (rom ), by hi. j.;Ifety and permanence, by God the panlolt,alo" by
    the holy and consubstantial Trinity and, very frequently, from the
    reign ofDiodetian down to the eoUal"" of Roman rule in Egypt
    and the end of the evidence, by the victory of the R oman
    empcron? 4 This kind of oath cannot help but recall the
    ubiquitou , reverse of contemporary coiuge 'Victory of the
    /l.ugUSI1', ..
    Victory ideology's prominence in the legal catchwords of
    provincial practice may have encouraged iu permanence in the
    epistolHY etiquette of private and public communications ad-
    dressed to the throne by the uplX'r CTUst of town and country?"
    Well_wishing for the cm peror which concluded a letter to •
    member of the capital', ruling circles might even echo the
    phraseology of public oath.?? Epithets reminiseent of official
    victory titles were used by subjects in addressing letter< to the
    ruler? ' /l.ppeal. to imperial victory abounded in the customary

    ,,,It<o 1",;0;,,"'" P'PrN 1,,1.... , .. j *' Z<-;, "J -~, " A<,. ;"","',; .om'.; ''lln,
    So«<u, .. , '9 (Lund, '9JI), JOI. j""', no, 'J: '., ,.\0,.", ...ia .... "'; p';D<'pi,
    ol><"". nl Rom.nu", au",n.n,i, ;"'I'"'u",' (.,i ' .H)): d . iW.. ' . 0 ..,. no. I
    (".Y" .I"<): HI,"-~.!K>. '0 (co. _1.
    ,. OIl><> «>IK'P,," Seidl. EHI, PI'. 1-". O .. h, by ,I>< i"'p<fi.1 yKt<><y oc<u' .",ong
    .u,v ' .. na formub, o( ,he ""m<l'oy. Con"'n';", !! .nd rolk'g"", Ho..",,; ....
    Thwdotiu'll. V,l,.,i.i.n III .nd M",;,n, J.<.o I .........,;.... )""i. 1.)u";.'.n.J... ';"
    II . Tib<>iu, II. M.u.ic<. Pho"" .nd H....d,'" 'nd C.... ".", ..... !II: K.A . 1.11"'1'.
    'By"n'"" ;mp<ri.1 "",!.r,ut< '" til< G",,~ doru""",.,y I>'py.i: ,he olth r",,,,ol .. '.
    z..i,,, ...iftfo' r'p.,..I4ti< •..J F.,"tr.,~; •. 01 ([91». '9\1 - "), her< ") .
    n Su. <.,. "' .R . llell,. , .,. C...!.otw of.lor !IF_'iM Coi., ,. W o-.~"" o. ~ ,
    0>11",,,,,, . . .• , (W ..h '.8'''''' D.C .. ,,,.,...). )1' I' ~ "",,;,;,): P. G.i<non, w;J.. ' .•
    (W"hlnl[o.., D.C., ,,,,,1).7" (.... ",";';'1 .
    •• S<idl. f,U. pp . .. - ? , <on,;de" ,he nu",""... pn'no., in fifth-.nd ~.,h-<mtu,y
    p.p y'; w~idr "'.~, """'.,," 'by God "'Im;gh,y .nd ,he piay .... d via",y of ou,
    knd F1. 1 .... Et<m . 1 "'Uxu"",' rt<. whi<h "'''' 1I<>,\y ,"'",,«I by ,II< <>r,h~
    ..;&"c., of I.t<, Rom.n' f,;vo!ou •• ";'ud< ,ow"d ,he GOth r",,,,ol ... h ~ j ... , "
    po,.jbk tit ... h. ""'"'0"''''' "''' in,<ndo;d.o ler><il".i,y ", ,hei, p<'''ion~
    .. P""'"h Joh. ofJ<", ... I<", '0 ,o. r''';'m, o(C""". n[;""pk (pi) rond...K. w,.h.
    "."...... , "" h~ .hu.IfI ', P" Y'" [6>llpl .I~"" w J ..p<>,",c .or) .1>a'(J<tIdrOfJ nl
    ",,,,..,..:1.,,,, ~po:i>' (/Il.a,i.Jmc. <d. E. S<h", ..... .-lCO. ) (' .'0). " .)6-7. cr. ,o. h~.
    fo,mol .. in Sridl. EU. rp. ,...." .
    " ... few " ''''1'1« f.om "".y' biJ/lOp! .",,,,bi<d ., "'ntio<h '0 )ovirn (,,~~,~
    Air7otic1"1'l, $0< .. ", .. H .•. , ), ' }. PC. b"/.Hl"' : d . So.o"",n. H .•.• 6, . , 7,
    Bid<r_H.m,n. '."1>_,,, .hurch of EUp' '0 LM 1 ("~~',~. <1'<':Uwo)7.0/ nl
    A6yor\o7"1'I. Eo'H';o" H.. .. '. I, Bidn-P"'n'n' .... j6.]I _ >: bi.hopo of A I<. '0
    ,,6
    well_wishing which open~d o r dolot.·d coru munic~r io<u wnh rhe
    Ih rOl1<;. The (o rm ubs lhow ~ ec rr~rn .. nlery. ra ngUlg from rhe
    hope rh~t the emperor willlr~mpk rhe b:Hbari~n ttioc! underfool
    to Ihe desi re th~1 his Iriulu"h here on nrth bo: equalled by Ihn in
    Ihe i(tcrl; fe.~· U rcmo",C!.. accbmnlOns. ();It hs and episrobry
    polit<.'Tleu hclpc.J inSli Ji impo:tlil viCiOTy I11tO Ihe idcolottinl
    content of provinCia!.' "brions wuh thclr cmpo:ror. Bur th""
    di,·crK' Ull o f S('eulu pubhe hfe were not the on ly forum in which
    the publ iC mind focuKd On Ihc R uman emperor's vrelo ry.

    l. GOI) ANI) (;UU NTMV

    Even in th e centuries bdore the elllp ire's conversion. C hriMian l


    had pmkd Ih~·m!.dvcs 0'1 their Krupulou, fulfillment uf the
    Pauline "1)lIneI1011 10 pray to Iheir God on behalf o flhci r rule rs, 10
    Afler Corllunl;nc. Ih is aspeCI o f ChriSiian dlKi plrne onl y gte,,· III
    sign ifICance. And w il waS Ihai llie church and lIS public wonhlp
    came to provide an endu ring and frequell l forum in which Ihe
    average R oman ,ubj.'C1 voiced his IUy>hy 101m, crnpo:ror. When
    Ihe laSI priesr o r Ihe i mperi~1 culr had died .nd rhe lUI sporting
    e"l'rlt h~d been >raged III the local circu •. Ihe ch urch (omimrcd 10
    fUn(IIO<I and reb y the imperi~1 idea. From the fourth c\" llUry on,

    Ib" I,,,u, ,"J Mmu, 1./w,ID'" "~~'>k A.&r<*r'''''' I. ,w.. J. J. IIMk.- P"'" .... ,"' •.
    10~ ' - J TIt< ~"R' M ,I>< r'r, 1,"".n«lhy" "Ik(ltd by II>< I."", ,," '"",. f<>< ... ".
    '" ' _I : , f I~II'" M",,,, lIn Con."n, II ,n ~. " (JI" .0.... ): " ." , ~ ''''"U'''''J:<'/'
    ,d J I) M,,,,,. C"",.Ii•. Ie If""",,..,, '7Ii' ). ,,,, Il . •
    " "m,,, of o!o<unl<''''' ""''''" ""h "1"<""""" ,nd oK<o /... il< -r ro.. "...."'hon,"
    ",,, .... ,,o ... ,,d II>< ""ptfUl office "r<w <" mfr..' ~ of~y~" 1<> tm I. <d. f.
    Sch",m . ACO.• J 11~161 J7. " - I~: too.r.u,.ufC, pp_ .. So<,...j, ' " """, ,/000 ,
    79 .. _t . btsbof>o 0((;,1., .. 1',.,,,,. <" .. rn<. ~,. 91 ) - J, s. •.,u, ... J~u""",. z... .... ,y
    Rhn .... II., ., ,, I~, ,, II ....... ,. '."".'-0: too .....1'" uf Sr'" S«Und< ..... _ . .-d
    §<II ... ",. ACO. J (19ool.JI .)j - 9: I;.... , .. y I. II tt.. J• .fO. N<><b<!J.. WI"•• - >w I.
    oW,. 6. 16. Jt6.J' - " . .w.. 7,'" 'J' ' - H'·": oW,. IJ. H. Nor ...... 'Oll'l-'~:
    M",,,, 110 c... .. _ II ilL. _ .)• .-d M ...... C-~ .... 10.19"00-197". too"""" uf
    AI....." .. m< • .-I. "'j[-';U~". <f , ..... """,, 1I7'l" It ..... 10011) TIw n ....""
    ... ,V' .... """.h< ModJIo: " "'" < g . , Throdo .. S",Jn< .<> Moct.",1 II. ~ .. ' . ~. PC.
    '1? 1!J.1I,
    .. I To_hy .•• 1- ' . M<IIIo "(S",ln. T.. ,,,lh,,, .o>d 0., .......... f,,'" .h< obon-v'<><1"
    of ,h" pt<apt ",. he: p"..c""'Un'.,,,n ,h .. ,ch· L 11 .... 1. 0., I,""J, .... C..... fo<
    " ...... "'" 11'.... I;.. a.,"or , .. (J",,","'" ,,, 1'.....1.."'" _ " ", ........ 51 . .
    (I'""",bot,,. 1~J7). rr J" - J: , f () M ,d,<l - T KI.oUKI. '(;""" II (' ''' ,b,,«)". lI .i e .
    ~ l"n~I' )~. he:" J)
    Vicrorr rt/rb,aliom in Ihr pmvina.

    the regular performance of public prayers for the emperor and for
    hi, victory must h.ve been. common cxpc ricnee in th e daily life
    of the province. .nd capit.ls." The political n. IUre of this act is
    illumin.ted by Chrysmtom', implication that public prayers for
    the emperor were not nccessuily the ,inccre.t form of loyalty
    display,'n implication th.t would be echoed by Theodore Studite
    centurie. bter,32
    M uch work rem:!;", to be done before th e history of the
    Orthodox liturgy's soci:!1 function gains:! solid footing. Yet this
    .spect of public life cannot be ignored. Prayer for the em peror w. s
    of cour~ common to province .nd capiulllike. In the provinces,
    however, th e :!b~nce of the imperial court', eo",t:ln! pageantry,
    of the physical immediacy of its c(r(monk. and pc~onnd, lent
    public pr.yer:l gre.ter part in sh_ping the subjects ' conception of
    th eir ruler :!nd hi •• ctivitie•. The growing role of ,ixth-ccntury
    churches in diffusing imperi_1 decrees and communiques under-
    seores this function of the 10c.1 church .s a focal point for
    provincials' interaction with the imperi.1 gov ernment . For th e
    bulk of the ]a y population, the euchariotie liturgy conn;'u'cd the
    most famili. r ;md frequented church ~rvice. The modcrn-day
    service books of the Orthodox church preserve severa l pr.yen
    which graphically illu,trate the place .ccorded the emperors and
    their victory in the religious life of By.:mtinc !Deicty , The diptyeh
    section of the Litu rgy ofSt Ba,il commcmor>ttS the emperor, by
    borrowing from the vocabulary orthe Old Testament. It entrcots
    the Lord to,
    " Th< m.nr ,0(<<"",,,, to ,",h p"y",;n I"'"..(;"",,,n,;,,;.n p>l,;"" Ii t«"",, ,ould,
    by ,h<m><t"". fo,m to. b'~'Qf, m""o~"ph . Mm' «f«. in ' s<"<"t ""y. '0 P"Y<"
    for th< ... dl_b<'n~ of th< <"'1"'.0' .00 <mp'«. Th". th< "">IOm"y P"Y'" A"m
    ... " <.g<r '0 I""fo'm on boh,l f orCon", " ,,"d 1C pc. 00>7), fp .• pud :>0«" " , fl.,., , •
    • 6, pc, ".,. , p A, of. <., . Con,,,"tir><', «quirem,", of ,u,h pray"'; EU5Cbiu,. V.
    C .." ..,i. i, , . I . , ' - " Wink<lm. nn. ,,) .1>-, 1, «C. Som, <mp<ron ""'iniy
    <O",id<<<d <h<m • "'U'e< of ,i«ory, " Z<no m"d;" hi, H,""~",,, «I. E, SchOO'.,.,.
    CMU V.,,,,"", I' . '<J'. ,jn< ."'~~,I.n...j,,", ..,...",1""1 .'d om Z,i/ K."" Z'"".
    Ablu"dlu"i '" d<t lur<ri",""" Ahd<ml< d<, Wi",n",h.f,rn, Phil"'._ph,lol. Wld
    hi". KI.. p. 61'9'7), Jj"""9: d, Andu,' ~"<f 10 P<r<r of AI... ndd. on ,II< H,"o/i"n
    ICPG, J\I9 '), . p. Z"h"y RII<lOf. H. ... J. 11 . <f. Brook,. 1.16, .• - 6,
    " Ch,)'",,,om, H... , " .. ,,_ , J. /'C, • • .• , I , ,,,,inS ,h .. " ~ "'"Of
    '0 ,"bJu~m ,
    my by fur '00 enjoy i" I"'blic PlOY'" th, " to win i, 0 .. ' by ,If«tion ""d <ojoy i"
    rid"",' pri.,,< proy"', d, 1'Orodo,< $,00''', lip .. I.', PC. \I9,9"C-D, "' which h<
    pro",,,!h,, II< contin"'" '0 ,omot.mo,,,, ,he '011""0' in ,he li,u'gy ,,,d <0 P"y fo,
    him in ""'~ I"'bli< .nd p,i.m,
    G"J aMJ t<>mtl'y
    R eM.<M.bcr ... our mo., P'OUI ~I>d f.uhful <nll'<'.on . .. Ihd,~. ,h.,,,
    I><.dl On .h< d.y of b.uk. ""'''illhm ,h"" ""'. r.,>e Ih<" ngh. h..:ond.
    <on fi. ", .1\(" emp"''', mbjuil'« urIII> .hem .n ,h ... barb•• i.n p<vpko
    who W'rII W... lI:"n•• I><m deep ,nd I,mnil 1"'.« ."

    Although Ih< e~rI)' hi~ory of such lexu II f•• (.om clen. Ihe
    unanim i, y o f,h,' vuiou.lilUrgi ...... rhey arc knowI> ro<hy "suC)
    st rongl)" for the anllquil)" of ,he M~st pra yers fOT Impcri~l
    ~iclO.y . J · Thl' con~ ... g<m ,,-",,imony o f ,he Ul,em hlOrg.es IS
    s.ccol>dcd no. only by an ~uly nunuJ.C.ipt of the Liturgy of
    C h' ysollom. hm by one of the mos. ~eneublc of liturgical
    documenlS. ~ pOllh< rd Ix'uing tht p.. y<rs of im<re<s,ion in a
    script which may go back (0 the fo urth or f,f,h cemury .H WI"",,
    .he ""arch o( R.~rn". wu no, ified 0 (. new ro!X··s ell-cti on. the
    .nllOllllcemClII Sl.cued Ihe bilhop-clcrt's c>gcrn<~I IO poUT fonh
    pr' rers 'COT th,' lif," and s;ofcty .nd pcrfeCl vlclories' of the
    Byunllne cmpero.s, loO Ih~1 God might gr.m 'the gre'l vklot
    emperon' mullirle JUccas. nuking th< rrspubli(~ mumph ovc.
    Ihe buNn.n. and TCsloring 1m, ca.lier UtCOt of the R onun
    en' piTe·. J " Iksides.• ,d.le<! d"velop"'"n. i. <vinced by the
    western litu'gies . The cit)· of R ome included in loOme of ...
    ",",vices I'r~yCTi which ",und much like Ih,'" CU te,n Cou!ml: '~

    " ~ N . 1·... m"" ... AI '1><1<. ..""",..,,,,


    F"""ho,,_.n '"' byll""",,,h_""" ~f~·,h ..<I,",
    .-.d ''II,lotOtP'
    '1..901 ...... ..""',.-x. ,>I,
    f""," b
    ' •s lA,II<-n •.
    T "nd
    '~JJ). "j_h
    (. lIm""', ,,, ~"'n" 'J •. " , • ." f>7 J' .nd [ ",k,,.! l e .•• I.
    ,. 110m ,he- L,,",IY "« ; h,y"",,.. " . ,-.I . 1·"m",I.. ,. I' ,, - S•.• · '"" "" ..·n ",,&, ,he-"
    fi.t.< <'« f ...... m' .nol """il< pow« ·. <1". , .... Sy ... n L""'If O(S,),,,,,",. U"sh'n"",
    •• . 1' - '9: ' R<mtmbt! 0 lo<J ...... m<»f p;o... . nd Ch"M-Io"onA ."''''. '''. , .... .,..,..,
    .. ,.I Ch..,,·Io""1 ''''rr<''. dot ... ",* p.lK<...d , .... " " ... , ..... , ...... , "' ....... , .... roo-
    .Dd . """,, ': , {. lK"'" al So M .. k. ~ .... 11_ ..
    " J M . ...... ·t"""', ..... h_"I.... dt ... 1ot"',1< dt "'~"'.I<'" 01<,-......... _Iw.
    o....,,~"""" .... ("no). ~ - Ill . 1><", ' OO. "'rom ' ""1" to. ,I>< . ... ,...."'. ,nd oh<
    _ ..... 01"01.. ''''pt'''' um y '" G,."".f<t....... r . , . VII (. ,,_. , """ 0 T ..._.......
    " J """ "' ........................ J v'" .IK"" ·U................ ptlh • • •...'m .._ dt ,.
    '."'"," dt So"" "'", ., ...... _ s.. ... ,. , ( ' 910). OS II . . ..... ' OO. ,f '''''-'0: )
    <>-_. 1Ioo/lt<,..... r,_fr-"' '''_Iw. /op" .......... 7" II"""). ,to.n_ ' . ""_,
    du, tl>< oIoev ........... r I>< ,.,..... .. h" 1..,,", ,h ... , ....... . _. do .. ..t. ....... by V.n
    II... ,,,.
    M Uo. __ .. !I<>. ",",,'M'" " 1 .) - ' 7.
    " Stt ,n " ... ,,) G. ·r clknb.o<h. II •• " " .... ...,j '~,,"'~Iw, II ..... .,..~ .. ...... , I.... IJ/ . . .,
    fro"" ,1,,,,,101,,,,. S'''"n''....,;,h" dt, H<odt' .... 'I..... b ..... m....... ' W,,,..,,,,,h.f,ffI.
    1>h,1o •.• h", 1<, '9l< - J. , (H"'ldlo<'R. '~H) . "
    Victory uiebralioM' iM Ihr proViMlts

    o God, who domin~te,.ll kingdom, hy thy etern.lempire, bend the


    ••" of thy mercy to the puye.. of our humility and ."i" Ihe priMeefof
    'he Rom . n r•• I,n ,h.. , by thy t.. nGuility and power they might ever be
    victo" with clem ency,"
    Or:
    let u . ,I", pray (m our mo" Chri"i.n emperor, ,hat OUr God and lord
    may .uhjugatc to him .11 botb..ian ptopb, for OUr b1ting peace.'"
    Both tcx!s would find favor with later celebrants ~nd cnll:rcd Ihe
    common stock of the Rommized hlllrgy of the medieval West.
    lind, .lt hough they were perh.p. Ie'! familiar '0 ,he ge",:ral
    population, it ,hould not be forgotten that the empire', monas-
    teries r.cn! up d ~ ily prlycrs for the emperor ~ nd hi, victory in the
    liturgy of the hou".4o Incomplete though it is, this brief review
    suggests thc import.nt role played by the regubr, ongoing
    r.crviee! of the empire's churches in focusing , for. brief moment
    every wee k, the average citizen', aw.rcnc" on the cmpirc's
    le.dership and its victory,
    But the ehurch did no t confine itr.clflO incorporating prayers
    for vi ctory over ,hc bubari .. ns into it< Sunday services, 1'oS has

    " I" . " 61: 'I><u" qu; «SOl' 0"'0'00' ",,"m;, dum;n,,;, ;mp<rn., ;ndm •• d pre«,
    hu,n;i""i, n","" .u,<> mi.""cordi" tu"", <t Rom,n; '<go; .<kIto p,;ocipibu,,",
    "" ".oquill","m ck",<o ,<, 'u, ,im ",mp<' V;'IU<' v",,,,, ...'
    " lOi'. , J" 'o"",u,,, p,o d"",; , n~IImo ;",p<"to,. nt»t,o, ut tku,,, oom;nu, """..
    ,uW;,,, ,Ilt f.6" o,no., o,.,b ... , ''''I01"".t! """",m 1""1"''"'''' p>«m.' Cf, . 110
    ii,./.. JJ. TI>< <ndu,ms p'<IIig< ofth< ,,,d;tion,lut;n pny<n fo, imp<,;'1 vktory "
    Kom< d",i"~ ,I>< "''''' of tho """",n "ntu ,y <>p!o;m tl>< p,u"; not< of tile U~ ,
    ,.,.., .. Momm",," , ,~u - , I, do:l<,;b;ng how ,lie bnhop ofPo"o «kb .. l<d • public,
    Lit;" M", In tl>< H.~ ; , Soph .. """ "p"t 61" i' wh;';h 'o",n", un;,nim;«,",
    I.ud.. <1 VI<W;~ pii"imolUm imp<",,,,,um ido:m lot,,,,, 'o<;bu, odd.m,«n,',
    .. 'rhu"h, p"y" fo, 'M <ml""0'" victory 0'" ,I>< bid,.,i,,,, ..,hkh "ill oc(u", ,n ,I><
    ",,,";u,,ion '0 ,h. O"n"" off",< (_ "''''''m Morin'I, .f'er p,.I"" '9 .nd .." n
    ""'" wp.>h:Iy'O', ~~Q.<o.>sr~ ,00 ~p9_, .d . M .L s"lj .... ", I" li><n., " .d,l, 6): .'"
    ~p"6' t. ,~ ~"""I'-" ~"" ,ot\<. ~,a,ot\<. ~~a';'k ~jJliJ., ,!~.c ~"P,""", ""'61C.
    ~."i ";,, ~';"'~Iw •. .. , d. ,I>< n'''' P"Y'"' ' .~ollOP~Y" .>irrok: 001"'-.69,. ,~ •
    • I~~", d. E. "m.nd do M""d;"" M",,", ,1,11<0,. Th , ,,0/<0 oJ'" P"".lio, 1k.I;n"
    byun'in;";,,,h< ",\o<; '<n, 0' (lIuhn , '97'1, p . '90· "I'hough ,h. ",;g;m of ,he>< . lId
    mnib, p"y<" " no' y« ,"own, "'''''. ,,''' F"y<, for tho ""I1_o.:;nl ~f ,I><
    v<ly .n(;'nt, Xc, <,~ " 00 ","",,'U, .nd ,he
    Ju,,;n;, n', 'pp,oci"ion for
    "iI. ;,
    p"ym of
    th< mOhk, ofP,k",n<. Cy,il Scy'h0I"'I ;""u~ Vii_ s _ IHHG, '6011), j ' .nd 7' ,
    ed. E. Schw,,", T"'l< un.! Un ,<"U<hung<n .9, , I~,p.ig, '9)9), '.).6--11 .nd
    n •.,.- nj.<' d . ,lie ''fty «n,h--«n'u,y <v;tkn« "f th, V. """y"!;, j ,
    Karhn_H.y«r ) '-7---<j.
    God m,d ,outot'Y

    ~lready bem obloCrved, special services staged by the p~triuchs of


    Cons\ .. nlinople helped ,ust,in the city through the greu sieges of
    the ,",vcnth ~nd eighth centuries; I'hOlius, . mong others, m.in_
    t. ined the t",dition i" the next century.·' It has not often been
    noticed, however, th .. t the , .. pital's suppliotion s of divine .id
    agaimt the barbarians manifest a phenomenon which had
    emerged earlier in the empire', province,. Several (emurie,
    before. bishops had devised 10c.1 me.surcs to marti.l their citi,,'
    spiritual mcngth through the difficult d.ys of enemy . tt;lck .
    lmight into such obr.crvance. is yielded by the sermon. Maximus,
    bishop of Turin, delivered during an inusicm of Italy in the
    opening years of the fifth ccntury.42 When his city was threaten-
    ed. Maximus ordered city_wide f.m in imit. tion of the Ninivite.
    of old. Th e f.m were obviously accompanied by prayer services
    of some sort. Not on ly was prayer more dfeetive th an . rrow, in
    wounding b. rb.ri"n s at long range, it offered better hope of
    victory ,o" 'With the.e weapons Iprayer. chanting, (.. ting,
    mcccyl, the Chri,tians arc wont to vanqui,h their enemie., with
    the", we" pon. they defend ,he city', ramp:ltt': As M" ximus
    would emphasize, the fam of hi, flock destroyed the spiritual and
    ea rn . 1 enemies "f the Christians and ensured the sucee,s of the
    Roman army.""
    Thi s kind of spiritual ddence of the empire', cities was by no
    means restricted to I[a ly. Simihr ceremonies can be tueed back to
    the ancient Roman {,utratio urbis and the liturgical pro cession
    aroond the wall. of. be'ieged city w"' practiced in late antique
    Ganl and Spain."' At the beginning or the si xth century, the

    " rOOf;" '. 1/,,... J. T. • .,d . ' S, <d. 11_ Lmu,d,... n.pdpf~!". 'E''-'7''~.' n
    (Th"""""" i,,. '9S9 ). J'-)1-j> .• • )7."-) md .~ . 'O-j ,
    " A_ Mu"<nb«h... Cel .• ' l 1' '-;') " ". n. '. 'U"""''' J9J IEuK<n;",). 40' - '
    (Al>fK). 000 (I<..d'g"'"'j or 0" (A,h, uln . Th< r<kr<nec< '0 b>f b'~'m in ",rmom
    IJ . iii•. , JJ~" J • • "d 16. Jl)_n ""'m '0 m, I;",< '~';n" Fog""i"" p, Co,mdk.
    H;"",,, 1;", ,,,,, '" I '"ok, ;"eo';"", J<,,.,,,,i'f'''' J,d «l" (P";,, ,~), p. )). n, '.
    gi'''"" "",m fm hi. jd,m;""tinn w;,h "tor;'"
    t .' .'it""" " . • , Mu"'nbo,h". J )<-1'; ,bi~" j , J JJ.oo-, .nd no,!' . 0" ,h< bibl",.t
    in'p,,,tion. YoM . Du"t. I~ U""" jO"" ."'" I.IWI","" <I,dl;'"", P "'1'"'' 141;... ,
    iP"i •. ' 91J), SfS; ••" ... " ). '. M"t<mboch«. JJ9,2Q-" cf, """. I S. J. HO·7 I-' .
    • , ,s,''''o M. '. Mn'",n boch<f. J p .' 1-'., ·Hi• ..,im «Ii,. . _. ",kn • • d""""rim IUD>
    u",,,,, ,h,;,,;,ni. hi. "01" dult. ", mo<"i. <" Hod",." Cf. il>;• .• • , )J1-7' - J; "',...
    69 • • • Mutl<"boch«. '90_9'-19'- 91_
    ., T hi, m <lon, ",< m<my h.. """-<c-d ,I", , " <o ';on of h"tQ';'n! of f<ligiol> , <.K-

    '< '
    ViclO'Y Itltbr~Iions in Ih, provine"

    bi.hop ofTell~ brought encouragement to the troop. defending


    hi. Mesopotamian city. He bbscd them, .prinkled them ~nd the
    w,1I with holy w :ner ~nd distributed communion." When ~n
    approaching Persian army terrified the citizens of Apamea, they
    begged their bishop to bre,k with custom ,nd mge, procession.
    Th ey wan ted a public showing of the city's precious relic of the
    true cro.s, which was normally .hown to the population only one
    day a year. The unusual ostent.uion worked: a miracle occurred
    which restored the population' s courage and helped them come to
    terms with the inv"dcr: ~ commemorative picture w~s duly set up
    in the church where the miucle had happened."' In much the
    .ame way, the citizens of Thcssalonica turned to SI Demetrius
    during the sieges of the si xth and seventh centuries ""d a dream
    instructed their panor that they would .urvive. if only they all
    .houted 'Kyrie clcison' together." As archbishop John him",lf
    explained, the Thessalonians' reliance on supernatural means 10
    obtain victory did nOt detract from their intelligence or courage .
    • inee a Christian was rcally victorious only when victory was
    accompl;.hed 'w;,h God·.··
    The organized mpplicalion of divine aid againn barb"r;an
    incursions WaS a I,sting feature of life in th e Byzantine provinces.
    In February 601, I'ope Gregory I wrote the bishops of Sicily,
    reqoiring that they nage mmpulsory public litanies directed

    P. s.",,· YV<l. E"oi, <l<jol'I"" ;,. 1;"" (P ..;,. '~')l. pp. I~jlr• • no M. ~1i,<I<. T,.il/
    I'~ i,,,in <1<, nli,_W"il. 19!i')' p. J ' J. 0.. ,11< Rom'" to,,,,,,,,,,. c. W"..ow •.
    ·Amb",b;um·. RE. '. , (119') . 11 16-11, .nci. in ~<"" ..l. w. Pu, ·lJiup,o.<loo,,·.
    RAC., 119\1). '''"""\1.•
    nd i<l< ... ·Cil<um,mbul"io·. RAe. J (19JJ). I,J- I7 .
    •• j.,.),u. 5Iyli". CI"''"~it. I!. II. w . W,.;gh, (C. mbtidg'. In,) •• , .
    .. P,,,",,oP;"" &11 •.•. I I. , .... .10. H'"'y-W,,,h 1.""".1 )- '01. 1.• nd h.~"ul. H .t .. , .
    16. 1I;o.. ~ P"'''.n'",'. ,,).,-) I. TIl< "n" m,m.li,y \'''''' wOlk in 1M "m.. kobl<
    .. ,mon by [)om";,n", " 1M ""v"," huno"ng 'M R"",," «<><'~p>lioo bf
    Mmympob b,,, in II.. c<nl"'Y: To.op"yl.ctUI Simoc",,,,. Hiu .••. 16. 1-.6. 0.
    1I,,"'.llpO-II,.'o.
    • , Th< ,;,izm •• nd " ,hbi>hop P"P"oo fOf b... b.",n .... "11 by m.kln ~ "",rul p"y"
    ,,, God; Qn' <l<f",d.,.hot. ~on< "'''h 'M "in,', n,"o< WI;""" on i, . '0 n"I"Ioo,
    di"<", M i,,,,.t. 0.... ,,;, (OIlG. J 16'-1')1. li1 . • 0.-;\ ."d '16: ,r. 'M "r"'no< '0
    o.m<,";o,. ';nviJo<;b1< .lly· " "~. 00. P. urno<l< . j." pl., """ ..., ", ... iL ok, .. ;'",1"
    .. S. Diooof,,,./,, 1.0 P<OO<"'''''" <1<1 81. "" ..", It, BoI • .",. I (P,,;~ 1919). '".'.-)0:
    116.)) ~ 117"J: .. .. JJ ~").IO .nO \9,·1-' '''\,«\;vdy .
    .. John "f Th", .. I0.>0;.; •• Mi,,,,.I. n....mi (O IlG. <99 ~ JI61. 16<-J. 00. um"k.
    'SI.6-,6.
    agai nst Ill" 'incunlo n, "fbarbarlan >;i v~gcry '. n Slmliar k rVlcCi m
    timn o f m,lit,,), cTlm wc. e mJ[ !J<,ing staged in rh e ( r<;>rna! cny Ul
    the eIght h and ninth ccntunes. Sl In the C ibyrra cof thcm e, on th,'
    southern (()as( of Asia Minor, fa" mg and luppl lcu;on, wc.r
    regarded as a 1110" dfcerivc ",capon ag~m" " r~b atuck ;n the
    n;nth cen tury .H T o the..., local initi.tives ",u~t be: added ,Ill' 1011g-
    . tanding cumm, of ordering specul Sl'. Vl'" aClon the empire for
    speCIal need,: l iclnlUsand MaurICc HC . upposed.o have done so til
    ropon ..., to personal (rises. whd,' from ,hI' ",nth (l'lUur)' adrlllUl_
    ,{ •• tive (nu "'pond ,'nee Ill ' V; VCI , howlng ho", the 'm pe rial
    govcruUlen t impoK'd ' l><'ci.1 p"rn, on mOnamC cO Ulm"nil;,·,
    during jm port~1l\ cxl><'<lit ,om., j Th,' dWlec m"n,;on of toppl iea-
    li onl in hist oriul reco rds ~tTord, no "'''SC "f how co mm on >
    fC""f<, the ), mu st once h. ve b<" •.'n mlhe empIr e', p. oYI11ci.llife.
    But Ih" fact thac th n bnd of ...,rvicc is for,,~n m Ihe ,PP'OPTla tc
    liturg ical rcperlork. J>fovldes a >lrong indicat ion th •• Ih..,Ir
    perfo. mance "'a. nOI mfrcqu"","." A . the "mpIf'" CII;'" pu )'ed

    .. Jt , , .... "'1 . ", )I. N",I><,~. ~ '''.'-~",,"' /


    .. r ... ..,g . O>d I"......... <><~.m ..... b~ r."'Z",~ It ~~"'''' R......... ",uQl< 'P"'"
    f.u,y<h,.... ~. _oj.~,. «I. L r_ .......... , w...... "~~I ..... " ~ ... "",10<,
    ..... . "'... p''-''''bly "1nO«I ,IoJ.. ; .0> ,,... . . ) '. un wln,;h ..... M MtCo< ... d .·n.-
    Inu,IY ,of ..... on ,t.. ... Iy M>dJl< ... g .... "''''. 10""", .<><l ,,.. C"""n~ .. n
    monmhy·. I ·....... II (t~1.1.' 'J. lor" r " r", ,,..
    """h", . .. ,,,,y "', ...... ".
    1><~, .... Ch ~." HI
    " I '" .....,... " ... ,,"" I ~II(;. ' '' I. 'J- '6 .• J A. P'p"I<""",Ioo-K."",,"u •. t • .u"i~
    •• h,~"."" ~., ~"P'''·'''' :l71<1.("!',",·. '. P",... I,," y' P,I< .. "" ',, ,box,,,•. J7 IS'
    V"<,,.u.~. 'yO?l . ,""
    ., L"" .. ,u.· Eu"".",,. I' C..." ..." ... ' . J7.). W"' dm """ ' J ~ ,1,tt ...... l. M.un,...
    TI.... pk . ........ M _ • . Ik u..o. . • I"" - '"J ' I"n) 1"" ' .... 'h-< .. ,,",y .. ..
    "",'''''' ' '' ,t(",<l<J .. ,h. <"o<~~. ofSy_ M'a~" ... . nd t"'''' ..... ,of
    ,I>< IJron ... Err 1/ .n,h. ..... J n",,,,, .... f',.~"" ~r'-"'. X' ,"" lor.
    "'"h" ...
    ... 1"0..... , .h,........ ~ I I'",•. '9"01. , , 6 -7 ...d " • . I u"', 'hn I.., ..-('mK<" '" ,he
    k,.......... of N Od. .............. cr. II Ah, ... ·'*'. 'Un J, ........ " ~" ... C......,.. ,..,
    VII Po,phr'~", };II" ( ''''71. J91 00<. htt, J4) ... ' 0
    .. Th ... ,1It~" o(Go.prI ....... "!<' _ , ....<oJ .. v.,
    r .1 I.. , 6 I' , .. I . ..·h... h ,<1'1<0: ..
    R o ...........,. 0( ,II< ....... h . ...... ,y . h.. " ' '''0 I>< " ..a" ......
    0<" ·1n ,oon .............
    ...
    ..... ' ... m · "'" T Kl>uon . ·E... "'''''nd.~ h ................ ,,"'hn ....... ''''''''' .....
    ~"d............ 7. J.h,hu",xn . ",hoi .... ,m Co<! V.. P. I. I.. . , '. (".. _ _11,
    A ........ pr J .., . ..... r , . ....... wm,l>, (;, .. l ... . "' •• <><l P" 1'" wh"... d""
    ......... '0 I>< olt' ''m ....... _. ,.,. G<:>.,. f"'~~_. ...
    ,If ti' ·8<-8/. ,k
    I.v..w. .. (I.,,~j,~,•••. ,II< pur" "",t:..>,"", '" M""nu' 0( Pt"I.oltlp~ ... ,w .
    ~' J - 6 .• "d ,ho- ,,,,'firm,,,,, .,,~~ t ol '"6,,,,1''' fl.p~jpuj" ,"'~ .• ",6-1. , ( Sp
    Z<,bo.. Ei'~"',)-il(" "I JOty. "'P"~o. d e ,,,,.tori 1''''''~pJ" .. . ",,,.,,,,SI. e. "h .J"
    (V,,, .... . ,a,,). J~ ' If A,,,,", ,,,, ,",I""."" '" ,II< .... 'n . dOl"'"", ""y w,l l I>< J""'o"o.
    and faned [0 obtain divine aid against amckers. so they thanked
    the divinity when their prayers were heard and cncmi~ suffered
    defeat. Since hu man nature is more prone to ask than to thank. il is
    probably nO accident that the e"idence for supplications out-
    weighs Ihu for thankogi"ing scrvic~. Still, such 5C:rvic~ were
    celebrated, possibly al a very early cine."
    While the bishops of a tot tering empirc maintained their
    menaced cities' mo rale by puuing God on their side. the armies of
    Rome scarcely remained immune to the geneul population',
    need for spiritual insurance against defeK The sanctimonious
    religious trappings of medieval armies 2nd Ihc nOlion of crusadc
    arc familiar, if paradoxical, aspects of the ci vilizations which grcw
    out of the btcr Roman matrix, but the extent to which laler
    institutions and cu,tom. derive from the ulitudes and super-
    stitious practicC1. of the Christian R oman army has nOI yel been
    fully perceived. 56 The research accomplished to date has yielded
    three basic conclusions regarding the army'slilurgical activities.
    Consuntine and Lieiniu. introduced CollcClive monotheistic
    prayer scrvic"" slaged by and for Ihe army; sooner or later this
    inno"alion was matched by Ihe ~tabli.hment of a regular
    chaplains' organization for Sunday se rvices. n Second. the great
    crises on the eastern front spar ked an intensification of military
    religious practices in Ihe laIC sixth and early seventh centuria. 50

    N •• ,11o ( .c.,,,,, ,.ri. Ii.,Ii,. 'I. u,. , ' - 1. s.;oo,.U- K,{oI1. .'7.6-.1. which fo,l>id,
    I, ...;., «kh, ..«I ... "I'Iou, ,I« 'ppm.,1 of'l« 10<. 1,I'''~r •• d 'n.ol .... 1oc.1 m,I"",
    . nd ci.,I,,,, . u,lInn,;" ,n ',!,,<»ion of d' .. u't>,on .... 'n ,I><m_
    .. M..;mu,· ",:>,-.., of.1or ,I>< .... of ,h.nhll;. ,nS fOf God', h<o« .. , ....... " ,I>< rnd
    of s.. _ 7'. l. Mu"rnbe<b<" )0 • . \4 - )0)_79. ;, "'" <1.,,1, ..1,,«1 '0 ,I>< pr«<ding
    J»-t>.J"Pm. Tb< '''''''ymom Mi, ... I. 0-,";, (8HG. ) ,61 - S,,). 191 <1<0<.,1.< how •
    • f«. «pul.;ng . .. , "'.. );. "'" n..,ulon'. m ,'" '0 ,I>< ,huf<h of S, 0.""""", . nd
    ,n,<>n<d , hymn of ,h. n);"!!"'" '0 ,Mi, 1><..,: L,me,l<, 111.)0- '711_1. Cf. Jolon.
    M;, ... r. On..ttrli (SHG, 'W- I ,6). 1~' -', L<",..It. 'JPO- 'J'." ,nd ,I>< I,,,ny of
    ,h.n);"!!;.'ng o<g, nll«l by POl'" Z" h", .f«, ,,,,,,,,.. r.) ""s"';".,., . .. "h ,ht
    Lomb.l ld.;" ,." L;~. f"" .. Pu<hnn<. "" 9·)- 7·
    .. Tb< bt" 0 .... 11 ",..""", ",,,,.in, C. £,dm .n n. rn. 1"-"''''"."1 *' KIt.H"" .
    " ...... .., (SM's>'" .9Jj): .... "'" ,I>< "'1 u1<ful >«OI<n' of A_M. KO<t>'8<" Di,
    M,I;,.,....I_"" *. K.'/;"I'"h1. I.,R ..... "u 'i. "'.x;,.
    V<tbll'..,<lkh"n~"" ."'
    .ltm ki«hmh'JtQnl(l><n S.m,,,,, M~",htn • • . 7 (Muni<h. '9, 1).
    " B."",. C.." .." ... _, " . >ttl.. ,. p. • 1: d . K"""iB<'" M;/;,..",I_I'. PI" ;. - 1. Q . 1.
    " P. """bot,. '11.<1;1""" wp.... ,•.,.,. don, 1'",,,« by .. n,''''' i lo (," du 'II' ,it<:I<.
    0.;..,.1.. riI,;,,;'" ""idk •. 'J ('9<7). ' 9)- J"".

    ".
    Third, the Byzantine Hmicl of the ninth and tenth centuries
    displayed a PTeo""pation with rel igiou s rituals w hich is consi-
    dered typiGilly medicv:ll. ,.
    While there .ccm, no que'tion that the Chri.tian tr>pping. of
    Rom,n Hmie. incre,sed in the sixth century, [heir root< go b.ci<
    much futher, II is not, however, cuy to distinguish between a
    comm:!nder', person. l, priv, te >etiv ilie. :!nd service. involvin g
    tht· troops. Euscbius, for imtance, repo rts th.t the bishops who
    Constantine had invited on his projected last c:lmp,ign 'g,inst the
    I'ersians went the emperor One better by enthusiastically promis-
    in g to fight with him . Their weapons would be prayers of
    suppli"'tion to the Lord. Hut it is not dear th,t such supplications
    would h:!v e involved the . rmy, had thc cxpedition ,c tually taken
    placc. 60 Another uca in which penon,l initiatives fostered an
    e,rly infusion ofCh,isci, n sacr, lity into Rom ,n milit"'y lifc w,"s
    the cu lt of relics. According to Ambrose of M ilan and the fifth-
    centn ry church histo rians , Constamine himself had had relic.
    incorpor>led into hi, w:! r helmet ,"nd his horse', harness.·'
    Allho,,)';h the story itself may be lcgcnduy, it shows th.t the
    Hmy'. cOnCern with rdiC! needed ex plan ation jnst two gener-
    ,tions after the great emperor's death. T hat relics were in fact
    tre:llured by campaign ing Rom . n officers follows [rom the
    versif!Cd jibes Clmdi. n addressed at a surerstitiou. M:!ster of the
    Cava1ry.62
    The Rom . n army's participation in highly o rg;lllizcd liturgical
    observances aim ed at secu ring victory ca n be traced farther back
    into the sixth centnry th:!n i. commonly beli~v~d. Even before the
    grc'" t crise. of the latc 5""'. th~ :lImie. of JU!linian were cqnipp"d

    .. ... . H. i.. nb<r~. 'Kri< g'go" .odi,n" in IIY"h>·. A"j'OIu ~", K"i,.,· • ..1 SI"",hi"
    "" ..~" ",,",hdid , <k> Qri,"" E,"" K."" z ... /0. (;,Iow'''''i' 0'" , _ F,.," .. '9"
    x<wid.... (/1 ,,,,I.u. 1910). pp. '''-)7. 'nd J. Vi<illdi.md. 'L<> pr.ltiq .... ""1i~X:~"',
    d'm !'.. mc. by"o'io< d',p,;:, Ie> ,,,;,;:, mili"i,.,·, R,"", 11<, I .. "" _ito"", 17
    ( IVlj). )" - 10-
    •• Eu .. hiu,. I'. C ... """,iNi • • • jO. ' _ ) . Wink<lm.nn. '<).,._, .. ,1. Olb<, p"" ,;bl<
    po""",] mil;"''''. i ..... '. n. '. Winkdm."n . j].>l _ j; O""im. W"_.7. )0. j.
    7""8<m<~'« , j)<.<""" d, 7. J6, 3. }J} ,ol-l.nJ p,yb. bly Cy,ippu~ JoI, __ I. ',..-9.
    f)jg~te. 176_
    " Amb",.,. (N, ob, lONJ" '7- ! . F. lk,. J\'6, I - J97. IJ' cf. Soc .. ,,,. H,t" I, ' 7. pc,
    &! .uo[l-C, So,om.n. H .' .. >. 1,9. Hid.. - H.n",n, . 0 , ') - >0, G<lo, i~'. 11.." J, 7. I ,
    lo<<<hk.-Hdn<m."" . ' <O_'4- J ,_
    0> CI.ud,,", 0,.... ,"i"",•• jO (77). /Ii", )<0, d, PLRE, >, ) 1 1- >, 'brulN, I',

    ",
    Victory ctltbr~tio~J in tht p,o~inctJ

    with ~ welJ-deyelopcd sct of .piritu~1 mC~lurts for mengthcning


    the troopJ ~nd winning God's favor and ..iaory.u From then on.
    the umy'sliturgkal pt~paution for butl~ and thlonksgiying fot
    succns appen to have cnterm infO Byuntin~ military routine. By
    the tum o f thc century. the subject wu dccmed worth y of
    dilCUloliion in an eminently practical handbook (or Roman
    commandeu, Mauric~'s Str~lrgj(,,". Thi. dcyelopment emphasiul
    thc extent to wh ich the liturgy's growing impact on imperia l
    triumphs was but OnC facet of ~ more general trend. by which the
    sacred extended its sway over various aspeCts of public life. and
    particularly that of the military.
    What th en did ~ Justinianic army do to ensure ;1$ victory? The
    b...--st account comes from Corippu •. II may be somewhat atypical.
    Since it concern. ~ battle which occuTUd on lOme kind of holy
    day, the dcw:ription may place unusual emphasis on theeuchariuic
    clement in the army's serYicc. u At dawn, the nmy began losct up
    a field chapel in the cent... l sector of the an.p rCKrvm for
    officen." In hierarchical order. the otr>an and troopJ brought
    their war standndllo the wrine.66 The panicilUnu Were divided
    into choruses and ung 'IWeft hymns'. When the comm~nding
    officer ruched the chaper. th rnhold. the onlookcn began to wail
    and cry and the assembly broke into a prayer en{ruling divine
    forgiycnns .t7 The commander gOi down on hil knen and bowed
    low, wC"Cping and praying:
    Look upon the Rom ans at last. look. 0 hight.t God, and .uCCor them, 0
    holy Fllh.. , and with your po wer. I b<:sc«h you .• ma.h the proud

    .. In oddi<ion.o the (~' d,_ a«<I .. the foUowwo,_ p, = ,io>o' po ..., ........ 0(
    ~ . ................ 10 ...... b""l"'loffi.< ......... , _ _ _ LhM. .....Iy .. the
    JJOO. _ ... K< .......... k.... 10 propit .... God b, bod! d.. Rom .... aM . - A.....
    ',0< """.
    ad . ........ , • •• • &olIo. .. ' . .... H ...,- W ...1l. ......,, - ) : .. J. 1'.
    ' ~I .• -1I; d . II<Ilt I. " . " . '.J9J. ' -J >ood I . J<I. 1-,. 0-6<"' j -40I.) . N , ....· - . .
    10 PI .. · i". Cod.1'd ,II< vi.... bt"'" "'«Ie w ........"", Ie ... '", J ... lulf I
    """"'1: hI ..... II .... . . ... _ - ,."""", .... ", . I J - ' 1 • ....t.1orio- .... , IC ' i WII
    .. ~I oIi.. in luI, _ ,un b,er. P,ul D<ocoa. Hi... u., .. •. I . B<Ilom ..... - W,M • •
    7<- '-' .
    .. SWMI.:, Of """" Ofll<. ,;,." Ib,: Corip....., I..... I. "1 - ' , DiIlI. '11: d . t. " '- 1.
    Dia.Io. '7 • .
    •• I~.. ,. 1" - " : 1,, - 1. Dinlo. En. .. 1i-;J.• I'I - I. 1>i1l1. I,., .
    " Ii~.. JlI- )6. Donie. ,,.,- 1.

    ",
    God and {Qlmlry

    p'g'''', L. llh. peopl~. rrcogn iu yo" .lo n~., Lord .nd pow .. r"I, while
    you nu<h th~ enemy , nd ,",ve you r own kind b y b.ttlelO '
    Officers and troups alih joined ill the tearful "'pplic,a iom , The
    priest offcred com munion on bch"lf of lhe Rom~'" ~ nd ble,~d
    Ihe comm'lflder. Th e euch ..ist w~ s pleasin g to God: it sanctified
    md purified th e Il..OIl",n r~ce befure thdr b. ttle with the
    barbarians. 6 ' The prc_b"ttle "'rv ic~ took pl"ce in ~ peni tent;.l
    ~tmosphere: offtcers organi zed the su pplications uf victury fur the
    sanctificatiun uflhe tr<)()p' "nd their 't~nd ..d,: com munion W'I
    distributed. The gener.1 pinur~ filld, support in [he bener known
    testimuny of Maurice'. militar y handbook. There too the pr" yers
    before battle aTe celebra ted in camp , whal' thc :lCmy', prien.,
    commander and ufliccrs take th,' le~d in performing the Roman
    " rmy' j lit.ny of supplication, 'K yri e eltison'. As c"ch unit mu.-cS
    off to combat behind thcir newly bk.sed standard., they sing out
    Ihe b. tdt ch,"'t 'Nobi,eu m Deu, three timel. Only Corippus'
    cuch..iltic clement i. I>c king.' o
    As the empire' , milit. ry for!Un~' .. nk in [he l, te ,;xth cemury.
    Roman commanders sought out new and mor~ potent reliccs for
    their ..rmie, "nd rumor, of the victory_pTOducing relic, di ...
    covered in tht East 'pread to the We't. Although no ea rly
    liturgic_I m ~nu\c ripts have come to light documenting in det,il
    the >Tmy'. prof~cljo bellica ceremon y of the hte ,ixth or ,eventh
    century, it must h,vc looked like the . tlCCltor it w~, of the
    cCTernony report~d by Leo the De. eon. to which we will return
    .hortly. The umy ,nd th e emperor marched behilld the imperial
    battle ,t, ndud, a gilded wu cro" containing. relic of the true
    CTOSS." The old <(""dhy' were reinforced by the newer cult of
    sacred images. Thus emperor M aurice's brothcr-in-bw ",ized

    • • l.i4.• I,g - P. J);ggl'. '11 , '"'P;' '' ;.m I>nd,m R Qm .no>, '''p;« , ,urn"",.! "q''''
    p;m ""'<um, p"". ~"''' =tu, "'p",b,,! f"n~' , p' ''''''. u;"u" ",," d"m;num4u,
    po"n"m! " ",I~m 'gnOK.n, popuh, dum con", ;, h""<>i " .. Iu» P'"
    •• I.io.. )J7-69. Diggk, '79; ,10, ""'<Hit i, ;n""up" d by. l...-un • .
    "'It.,uoo ' .

    " M. u,;, ;u,. S""'t;""' , 1. 13. 1, <d. G.T . Ixnn;,. CFIIB. '1 IVi,nn •. '91 ') .
    ,) 3. ,)-, ~O,." ,f, 7, II. ,6 , l><"";, , 160,1-10. 0., do< b].,,,;n~ or " . nd"d, 1"'. "
    'p,'-o. Cf.. '00, ' . ' , T. '7 !, '-0. on ,h< ,,,,,I; o<n« im,ill,d by ,"ch mao"",.
    " Tl>«>r"yt",,", S; "' '''' '''', Hi" .. S, 16. '[ . l>< tl-oo •. "o.1- J: d . holow. Rfiiq"',
    p. ' !I, M.m;« lOugh, ,01"" fo, do< w.J ~ bting of ,I., "m y, John . M i,,,,.I.
    Ot.,m'i, J', t.m"k, 89,11 -", ,, diJ t'i,;iipp;'·u ,. I,;, bru,h<,_;n_!.w, E"gnu"
    H.' .. " 'j, tHcI<.- P,,,no,,,ko , ,) . 1>-,6, ~ o, ,"",on of vo<'o,,- "lie" I« tnlrudu<_
    upon the developing devotion to ;conllO boiller th~ con fidence of
    In umy campaigning aga inst the Penian" and Henelius followed
    suie n Mango's suggellion that the rejection ofieons in the ~;ghlh
    emtury wu con nected with th~ cult o f militlfY succns fiu well
    with thit ey idnlce. In the post-iconoclastic period. the Bynn tine
    army painted uints' portnit! on their wields and a tnlth~~ntury
    emperor cou ld ride into bmic clu tching an icon of the Virgin. U
    R eligious obtcTVl ncn h~l ped 1IruCiUTe Other It ey moment! in
    Ihe life of Ihe blc, R om an umy . fo, instance when il sel out
    aga inst th e ene my or ini lin~d a new phase of oper,,;onl."
    Hencliu, may have been mindful of the diust, oul consequences
    ofa p,edecellO", order that the army winte r u th e from when he
    commanded thai the field umy be 'purified' (liyvl,tl v) for th.ee
    days. presumably Ihrough fllu and prayeR. befo,e he d iscovered
    divine adyice thai the u oops should winter in Albania." The
    umy of Ital y'l official seal proclaimed ill need for di vine
    auilllnce.·· And a ninlh-(:enlUry Neapolitan $OUTee mnllionl the
    blessing performed on Byu ntine troop1 o f the eighth eenlury. n
    The btn R oman umy 'sliturgical pra ct ices selthe lone fo, the
    armed foren o f n.ed;"....! Constantinople. While the COnt ....' il
    Jimilu. the se, yices Ihemselves appear to ha ve g rown more

    'KIlO. On "" ......,"_ "",II< ,II<


    ClOP b, a,... ,.... """ .... N n. ..",.'1.< <ul«

    "
    .i._.
    do< I. ,","" d • .., I"'mpi" byu . ,," du Ylr ""I< . u X' don, ... " PP"'" •• cc "
    P'" con,.. l"'nf~l<. N""oon. '<m"'I.'''' mho!oIcliq .... •• /fl.",. Ii JI.J;

    " .M. 6<\7'.


    ,10 ..' (_ ,\/i",II__

    Dc _ ' n.'
    .
    A.fo"'" Pt.,.,,). , "91101. '''j - 1I.
    Tb<opII, ..... uo 50 ........ "0>. Hill .• '. I. • - 1. 1>< _.11 .1< - ,.. <7. Cf. ~.nn.
    1- '9. ~ Pi . I ' . &~ ,.-lit•. ' . ' 19-1 ' . I'<mni.
    ~" d . ~ .. '. '1-1 . ........... ' '''. >nd 1m Nt<<<u.. '. " •• P" ...... 'JO.
    n C. M ..... o. ' l looonaJ I~'~·. __. «I. " . Ikru .... J. , I<"",
    (81. ... """''''. ' vnl. ",. '-6. hH< ,- J. Cf. W.E. K>r • •. J.. ....... B,..-- .nn ....
    ..wi .. ",_10_'. 85. '1 (' _I. •• ...,.... "" oIw ...,." p...... y of ... 010,,'1' .. , .......... .....
    TII .... y. ·00 •• •• pp . ......1. Pont." of s. ........ _ ,.... _ "" ....,""... ...ny:
    n . CF' . C-.. •. • j. IIonn. , ..... , - ,I , .•. 0. _ I II', .... 01 on ..- '" "'"...
    • ho ... 0. . •. , . , ,.. n. " 7.
    " E. ... T"h«>,lo,lon", 5,..-." ... MIl.. j. '&'1. 0. _ . " 1.1- " .
    .. Tlw<>pIo ...... " .M. 6, ". 1>0: _ . )01. " - '7. fot oIw _ ....... oIf-pSC". h<r<._
    ......, ... n . Ia.
    .. G. Zx.,. and " . \/' .....,. 8,,_ Lt. Stoll. ' . , (Ill"!. '''' 1. JIJ - " no. 1a7:
    'o.u. >do .... / ...ttki. ... 'ul;..· .
    " Gt... •,....._ N • .,.I".........,.. ]6. «I. G. W.,,,. Me ll. S RL (,1711 •
    • ·, ·.. - . ..·1·
    extensive an d frequent.'" Nimh-ccntury armie~ were ~uppoKd to
    perform litanies on thc cvc 0(b.ttlc,'9 l«J the Dcacon offers an
    allusive de,cription 0(" pro/ulio bdlica by TzimiKc5, Thc cmperor
    'raiscd Ihc cross-~Iandard ' , praycd (or divine favor OIl the Chalh
    shrine and continued to the Hagi" Sophia, where he beseeched
    God to lend an ''''gcl of victory 'who wou ld walk in (ront of the
    army alld ~tu;ghten if! path', Then the emperor p",ricipatcd in a
    Iiturgic.l proce~sion to the Ulachernae ~hrine and the tinlll
    service. oo A c"mpaigning "rmy', activities in the tenth century
    included nightly hymns. litanies. and up to one hundred kyries.
    F"ilure to perform this duty was to be treated harshly and
    unrepentant ~hirkers were bcaten. demoted 'lIld subjected to the
    p",,,dc of infamy with shaven head.' I Paradoxical though it seems
    from" purely military perspective, the "rmy was supposed to
    cdcbratc a three-day fast culminating io communion JUSt before
    baltic," The tradition ofblcssing the standard. and performing
    litanies before engaging the enemy remained in honor into thc
    middle Byuntinc era, and a tenth-century emperor's communica_
    tion to the troops refers to the new power they will enjoy [h ank.
    to the arch,"crcd relics he h.1S di'p.uched to .anctify the "rmy,O'
    To prcciwly this period has been assigned one of the rare texts of a
    batde ",rvice which has corne to !ighr. u
    " V,<ittdond, 'P""q''''' " r'g',u"", p_ p.,
    " u,o VJ, T ..,~., '" ',<d . R . Vin, , . , (H od.p"', '9")."6- 1 .
    •• l ,o D...<on , 1/;!!., " " &"n , ,,3_' - "9_3_ Cf. ,fo< Y<.y "mil.. i .ngu .~' of
    V~igoth i , .nJ fun ki,), l"o1",i. ~l l k. "'''i'r>, di~ o.,low, Ch •. I .nJ 9_ On d.,
    ."got of .i<t,ny , K.n,otowi<., 'K,ng ', Ad."",', pp. JJ-~.
    " Ni<,p"oru" p,.,..,p,. ",ili,.,i" <d, Yu, A, Kul, koy!l,y, S"",~iI•• i",,,,,.. o," NiJ.ijo,.,
    Z, pi"i iml',,,,,o,,koy .k.<I<m;; ",u,<, "''' 3, po ,,,,,, ._f,lo l, ",<k,,"iyu, 3, V (51
    I'<[<t!bu'g, '9011. 'O.12->1 .J. On ,he .mho," A. D.in, 'w """'gi",,, bru" ,in,',
    HI, '(1961), )17-9', he", )70,
    ., N""'pi."",, p,,,,,_ ..;J., Ku l,ku .. ky, "_' - '1, <>pl.ming ,0. m " , " , br wh;do ,h,
    "my i. ·pu.if.,d '_
    " Cf, til< miliury trW;", 'nown ., Ibp'KPo)~I, ... )0. cd, J.'"" d, Fooc>uit,
    S''"''t<"'''' (Pun, '9.9), 11,_Fo, ,il< ""pmh of " Ii" f,o," ,I\< cop,,,] '0 ,iI< "ooP',
    "', Cot,,,. ,,,;,,.. Vlt, C..,;. M J",,, ,~"d,., ..;,""Ii" " <d. R, Vir;' 'ZU'"
    hi>tu.;",h<n h"'p"'nw«k d<. Ko","n'inoo Po.phywg .... n.. <H', HZ, '1 "901),
    1 J - 3J, 11<" ! )_>0- J t. No" ,I", ,mong ,fo< ',ymb<,h of{;h,;,,', pmion' .. n' '" 'he
    "'"y, th. 'm~lOr "f<ll to ',h. ~od_b<"'n~ ,"rood (.I\<; 3w~1JOO G",Myoc)'_ Thi,
    U""y,i«J ,<f«<tl« lh<HJid '" . ~J«l '" d", oo..i<, of ,he "'roo~ of T UM
    c""tTo ..,,y_
    .. A, Pwu,;, 'Un' , ,,,lou,h'. miH,.., m<J,,, <1<1 X «colo', /I,"",", U ('v.!), "J-6!,
    h<<< «1--0 fo • .uK,
    Victory ultb' ations in the provine"

    ByZ1mine comm'lnders were cert~inl y ~l;ve to th e po1itivc


    imp .. ,t of such services on their troops' morale, bm we would be
    victim. of our modern mem"Jity if we left >t th~l lhe expb"ation
    of this development. n Th~nh to the "miquc and medieval
    conviction that God intervened cominuoudy, directly ~nd explic~
    ~bly in hum.n .1f00 irs, the ethical.nd theologic.1 purit y of.n umy
    were u$U~lIy considered no Ie", eSlemi.1 to success th~n it s
    profe,,;on~l competence .nd ,i ze. a view which w;>s only
    comforted by the Bible (e ,g., 2 Chronicles 14; Ps~lm 117) , As e~rly
    as Eusebius, Christia", n rc-sed the ruler s efforts to ensure the
    moral purity of victorious armies.'· Beyond the imminence of
    violent dc.th ~nd the notion th~t w~r resulted from ,in. this
    ~."'mption of the mo",l underpi nnings of victory elucid .. te, the
    penitential atmosphere which dominates the army's pre-co mbat
    services as well ~s the notion th~t f~st;ng wn ~ useful prcpH~tion
    for battlc. This expb ins Hcracliu" insistence that hi. troop' refrain
    from evil. "' A centu ry I.tcr, Leo 1II's Ec/oga express ly .t.ted th~t:
    Tho<c who go Out to W aT .goimt the enemy must prOtect them",lv«
    from every evil word .nd deed .nd keep their mind on God . lone., ..
    Fa, 'i, i. no, on ,he .i,e or,he "my lI", vinory in b.ule depend., bu,
    "",.nsth come. from God', "
    Th e ~tt i!Ud e w., qu ite w;de'pre~d . N~r"" h~hed ~n imminent
    engagement with the Franks and Abmanni am because a Herul
    ~ uxiliuy had murdered One of hi, .crv.ntS ~nd the Roman gencr.l
    considered it impiou. to figh t before expiating that miasn._. even
    .. t the risk ofsowiog discord in hi . Own ,anks"9 As an imperial

    .. E.g, N i«ph","., PtMI • ..iI .. Ku4kQv,ky, ",,6 ' 1_


    .. V, C .. ~."'i~i. ', I . >. Win kd"""n. ' 1.,6-1 1_
    " Tko:oph'''''' . A.M . • "1 . lJ< Il<>o<, J~.' ,-, I' d . P"tdfl, "'~~, pm .. " '" ' - lO$.
    P"'u~. ' 0(\- 7·
    " l.«l Ill. &/ot• •1, '. <d, L. Ilu'grn,"", FO'lChu"grn ,u, b yun,m,,,,hrn R«h"l!<-
    1Chicht<, ,. (F"oHu". '911), '44_9.6- \0: T",", 1~'P10id'0U<:. ,10 haP"'"' t~1
    ~oillUf' .,..u~., cd t.o,,,,", ,1 .6 un"" ~o.~pOO p~~"oc nl .¢1~ .. oc ~,I
    ~pi>r. !W.o. M' 9 «) • • M .011 • • i>r~' tlt" "''';~ t. ~jJj9" y~p ...... )/tWO ,IK~
    .o,ujlOU, IiOU' t~ 9 "'" ~ "'1Oc.,
    .. Ag,uhi.,. l-ii ~ .. ' .1 , ' - S, Koyddl, 09_6-.6 . Ily ,I>< u." wk.". ,I>< Rom.n .. my',
    defe" by ,he 1'<,,;,",,,,,,1<1 h< .."ih<d '" 'h, murd" u( Gub..",: i~l" J , ! , '.
    K'ydell , 9'.I. -9J .• ' of, ,I>< ,do",n« 1"" in tho m"",h or , .....1><, lc. <I<, of ,I>< l,,;,
    ). ,e. '. 9j . '9- ') . The urn. ",;,ud< i, ,vO&n' , ~ ,I>< .... y Th,oph....., .""p"" ,
    ROm'" romm.n<l<r". 0,<1<,., ,~hi, """I" not ,~di"u.b f"m<n' I,bo .." Tn.",..
    God alld (o'''''ry

    s"bj"cl in lu ly nOI~d. ,ince God w~s on Ihe side ('Iflhr juS!. h~H'y
    c~suallies in Ihe Roman Hm y could only be ~llribUled 10 iIHins. ~"
    A sold ier on the diust.ou! cam paign of 81 I rcsisrcd a rich
    wonun's b<;dro(}]n eyes. since yielding would have been a !in even
    ifhe weren'{ on Ihe .. ~or' sedge becau~ of Ihe e'lpedilion. 'juslic~'
    b.eing 'Ihe Hms of war·. Q ' lI y the same ,o ken. 5t Eli~~ the
    Younger\ suggCSlion. for improving Ih~ moral deportmcm of
    Byz3minc sa ilors WtIC crcdi"'d wit h victory 0\'1:' the Arabs "arly
    in Ihe temh cemury.Ot The mili! ..y handbook. prove th~! Ihis
    ~ni!Ude waS nO! a h,giogr.phcr', pe ru liuily, 'J
    When .. nnified armies prepared for combal again" 'infidel'
    H OOpS by stag ing lilallics. bsting and cOOlltlunic uing. i, wu
    pnhap' only another nep !o co nclude Ihal de,uh in bauk w" a
    special kind of religious ucri tk~ or even a form of m,rryrdom.
    Nicepliorus Phocas' unmccessful ~fturrs to win martyn' honots
    fo r his dead warrio rs is nOI infrequem ly ci!cd a. proof Ih>! Ihe
    llyzamine church opposed such notions. While this may be tTUC. i,
    i. oflen forgotten thaI the informalion dcrivC1 from' very ho.!iic
    su\"c.: and Ih" Ihe Jlt ilud es oflhc ch urch ', leading figures were
    not nen'ssarily Iho~ "fsociely ~Iluge .· · A.a mailer offaCI. Ih,'
    idea thaI dea!h in baltk against Ihe infidel brought with it etcrn.1
    lif.' was nOI a n,'W "n~ in By zanrium. H,'radiu, him self is 5uppos.,:d
    to h~vc exhorted hi . troops with thaI vcry prom;",." Th.· oame
    loldicrs to whom !'hocas promi~d nl artyrdom may well h.ve
    heard similu word, from Cunstantine VII only a few yea"

    p~.n., . "" M. """ . Ik 11<:>0." . ' J J 1- ' 0, 00 ,I>< 1>.0,,, of 'Th<ophylwu, S,thO""O<~
    H,,, . >.'. J. t">< t~"",. " . 11 '"
    .. U~, "'""" Mon", .... ", ,I J. '!-"
    ., !,,,. ,'1i,.I., S ..""", (8If(>, 'IOJ), PG, , cS, ' ~J!) - ~I"iA.
    " , .". S , £1 .. , '".,.,,' (8/1C. JOo). OJ . ROHj T.ibb,. o• . !,1<'.-.\/1._
    . , LM VI, 1 ·",'~ . .... I. V." '.1. ,,6: N""'r .... u~ P"." . •,,1 .• K"t.~" ., lo; y, " ., - I J,
    .. Sq ·I",<>. :V"'pirotw, II. ' I, Thum. '7 •. •• -j. '" 'h< h" <>f N..-<p!>O'u,' <v,] d.«d,. 0"
    If>< O"hodo . ".dot;""·, _ply mot<d ' ."K'''';'''' '" '.' ""'"'" of. ·!>Ot~ ...... , ,,"
    v . l,u",,,,. "l'><Io'< de ~u." .... ont< <! I.....,,,"'" by ..",,"'·. /C, •• , ~i'~ifO"'" S.,J.
    £u ' ."'r" •. 'J ( ",,0). ,,-~,
    ., Ti>roph.".". "" M. • ,'., Ik Doo" J<>7. ' , -H, ""~ 16". :;~,~9oc b ~i,oc..,,<-.
    ;:.<;: iJhu';""'wIj; . J>O.!,,,,\, c(' " .."",", 'r<<<h "I"'.«d '~" . , ,," , M . ~, 'J. f)r 11<:>0 .. ,
    " O,lO- JlI.." /Jo,,,,,JU-' "'. ~.~ k{I h"",ole I.tp 'I\'<- ,<0» ~6c).o;ro<!l. ~~.
    ~",',p" c. d(JwI''' ~rI<p<>c ".",~"", •. "" ~.! ~ ",Vm. ~"fc ~p<).oc tu"to-,
    ~.! /) Stoc ,oole ".as",lc . """'''''~ ,
    Vi{Tary u/tb"ltion, in r~t pro~in((,

    before. 96 Even the church', ~tlitudc was not devoid of 3mbiguity.


    The liturgy of tenth-<entu ry Comt3ntinople continued to com-
    memor3tc the c~Ju~ltics from the di5351roUI Bulg3ri~n nmp3ign
    of 8 t t, although it is fliT to 3dd th~t the commemoration notice
    explains that some of the troop' refuled to abjure Christi~nity
    before their de~th •. 97
    As ehewhere. the umy'J thanhgiving leTvices after bUtle ~rc
    referred to less frequently than its supplication rita. Comta",ine I
    i. supposed to have th3nked the Chriltian God for hi. success On
    the spot and Roman commanders arc depicted in a .imibr light in
    the sixth century." The army's participation in post-<ombat
    services is explicitly aliened undn Hendius.·· A ninth-<entury
    emperor re commended that th3nk.giving be the first item on the
    army's agenda afln a succ....ful engagement. Only then should
    the comm~nder reward outstanding soldiers and punish b3d
    ones. IOO By the time the 'Military Innrucrions' wne composed.
    hymn-singing services aflcr a iuccC5Sful cng~gement were so
    deeply embedded in the Byuntine army's routine that a military
    Iheorist could II ress their secondary value as a meanS of preventing
    victorious troops from headlong pursuit of retreating enemies and
    potcnti~13mbush.101

    ]. LITT L E CAESA RS

    Becausc the piontcring .tudies of Alroldi and Kantorowicz on


    ancient and medieval ritual. of government concentrated on the
    monarchy, subsequent work has by ~nd brge neglected the
    significant hoopb which attended the publ ic acts of lesser

    • • Tt.< ,mpt.", >0 ... «1 '0 , iH ,b<j, bod;"' . .. .,.,..d«I fa< c~n ... 'Iik, """y'"
    "",ml>:n' «lit; "",,p,.p.d pthr). in ,I>: C .... ;. _ J.. ... • . Vin 1,. 17,
    " 5",. C,Ii,_. "'July.,.". 10. o.-kh.y<'. 106·.- " '.9,
    .. h .. biu •• V . C ... _.;.;. '.19. ). Wink.hh.nn. 16.1-,,, d, l'>""o";u,.&ll.o. -.11, '.
    H.ury ' .6/i '- _ _ ",d 0><;1'1>"'.1011 .• '. \19- 1<>0. D'nk., .
    .. Pili<k>. u,. ,m. I .•16--10. P,,, ....... I: d, l"h<oph.n<"I. A ,M . 6' 'I. 0<_.
    loti. , - J .nd til< ,luok'fl;i.ing .. "itt! r". ,I>< Vi'a;"', I><lp in vi<to<y " 1l<bd>1<h:
    ~.. A ,M. 0"". p',U- S.
    ' .. I.C1> VI, T",,'~ •. ,0 ••• /'G. '07·908 .
    .. ' I'I"I"II'IKd Upana""r~ .•7. oX Fouc,ul" " •. "'" ,I>< .«".1 p<rform.n«.,r
    w<h ....i<" K<, <•• •• T . imiK,,· w;c.",y ow« ,t.< R ..... "'. S<yh, .... Thurn.
    )00,6J-7·

    ·s·
    officials. ,03 In facl, Aamboyam symbolic gellurel permcated all
    levds o f thex societko: im p"rial rimals were but the ap"x o f a
    ceremonial pynm id which ex tended down to Ihe lower
    cb..a. ,OJ In the provincn n in lhe capital, pro minen t and oot so
    prominent officials reveled and quibbled over their ritual p"r.
    qu isilcs. All eyes were bnekelcd on the emp"ror in this society,
    and Ihe throne's public ritual. "" rvcd as the standard by which
    In""r ma giluatcs' ceremonies were meuured and modeled . As a
    bte am iquc obse rver nnted. every R o man official wu an emp"ror
    in miniature and the impact of the ruler', cullom could be felt in
    very different sp heres.' DO Thus the patriarch of Constantinople
    had an l llisun t wh ose tide of k~srrtJ;CJ borc inappropriate mili tary
    con notat ions. while a sevcnth--ccntury Greek confrat ernity
    adopted the l atin technical vocabu lary o f imperial ri tual for
    dcvotionl tO their pa tron sa int. ' "'
    Thc movement! of gu vernment o fficia ll through their cilies
    reflectcd contem ponry uistocrati, values aod remin ded the
    public o f their eulted 11."us, as embodied in the si~c o f Iheir
    officia l or unofficia l escort of relainen. subordinatcs, bodyguards
    and auortcd hangers 00 . , .... T his kind ofinformal pand.: survived

    ,., 0...."".".1,0,. .. J.H. W.G. L"'bct<.....,., . A.. io</t. Ci'r_ ... ,.....;.I ... oIoo .. i .... _ io
    rio. Ioor, R_..... ,.... (O~ro.J . '97')' pp. _If.
    ,., s.. M. M<:Co..",,,,I<. ' ,0\".1 .""1 ;mp«i.>1 «"moo;n' jOlI. 11 ('9Ij). '.>0.
    "0 n..,m;",u •. 0.. I. Stll<n~I·IJo ..."" • .. ,';'6,,,. ,71.'; cf. a u cl;o". IV """ .•
    '9'rlOO. I),,, . • 60: '''''''fPO''"'u, o,b"IR'g" ' . ",m!,I"",·.
    , • • On ,t.. b",,,"', , ... V. Lou ..",. /.t,,,I""'/(' ", ... ~J< I'. ..,;" . , ....,.... j. ,(P.. ~.
    ' ''I). 10J · " on ,f.: do:" . ,,;"" (rum Ii.. <mp<''''', , _ , '''''''''';'. H.G. Ik<k.
    Ki" ... ... " .. I,~;,,', /.i" ..... i", .,z",,'I~"'''', /I' k lo. H..... budo .... ,o\h.,·
    '.m,w;"'",d... n. ". I , , (M ... "h, 19}9). p. " I; for ,II< bo:n>wlnl ololo;",• •
    .... M;'... Iot A",..;; ("HG. 'n). ,t. P.p~ ,1 .... 11;." ............6.
    ,.. '" . , •. S.....,... olCy, ......1....0. p'''',x (...",,~) of ,o\"pi"" .~. Lib • • "",,: f,.
    ",o
    n. .,d. A C.. (R om• . •~). 'J6.'-]: I'LIIE!. '. ,01. ' ,0\",,;,,, ,'. A,-"" to
    P,oeopnoL. ... """".. , <1CorI """",,,ril. bore "" .." .............. ,Iwo ...............

    C..,,,_ "I"" _,I


    •lI<y ....< '" .0....: 11<11.0. t . •1. I. fUu. y-W irth ' .106.9""" . .....a.,,......,m.
    (CPC. 4 jOO). PC. 41.117 .. <opoKd .... impaa ........
    public of .,..;..,,,. p,,<n"l ........ «pIe« .. oIh 'F bodid odoidn. .... ddt. ond
    I ... td~ 0 .... d'flnol ........ ""Id (0'l;" .... ' - _ , of <t<on ..............,""",;p of
    .... m""'.·tlo~' ,II< ~>'ft""" of Eg.p' l'Iicn.o, ........ II< "no' '0 .... k, .pok>J><> to
    ,ho: p"".reh of Ale .."", .. : l.«>n, .... H.. pOO'",,,,, Vi...\0 , ~ f_,~
    <"He. 116). ". <.:I. H. G<b<f (Frri""f~. If\ol). 'j. , · I . )oM Virlcom.I",. mon'
    , ....... ,... M,w« of ,ho: OfrKn. u><d ,,, ,<tum r,om .;,;" to ,II< p,loa:
    <1<",,<.:1 • • 1' '0 hOI ''''''' . .... y., door- by .1I< romp b.r"''''1 hit ",,1,0,. . On« .......
    d" uo<ot"""" II< <h o"~«l ""0 ,'''''''.,,,, garb , ,,d 'Om'.boIo, hi. humb" d.,,,, in
    Vic/Qry ,debra/ions in ,I,. prot'inus

    through th e crises of the seventh and eighth centuries :md flourish_


    ed in the an"'",r.tic milieux of medieval Conmntinopk. 107 like
    their uniform, and illlignia. the highest offici.l, vehicle, w ere
    distinctive of their particular function . nd .ubject to imperial
    sanction. '01 Admiuion to the audi ence, of provincial offlcia!' wa,
    broken down into precisely graduated \.erie. reminiscent of the
    imperial court's vtla orenttees; they could eVen be codified in
    chuter-like form. In. The ap~arance of a high official triggered
    elaborate symbolic gestures of greeting and obei... nce like genuflec-
    tion while favored su ppli.nt, were .Ilowcd to kiss hi, hand. I I 0Just
    as for th e em~rors themselves, local d ite, marked th e .rrivals .nd
    depanures of V.J.P.' with elabor.te ceremonies of welcome and
    farewell, provincial renditions of the im~rial advrnlUs and projrfliQ
    ritCl, the ritual content of which could be fmel y shaded to express th e
    pred", degree of awe and fe:" . ppropri ate to diffetent unks. "1

    ,h< ki"h<n Ot ",bl<, Th<<HIo,u, '-'telO,. H ,< .. ) 17, H'n"'''. 1011.7- "" Sh~wy
    "'''"O<!of ,y,oph,,,,, ""'" "idl, m,mbl<d by ,,"<ahhy """"" ChrY'""om ,
    H,,,,;U. ,. K.k.J" , J. PC. 41 . ~J7.
    '" Tnu, rh< high elf""I.nd lord f"h<, of 'h, 'OOI1y mo"' .",ho, of V . n"'p ....." ,6,
    Ku",. ,1 .10-1. i, d<pi".J '''tlmonS home .r,,, • J.y" ,h< elf",. >«omp,""d by
    hi, ',u~o",,,y p'oc<mo.' (,u.rd 'Ij<: ~ ..... ~9_ .p<Jclt':"<w<. ,"",00) ""<md 900_
    Cf. "g. Th,oph, C",", .. j , 9. I!onn. " j , 1- 7, "" '" .""oc",·"ffo", '" build up hh
    """"" , ,,d. in s,,,ml. ,h< ,n,ish,ful .... y of H,G, Ik, ' . L'r"",,.i,,'" C'J,ll'
    ""ofi'''''ltn. B'y,,,,,h< Akad<m " d<r Wh",,,,,h,f,,,,. ph,lo' __ hi"_ Kl.. Si",," ~!-­
    h<.-i,h" {J9Iij). j,
    '"~ E.I! . D.g""'. 1'1';''''''''.
    p, >69: C", JOt.J_. I •. U (C". I.. " . II , >0).
    Mom",,,"-K'"gtr. 710;1, Th<m;"iu" 0<. J I. Sch,,,kl-Dow""y - No,m, ••
    >., !.,"- o: Sy"'''''' of Cy""". t ·" "7. G ... y., " ! ,J~. <!c. 0" rh< il1""",;~",
    of m~gnio. P.C, Ik'gt!. Th i""I";' 'J'lt. '",,,iii. Dip,,,,,,,' (N<w yo,k. '91 ,) .
    lmigtlio of prov'"CIOI ,u,ho,;';'" "'.," '0 h.o, h<com, 0'10« imp"";" ",;,h ,;.,',
    Th", • n,n,h-crn,u,y ,k 1''''''1''''' of'h< Ci • .,,,,,,, 'h<m< ""01'< • un'(mm . • ·,iu,·
    and wried, ,,,ff: V. "" . iN, ,, 'I. P,p.OOp""""'K."m<u" '9\1_'7_'"
    " . Th", ,h< fO"flh-c,,,,u,y .. do ,.1. ,.,;...;, fo' . ooi,"= of , .. ,,,,,.I,,i, ofNumidi ••
    A. Ch""lool , L' A~," ","";"'".1 • T; ..;f4<I. "n';qui"" l, »(lIImn. '97», 7j-l ..
    " . H,od or foo'_ki,,'n~ of off"i.b, Claudi ••• fI.J II. " ' _j, Hi!!. jO; C",;ppu~ I,~"
    ;. JOY-' I. DillS'" 73: 7, >J ' - j , Diggk. 'lJ. In m<d"'v.1 Com""'i"npk. it w ..
    <u"o",,,y '0 lI,nulk" bofoft high offlci. l" GI'<lI"'Y. Vi,. &.il,i i".i",·, (BilG.
    :l6JI, J . .'lA SS, Mm. J 1,5(;j). ..,- P . H,nd_ki"ing w .. "Hi«! Q'" '0 Ch .-i"i.n
    bHho",. <.S. P,uli"u,. V, II ...... ,;" •• P,lk~,ioo. j • .• - )6,6: d, ;,il" 9. 61.,.- ,6
    . oJ "'_j~_
    , " Li<h<",h""". A",;..,•. pp_ ,01-9· Juli," ,,0«1 '0 '''l!tlr." ,h, p",icip.>.'"'" of P' B'0
    p,k,.,;n 1oc.1 oJ,,,",, of offi,;i, l" F., . 1< «9). Hi"" •. "'. ,"d <do (P,,',. ,..00),
    ,;6,,.- '0. Cf. Lib,",u, on h~ own ,,,,,<I,,,,,, 0<_. >, 1. F"""",. "' 41.7- 1>, fo'
    Lilli. Catian

    Like their im perial counterpartS, these provinci~l ritu~ls occ.sioned


    p~negyriC' .nd accl.m.tions. lll The fI eld army . lso used similar
    ceremonies 10 honor the arriv.l or dep~rtllte of ranking officers. I 'l
    An earlier chapter has shown how, in the new ca pito.l of
    Constantinople. high offic ia l! man aged to arrog.te temporarily
    some dement> of the prestigious imperial triumph ceremony,
    One wonders whelher, d.,spitc the imper i. l monopoly of victory,
    the imitmio imp. rli was pursued on this lcvcl.nd in this manner , far
    fwm the w. tchful - .ndjealous - eyes of the court .nd monarch.
    Although the ev iden ce is far from plenliful. there iscnough of it to
    provide a ck.r yes and not • few ccremnllial det. i),.
    In 373, Flavius T heodmim. Master of the C.valry and f.ther of
    the later emperor of the Same name, WaS ,Cnt to Africa to suppress
    a Ulurpation underu ken by the Moor Firmu,. Theodosiu, marked
    his victory by st.ging • ceremony which look! very much like.
    triumph.l1 ent ry into the Mauret"n;.n city ofSitifis, hi, he.dquar-
    ten, to the appl.u>c . nd . eclamations of the various orden of

    ...... """ .nd I"0ft<lio of »<iou, oft'Ki.1o: Jo<hu, S'yli«. O,,,,,;,k. 100. Ir, W,ighl
    71-6IA .D. 1(6) , .nd. "' 'h< ""y .. ..,,,h «n'" ' 1' Th<ophyl'<I"' S;m""",,,. Hi" __
    u., ...
    7. I. '7- ' 9 , 0" "9·3-'0 .nd 7. J. )-0. '09.'1-,,0.1;Jol," "fNi' iu. 117. ! . ".
    Ch" .... '11. Such ",,,mon;" ",,"'nO«! 10 h< ob",,,«I;n I"" Y"". Th", ,h<
    ''''''''e< of'he c""om"y ,i,u.I, .. ,h« ""om"y ,pot;, ,;,od" prooflh .. "" , ..",h
    <o m, to Romr ' "'''p,;,;",.,lyc U •. P""'" Momm",n. ", .7-9. wh'' ' 'h<
    =",,"'<1;.1 f<>< 'h< rnrch K",ed " 'he ",odd for Ch"k""gn<', .J..,,,", ;n 77<'
    U •. p""' .. Ouch..,..,. ' ·097·..-1; d. ,he "",,1of 'h< '"""'''''''l<'''' R.v<nn ••
    Agndlu •• Li~ . poo' . R.> .• ')7, 1l"ld,,_Egg<,. )63,"-" . Fo.- th< C"""In"y
    .Jv<"",' of. "in,h-«n'"r~ 80.. mo. of'he Cibymro, ,hemr. V. A"" ;"" .. '0.
    P.p.dopoulo ... K<"rn,m. '9] .'S- I' . Th< fm . 1 po;n,;, n;«ly il'u."",J by
    G''ll0'1 of Ny... ', u>< of "",i,l tonk difh,,,,i,,ion. " <>p,,,,,,d ;n ,h< "I'ai of
    digni .. ,;.., '0 d"<idol< bono" "nJr"J 10 ,he F"h<, .nd Son; C,",.. E"",'" i....
    '. Hj. rd. w. J><c". Op"" '. 'nJ <In Ihy""n. '_J. "j.l,,-,,~. ,.
    It. "«I.m""'",; Lieb..chu<lr. A oI;o<h , pp. J09If. Som, f"gm<n '' '1 <..mpln of
    ""<,,ion.1 por-t'y f", locol off'Ki.h ,u,.i>, ;n ,h< P'PY'/ ' II</,,.,h. rNh"rfr"l!'"'"'"
    'lO-o. no. J~ (. , .• F'"ft<ti. of Ihe"~ Ti><Ni.."I)." 'h< ",Ik",oo of Di""".",·
    p.n"llY'io "" 1oc.1 offici.1I for .. ,io", o«,,;on'. ibid .• "9-07. 00>. • , . • _ a
    Oi<»coru,' <o",.. n' ,«ycling of hi< pur'''' '"gg"''' iu" OOW b.n.1 "",h <><c"i<>n ,
    W<fe.
    '" For im"""e. "."... com""nd"" of 'he b« ,iXl" <m'",), w'" cu><o",,,/Iy
    .... Icom<d by 'hm 01["",,, . nd 11001" ,h,« mil", hom <''''P' Th,y ",ere "p"<I<d
    IOdi",,,,o,,, .od ",.Il btl"·,,," ,he ,,"k<. Ji'pl'ying ,h<i, good will: Th<ophylwu,
    Sim""," .... Hi" .. J. '. 6-7. IJ< Bom. "0.,1-", .1. n.., " "'y "" Sh ' .110 "'g< . "
    «c.""' fo •• Rom . n d iem ",1«; "'1I"h/". Iii" .. ). '1 . ). K.ydrll , ,0J .>I-l ·

    'll
    ViClory crl,b.alions in Ih, pwv;" CtS

    citi zens. I 1 4 Sho rtly thereafter. the viClOriom geoe r. 1W " executed
    in murky circumst.nccs. ' "
    T he senior Theodo'ius' victo.y celcb" tion w .. no t .n isobted
    inciden! in late R om.n provincia! life. Between 368 .nd 377.
    Flavim S'l1l rn inm .ppe.rs 10 have held SOme kind of celebrations
    at Scleuci •. They honored the' gene .. !", success agaimt hauri.n
    b.ndits." 6 A litde bter, Synesim ofC yn"1lc cxpecled Ihat the
    commander of his regiun's R om.n force' would somed.y
    celeb"te the triumph.! p..ade for a Libyan victury .nd on that
    occ:"ion, he hoped, the officer would ride the horse Syncsius h.d
    given him.'" The successful field uperat ions ofJ ustini.n·, er.
    h.ve kft • few t .. ees of triumph. l celebrations mouoted by loe.l
    commanders returning to their hc.dqu. rtCrI. Solomon cc1ebr.ted
    .. triumphal entry into Clfth. ge in 534 lod .. li ke ceremony wa,
    staged by John abom a dec.de and. half h ter." · Narses did.s

    " . Amm.",u, M,,«tijnu,. '9. 5. 16. CI" k. 1' 9,'-)' ' .. . S;"fon, triumph. "" ~m,li,
    ",d", ..,,, ,,,,,, ",d,n""",,,, ¢.""i..... «l.;b"b,l; r.. ,,,,, , ,,.,oop,m· . Cf- ''''' ,he
    followmg n. On ,,,if,,;n ,h" p'"od , "d it! "'" " Th<ooo"u, ' udq"or«M. C.
    L<p<lky, L>, d,b" rIIfti~ , ....i.,"" e.,.f..,;". , (P"i, . '9' ,) . • ",If.n<! jO'-).
    n. ' j . On Tlo<oom,u,. PLRE. '. 90'-4. 'Tlo<od",;u, J' .
    , " <;0, A. I)om,"rl,. '1)0, Too J« """n Th,odo<tu, './/j".,;" ,I {1'!69). 1<>I-6'j •
    • nd A. lippold. 'K. i.. , Th.OOO,,", d, G" und ",;n V" .. '. Ri,,,,, ~i """i. d<1r
    1I.,i,oi,', • ("17'). '9">- .1.00. It i, n<>' 'mp<~,;hk 'hoi Tboudm,u' ",If-<kc=d """01
    m.y h,,< pI..y<d . ,uk in 'h< "'m"ion' .g.'"" him. wh<n« A",,,,;>nu,' Sing.,
    "'mdinK . nd , p<,h.p'. Am."",,', ",,~ in g ok>c'ip tin'" 0>. 010. n.. ..... lJ. hi.".
    WI>' )-6: • . , , qu iI''''''. <i", "i.,"p."'''''" ""i"".",
    " . Th~ i, '"SS",o:d by th, f,f,h-«n,u,y ,\1i1",." 110<<1... {~HG. '7'_). ,1 , «I, G,
    D.~",n, SulHid '. "KOOI("ph;';'. M (810,,<1•• '97 j). l ~.l<- ' o, <>n 11K d>.", iI# ..
    PI', <16- ,1,
    '" fr ,. j7 (<<>1. G.ny. , 9·, -j ' ' . . . n ) b,n I<~'''lrr> hlJ 'V)A'~""'i' 'p" ~.J<p .ol<~~'
    I~"I ~"'.; d, .~.6. PL R F..•. "lI;. 'U .. mUl " 10K!!"'" 'h" ,hi. ind;vK!u,1 m,y "'"
    h.v, 00:" 'h, dux I.iby»","" . 11. bU"n ""<rwi", unkoown I,n<low",. ,nd ,h ..
    ,he .lIu,i.on '0 • victory p.."k i> bu, ,jok', Thi> ;, quit< hy!""""".1 .nd , ., , ....
    P'K" ""k. ,I.". ,",,,, ;, 00 "",d '0 <xpl .... ' W'y • non·im""",1 v",o.y
    «kb",",," ., ,h., ,im< .nd p1,,<,
    ,,, P,.,,<>p; u,. &iI •• , . " . S6. H,u , y ,·. 10.' j - ' J' 00.", u '1'' '1<' '0' 1'1' ~<l •• ~~.~ '.~
    ;<.I:J I.<. K~N~U.. ff",". ,~, I~"i~oo. top,~, iiyo."", . On ' h, d." .nd
    e;"""''''II«'. A. N.~1. 'Solom",,' , Rf, " ) (,_,,). ",, -6. 10<", y", Schmid,.
    Wo .... i<o, p, ,. j, Cf: ,10< Rom,n "my', ,n"y wi,h booty . nd tho e'p'iv, Eldil ...
    • ft« ,10< ",<ood ... ,o.y over ,I>< Moon. WOK', even if it i, no' 10 un'mb,~uoudy
    d<",,,l><d. mo" h.v< 00:" of ,10< .. n" oroo, I'.o<op,u,. 8<110, •• "' , '9. H,u,y.
    "'7).7-1. CO"?pu,' I, • . o"sm.lly m.y .,., ("""it>«! ,h." d<"';P't<>I" of
    plO""" .. 1,,,"mph, {,[ i •• .. ,,6-7. IJ'SSk , J): 6, j6- ,0j.lJiggi< , "j- '1: ,=""J
    ",umph.1 ,ntry .... i'h C"<>,,n', I><.d h'gh 00 • poi< I'h' Moor, m""nd<",.nding
    Ulrle CarSd(S

    much ~t Rome ~round the s~m,' time. Clearly the t,iull1ph~1 entry
    inlO lonl he~dqu3ne" waS pri~td by R ooml comm3nd"" of the
    sixth centu ry, A further vui'l;o" (onsiMed in th,' oo1cmll en!t;es o f
    general. into newly co"qucrcd towm .•n ested for Ikli!o:ltiu. ~t
    Sy .. cu ~."·
    The somber yc .. ~ nfthe Arab inv. , ion did not snuff om local
    victory cckb r~tiom . A Sudinian commander. di'patch of the
    ',ym bol, of victory' to th" capi tal. Com ",e",orated by .. triumph.1
    inscription assigned (0 the ,"""enlh n'll\ury. muS! h.ve be"n
    con llen"d with ,om" kind of victory celebration .t .. l.te .ntique
    building in Porto Torr",."· In 64'. the c"arc h 1!o:I>e .t.ged the
    ancient parade of a defeated n·ber, head into Ravenna .nd h~d it
    ",t up in the circus,'" In the "ighth ,cmu ry. the ci ty revolted
    against the eent .. 1 governmc", and d"feared the "",,,oslratrg'" !oem
    .g.i ns' it by ConSlaminoplt,. The mcce"fu1 Ra vennat" forces
    wnc nO! inventing .. !leW ',",""lOn y wju'" tht·y marked their
    vinory by edcbr~t;ng .. liun;, p.on·ssion Ihrough Ihe city" u,,,cr,
    to Ih" cho rch ofS.;",s John ~l1d I'.ul. on whose fe.sl day th, baltk
    had occ urred. In Iypic.l I.te allliqlle f.,h'on. the ~1f(·~I. were
    decked Oil! with cxpcnsivr han~'''gs fo r the occasion,·n l ocal
    of ,n m"l<. on , "''''' '''''I''d (,,''" CbuJ,,,, ) .~. "7 7". (cf, <"<
    lI,g~"'. "~
    ("I(,lIn"",. to. '" , . n'gglc. " "' "HI, ... (u,",,· "'"'''ph r"fw«t '" ".." t'"
    ",u")""J ,,,J, Ii, ,a' - j. I>'g~k. ' "
    "","' m',
    " , "'g"h ... ,. H",. l . '0, 7. ~ 'yol..'lI, J4 ' ) - '7. ,f l . ". ,. Jj." _~. ,nJ A 1.'PI",Id .
    · N",,'. 1I f,. S II ( ,~7<' ) , ' 7<'- ~9; 1.. ,< ~~ •. A"",h" 'och <11" 1 ""Y I",k "'hood
    ,I>< v<,b"g' of n.."ph yl",,", S'""',,,,,,,,. 1/",. ,. 7. ~, Ix [I",,,. ) j 7· " , ""
    C""'n><"!loI", '''''". , 0." , ... S".., """ AJ"'''''rk Ild,,...,,u,,, C ."h .,< .",1
    SY"C.'" P"'«>P"" &It.. ). "', ' . H,,,,y. ' .J'I" "-'~. ". W'J· j-" .nd !. !. '" ,
    ". '£d·>7'9-"
    . A. T".",dh. N",.". ~I. ".,., ( ,o'~). '!" -o: <f No"". "'~h " ..., ( '~J I).
    , , ,- , , : ... . Soli"". ·l·"""'''' .... g''''' Ji p",," T"" .... Jd ,,",,"," Iltt' . .~,.J, J, ""' •• ,
    J"",. ,. ".,," ,Ii /:o.k. "'". f'" ,I XI. ..,•.' 1<1 '"" ,. " ......,",•.• (M;I,n , t9N),
    ll7- <o, .nd S M.".nn". 'S" "n' "" ",""", ".",(,1< d, Tu"" l,h,...,,,, •.
    /:r't"pIo .." 1 ( , V'O). ," , . j , J; , ( I.. I.>'" h", '1..0 """ L ~ .. " Ie, 'n .... i ,I< p,"""
    rM,,~,,(" by""" .... ·. l!r', ,~ 1"'1" ), ' j~ -". 10<<< , )", g... ""ny ""K>I<o ,~
    C,,,,,,.no (( .or c,,,,,,.,,,,,,,' II Th< ,"'roJ~"Ofy (""muJ. !-I,d ~ rVI' " ..
    fha,J.(>.ac. ul ,6" 'P,"p~Iw' «'-' • form mJ",,,,,.1 ," buoh ,,,,r-'...
    l .nd ,;""'
    ..... I,m'''''"'' [h " ' . " yJ . n"m,. " j '0- ' , (.... ,,'''''''''' o( "'n.".~"' I). m ,t..'
    "I"nm~ ,,fC,"'''.n''''' v\ ..ld"" '" ,I.< +"Pf"HI"""," Step"'" . V '~"p" I'C, "".
    100." J7"' · cr. <;.m",, ". I'....r~r".' , pr· 7<>-~.
    " , Jj~. P""' .. Momm",n , '1'·'1 '7\1.1 . F<H 'he J .. e. O .."n. ·It';""""g·. p. j<'"
    I'm,ly pm"",;,1 J;'pl,y of , ... d<fc.,"'[ ....... my"_ h<>d w .. '"' \<v<"'''-«'''"' y
    mno,'"'''''' d , M", Co..,<"' , 0 ..... " '91, Momm ... n. yJ ,_, .
    '" Ag"<li",, too, r-"' /I..v" ti J , H o lJ<, . E~~., JJ 1,' Q' '''
    Vicro,y "leb,atiMl in the prOVinctl

    vinory cdebratior,. continued to be naged under tbe Macedonian


    dyn<lsty. Pbil etu, Synadenus once expre,sed bis regret Ib,\{ be
    could not participate in the welcome ceremony for tbe victorious
    general Nicephorus Uranus and, balf a world away, Byzantine
    Bari witnessed a captured rebel', parade of infamy.!2J
    What did these provincial triumphs look lik e? The only detailed
    description comes from Byzantine Africa. It suggests tbat tbe
    provincial ceremony was very mucb a miniature venion of the old
    fourth-century triumph_I entry, decked Out with Christian
    elements. Tbe fully armed troops and tbeir victorious commander
    entered the local capital in parade. They were gr~"Cted by citizens
    waving palm and laurel branche" acclaiming Iheemperor. IJ~ The
    parade includC<.! captives with 'inscripta fronte'. some kind of
    accusatory liml; whicb recall the facial markings of the v.nquisbed
    Armeniakon rebels of 7\1] . ,2. The prisoners were placed on
    carnell; they might be overshado wed by the display of a defeated
    leader'. he.d, raised bigb on the tradition.l b nCe. 126 Tbe par.de
    culminated at. church. While the prisoners were di.pl.ycd to tbe
    populace. the commander ",n{ned the sanCtuary, esconed by the
    army's mnd_rds. Here a public thanksgivin g offering might be
    made for God's just decision in favor of Roman arms, and <I
    service concluded the celeb ration. Lll

    CO NCL US ION
    The study of government.1 ritu.l. in tbe provinces adds another
    dimension to the historical development ofimpcrial cercmoni.1 in
    I.te .m tiquity and th e e.lly Middle Ages. On one hand. th e local
    echo of imperial victories which the provinces had comributed

    '" E.:I .J. D... ",,,,,- t,;"./jm. 'j6. , ,-'.: Lu p<J' hOI"'?' ''",tiu, . .-1 ... 1". .. '0" .• J .
    G.H. Pm •. MGlI.SS. j (, I U ).j7 .')-;.
    ". eo,ipp<J" I.~ .•
    6. j6--"l6. [Jiggle, "j-,6.
    ' " l~ .• n---¢. D'gglt. ,, 6. Cf.• OOv<. Ch .•. p. .. , .
    " . eo,,?P"" I.~ .• 77-'16. lIiggk. 116: d . 6. '0-76. OigSk. 119..... J '''-7 . DilQll<.
    "'0.
    ," IIi• .. O. 9") - '0). Diggle. ' ,0-11. Vi",.. y olf."ns, in . plOvinci.) oOO"" l«m '" be
    """"d" <")y,, S.. urninu.: Mi,,,.I. 1",,1.,. ". D.S''''' . )6) .)7-;0. Tbey [00
    fIootisb<d in [M Midolk .,0,8<>. ' .8. [M gif. of N. "" 1I.~le;'" !O 1M <hut<h uf
    M«h"", ,('"~ hi, def,,, of", """b /k" in 1Ir: Throph. COni .• j. 6). Boon.
    ),,<."-[j.
    slllet Iht days or . .ugU!CU! did no{ ,e~", in 1.lt amiquity. On the
    OIhcf. there un be no doubt that, within th~lr own juri'ldictlons.
    loul commandcn im ita ted imperia l "Ieuny cclebuuon s. I10th o f
    thew phenomena constituted a sign ifiu lII PUt of imperial
    ceremoni.l', ovtnll .mpaCi on la\<' R oman 1OC.ety. For the
    mediev.1 future, the church's role wu he~vy with cOI\KqUl",ce,
    since its contriblilion wa s bOlh con5( ' 1II .nd endu rin!!. T hroulth -
    oul the empITe. pu ycr! for Ihe R oman emperor and his viCiory
    were offered on I rcgul .. basis and Ca me to be consi dered a
    touchuonc of a tcrritory's poliliul idemit y. I 20 This flct shou Id
    nOl be overlooked whm onC ronsidcrs the vigor and eV<'n
    vehemence with which emperors inte,vened in th e th eologi ca l
    disputes of the fifth through nimh centUries. (n tim es of crisis, local
    ecclesi.stical illllanccs organized emergency se rvice! to obtain
    diVine aid. T he local " , vices"t. precedent which the capllal itsd f
    would follow . " d develop in the peat siege cc remonit;1 of the
    Kventh cm tur y. The R oma n army followed 10Ckty at b rge b)'
    .dlpti,,!!!imilu practices to illOWI\ •...cd•• nd fashioning a kind of
    Chr ill i~n spimual il )' of w.r. thc""by .ntlcipatlng the . ehglou,
    {uppings o f the {eud.1 ..mies of medIeval EuroJ'C' . .... t Ihc same
    lime thal theK cO'lSidcutions help i<kmify the Impact ofi n. pcnal
    rites within Ihe emp" e. they suggClllh~t the ch.nnels by whICh
    the empi",,'s StursJymbc/ilr influenced the neW entities I; ro wing up
    in its mngi" s were quite ~ bit wider tha" so metimes imagined. (t 15
    tinlc to lurn co those: new sociec1es o(the e~r1y medicval West. III
    deter min e wh.t imp.cl the cdebution of R umal' victo ry may
    have had o n the public expr('Iion u f rulctship ;11 the b. rb."an
    kinlld oms.
    7

    Ephemeral empires: trjump/wl rulership in


    barbarian Africa, Burgl/ndy and Italy

    If the study of ruler,hip mlOng prc- jnv.,;on Gcrm3nic people,


    must often rely on little more th,n educated guesses, the picmre
    becomes wmev,:hat clearer oncr the new rulen supplanted
    imperi.l authority within the Rom an empire. Even $0, o ur
    knowledge is not without ,hadow, and even yawning gaps. The
    cphcmcf:ll ch,uC!cr of mo.! of the new political entities - :I life
    sp.o of wme three-quarters of J century for the Toln,.n Vi,igoth.
    :llld the O.lrogOlh., rough ly :I hundred Y":l r< for the V.nd.l. in
    Afric •. half ,h.! for the seco nd llurgundi.n kingdom, two
    (mlll';C' for the Toledan Visigoth! and the Lomb>rds - mod, in
    stark cont r., t 10 the millcnory ex;,tence of the ,.stern Roman
    empire. The ~ mount of source materi~1 they gener~ted and which
    h:ls been presnvcd is not large. The e:lrli,'st monarchi es' Ari:lnism
    cancelled .15 well ,he ecde~iastic,, 1 and liturgic.l evidence from
    which we might have expected valuable due! and which might
    otherwir.e h.. ve stood the be" clllnce of surviving the kingdoms'
    coll.p"'.
    Matte rs;lre complicated by the ab~nce of" scholarly consensus
    on the existence or extent of a ritual 'ppar:lms of sovereignty
    inspired by th.t of the new rulen' former comm:!ndcr-in-<hicf.
    the R om:!n emperor, Thi , dict.tes.n .ppro.ch different from th:lt
    followed ill {[" eing the development of J.te :lntique victory
    celebration s and their de"in y in D yz.ntimn. Where" the concern
    of Roman and Byuntine society with ceremonial needed no
    demonstution, it is prudent to clt:lblish:l context for the .c.ttered
    dua on Ihe antique victory ideology', .fterlife in the barbarian
    kingdom s. This req uires reviewing. however briefly. wh .. t
    evidence e.ch successor society h",lcft on the .doption of:l roy.l

    ""
    ceremo nial ~nd, wh,,"e po~,iblc, it~ ,dapution. It impliel al well
    th,t the scholarly net mUI[ be CUI wider th,n before, to calch e"en
    the mmt fugili"e refraction~ of imperial "ictory conception. and
    cu.tom. in the new, olxcore world which was emerging out of the
    rubble of the R ouun empire.

    L T Hf. "tN (.'S TMtUMPIIAl MA JE5TY 'N "ANI}Al AHtCA

    A, with the other lIorthcrn neweOlllen to the Mediterranean, thc


    roy,l institution of the ethnic conglomcrate lumped under thc
    n.me 'Vand.l,' is u,,",Hy reckoned to havc haJ Germanic, tribal
    tOOtl. Thc roy,l titk u>elf {c>uti,'J 10 thh origin , for ti'l' ruler of
    Canh.gc was nol t hl' 'King of Africa' but the 'K ing of the V,nd.h
    and the Alan,'. In the conqucst Cr:!, the monarchy was pretty
    firmly hdd in the h.ndsofrh, t'h.d ingi dm .' In Afrin, Vandal
    king ship experienced development in Ihe direction on.te Rom.n
    .bsohui,m ..l The ruler of C arth.ge was refcrred to as D.H. ,rx,
    'Oll r Lord King ', in. fashion directly i",pired by impnial III.gC.'
    He "sed a royal throne and built audience h an,.~ The imperial
    purple di.tinguished his garb from th.1 of hi~ subjects ami in the
    feign of king Gunlh.mund (484----<)1'i), the' prince', n.me, .long
    with an imperial_.tyle portrait, Ix'gan to appear 011 loc~l currency
    of silve r 2nd copp.:-r.'
    I\rch~eology ~ nd I('XU .grce th,t Ihe conquerors of Africa ooon
    ."ccumbed to lit" seduction of the 1.ler Rom.n life.styk" An

    , H. Wolf"",. 1.,i'.I....
    I. Do. I."i.,,,,,,,
    K"",.!, • • .,J f",",",",1 j" .... E."," «, 6.
    )./0,.,.01<", . ,\flOC. b~.","n~,b.onJ. " IC",. ''''''I. rr. 7"'-~7. tf. h" .TtI< ""r'n~
    of ,t.«"ly m<d",v.t ~mg oom', Vi.", . , 1'\1701. ' -'0.11<.. ,If. fu", ,,«>I,
    0.".",,,".
    F.M Cit,,·.,. ·C."h'g< 'oJ !h< V.nd,!,'. &",.,;..,., C."Io'I', '976, <..~""tJ 10, ,f..
    V'''''''''1 of ,\I"~ it"', 7 (Ann A,bo, . ''II'). I-H, "p. ] .
    I S<hm,d, . w_ ...I.... p. "b.• nd C. C""",,;.. 1.<, 1'", ... ,,,,, I",1ji''I'''" (Pm,. 'O lli .
    p. "J.
    C:ou",,,,, . .-1c~',"". p.'<J . n. J .
    • I',,,.-np,m. &Ik J. '0. ". Il.",y '.)9'''''' "d , ..... ,.
    ' Jb. ,, : ,1.,..1"",.
    I.... ", • . ""'.
    ,0) , oJ p<rtr.p' >, j . <"<I. f . B,,<hde, ,od A. R...,.,. ,., Il"png. ' '''',). '7 • • 01<1 ,.,- J.
    , If .... < nuy ,upro>< ,h" ,he purp" g" ... n wh,d, w .. "npr<J ".um ,h, "P''''' G.,,,,,,,
    " ',, ><1O.it y , V.nd.! K"m'n'· I'''><up,m, &11•. •. 9. '>.H,u,y , .017 .H - J. F", ,he
    "',n'g" W. H.hn. M...". I.."..;; Hr".'"'' R,""""n,k""" «. f'>'l''"fo-, ...j
    " ••p",.-h.' .... I1.. ,,,"". G•• ".I~. '. o,""'l<h,,,,", H,d.nn. dc. W ......,..-h.f,..,.
    1'h'"".•I>;',. Kt .. j: pl . ... ,If
    I>'-nh.h,;("n. ''''' I V .. nn •. '97)) ..... .
    • Ck»<r, 'C."h.~,. rr. 71f ,",I ,)If.
    EphtmtTQ/ rmpiTrJ

    uperienced Byzantine ob""rvc,. dncribed their si:l!th-<entury


    descendann a. the most luxury_loving people he had ever
    encountered. The Vmdab' palsion for the balhs, banquet!, fine
    cuisine, silk dothing. theater and circusshowl, dance .. , mime. and
    garden estates testified to their assi milation o( the laIC antique
    ariICocut', way oflj(e.' Yel il would be a mistake to conclude that
    the new monarchy immediately med all signs <:I(iu alien identity.
    In the seoond gcnerati<:ln after Ihe settlement. bmh barbarians and
    R<:Imans wh<:l were urociatcd with Ihe royal palace wore the
    distinctive dress <:I(the Germanic <:Iverl<:lrds, even when attending
    <:Irthod<:lx religious ""Tvices."
    There arc gT<:Ilmds (or sUlpecting that the new rule .. went
    beY<:lnd the appropriati<:ln o( <:Inc <:Ir an<:llher emblem <:If imperial
    p<lwer md modeled clements <:If their public dep<lrtment <:In thaI
    <:If the emperors. Special, richly dcmrated vehicles appropri.uc loa
    queen are menti<:lned among the booly Be!wrim paraded al
    C<:Inslmlin<:lple. 9 King Huniric (477-84) imiutcd and irrilated Ihe
    emper<:ln by dubbing Ihe ooaltal town of Hadrumctum with his
    OWn name - an act whkh the re,,;mqucring emper<:lr w<:luld be
    quick 1<:1 eradicate, when he rebaptized Unuric<:lp<:llis a. lu ...
    riniana. IG The Arian persecuti<:ln included rome f<:lrm <:If th e
    parade <:If infamy. II Th" poems <:If [h" blin Anthol<:lgy rcin _
    (<:Ire" eastern testim<:lny on the p<:lpularity <:If circus spectacles in
    Vandal Carthage, ahh<:lugh it il not dear who funded them nOr
    whether Ihey ""rved as the drawing card fm the kind <:If pc>lilical

    , Pro<opi .... &If•••• 6. 01--9. H.u". ,. ....)-'6 .


    • Vic"" of Vi ... III".. ;. "'''''''....;, ofiV- 1""";"' ..... >. 1"""9. «I, M. j'<I1<l><n'l.
    CSEL. 7 (,11,)_ '7-'-')·
    id,.
    • p,,)<OP;~,. 1It1l•• •• 9 •• • H,u, Y ,. fiG. , ) - , j; d , S<h", IV"""'''''. p. I J1. I. """'kI
    II< _«I. howe"" •• d,., \h(. p....,. con.<rn, m""I, plu"<i<, whkh ,I>< V,"d.1> h.d
    uk .. from ,I>< ;mp<ri.ol p.l"<;,, 11.".... ( P «><op;u~ 1It1l•••• g. I. '_'16 .>0-') .nd;' iI
    "'" .11"1" .... , I<.. 1it.>1 1><<< hal~ .. f.n I" ,I>< v.nd.l ",1<, , .. I><, Iit.>n II><
    Rom •• <mp<'0I.
    ,. N.",~ ,...,;..1",... "n'.;,.",.. i,.
    IIfrk ... • d . '-1 , P",dl. . CS£/.. 7 (I" ,). M. 1>1.
    no. 10'), 0. ,I>< d<><um .... C, C""" .... V~ .... V;I." _ ......... t:n.. ";';iI"
    (AI,,,. IOU). pp, ~!I'; ,f. P'O<OP'U'. 0. ...ift<;II. 6. 6.1. fhu'y-Wi"h, • . lh,6.
    Hod,um«"", .... 'he <opi"l o(By .. , ... ,nd. <i<lpi" Ihe poo1 'pi,"phic .vO<i<n<:<.
    "OIli,ely' monohippic ,own; l<p<ll<y. C"II. ' •• 61 - ' , 0. .hi. "'''0"'. 0« t .
    Mu ..... ·t.. villn b>plioen du ""'" d'u" ..,.,v,,,in 'u h.u, ""'~ .... (V'- X'
    ....,In) .. R< ..... J. _1"'" ' I< I.,;" , 'I~ l< (11)71). >7- )1. I><r< II.
    " V;':,ot. Hi,,_ f"" .. :, 9. P,,,.h<'I111, .,. '.- ,".

    ",
    Tllf Vd "dal king '] rri"mphalmujtSry

    Ipce[~c\e1 r~vored in COIllt:.io\io ople. Il K inS Thu~muod', court


    (.(<)6-}1)) celebn ted the regn ~l ,nniver!.:lry io sufficiellIly tu_
    dit ion ~l ma nner 10 require the prod uct ion of btill p. "cgyric. ' ~
    Some form o f viClory ed ebul ioll s mUlt be added 10 the
    Hasd in grs royal r;II1.11•. One poel'. gushing over 'vict rix Cu_
    Ihago' or . nother's em husi;u m for the V."dll.' 'triumph-bearing
    w. n ' indiate that the old ideology o f victory had not 1011 ils
    liten ry and political potency under I~ ne w regime. Even more
    int cresting, the fiot fOl mub points to the adaptation of Ihe old
    notions [0 express Ihe new region.l ..,mime!1l foste red by th e
    establishm ent of indepen dent political authorities in Ihe wesle rn
    provinccs. ' • A piece of government correspond ence ~cms to
    docu ment the ri tu al dimension. A vino ry bull clin ~III to the 1.,1
    kin g by his brothe r T~azo il prcIC rv cd in I' tocopiul: it announces
    the outcome of an expedition against the rebellIOUS governor or
    Sardinia." Alt hough IkI;!.:Ir;u' KCIC[ary would surely havc
    .objecled Ihe Vandal documenllO a S1yli<.tic revision wh ich wenl
    beyond Ihe u igencics of Ir:.."btion. il5 COllleml cannot be
    di.mitsed as pure fabric:tltion.' f> Pwcopius ve ry likdy hdd T zato's

    .. CIo •• ,. 'c.~'. pp. '''_rl.


    " f1o...",inu .. I. I· ' M ...,;'. A ..... lot. no. 176. Ilii<ll<Irt - R ..... , , ,,, 9. " ".,h_
    «n'W, w""" ""Y ho .. ;m. pod , ... , (;.;,.,,;. .... , ... od t: .nh.~. '" ,,;"mph" ,10<
    .ory """w, .,(,b< V.n~, ' .. " F..",..!u, ofC" ,h'I<. Vi" F.II"'''i ("ilL. 1 101). , d ,
    U. L. p<y« 11',';'. 19'9) , 110 ..... Ci<n><ri< .. , m<"W''''", C ."h.Si .... '" .ic,,,,
    in.....,", '.
    ,. Fk),,",,"u,. t..-4. "I .. A.,•. I... " Y. J76 , llikh<k, - !<.i< .. ... I?,.~. 'VI"',.
    C. nh"o "i"mp~ .. ', lJ",,,,,,;u>, ' '''';if"'''.' 11 - '. od, F, '1"11",., , MGII. AA . "
    ('9011." , .
    " Soh",..!,. IV_1m. pp. ')I 6; IIJ D ........ ·V • ..d. lm·. ~F. . S. ,o (1106)1. VJ7- ""
    ...... -.
    " Both P. C ........ ·K ..... K1I<rip' .... d Koo'g>Wk""". Diplom'I< .. be S<o>do<n 'um
    _"' ......'m.n"'''''*' n.m'......"""''''·.
    It .... II".;. fi.. ''','-of;•. , ('011). ,-f7
    • ..d 1 (1~)6) • • - ' I I. 1><.... j ..,d Wolf, ..... hoIi",r.n./ .. PI' . ............ ,,,••• bInI by
    die do<um.,,(. -.j,pkmu,,,, dwo<tn ... d ......... '" ",",un,. . ~ ' V<O F ;_" .........
    bob,y. ""'..... , ,\t>o , .... V...... , oocu ...... " b< «,.. """" ..... be
    in ........... y., 0. __ ""'...... docu ... <nt·, ""P"'"" 1«11,><,
    .1.""",)
    m dIC .......... t
    r<a ..... IM ..... O(,be Mid<... (>. ,. n. 10) "..I W oIIT.m .. pt.,". p,_",,' pnc< ...... ;"
    T ...o ...... "r ,be '~k .. on • ..-on '" /Uun, hn knowl«lfl. of '1."""
    «,m",,,I,,., (1"",,,Iot~ I.. p. I, ), D. Rub,n. ' r ,oloptOl.on K........ ·• Ill!. 'J. ,
    poll,,,,, •..d
    ( '911). 17)-1111'. be .. ",. I><b<... ,,,,= ron ..,,, '0 I>< ",bIw,,"lIy . .. ,ben,;'; (cf . ·1·
    <".
    ;1,;1,. fOf . ""' ...... prob>bk "'" of , documrn'"y """ ""1. T. k... log<1lK,. , .....
    • ;,; ... " SS'" ,hI! wh ok ,,,,= (<>Tn, n.. y b< l'eOOOfh,,'. "'= '«uld ".U ..... p....."d
    ' he II'" of 'lI< <locum,,,,,.
    ,6,
    Ephtmt r41 tmp;rtJ

    letter in hi. hands, for the Vandal mcs5C'ngen sailed blithely into
    Canhage just lfter the imperial umy h.d occupied the city." It
    begins:
    Know. 0 King (/h<7lhO) of both Vandals and Alam, th.t the usurper
    Godal h.s perished .ftcr falling into our hlnd •. that the illand i. again
    ,ubject 10 your rule. and celebrate the victory fenlv.!."
    Th e turn of events meant th.t this succcss would never be
    celcb .. ted by the Vandal king. , but Tzazo's mes.s.age luggcst. that
    some kind of victory celebrations were suged in Vandal Afric •.
    The e:<pectation orthe king's brother that the letter would trigger
    a victory celebration could only have been founded in the
    knowledge that such celebrations Were part of the Vand.l kings'
    public exerci5C' of power. An allusion by O ..contius points in the
    ..me direction, suggesting that triumphal entries remained a
    familiar element of public life in the fifth century.19
    Lih other a'p"cn of royal SI441SSrmbolilt, Vandal victory
    celeb..tions may have drawn on the Roman ideological and ritual
    repertory. Communications between the kings and their subjects
    ICem to have been modeled on th~ between contemponry
    emperors and Romam; like them, they ·featured typical d ements
    of imperial triumphal etiquette. The arenga of one of two
    mrviving documents issued by king Huniric's chancellery opens
    with the words: 'It is a recognized characteristic of the virtue of
    triumphal and royal maj est y to turn evil counsels against their
    authors. ,~ o If the king', majesty is royal. it is also - and

    " Procopio,. &11•• ) ..... '-<l. H'",y.I .• !O.'7"""ZoI .


    " IoU.. ,. ' • • , •• !O.I<>- ']' rdl.!o:.~~."",u"" to;. ,O",".,y. O~,; ,"'" ~J'l"Itpa",
    "/C/0.on X,,,,,I. nl r~'I'iI"D' aM.; IJd '.~ .,.~ {J ... ,;.u~ U"fI1J. do Ba..!I.Iw. to "'"
    ·A .....,..;,. {J"Dllzil....8, Kal ,~. h,,""'o. "'P"'~.Iq •. "The I... fOur wotds are .....
    '"'''phonnl, cr. &1., • • • u . J6. H.ury , q7o.14~IJ.
    " To be cIf«tiv<. s.tuf. . "'J~ •. Vollmer. ". C·m, pup"'''''' """,.. ldi<;,l··vi<tor
    . b hoi" red;.··~ prosupl""<' ,Iu, Vond.1 king. «I<b.. ",d "'''''' IO<t of triumphal
    ,o"Y oft". comp.ip .
    .. ·Triumph.li. « on,; ..",;' " ~; .. pro!».'u, <>K oj"u,i, m.b in .ucto,es ,,,,,,il;,
    "«><qo<"' ••• pud Victor. Hill. tn, .. J. J. P,,,.hrnig. 7'.19-"". F".. the dip!onu,,,,
    "pcel of ,he oo<umrn" p="ed in VICtor. R . Hcuber8". ·Vond>listlle R ridu-
    bnd,i ul>d Kooig,u,kund< im V«gkkh mi, . "w'nd",n £inn.:h,""lI"" ul>d
    E.-..:llein"ni""· . MID<:;. Ergiin,"n8,!».nd. " (19)9).76-1 'J. her< 9JII"• • I>d a ....".
    ·K.i",,~kript' • • . '-J. It <>ugh, '" b< poi",ed 00' ,h" <hi. u" of,1Ie Imitive of
    ,h...""rill'" (not noted by R. /'i,k'ranl'. S,04i," Zl<JII LoI,i" ok, V~ .... VtltllJis.

    '"
    Thf Vandal king'" lriHrnphal rnajtJly

    especially - triumphal, for the rhetoric~ l figure used in the btin


    deliberately t>mph.,ize, the triumphal chnactt'r of Vandal rulct-
    ship even more than it, roy,,1 n"ture. 21 Coin"ge reflects a similar
    tmdcncy. The kingdom', early issue, continue to display the old
    imperial Victory type,. but this m"y be due more to mint routine
    than conscious dccision .2 ' More signific.nt is king Thr3,arnund',
    introduction of a Victory type on copper i"ue,.'J An independent
    voice confirm, that contemporarie, perceived the triumph,,1
    ele ment in ThuS:lOlUnd·s rule. Ilelwccn his fint and second exile
    {A.D. 5! 5-1 7}, bishop Fulgentiu, of Ru'pe answered" pamphlel
    by Thra,amund with ,In anti-Arian Iheological tre3tise dedicated
    to the king him self. H The Catholic bishop appli ed flattering
    epithet< of the imperial victory ideology to the Germanic ruler
    who had revived the victory coinage, and he did so in a place
    where they could sc>tedy .,., mi""d: the Ireati,e', opening
    words." The poetS who praised Vandal kings could not fail to hail
    their gIcal victori" against manudin!, Moors and other repru-
    b"t".2' Ducontim even went '0 far as to adapt the theme of
    bloodless vIctory to king Gunthamund (484-96), who rcreived
    triumphs from God through the b,mlcs of his !,eneral Ansila. a

    Commm"tKm<> h"m,n"um I;tt""mm. 61 (H.I"n';. 197~) . pp . )I>-U. but


    J;><",,,,,J by 1',,,,,h.n'8. p.'J' . ,.v. ·gmrt;uu> qu,I;",;,) ;,. o<gub, (<">lUle on"e
    btin b",<>u«",,,, .• nd p.rtkul"ly of """gu. Cf. C."KKI"'UI. V.,j.... >. 7. flidh.
    "' .J ; i. 0, J. h;Jh . 61 .)-.; >. 16, I. 6'p-),). J. '. ""'.9- "'. ,'e. Thi.;; .dJi,ion.>.l
    evKle",. f", <I", , ulh.n'id ,y uf ,he ,," qucoted by Vk"".
    " Tho ",h.m.;', + xb ,nd ,I>< li",,« ,k",J uf hYI"',bm'•• ;nt.r1dcd '0 d;"ingu;oh 11><
    fot" worJ of tl>< d."1<; l. "'rhu~.w. C.I,«, ,I"'",~;' Ei", A., ... "I ,",tori",""
    "ft.,,".
    "
    Potor. lnd eJn (Giill;n~"" , 1<,>:\)). pp .
    H.hn. Mo.,,.. I, 0) .
    _1.
    F.:tu,,,, "oJ C''''i"pldiu ,11 Hilf,.. irltl]ii, fJ!,,"t<" .. ,"i'ltI,~"I~"," «1 . H.

    " 1'"1 .• t. 9<' cf. 11-1... ,,",) (V1<nn,. 10!1). t\O .


    " lid T,.,,,,,""J,,," "i''". Fut th< J'l<. M. Sch.n, t1 ,I .• G<,,"~~I< II, ,,;,,,j,,hnl
    U""""', p, H.ndbuch do< JlI,mu,mw 'I""'Kh.f1.! (Munk". 1~><l). jl!.
    " Ed. J. F"ipon'. eeL. 9' (1<,>:\I)m . j-" 'Tdumph,l;ool tui, """ihuo. pii,,;m. «x.
    t><qu'qu,m ,,«did<nm obl;u;""'. ,ub"",um . . . ' .. I"h< '''umph.l thom. >«m, to
    h, .. bun p",;,ut.rly Te><H1,nl" th" mom""t. fo, fulgontiu. ,<tum, to i,;n h;,
    ron,..,;1 "" lhe k i n~·, de' ;1< to ><qu;re moo< 'P'''" fo. 11>< ",j"J lh,. the k;"~oo," ;
    ilio.. 99.101-7. fur Th,mmund·, «,ding ,,( th. <r.ot;",. F",.nd"~ V. F.Il"'#i. ".
    L,V"P<. 10).
    ,. D,, <~,,'; ",. S,,;Jj.. 21-j. VolI",,,. ,.~' <f. Flo«nt;nu•• Ani". I.. .. no. 376. , 3- )6.
    Bu" h<l.,- R~. 1.1.,39.
    Ephtm ..al rmpi,.,

    notion which is ~ (ar cry (rom the Germmic conception of


    Hnr/eon(glUm.27
    Perh~psthe mmt moving testimony ofthc victory ideology's
    continued life COmeS from a humble wooden tablet discovered in
    the m: . of Djebel M rau, on the V~nd. l kingdom's southern
    reaches." In the priv.te diplom.tic use of a dowry contract
    esubli,hed on 17 September 493 (?), the d:lle is given., 'Year nine
    of the Lord Most Unv.mquished King'.2~ The expression is
    prob.bly nO! pure formula, ,ince it docs not reCur in the thirty odd
    documents uncovered with the contract. By its distance from the
    c.piul .nd itS priv.te orig in, Albenini Tab let no. I provides
    precious evidence th.t ~ Rom~n frontier milieu found nothing
    umhinkable about decking out ~ barbarian king with one of the
    most prized ~nd f.m iliar epithets of the imperi.l dignity.

    2. vtCTORY CUSTOMS IN THE KINGDOM OF


    THE IIU~GUNU I "N,

    The Durgundi.n kingdom Aourished brieAy in c.>Ic,", Gaul


    before it was absorbed by the Merovingi.n. in the course of the
    sixth C~"Tltuty.'o The monarchy's rcl~tions with the Rom.n
    church and popul.tion were generally harmonious and even
    cordi.!." Ifwe consider that king Gundob~d (ca. 474 - 516) was
    the nephew of Ricimer, patrician and Master of Both ServiCe<.
    th.t Gundob.d enjoyed the sa m e dignity, h~d served in the •• me
    c~p~city in G~ul and Italy and indeed that he h. d himself dispmcd
    of ont emperor and cre:>ted ano ther, tuces of. deep Roman
    imprint on the outward manifestation. of hi, kingship will not
    come:IS a surprise." One kin g, for e~ample, is known!O have

    "l>,w,m;u •. 5";>/ . .U' _ I< . Vollm" . U" , f. Sd ,",,'n~« . ·Hwko.'i~,uLn · . "p.


    p. «1.
    " T.l.k"" Alb...-,;., . A"" p,i"" .. riM"' ."".!al, (Ii. dII V' .;hk) . <d. C. C"""oi. "
    . 1. (P,,;,. '9J']' pr. ,s.,.!I"; Couno". AN" p. .,t.
    .. 'Anno noM .lorn;"i ;nu"";,,,,", "8"
    XI; "I<od" oclob'<"J . '. TH . AI•. • ' .
    Co""o;,. ")."
    "" S« ;n 3""".1 1. S<hrnid,. C,,,.;,~,, I" .... ,1<.,.5'.... "" hi' ,"m A"lR"'" ... ,
    V.II","'......., . Di< 0,,1"."."" ,"d <dn (M""", • . 191']. pp. noff.
    l ! E . ~. 1. M"".". Lt, i••";",,, k, "!N" 1"'""";'1''''. N<>lNrll, (;1;0 . " (V,,;,. '9<\ ).
    pp . " o-'J·
    " PLRIi. '. su- S.
    Burgundian victory nHlon"

    pbyed .. rok in .. chu rch dedication, an ev~nt which lent it!telf to


    ritualized puticipation in the imperial tradition. 33 The Bur-
    gundi.n army practiced the triumphal display of" vanquished
    le.der'. head and at le.st one k ;ng wcms to have staged a triumphal
    entry into Vicnne."~ Th;. flU thc t"timony of Avitos, bishop of
    that city (ab. 5 [8). who .llud,-d to the victory panegyric he would
    deliver when king Sigi,mund returned from wh:H he hoped
    would be a successful campaign ag.;n't the Franks.'" N .turally
    victory wishes were not lacking in mch circum't.ne....'· Avitm
    himself pray ed for the king' s triumph and he implies !bt this was
    the duty of every onhodox Christian. Whether this en tail ed
    special public <crviccs for the king', victory is not de>T.J7 Here ..
    elsewhere in the imperial provinces, the cu lt of saint, spilled over
    into the supernatural defense of the thre. tcned city. J" Given that
    next to nothing is known about the intern.l hi,tory of the second
    Burgundi:m monarchy, the cvidcna is not unimpressive. These
    Germ. nie king •• urely availed thcn"dve. of >ome of the vKtory
    custom. of imperial civilization.

    ,. TRIUM PHAL [DEOIOGY IN OST~OGOTH [r. ITALY

    Scholars arC in rarc unanimity th.t thne i, linle ccrtainty


    reg.rding Odoacer 's legal pOlition in the R.om :", scheme of
    thing,.3' His frcqllcnt USc of the non-Roman titk rex and his

    " M. McCormicl;. R,"", rhi,,,i,, ,,,llJi.,,,'1u,. 8, (19771.""1.


    .. H<.J.: "goth;". H;" .• I. J. j . K< ydell. IJ.U-'! . • nd G", ~ ,,.y dToun. 1/;".• J. 6.
    Krul<h-L<vlOO<I. IOJ .6-7' t';umph. 1<n"1' [".di~i,d ,f«r hi, , nd Clov;, ' d<f<ot of
    hi< \moth« Guml<,h.d; G"gQ'Y Qf Toun. If", .• >. P. Krul<h-L< .."", . 79.J-I'
    'G<>d igi,itu, V<",. Ql><,nta Vic1UT;' . . . <1.Im P"< di>emil Vl<t1n''''Q"' "iu"'ph,n,.
    t>mqu.>m ,; ;,m 'ntum ro<.,.-\cm "~""m. ;nK,«Ii' u' . Cf. PLRE. " . j '0. ·God igi.. t

    " "E, .. ' J.Pn!"", 74·10- ,.

    ci"d in ,ho followinK not, .


    'j.
    " A,itu,. Ep .• 91. P<i!"," \1\1.' , - '" Fr .• 7Pl " wrJl ., ,.,. P""'~< ['mn E,. 9.:1

    .. Ep .. 9>. P<ip<'. 9'). , 1- >.>. N"", 'h" Ep .• S}. i",lic"" th>t tho C.dx,h, I,wlgyof
    lIu'gunciy ;n<tud«i P")·'" f", ,,", 'in~ on. t <h,~,ld lh'''k. ,I>< ViS,1 of E... <·"
    P<ip<t.9j.'<>-IJ.
    " C. P<,,,, . nd II. Audin . •Akim;i f.cdori; A,;,; V;'n""m" <piocopi hom ih. doc" in
    okdk"""," "'1"';"';' b";)ic,,,·. S,oJ, i••,"''' ,Ii An·...... C.I"'i"; < RokrloJ 1'",;".,. >
    (M iu n, 19J7) . • JJ-J'. 1><", HO ·' - ' j'.'1.
    >. On 0.10><";,, ~"",.t. PLRE. >.19' - j . fo' >n o."vicw of dilf",,,, opioion, ""
    EphemuQ/ tmpirtJ

    Tl'fuul to don the purple robe. of .upTl'me ~uthority Or other roy~l


    insignia, even aJ he sought Constantinopolitan .pproval for hi,
    acts, underline the ambiguity ofhiJ Jituation. 4o Among the means
    the former member of the imperial guard used to ferret Out
    emperor uno'. recognition wa. the dispatch of the CUStomary
    '.ymbolsofvictory'to the comm.nder-in....::hief, a ploy which met
    with pun.l JUCCCS •. 4L
    The kingdom e.labli.hed by hi. uUSIin was to prove .horter_
    lived than that of the Vandals. The personality and long reign ofit.
    founder J.O dominate the history of the Omogmhic state that
    Thcoderic'. background deserves some consideration when the
    impact of royal victory on the public projection of hi. power i,
    examined. As Ihe son of an Arian king and his Catholic
    concubine - the lalter accomp.nied her son to July and was active
    in 490, while her presence at a crucial moment wa. JlilI a mmer for
    panegyrical comment a decade later 42 - Thcoderic was probably
    predisposed to seck accommodation with Ihe vast majority of his
    subjects. The fony-ycar-<>ld conqueror of Italy had hardly escaped
    expomTC 10 the ,ooal values and mores of Ihe btcc R oman elite.
    Born in the ruinsofRoman Pannonia, he h.d ,pent more than half
    his youth at Court in Con.tantinopJc, in the midst of the imperial
    govemment"s burgeoning rirualappar:llU •. The lut decade of hi.
    life before the invasion of Italy had been punctuated by negoti_
    ations. ruptures and rapprochemenlS with the ea$lern throne. He
    rOse CO the stne dignilY of patrician. obtained two appoimmenlSu
    Master of Both Service. in the Presence (476/7-11; 48]--"7) and wa.
    adopted as emperor Zeno'J ·J.On' according to Gcrm;mic custom.
    In "8,, he re.ched the summit of Roman aristocratic ambition, the
    con.ulat'. for which, favor of favors, the Roman uxpaycc picked
    up the tab. 4 ]

    ,I.< ·"""";,.,",,,.1 pooi';"" •• T1>ompoon. 11_, ..... i.otNri.n,. I'P. 6$1f .nd >74- '.
    n· 'llf.
    .. O" ..I >«. <·1·. McCo"";,,k. ·Odo.«,·. 1')1 _ . , '- 'J_ Fa. his td...., of,,", purplt,
    C. ..;odono •• 0._" "'>_ '101. M"",,,,,,,,,. 'j9_
    .. MoCOf",i<l •• Odo&<", •• pp. ><711"_
    " I'LRE. ,. 000. ·Er<I;"v' _H<r ..."" .. <-oo<ubino: i.u.,.....y,..ttd by jotd....,., en_.
    '69. M""'''' .... ,,1.,_ EnI>O<hu> of P.... dopKtI Th<o<Itri< add ...... , "'" ki.
    troop>. bu. ki> ",.. ke, iu" befOI< I (..d..t <onfron.,,"'" wrth~ , p..,yr;n. •.
    41 . VOS'~ >OI. ,6/f.
    •• TIl< ""'lUI fot ,hi. ><""""' ....... "'bled in PtRE. '. '071- 1'. ·The<><I<ri<..,,·, fOf
    ,os
    OS/Togo/hie lri .. mph~1 id~ologr

    Ye t even such:. long lOd intim.{e invulvemen{ with New


    Rome did nO! imp ly comp lete :."imibtion. Contempor:.ry
    [talians could nO! mi'lake the cunqueror ', 'foreign'. heretical
    hrmd uf Chri,ti.nity, with its divine scripture in a barbari~n
    tongue, nor could they mis. the distincti" el y non_R om:.n identity
    projected by the Am:.]', nffici:.l portr:.it. ..... Like hi. succeMUr!,
    Theoderic w ure long hair and a dose-<:ro ppcd moustache, aspects
    of personal grooming which werc emblematic of the barbarilO. '"
    In fact. as Gothic di'plc.,ure over the excessive rom aniution of his
    heir suggem. for Theodcr ic to h.ve ignored his power ba,e in the
    o:rrcilllJ Go/homm might well h.ve proved suicidal. .. • By inclin-
    atiun. then. as well as calculatiun. T hcodcric was condemned to
    .trike a delic.te balance bet ween the :lrmed occupying minority of
    hi, own kind .nd the [t:lli:ln majority. The btter was domin ated
    by a wC:llthy .nd influential ar;,{ocra,y who.lcss than two dcc.dc.
    befure, had y,·t been accu'tumed to an imperi.1 CoUrt in their
    mid,t . who had enjoyed the favon ofThcoderic"s prcdccc.sor and
    w ho continued to express their eminent position in society and
    government with all the {r:ldition. l perquisite. :I"d ceremoni al of
    the later Rom ,lIl rul ing ellSS. '" How could the new outsider

    • nlOr< "'"ikd ""'",m'. W. Enulin. n....,j,.,i<~ 4<, G,,,,, •• nd ron (Mu"kh . 'YJ91.
    I'P· 7-J'·
    .. On Ulf~ •• nd 'h, p,,,,,,v"ion of ,It< Gothic bn~u.~, .mong Vioig<>lh •• nd
    o.""!<,,,b., H. Wolf"on. G''''"H~''"" G.,," ,.""
    4<. A.I"',," oi,
    ~., Mi",
    it,
    ",.,,'" l'"'".""'''·
    .nJ lj7-OO .
    &"",,1';"" It;"",;,,","
    ffh.g,"p;;' (Mu"Kh. '9791. pp. 1]1f
    ., 'it< Ii>< ,n. ly';' .,( n,,,,.!,,.,·, PO""" un hi. "go« ,ing "' ,i>< ,.,...,,11«1 ~ o ig,lIi,
    ",in by P .E. S<:h"mm 'nJ W. ll<'K<" H",,,".J"z, ~",,,.""
    Hi> "''';e<''''
    S'....
    "ytMoli•• '. "ylf.
    A,h.b'" i, ,hnwn wi,h 'h, "me h,i".yi< . nd • kind of ~OW" which
    <10<, nm 1«0' '0 ,,,,,fo,m '0 ,I\< unom of imp<,i.l "",u",,": W.f. Volb><h.
    ttJ"'H;"'Ot;'" ." SI"''''''''' .M .1" i'"""
    M;"<I,I/",. K . .. Jog< yo,· "tid
    (, ;ihg""h.,h,lid"" Ait,,,;;",,,.
    ,.]fd ,J" (M.in •. '976). nO.]I. with pl. 16. TIt,
    u n,< m,,,. p«,,,",,bly h,v, I><m "'''' of ,It< It,,,,,,
    Of 0'''' im'8'" ofTheoxltnc .,
    I\.on" which IIo<,hi",' wiJow ... " "ru.....t ofh •• ing ",,,,lKd: Prooopiu,. Iltll.<. 7.
    '0. '9. H""y. ' .j " . 'j-'o .
    • • Go,hic Ji,... ,i,r."",,, with A,h.I"",·, />,k of p,op<' b"b"i,,": P,<><opiu,. Btll•• j .
    H.",y .•., '. J- Il. 'Q.
    •• 6- <7.
    " S,dn. ~J.E"'ri". ' .• ,If , nd ",off: A. Ch,,"snol. u ~I"", ,,,,,,,,i. "'"' k rig'"
    1()400.". 1I."",,,Of, '" tlpi" "f"" '"' Coli", .. 10"';1<]•• An,;qui ' .. j .... . J (Bonn.
    1<;(6). 1'1'. JI!!". f", .It< ~'m 'i~nif".n'" "iii "",h,d '0 ' p<<ucub, «lemon;'" 1ik<
    .he ><:""",n '" , .. OfO'''''y "",,,,,1>«: l\o:o<,hiL". Pl>il. ,.., ..1.• '. j. I . 1Ii<i<,.
    Ephtn,tr~1 rmpirt.

    projen his authority 10 this audience withom recourse to


    tradition,,1 Rom"n rim"l'
    Unlike Odoacer, Theoderic probably adopted the sacred
    purple in his public dress, "lthough he gencnlly eschewed the
    insignia of empire," A, one of hi, offidab not ed, the imperial
    color served a very pnnic,,1 purpo~ in public ritual, in "ddition to
    it! symbolic value," Theoderic' s pab ce in R "venna wa s lik ely
    designed with an eye to ceremonial funniom, it mmt h:lve
    contained an audience han in which the Ma ste r of Offices suge-
    managed scn"toti,,1 enCOunter! with the king in much the same
    fashion as in contemporary Constantinoplc.'o Nor could the
    pal"ce have lacked impressive banquet facilities. for Theoderic
    con~ioudy orgaoizcd :lnd exploited such occasions to Loo h"nce hi.
    policy of prestige."'
    If the Gothic kiog skillfully avoided overt acts of usurpation. hi.
    own official pronouncement, were !lOt above borrowing slogans
    lil:ce 'humonildS' from imperial propagand a in a way th.t implied

    »,U-)O- Cf C.uiodo,u" v.... ). )9. 1- ', Fndo , I• • . 1'<" tho ,00tio1>Od p","ig< of
    offoci>l .OhKk~ ;I.;o .• ~. j,'. Fridh. ,,0.'_'0 'nd 0" ,6, " • . )<- J,
    .. En,,];n. n.,odtri<~, p. 'jO (d'. Wol f,,",. G., .... p. )8,) beli<v<d ,h .. Tbrodc'K wo'"
    , di,<I<m. bu' ,be <Yid,not: he 0;;'05. C,,,i.o<\on.>'. V"" '. p . t . hidh , .6", -'7.'j , ;,
    dearly m"' rho,;.;;.l if ,I>< 'ynl>. i, prop<rly un<l<rrrooJ, B,H. Shh,IL H, ' f"'"x oj
    ,Ir.V.,i.. oj Con ....", S,udi<> ;" m<d",,1 .nd ,,,,. ;,,,nc< Latin. ) IW.>hing'on ,
    D,C" '9).). p_,., Ennodiu,. r.., ,, ' " Vogd . lOj.1 .«m , 00 ":I, m'''pho,ic.!. Nor
    ,t< crown, <kpicO<d "" tho po""i" of ,I>< f,,,, Gooh", .,n8' I' bo... n, OJ) , Thil fi u
    with Prooopiu,. &114. J. t. >~, H,u ,y. >, 1,1---9. On ,I>< 011><, lunJ. ,h, <ont<"'po"'y
    i'
    V,'" C ..... A"I_li, (6 HL ')01 .....), )~, by Cyr""n, Fir",",",. Vi ... " ;",,
    Men;. " u, . nd S"pl><n , "' , G, Mor;n, S_ C .... ,,'; 'l'i,.-.,. A"I"",,;, "1''''
    ""'";0,'
    (M,r«lIOll', , .... '),)'0,"-0. <kuly """ ,h" 'Th<O<k,ic ""'ov'" <on" kind of
    he •• S'" I""";,, "'"""' .. "pi") whon ho g""'«. 'he holy m, n, Tb<" w"" ."y
    m,. ch,ng< in polky during ,I>< By"",in' in •• <ion. ,inc< TOli,,', bej<w,kd
    be.d.l",,, w" ...., toJu"",i.n" ,I>< 'ymbol uf vi"",y' . 00.<. Ch . '. p_"",
    .. C.uiodo,u" V ... , t, ' . >. f'hlh. 10,' J - '~' cf, M, McCo' mi' k. 'An,lyw,S i"'ptd. 1
    ,,,,moni<>·.)OIl. (in p,m)_
    " 'Th< oon"ov<ny ~<n<r",d by E, D y~g ¥< , 11.. ,,",.."," i",. ",{",,..
    ,..I.. u .. ,iii"
    '1",,,1< J><' ''''''''''';., 51... , '"11· ...,~'''''"'' <It, p,l.n; oItl14 '''~ "'~"" ., A"h:o<o-
    iotti,k.kun"hi"ori,k, m,d.d<k l"" 1. , (Coprnh.S""' '9<') . • nd P""Y w<1I
    I.id to rnI by G. De P"nko.id" II r.14,,",. 0' T.~;,., • /I." ..." I, {",It".
    '.",~"","" 0' 1«..... (Ilom<. ' 970) , .nd F.W_ l:mchm."". 1I.''''''n' . I/"P'''''' ..,
    ,,..... ,;~'" A .....t..J". ' . , IWi<>h.&n, 1\1'7<). " l lf. do<> n o< . If", ,hi, 8"",, 1
    <oodu,;on. ,;not:;';, i",kptmkn,ly "",form'" b y Ii"... y <.i&n«: C,."iodo,u,.
    V.... 6, ~. >. fridlt, ')"'<>-u. Cf, followin8 n.
    " C.uk>J",",. II...... ~, 9. 7-1 , F'hlh. »7.)6-.)1,67 ,
    his own e,,~hed ~t~tu~." Indeed, Theoderic explicitly ugued th~t
    the superiority o( his rule compued with other b~rbari ,n kings
    could be m e~.urcd by the degree to which he imi t~ted the
    emperor in Constantinople. Hi, OWl1 regime he char~ctcriled as
    Roman and a worthy replacetlletlt (or the ba rb~ri,m which had
    prevailed, (or imtatlcc, prior to hi. annexation o (Gau1. H
    One way in which Gothic rulea revealed their humaM;rn. 10 the
    Roman po pulation w.s through expenditures for 'pect~clc •.
    Th e~ t c .. were rcnored at royal .. >:petll<'. $4 St.te revenueS helped
    finance at least some 'pectacle, and .alary th,' performers. while
    Theoderic', offici.1 cortC"Spond cnce more than oncc oct rays a
    shrewd undcl"'tmding of the political ocncClts he "xpected from
    such largc. •. •• J.s they h~d in the old days, king T hcodahad's
    (514-6) ci rcus races and theater shows included display~ of civic
    I<'miment and loyalty to the regimc in the fnrm of acdamatiom.·~
    There i, no rc •• on to ,u ppose they were an innovation oflhn brief
    re1gn .
    In addition to the offICial portraits, other equ~lIy trad itio nal
    mtanS projected Thenar ric', authority In the m .....S and clites,
    The re has ocen .pccul:llion that a victory cel ebrat ion was the

    " M, M,Co",,;Ck. A ....;. .. J"",n. 1 oj PI"lolot,. ,,,, 1",1<). 146. Cf. R .M. Homg.
    II"," ",,~ •..I Jl. 1ot,. , ; ~ ;. 'I"" ,""',l(iot.o K,u_H,<t. (('.o."n~"". " ...., )
    " C,,,KKIo<U!. 1'.... ' . " J ITI>",d"" ,n A",~.,;o. I) . f"dh, 9·" ,0; ,boo .. ). '7. "
    ,n",
    Frodh. ! "II.! 41, C f 1"'.. , , 6, ' - ', 01 ,' J .nd J. ,~. j. '<>;>.' -.Ii. "" f><,,,f>< . R om
    p,,,,,,,,,'
    >«m, ", boo Th<oJ<rio:.
    " h , . 1'41.. "". M",",u- Vdkov. '7.1>-'J . • ..l." r, .... •b,o .. 7'. 'LO - '. 0 . h"
    ,.,",.1,", rundmg ,,,", """,,,"<on "f.1.< n",,,,, <lfPomp<y ' C. ,~ ud", ", . V M . • • • J'.
    J . nd Il. fridh. '77.' 0- '7 . nd '79 . 71 - ~ •. 'nd ,I.< ;n"'''pt;oo , omm,mo""ng
    A,~.bri,;,. ,«"","UC,,"" of """" P... , on I" 9' II.S. "9·
    " C.,.;.,.!o," •• 1'..... '. lo. , - . ' f,odh, ,I.) - N)J ,nd 1'.... .. )0. '. fndh. ]6·5 - 9·
    P'n"'''';m<> p.od by C;'y p«r,,,; 1"' .. " J], " )v,! - . n,l; 0."'0««' by Pf":'O"'O
    P«f«<, 1''',,',9, " 6, ,6-,6, .od ) . I '. " 'J j.J - " 'Il>rook,,, '" C"uoOOf"'
    f«ogn,,,,. "'"'g,,,",
    .oow. '" pro",O!' , f«t",t of ·""."",d" "mp","m ' (I ·....J.
    I'. " - '). 'H·I' 4I)) .nd '0 <n",,. 'h" ,h. '''''''<1 I'mn.,..." o, "".... ) "" 'p«n
    Of",'". (1'.... I . )' , I. )7. , - ) '.6), 10< ,hQu,h, .,( ,""wonK up.n ..,,,on riYOt d_
    '0
    no''''''' for,;," n.«><I«,,", ron,,,],,"""";" «",,,dmg . n •• ''<In ,h"""",
    V .... .. J', ,. hklh. 'jj.I _" 0" , .... "",.,Iog y .". 'h" .;00 of mun;f,,,,",,,,,", P
    V'Y"', U I",n" k " 'f"'. S"" . Iot" h,,,..,f"< ,. •• ,1.,.1""" I"''''f''< (p.m. '1>7~) ,
    pp. ""K.
    .. P"}<~p ;u ,. !kll,. J. 6 . • . llomy, >.>I. ll - ' o.'. ,.·b.« , .... "",f.. d Th<od,h,d', elf«
    '0,110 ... <<1. ",,,;.,.. .,(J",,;n;,n 1>«0« ,I.< k,n, du"n, 'p<",,1<> ;, p"""n,<d ... n
    '",po".n' C<Jn"-", "' ,h. ""11"'""""" ... ,,1> ,,,", ,mp<ri,t "'w~y p"" Pm";'n ,
    n., ;mptb'"", n ,h" m.,h w .. DO' ,f>< "'''' .. ,h .. !>m• .
    Ephf'mrral tmpirrs
    setting for Ennodius' p~negyric on the king: it is at any rale clear
    Ihal variOUI .ute festivals were enhanced with Ihe traditional
    sp«ches of puis.:. 57 Perhaps mOIl startling i. the implication that
    the traditional and popular New Year's VOla festi"ities for the
    emperor's well-Ixing wen: diverted 10 Ihe Ixndit of Ihe new
    barbarian king. u
    AU IhislUggests thu Theoderic and his successors adopled $(ImC
    of the rituals of power which the n~li"c popubtion had come to
    expecI from Iheir lords. Even though the records arc rare, a couple
    of nate ceremonies re"ol"ing around Ihe king are explicitly
    atceslcd, although only one of them i. knowable in any detail.
    Notwith5landing a persistent tradition in modem schoJa .. hip,
    howe"er, then: i, no direct evidence for the triumphs which
    Theoderic is often said to have celebrated at Rome and
    Ravenna. "~

    .. n.. hyp"' ....... thot tbt P'!><JYri< .... intm<lc1l f"" , yi<to,. «lob,,';"" ... "
    f""",.bt<d by H. H,,,,,, ... b. SlOW. ~_ ~•• _.,. l:i_ lit;...., •• , c:;.".khI< I<n
    Vi l.........&".'l (M ... ;,;h. 'f90). "". 0&-7. bu, i, ;, ;m~bk '" y"';f~ . c.""""",.,
    is k""wn '0 ka ... ,i~ • PUK1Iyric on TlK"d.. ic p";"'- '" hi. '"",""'m,",,, ..
    Qu""ot in WI (PL R £. '. '66). ",od..,. on E... h"ic Cil~.. " Rom. in J '9 (~.J..
    p. >61) •• nd "'i". ;, ..""Id 'PP.". fot th< n»,ti'g, Df Wi,il;' In<! M",,,,"tIt, .• n<!
    m.y "'.... ,it~ """" V ..... I"ld. II. Fndh. H l - o ,"d D.M. C'PpY)'fto.
    ·C ... k>dQ",·. DHGE. " ('909). ')49"- '001. bt .. '16<-, .
    .. eo ... « .... V •.• 6. 7. >. Fndh. ' lP O-'?
    ,. E.,. H....... b. & - ,4;". pp. 001--7, \I/<>If..... .c-... pp. )J ' , .,.I lh. Th< ",i",h
    deri"ft fro", ,I>< dilFicul, populI< to,in of ,I>< "",. V"J. Th., ,I>< ><"COUn, of
    Tht-od<ri<., Iri<"""'u «I<hr,,;"", " Rom<. Ex,. V.I .• 67 .• p., ui«nn''''m
    ,";"mph.n, I"'P""" in.,.""", 1"10,;"m·. Mot" •• '9.'1-0. w""'" ,1>< .. ;. ""
    indic"ion dt.>, th< .nnirtnl" _ wi,j" yi<tory ori<bt"ion ..... i, i. in<otT<"
    'D .... go ,I>< "Id «<hmnllt\<'nin, '0 lri.......... , . So ,oo;" tit< t«<>nd _ I ' : ""<.
    V.I., 10. MOI" .... ».1-9: ·"'Jo Th<odori"" d"" ""' ... " ... E.,hotic(> Ram""
    R . Ymo", ui."'pb..i<: H,,,, ''''' <k<;cpoj •• ly limpk ')'ft'" 'PP<'" '" "".n ,h. ,
    1"heodtric <d<hr.oed. 'ri.mph " R Dmund R" ... nI. . . ben E~'luric .«<:; • ..1 ,I><
    con..1>l<. Bu, iI is <"'" from C.ooiodo",,· CIt...;,1t. <"",pI>I«I fOt tlo" '<'Y
    OC(.I.,"",.tit., TlKo6t, ;,; .. ., ... p......"" ,I>< «kbtltion,,, R om<, C'-". '160.
    Momm_. ,6, ... I>< ... "" ..... is....cd iooody Df Eor,h.ric·, r.d... -io-low. n..
    in<><'l"bk """,Iuoion ;. <Iu. Eut"'ti< is ''''' ",bj<rt of ·'ri.",,,,,,yi". In r"". tl><
    nplono,ion fD' ·TlKo6t,ic· ;" tit< """"in,,;.. is <hot ''''' ."""ym"", .",hot no
    ""'I" fully "nd.... "''''o! '''''.bl"j"" .MoI.«; tltis 'on(""'" "",furm. '" hi, uo.,.. in
    0<1><, 1"........ Th;, ... mpl< of rb< pbttto""""" mUlt "" . d.kd .a ,hot< nOli«<! by
    ..
    J.N. "'~ . m 7lo< IU'...J I_'I' .J. V.(fM /.,Mi. ,~ .... ~lt 1,1 _ _ , V.I.,"'_' III.
    &11<1;" of tbt: I"KiM' of C""",.1 Studito. St.""k",,",,, 16 (I Q- 1 "'. 'm). p. w.
    "Triumph· 0.,., ,,••",.. btt< in 'h, wuk<n<d """n"" .,r. ·,pl<ndid pm"'·. <.•.•
    Jo<t!o ..... ~ .. 141. M"m", ..". <p - " ·Con",I;, o,din,tii triumph"'" u p.blKD
    dono P""1".' d. Jot.!>..... C<o .• • 1\1. Mom",,,,,,. '1'. ' 6- n.
    Osrrogorhi( rriurnph~1 ideology

    The festivities which marked Theodcric's thirtieth anniverS<l ry


    of kingship He the be,t known of hi, .Ute Cl'remonics, The old
    warp of the fourt h-century lite rary ;m~gin~tion continued to
    prevail two hundred years later, for the accountS of the an-
    niverury are domin ated by the king ', state visit to Rom e, He
    received the honor< of an advew,,,. publicly displ~ycd hi s
    benn'olcnce toward 5t Peter and hi, latter-day representative.
    and .taged. parade through the city, Like the imperial processions
    which manife.tly inspired it. thi. parade wound its way 10 the
    Roman Forum, There the king delivered a speech to the applau~
    of senate and pl'Ople .• nd followed up with another p.rade into the
    ancient imperial pal ace. The whole extravag anza w., copped by
    circus raCes and royal gifts to the city and popubtion . ~Q
    Even in the absence of explicit record. of a.lIogothie victory
    edcbratiom, it i, dear th . t the old imperial victory conceptions
    found new life under the Am.l king. It could scarcely have been
    Olherwisc in a politi c.1 rq.,ime which jlmificd the Gothic army'.
    occupation ofltaly 'illd it, riche, by the king's sueee", in defending
    the country from (other) barbarians.· ' An impre<!ive trace ofthi.
    thCQry occu," in an inscription which record, repai .. 10 the Curia
    of the Roman Sena te ~nd who~e respectful IWlCC tow~rd
    An ~ lu,im and relerve toward T heoderie mggens that it may have
    been erc,ted during. period of entente with the East. The king's
    roy.1 titl e il ,o"'picllou, by it, .bsence. I"'tead. the inscription
    invokes both of 'Our Lords'. A nastasius. 'Pcrpe!Ual Augustus' ~nd
    Theode ric ' M", t Gloriom >od Triumph.l Gentlemm'.62 As in an

    .. S« in Keno,,1 r. . dol., V.I I• . 'T."d."",,, 0 Ro,n. '. I! ,.oi(. " j .. II. A" ...... i. oj
    ,,,~,,I "{; •• ~,"'" 10<11. ",i, N'p<>Ii, ".,. J. ('9J9). " 1>-76. 0<1< ,6.if: Stein . &,.
    ""pi". '. 'Jj-.; En .. lin. Tlw<Jk,i, • . pp . 107if. TO< ",.h, IOur"• • r< h r. V.I .. 6)-7.
    Mo«,u. W,,- ,u.'. ",d ~ <"' ndu •• V. f'W"' i,. 9. L.p<y" . 1\-6. On ,hc Goldn,
    P, lm . 1'1" ",,,- "',hby. Di""",,,y, p. J". On th< hu""" T",ib ,,,,, W "1'''' ['Onl 5,
    il<n<dict . G«&my I. Do"~ " '. ,", . nd J.~, cd. fl . <I< Vo g;;< '. Sc..<'><> (1'"". '979).
    110.1 -' 7; d . J. 6. '. '76.1-j . 1.;,,, w<ll known" ,h< "count " fTh««,-i,' , ini,i.1
    ".,"'" int" R ,,<nn. p"" r"d itt ,h.
    ninth'«I,,",Y Lib. 1""". mi. 11.' ... J~. or
    "'sndl" " HQId<._r,~g". )0) .><>-)0• . '- A"u.din~ tu Hold,, _Eg ~«. ,h" P""~<
    <k,-iv<> fwrn ,.., lu ... i«h-<,n<my ,hmnKt, " f bi'hop M .. imi. n (iM .... p. >7>; ,f
    \ll"l<nb"h _ t..<vi~"" G<I(~ i'"''i" ,JI",. p. "9). ,nd, "he no"., th< '''''!In' jil><.
    w"h P,,><op,u •. Ikll', J . ' . ••• H.ury. '"7.»-1. , .
    • , E·K· C ",;ooorm . V.,.. 7. J . J . Fridh • • 6].>6---9, ~ . J . ~. )0). '~ -1 ' y. ,~ •• • )10.' ~ _ ,o ;
    '0. <4, ' . J97 .6-9; of. i.i4.,'. J9! · IS- W
    . , II""" 'P'park;""" I '9ll), no. 68; d. A . Ihrtuti . "low., "til> 1<<1< del "'''''0 rom,no
    impoTt:mt inscription of Odoacer at Rome, the royal dignity i,
    omitted; herc it is rcpbeed by an ad hoc title, obviously derived
    from the old victory ideology.·' The Same theme reeu" in the
    literuy vestige, of reb.lions between the king and hi, Romans.
    Thu. Ennodiu, exprc"es precious paradox '1 the sight of
    Theoderic's 'war-potent right hand, full of famou. triumphs',
    turning to thc more serene plca",re, of g>Idening. H The
    squabbles su rrounding pope Symmachus' election provided grist
    for the triumphal mill: the king's intervention concludes the 'w ars'
    of the opposing factions and directs the 'fortun.te army' of the
    church 'to triumph', i.e. resolution of the $Chism.·'
    Roy.l victory looms even larger in panegyric. Ennodim' praise
    begin! with the prince', valor: hi. victories >Ie countl"", he has
    known a. many triumph. as wars_ The mere sight of the Goth on
    the battlefield suffices to vanquish his encmics_ 66 The victories
    which .tud Theodcric's path arc so frequent that they have
    become everyday oeeurrences .• 7 For the 'mOlt unvanqui,h_
    cd' king, adulthood is norhing other than the 'nuturity of
    triumph ... 60 To judge by the surviving fragments ofCassiodorus'
    10'[ panegyric. relevant to Th codcric, that ambitious civil scrvant
    was no les< imincot th'ln Ennodiu. io demonstrating that the
    Gothic king lived up to the imperi.l ideal of triumph.1 rulcr-
    ,hip .• ' ' Bravo, untiring triumpha[or!' says Ca"iodorus; the king'.
    military exploit. re.tored the we:lry limbs of Rome and return ed
    ancient blessednes, to the modern .ge. Thcodcric ha, revived
    Rome', historic grandeur by returning Gau] to its ,way and,
    echoing the official line no Ie" {han Virgil, Cassiodorus h:lil. the

    ,I "mpo <Ii T.,.,dc,w;o· , &<11","", _II, c""",,~,;,,". "''''I,zO<' ..... ",k ~; 1/...... 7)
    (1"".,..)0). n -u; 'S.lvi, doomlni, n""'~ "",,,.. io P"'J><IUO .ugu><o« gloriooi,..
    limo iC «;umf,li oi,o TIIrod<rXo . . , " <f. PI.RE. '. dc. 'Flori,nu, 0', If·Flori."u, o·
    i, id<D,iuJ with 'Florion", . ' (io;l.). ,0< inl<,ip<ion would d", I",m . <n-II,
    " C[ McCcrmkk. ·ooo,«r·. p. ")'
    , . D< ""',. " I i'. VOi'I..,.., I"", >60).
    .. ,. CiI,iUi 'il"'" VOiI<l. JI9.)-0 (DO. HI) .
    .. P..,-. J-6. VOile!. ""),>7-'0.,.,
    " ,,",,_,6. VCVI. lOf-l---<l_
    .. tn. pr«""'-' uP"""""' fo, 'in til< «><1M< 01 yoo, lif,', p,,"_. 'J. Vo~,l. """_6: '1",<1
    v;t>< 'i....,;";. <l t<iumpho,u", ",-,'u,j"'<m, ,', ;".~'.J ,h,,,,.: P.. , '" ,,,d JI ,
    VOiI<i ..,. .>6 >nd '<n." .
    .. Fo,!b< , <lotion ",i,h Tt..od<,w;. L, T"ub<. MGH,AA. "(II",,). ,6). n. I.
    Ojlwgo/h;c lriu"'ph~1 ideolo!/y

    king for curbing th e haughty forcigner, with his supreme power


    (i"'p"i~m).'0 The ideology of victory offered the :..",nal of Gothic
    propaganda a potent weapon.
    Theoderic. at least, had lOme chinl to these triumphs . But the
    ruler's victory was as oblig:lwry under th" new king s as it had been
    under the Ca~~ ..s. Many years after hi, pat-am on Theudcric,
    Caniodorus .ddressed • letter to the Senate, infnrming it of hi,
    promotion to PraelOriatl Prefect. He used th e opportunity to
    sketch a kind of mini-panegyric On th,' next gcnctatiun uf Amal
    ruler!. king Athabric :l!1d his mother Am.la"lIlth:l _ Even for an
    experienced propagandist, glurifying the miliUry triumphs uf a
    sickly fifteen-yc ..-old waS nu easy task. The resourceful bureau-
    crat ",;~ed upon a rebtcd theme which expres,<,d the !lew values of
    a Christian IOciety: he praised the young king not for his military
    victories but for his greal ethiol.nd mora l triumph." Unfortu-
    nately fur the Osttogoths, the incompleteness uf Athalaric's
    ethic.1 vinory W:lS revealed the follow;"g year when he died of
    deb.uehery.72
    Next cumes lavish praise for Am.lasuntha. h... linguistic .nd
    liter.ry accompli shments and her excellent discretiun, which of
    course had brought C miodorus to office. I·Je intcgr.tes her imo
    the impeti.1 tudition by , comparison with the grcat Galla
    Placidi a: indeed , the Gothic queen w.s greater became
    Amalasunth', Germanic army rem.ined 'trong and terrified th e
    enemy - .n implicit criticism offifth-century policy ,7J Against the
    wishes of the eaStern prince. that army had unce again made the
    D.nube 'Roman'.7" 0" the eve of war, th,- king of the Franks had
    ,uccumbed to sicknc.. '(or the triumph of our princcs'." The
    Burgundian chose to rem.in whole by obedience rather than
    suffer loss by rClisting, for the safest defense against the Goth, w.s
    to by down on~'. arm., The new v. lue. protrude .g.in, thank, to

    , . 0..,;"""," ""'f";H, ,d. L "!',,,,i><. MGII. AA. " ( I"'''I,. 6<\" ,-": jb;J. . • 66. ' 0-' "
    ' [",,,.I[ "'p«b" g'''''' ;mr<'''' (,r. A" .. [ , JiJ) , Not< [h" C",iooo,u,- <"''';v<
    ,;",;0,-, of V;'g;] (,r. M,eo''''K);. A .."-,,.., jo" ,.,1 'f PI. '/'/"'}' [0> ([9"). l''')
    ' U.";Me> ',mp<num' f", D,do', ·,u,,,,; •.
    " V.... , H . r, , . f ridh , ,,,,,6-.iJ.lf_
    "J.R, P,lonque, ·",h.l"", '. DHGt·" ([9)0). ,..~, j .
    " V... ,. [I, r. [0.fn~h"i • .63-7". ,. /004,. [0 - ". """ -i"
    " '!" [n",nph"", pr,,,,,,?"", n"m","",-. ;.'4,. " . h.U, • .,.,1[-<;>.
    Ephrmunl tmpiu.

    divine felicity. Am~ll"'nth. cunqm'rs .ll without a strugglc. 76


    But WaS this insistence on royal victory COllfined to the rarefied
    'mbi~nc~ and .udienee of panegyric~? The Life of Epiph~nius. for
    instance. offers. tant,lizing p.r, lld to the V.nd.l dowry contract
    whm it show, Rumans using the ~pithct, jHvictu. ,nd iHvicti"j",us
    during meeting. w j,h b>.rb"ri,n king" Epiphanius doe. so in direct
    reference to Theoderic himsdf. 17 Even more significant is the
    use emim'nt Romans made of th~ "ictory ideulogy in public
    St.t,·mentS com"'ct~d wi th political and diplomatic competition
    between R.avenna and Constantinople.
    From 497 to 504. rd.tiom octwt"<'n the Guthic regime .nd
    An,st,sim were rehtively good .'" Then Theoderic annexed
    Sirmium (504) . Hostilities en,ued and the situation took. turn for
    the worse when the Byz.ntine_inspircd .!!ianee of Fr.nk, .nd
    Uurgulldi"ns defeated .nd kill~d Th~oderic's Visiguthic ally .nd
    son_in_bw, AI.ric 11.79 The concessiun of" st.te dignity to the
    Fr~nki,h king and all imp~ri al Aeer" .tUck on <Ollthern It.ly
    rounded off the reverse to the Osnuguthk system of .llianc~s.
    Although the O strogothie >.rmy·' suece" helped cont.in d.m.ge
    to Th eodcric's pfc,tig~. rcl.tion. with CUflStantinoplc r~maincd
    in. vcr}' b.d w.y until the tre.ty uf 510."0 Even then. full
    rc~on~jliatiun had <0 ,wait the .ccession of Justin J .od the
    ",·ttk·menr of the Ac.cian schism."'
    Perh.p' in the sprin g of 507 'lnd ecnainly between 504 and 508,
    Enoodim, • m.ll of distingui.hed soci.l .nd intcllcnu.l back -
    ground, delivered hi, "."cgyrie 00 The·oderic. Coming.t luch a
    critical time. ,oy publie demonstratiun of ui.tucr.tic Roman
    suppOrt mo.t h.ve been very welcome.·' Ennod iu' insi.teoce on

    ,. /!iJ.• I) •• " .9' 100.


    " V. Fp'p~""" . "J . V,~d . ",.,.~, <r. 'JJ. vog<l . 1(1).)' - >; IS). 10"1-'9" ",ell .. '19.
    100).)6.
    " P"II(Jw, ,,~ S.,,,,. JJ,,,./:,,,p;". >. II, . nd Ili; d . Enhho. "TOt.>./t,~~. pr. "if; P.
    l.n"n •• 0..,"" , '""",",, ",11'.1,...,,;""••. S.."li ".,~j ,.11, ... ,i.iI,. (P.Ju. . ' 963).
    I'P, Jj-, .
    " ~,,;". !joJ·f;""". '. "~-V·
    •• 1,,,1. • pro "v- j' ·
    " I~IJ .• pp. , .. if. On ,he .. hI'''' 'nJ All''''' ;"' ' f'Ob<y. P. Ch",oi,. o,,"~ ..J ".It
    i"
    ./0, !at" R"",.. '''p'''. no. "I;~i.., ".1;'1 oj A",,,.,,,,, .", F"". 49' -'" ("I,d;""'.
    19W) ·
    " r·" , .he do". "" J. Suod",,[[. A!I..,",II,,"t<'" '" ('....~i<~""" -'.fI'~ Ro-, ... ,
    It ld""ki, '" 19). pp . .,- ). S"nJ",,[]', <.".d"""" ,h" 1'... . ... " o"[]y <l<li.««I "
    OJ,rogo,hi, Iriumphal idrology

    Theodcric's all-encompaslillg victory has ~Iready been noted ~nd


    it fits well with the diflicllh milirary sill1ation uflhe time. An even
    more direct allusion to the internuion~l scene burns out of lhe
    panegyrist"s protest against an unnamed penon's mumption of
    the imperial victory epithet AI~m~nni(Uj. The word. :lTe not
    Thwderic 's own. but Ennodius was not so foolish as to sing ptail.Cs
    displeasing to hi~ king. They shed light on how the king could be
    viewed by his Roman .ubjects and how he may have viewed
    himself.
    Quid! Frustra maior .. nmtri divm et pontifIC" vocuom, quibm ",eptr"
    conbta .um . •ingul", " ..., octibm imple.. ",ncti"imum et 1Ienerand~
    nomina non h~b.re. rex mem 'it iote Abmannicus, dicolU[ . lienus. Ul
    clivus vi!>m .. g~t n f,octu consei""'; .. e nec requira, pompa"" voc.bnb
    nuda i,clOnti. e. in cuiu, m"tibm verit,,; mili,.n, bl'ndimenl.
    m.intum. Ol
    The swipe :It the emperor in Const;lflt inop1c is barely concealed.
    'The nak ed n.m es of pompous oltentation ' arc the impcri.l
    victory and piety epithets which, in Ana!1>sius' case, inclnded
    precisely the title AI~m4nni(Uj •• well as pomifex. u Since
    Thcuderic had just .ssured the protection of the AI.m.nni who
    h.d fled into Rh.ctia .nd perhaps had re.ffirmed his cl.im [0 that
    territory. ht" was mort" entitled to the epithet 'AI.m.nnic' Ihan an
    emperor who look the n~mc wilhom any direct involvement.'"

    11.,.",,". 'n Th«>ok,i<", p,...,n« on tn. """""" of ",m< cd<b",;"'" (.nd no'
    ,t<C,w,ity H,,,,ntl.b·, triumph) j, not "fu!Cd by xh.n, ·, 'O,"","y ",,,,>ok,,,K,n,.
    G,,,~k~" .•.•. ,)3 . wi,h n. ] .
    " P.... . Vugd . ").J-9. Th. ,of"'n" '0 ,h. 'frui, of """c.,,,«· ",.. m hk<. lilm,y
    '0
    .tiu""n. Plin y. fp .. I. ! . I •. 0' p<,h.p> mut< l;ktly tu M.crobiu,. C_ .. ,.,",jj ;.
    So",","" .vip;',;" " '0. ' . ,d. I. Willi,. ap.,. .• {t...;p,ig. ''17<').1 >•.• 6-7 ' 'y;"u';'
    f,u<lum .. pion, ;n ,,,,,,,icn,;. po"i,. min"' p<,fw", ;n glu'; •. . .". ! f,nd th,
    judg.m<n' of F. Vo~d (.\fGIJ.."A. 1 ...;>-.,,;;).<HI Enm;n (n.....k,;,~. pp. ''''-0<»
    "" ,I>< Hkn';'1 ur,,~ ,I,,"", mor< ,,,,,.;ncing th.n 'h" ur M. lI..ytktkt. u ,"y,.,1
    ...." 1. liui,",",,1,,,", .. Sjd.,", Apo/l,""". Ii";"'," 51,m•. D;blH>tllcq"" d<, ~'uln
    ,.i....
    f, ... d' AI"'n .. ct ok 1I.0m< . UJ (11.001<. ,.~ I) . pp. 11) - ',
    •• Thu, in • "'ncr from Anm,,;u, 1 !O IIIe «n.l< of Rome d.«d "July Sl6 ,ncl
    p,,"' tv«l ;n 'M C.Il",;, ,1 ...1,,,,,•. I I J. GunlM,. ,.j06.>o-).
    " Til< q....,;.," of ,h. ,,",<up,,;un of Ith",,;, ;, ro'"prim.d. s." Slcin. 8.,.E"pi". >.
    147-1 w;,h n. I. En"lm. n,,,,*,;,~ . p. IJ6. F. lI<)"""'. ·SUdokuud,l.",j in dcr
    po];';"''''''' Kun>op';"" Tllcod<,,,,h, ok. G,.n","·. V"""t< .otJ /'ot«h""1"'. I
    (Con".n«. 19JJ) , 6j-11 .nd H. l);<t.n. 'Zu Prokop> N.ch,kh"n "he, clio
    do""c",," S"mm'. BS. J6 (Wlj). 1-' • . h,,< [jlf.
    Ephtmtral tmpi'ts

    In lOme len"", Ennodius' pl~int reRects the es""ntial dilemma of Ihe


    Gothic king perctptivcly recognized by Procopius: imperial
    prtrogative and accepled custom barred the w .. y to recognition of
    what Theoderic really represented." And it should be strelled
    thaI Ennodiu5 and his audience could nOt have foun d the imperi .. l
    tirulalure totally repugn ant: in almml the ... me bre~th, the pane_
    gyrist reftrred to tho"" 'naked names of ostent~tion' as vmtraHaa
    ncmina. The very hitternC', of the outbuut shows how seriously
    Theodtric and his supporlers took the usages of imperial victory
    titulature .
    Ennodim' te.timony is deepened and uinforced by wholly
    indtpendent evidence from .. ..,natorial project to drain pall of the
    Pompline Mushes ;md rep.ir the Appian Way. A rtmarkable
    inscription commemorated the work:
    OUI Lord. the mOSt Gloriou. and CclebIllled King Theoderic, Victor
    and Triumph"or. ever Aug",tu •. Born for Ihe good of the st..e,
    Guardi.n ofFrttdom and Prop.g..or of the Roman Name. Tamer of
    'he Foreigne" . ha. happily ,..,stored. God willing. to public use and the
    security of'IlIvek", the route .nd are. of the Appian Way·, Nineteen_
    Mile "ret.h whi.h h. d been inund .. ed by ,he adjacen' m .... h•• under.ll
    previous prin.... Caedna Mayortius Basiliu. De.iu., or,he Decii .1O.k,
    mo.t famou •• nd illustrious genllem.n, ex-City PrefeC!. ex_Ptaetori.n
    Prefce" ex_Ordinuy Consul. pllrician, ... loudy perSpiring in the ...k
    enjoined him and h. ppily devolCd to 'he prod. mation. of 'he mO.t
    clement Prince h.. restored Ihem to a very .n.ient dryne .. qui .. unknown
    to ,he forefathe ... for the perpetuation of Ihe glory of such. lord, by
    mean> ofm.ny new channel. which drain the water into'ru, "" •. t ['Palm
    an .." Laure", ..I.e. 'V·l<tory ,.,
    . ."

    .. Procopiu,. &1 ... j . '. >9. Ha",~. '·9·'-' ·


    " elL. '0, 61,.,.. " ILS."1; Fiebig", _ Schmid,. nu . '9). ";t<d h"" ·Don,,"o, """«
    ,k>tiotWimo, adq ... imlytln ru Theoxl<riw,. 'KW . , "ium[""". "''''1''''
    AUI"''"'. bono r<i p"blka< "".' . ,"".,.Ii\o<".. i, <t p,o!"S"'" R.om,ni ""mini,.
    demi'''' ,..,dom. !X,.""",i; ,,,. Appi><. HI <>t a Tnp""'io ""l"" TanKi",,,,. i,<",
    " 10.: •• quo< ,,,,,A.,.n ,ib., .b "".que p"le p,l"dilH" I"" am ..... ,,"a p";n,ipe'
    inuod",,,,n,. owi publico . , «<o,ita'" ,i.n,ium. ,dminnda pmpi,;,,, !XO [,I;";,,,,
    ",,,i,ui,, operi inio"",o ""ito, in,,>d,nt. ,dque demon,i"i",i prin(;pi' [<I;';,,,
    de ...,...,« p"<ronii, .. pr"",p;.- rx,ionIm C.«in, .1.1"",,10 B,~lio rx,io ,;."
    d . ,.;";",o " ;nl."ri. ex pr><f<c<o u,bi ... p"of<c<o pm'orio •• ~ """.Ie o.din,rio .
    ..... leio. q.i ,d perpe,,,.nd, m ,,",i clom,ni Ilo,;"m per plu,imOl. qu, .n" "00.
    ,Iboo. d.edu,,, in m'" . qu, ; ~""">< "" i, " "' n, i, ." tiq"ae ",\didi, ""i,,,i. f .. Fa.
    Th,s precious doculllen, h~s been roundly dismis~d ~ s quite
    a, ypica l. ~ product of <,en;uori .. 1 wishful thinking. I I Such charac-
    !(riulio,", may be admis .. bk from a cunstitu tional pcnpcctiv(.
    but th~ inscription's significance ~!re" comidcub ly in !he ligh! of
    contemporary pohti"l developments. The roy~llettcrl 'impos_
    ing' the tuk .m Daius - in return for ",hich the ~nator r,ceived
    titk to the rccovcr"d land - date (rOIll 507- t I ~ ud it is lik ely ,hat
    this holds for til<' inscriptioll as wcll.l9 The emphasis laid On the
    road rcpai" and th~ role Terraeina pbyed in the WH with
    Constantinople jndic>tc !h,' continu ing significance of the App ian
    Way in the illf.. st rUctllre of GOl hic haly and suggest Ihat it
    TCIlI.il1cd " ",dl- traveled highwayYo The ", natorial wi.hful
    thin king of the (oll"llcrnura,ivc tnscrlption was certainly 1I0t
    placed unda a bushel. .inc<' th,' inscription. which ~em. to have
    bccn ,," up on the Via Appi. nCH TeTradn • . wa"hi~lcd iu at Ie""
    three or four co pi,·s ... ,nrC sign Ih,,, it wa5 intended to be seen and
    make all illlpn'ssiull.·' The project wa, underta ken by a "ion of
    the illustrioul Dedi fa'nily ....,ho held very high and delicate officc.
    including the pra,"{Qrian .nd uTb." prefawTI:s under Odoaccr.
    Hi, family history and posilion mggesl tha t he would have been
    identified with that king's policy of favoring the "'n~{Qri~1
    . ri"ocracy in relurn for politic. I support. ~2 His probable h rOlhcrs
    bOlh h.d bc,en con,ul, and also hdd urban and pr.ctori."
    prefectu res under Odo>ccr. while hi. nephew. cujoyed high ",u k
    and ,he conl ulal<" u"ckr Th~o<kri c . including T heodore in S05
    and Imponunu, in SO'}.9.1 In uth~r word" wc see here 0 lead-
    ing membe r of thc 5e no{Qri.l ..(Imeue)' eng.ged in .n
    illlpurt.m - and protitable - enterpri", for Ihe COmlllon wul.
    .. ising (o"'picuous "'onume",s {Q hi, OWn ~ccomplishmellt and

    toc R""'''¥''"', H I Mmoo, ' 1',1." C! l ",," ,·. ,\ 111_1" ..",Iokl"l i< .. "~,'''i'' ,
    t.el<j'''''f'''' .. 11_. I ' (,~., 6). '''''- )'. <.p. "9·
    ,. E.g . { n"lm, '/'Ju"J",,~. p. 'j), A ,H M. J"''''. 'TIo< <""",,",,,,",t '"""''''' or
    000.0<<< ,nJ Throdc"<, , j .... , .., .j 8_... 5 ,.4"" j ' ('9/>.1 , Il~ - J'. h",' " • .
    •• C,,,ooJ,,,,,,. 1'.. .. .. l ' . nd IJ, f ",lh. 79- 1, .
    .. {; J<..JI. " ·V, ... ~""IO(x 1<",",,,..,'. IIF.. S ' J (, '7) ). " ' 7- ,616, 10<... ' j '9-:ro. <f.
    I'",cop,"', 11111., j. ' . , - •• H, m ,. '·S ' , - .".
    " C IL, , g. M jO >, N o tn<.",,.,,,,,,,,,, g"<D.
    '0<,,", ,';
    • , I'Lll t·, ', j , " <:f C h",,~ nol ..\",.,. rp· vi 9·
    " I'LII.F.,'. "7 ,3. '11,,,1,,,, ,,' "HI ',!,.,. 'WI -~. ' 11>«>dQ.u. N· . • "d >. )9" of.
    Cl .. ~,~ , "'I , S ..... pr. 1)-,.
    the barbarian king. Against a backdrop of recenl OT ongoing
    diplomatic and miliary confronlation with New Rome, Deciu5
    publicly threw his lot in with the king, hailing him as rt]< and
    Augullus and adopting for him the old imperial triumphal couplel
    of 'Victor and Triumphalor' and the epithet 'Tamer of
    Fordgnen'.9~ The whole was lOpped offby Ihe circus monogram
    emblematic of victory, which was app ropriatc for a family known
    u the offIcial palron, of the Green faClion. 9! As the king himself
    declared, the 'eye. of all' Were on Ihi. project. a concrete symbol of
    the colJabor.ltion of senate and king at a time when dissension
    might have couned diu"e •.•• Nor was it only Derius who wn
    implicated in Ihe undertaking: a loCnatorial commi..ion had
    inspected the site and loCt OUt markers proclaiming the senatorial
    role; the organizer had been invited to uke on associatc:s 10 .hare
    both the COSII and reward •. 9' The commemorative imcriptiom
    proclaimed to Latium the political colon of Dedus and, echoing
    the regime·s own self-justification, laid heavy emphasis on the
    king', victorious qualitie •. De'pite thdr udicaHy different for-
    mulalion, therefore, these: sign. continue and broaden the line
    of devdopment outlined by the descriplion of Theoderic a.
    'Triumphal Gentleman' at the Curia. 9 '
    One more time the Roman senate uotted OUt the lerms of the
    victory idMlogy 10 make a poli tical point in Ihe troubled rclaliom
    between Constantinople and Ilaly. The envoys AnaSla,im dis-

    •• F<x ·domi,.,.. .... ,;u""' lbub' .."'m r or< <.11. V<II<!;u~ Am .. '. p,.. f.. unl . II.' ,.
    cr. do< .ery .omi ... , "P« . "H" .....t of do< ..... '" ;" q.;,,"r.. tIw..JnK;_ .-I",. 9.
    «I. T. Momm..... MCII.AA, U (, 19<).19> ." ·00",;,0.; ... 1><" pr ......li" "p",'or,
    1;1'..... ' .. _"Ui. .•
    .. 1"1>< l"'fOO"\ ••• (.oo ....;o, •• ) hod t>n;., "",,,;o<d by D<riu,. prob>bl< b,od><., 1>« ... _
    jO"]- " ;, w .. "."fen«l '0 'hi> m.n·, I><in. D<riIl,· n<phew> Alb;"", . n.! Av;"'u"
    e.,>iodoru •. v., .. '. :to. J. F'Klh. '9. '9-» (d . PLRE. >, ",. ·1I..ilOu, "1·
    .. c .. . . 1.0"". v.... >, ll. '. Fridh." .U - f ' ·In, ... ", quip"," Ontnium 0.. "q'" 0<\1100
    in"' ..... OO>U<UOI: '''1*< Ittmi",io "0"''' ""1""" iO><l;";":
    " I...... >. P. ~ . I'!Klh. "'.'1 - )" <1". jJ. >. fridh, t , .• nd ,I>< bound...y m"~<T
    dn.:ov.,..d;" <II< ~in<1«n,h _,u'y: 1L5. S!lj6 .
    • , AO>O<b<f ' ''''''"'pl< <>l "IlIcod<ric., . ""mp<~ of imp<Ti.ll ","bu,.. which m.y d .. <
    rrom !hi, "'" ,iod ."d whidl P'.. II<I,!h< d«;..... of!h< V,,,d.! km, .. ,I>< ". m;"11 of •
    "'.n""'''' "",,,•..
    .01< ito •...... n.....!<.;ropolio • • ,,....,. by Iloe "'''''''ym''''' R •• en_
    n,"'. CO"""..>,.;> .... hich I«m, '0 P'<K'fV< ",me dm f.om ,I>< OouojlD<loK: ",".iod:
    «I. J. S<1ind •• Ih·_m. ' _ . ' (Lrip<ig. '!><O). 6'.6. ef. f . Stub, ·O",oso<hic
    ....." ph.:n .. ,I>< ""''' of TlI<odoric ,I>< G".t: ... "udy of ,I>< ",,,,ec, or ,I><
    "'''''''rm"", CoT""'S"pl><. orR ••",,,,.. v;.... , ('1176) ••,-60.
    ,80
    Omo<~othif triumphal idevlogy

    I'~tched to Rome in 516 seem to h~vc been charged with enlisting


    Ihe scnale', aid in tl'c'tablishing peacc in the church and improving
    rcl~tions between It~ly ."d Ihe empire.·· The emperor's request
    of snwlllS SilIIS posed a ddkalc diplomatic dilemm a. In theory, his
    posilion as t"mperor put him inla direct rd~tion with the scn~lc of
    old Rome . In rcolity, it w~s the Ostrogothic king who w,u m~ster
    of th<' cily. lly a ",btlc combjn~tion of victory epithets , the 'Our
    Lord' title and the subordinate rank of son to f~thcr, the senate's
    ,eply paid lip ,crvice to imperi.1 asct"ndancy while reminding
    Anastasiu, - still eng,ged in a difficult war with Vitalian, the
    champion of orthodoxy - of Roman realitie •.
    Si prim. !<'mper "'to Impnoror i"uiar., reg~"tibllS sllpplieum .p~et;>u
    dcuotio. ,j ,o]n groti. dominorum concili.tu, ob"'quio, illdubimlt~r
    'gno""c', ,acro~ iu«;oni, ()TO~Ul> qu.nt. "'nOtm u"'tri flletim gt>tu),_
    tion" 'lISeept., tll>xitll~ cum .d hoc "t . nitllU! domini nomi inuiai<J imi
    regi' Theodcri<:j filii ursrri mandatorttm u~morum obocdionti.m
    pr~ecipienti, .ccr derc, .. . . ' 00

    The king i, qua lified with ('pither, wh ich were not inappropri.te
    to the imperial digni,y, for he is 'Our Lord' and 'Mo,t Un "an-
    quishcd'. One c~nnOt but observe th.t Theoderic is itwiaiSJimuJ in
    the "'p...,lative, wherea, the supreme triumphator rate, only the
    pOlitiV<' degTee. The sok indication of the O,trogoth 's su bordin.-
    tion to the emperor COIllC, in thejiliuJ vrJ/tr epithet. lbe senate',
    carefully cra ("'d Inter uscs the ,erminology of victory to iminu;> te
    Theoderi c', de facto local superiority Over the empeTOr, even as
    the adoptive somhip and the royal title denOle de iure inferio rity _
    As the dOCl.lmcnt itself recognizes. Theoderi, had acquic,n'd to
    the <'mperOT's request of the scn~t<'. Thi, is tantamount to s;>ying
    the ",t,.tors' reply h.d Ravenna' s st.mp of approv.I.'Ol
    It is de .. that tll~m bers of the senatori.l .,i,tocney m.de liberal
    usc of the concep" .nd tokens of irtlp<'rial victory in their public
    dealings with the' barb.rian rule .. of their country _ ]n SO doing ,
    they echoed the ruler's se lf_jm'ification .s it was advanced by hi.
    spokc",,,'n. Hltl arc there .n yother traces of efforts by Theodcric
    to tran sm it this vi,ion of a victorious kingship to the population?

    .. 51<;n . llJ,.[,.p ;". >. 'i~lf_ ,0,0",,, ;",'1<11<' I, ill Coil. 1I,·tll.. , ,). Gumhcr, '.J06-7.
    ' 00 C.II. A".u.. " , . Gum"" •. ' .J""_' _"_
    ,. , Cf. S«;n. ~".t~r'''. >. '<;0.

    ,8,
    Ephtmrral rmpiTtI

    fa~ade
    'U interpreted by the moS;tic of San "pollinare Nuovo. the
    of the palace at Ravenna was decorat ..d with , Utu.:, or
    mosaics. II is not roincidental that they represent the personi-
    fication of Victory .'02 ror Theoderic - or at least his mint
    master - speaks directly to u\ on a gold medallion bearing his
    ponrait and traditionall y ;usociated with the rri,rnna/ia cdebra-
    tiom at Rome.'OJ The obvene legend reads REX THEO-
    DERICVS PIVS PR. INC IS. The last group of lette .. has
    generated some controversy but it is most commonl y resolved
    either as PrJn"rps) i(nviaus) s(rmpu ) or Prin,(.ps) i(nvi,ru/
    nvi'fiSSI·mu)s. the S;tme victory epithet which other contem_
    poraries used for Theoderic. 104 The unconquered king is
    portrayed in military dress. holding a Victory skipping on a globe.
    There is no mistaking the rever!(: me ... age. A skipping Victory is
    wreathed with a royal title wh ich corresponds to the senatorial
    evidence: 'King Th codcric. Conqu .. ror of the Foreign....•. 'O •
    Furthermore. similar th .. mes are reflected in Theodcric', official
    correspondence. which contains mOfe than one trace of concepts
    like princely victory ond mon fortunate armi .. s. ' 06 While the
    prince', letters and heavy gold medallions targeted a more elite
    audience. broader segments of the population were not forgotten .
    In in the imperial provinces. the mcuage of the new order's
    victory was propagated to the masses on the kingdom's silver and
    bronle eoinage. As in Vandal Africa. the local eoinage testifies to
    the marriage of growing regional loyalties and vinory ideology:

    '" 1'1 . TIIot<km.nn. ·w.... i..... wi. VOft drn 1'.1i".... u R..venn. !" ..... " ....,-"'tK•.
    )7 (1 \1611). [-' • • "" ... ')-[1. ,nd D<icllm.nn. II. " . ... .. [. ",.
    to , Y. l'I;."b... u..... IN""to'i""'" G ..... w &,....j>nW i. /,.1;". l'Iibliool«. dcgb s,,.d;
    m.,.!;'v.b. 7 (S""kto. n.4.l. pp. '9'-). E. Ikfn'r¥. '11 m«l.<sJioni d·o",.;t;
    T.odoo;c~·. 11;';114 ;..I,_Ji ....i _•• "i.. ~. 4"'" " •. I. '7 (''Ao) . ~_'06 .
    ",uin, f<>r .1.1",. du,. _J.in" .. ~;ch 0« F. W. D<i<hm.nl1. HZ ••• (''1) [).>\O, . .. ho
    don how'YU. '«<pI th, 'invi<1"iuimu,' reooluno... C(. '00 H..hn. M_". [. I ] .
    •u 1'I<rn"'81i. ·M«I.1 Jlioni·. pp. 91""9' d. <.,. 8;."b,,»< •. s< ....J-M. p. >\0] .
    '" 'R EX THEODERICYS VICTOR. GENTlYM:
    , .. Th< "my Of on <xpedi'ion an" ,_tinel, ct< .."""iud .. ·f<l;c;"imu,·. 01" ' ' ' '
    !ik<. <., . CoWodoru<. V ..... j. " . '. Fridh . '110 ·'-]. I. l'. '. Fhdh .• " . r: j. )6. [ •
    • [0.1' [[. [6 .•• 'OP [. lbi, i, [n );«pin, "';,h _""''''''''' Coo.un,ioopoliun
    uuai. ,.,. Jo»tini.l1. N .... II...... ,~ , ..,,; ... ,..... li,,..,_.... 7. [ I . 5<1>0<11-
    KrOll. ,.110'.",: ~ .. 9. 110].'9 .nd ]4' «hoe< 0(,1000 vino'y i<k<>i<>Iy' Co .. iodo<u,.
    V•.• 4. ' •• '. FJidlo. '~, . j -7; '. 9. 6 . JoI.4' «"",,"",nina ,he "" "Th<oo\o:,.;c.
    ';"uiet",'): II. I. '0- '1 . . . . .. . - [00.
    the .Iog.n ROMA INV ICT A w.s ukubted to .ppc.1 to
    pcninsulu sentiment.'o7 Puyers for the king's SuCceSS were e~­
    pcct.. d of ll.1i.n prdates. 'o, Enly ,vid ... n,e of c... nt r.11y org.nized
    n.tionwidc f •• t•• nd prayer :>e rvice. in time of emergency .lw
    OC(urs under the Ostrogoths. 'o, King Thcod.h.d m.y n,'n h.ve
    ordered supplication :>en' icc, at Rom ... during the By .. ntinc
    inv.sion. bur we do not know whether hi, command was cnried
    out." O
    The ptomim'nre of the king', unyielding victory in the poli ti",l
    ideology and pr>nice of Omogothie rr .Jy h .. kft unmisrakabk
    tT:IC"'S. despite th ... scucity of direct evidence on the public
    ceremonies with which Theorleric ... ~p [csscd his ruJcrship. Bur
    there is ~lw one US<c of.n demcm of the' old victory conce ptions
    that hine. .t new development. As we h.ve ob:>erved. the later
    Rom.n idca of impcri.l vinory tended to emph •• ize the
    "mpcror's monopoly ofth,' qu.lity which g.ve miliu ry mc, .....
    Anothl""T vicw crops up in j ord'n,.,· work 'On the Origin and
    O""d., o(th ... Goths'. wfittcn in A.D. SSI in.n arCa controlled by
    Constantinople. I I 1 Jord.nI:-s· rd.tive unor iginality with re'pc ... t to
    h,s source m.tcrial and the .bund. ncc of victory motifs found in
    hi, work m.y indi,,,te th.t the I.ttcr go bac k to his m.;n source,
    C",siodoru,' lo,t History ofth,' GOIhs, which was com(lQscd:ll
    Thcoderic', request. 112 T he Goth.' 'p rehistory' is cb .. ctcrized by
    • ",ccemon of victories which werc " kind of prdiguT.uion of
    their I.tcr history . T he . Intost tY(lQ logica l rehtion bet",,"'n th ...
    tri!>c's ancient and "'Cent history is e~"mplified by • rem",,,
    cO"cerning an >T,h.ic victory over the Vand~h: ' .. . • nd, .1 th.t
    tim,· .lr<·.d Y, they subjug.tcd thei r !«. the Ultnerugi' sI ncighbors,
    thc V.nd~Is, . nd . ddcd the", I<.> th"it victories'." 1 The Got hs.,.n
    ethnic unit were invcsted with thc quali t y of viC1ory. T his exp lains

    '0' H.h". M . ...... '. ' JIf' ,"J '~If'.


    ,•• c.""",,",,",. v.... J.'. '. F,o.Ih . )07. ,. - ,3.
    -I""t-'"
    , .. I;,~.. " ,) . ) . F,odh , (1'0 .,,""'. "'.oop,'. A.lJ. Jll).
    n ' l.oJ. 10, " . ,, Fnoh, '''''. I~- '' (,To ,"" Rom." rror~t'. A.n . JJ5 : <f ' 0. " .',
    ,""., - , '0.7 To ,Iv 1\.0"""So:"",'. A.D. I n )
    '" W"","""h _!.<vnon, r""."",,,,,,II,., rr. 7~-1
    , .. 1,01.. rr. 70-' . 0><1 n
    ," Cto .. '0. M ~mm ... '. 100.' ,-" . .. ""'u"'~ ... V"',,,,, V,,,d,'" '''" 'u'" IUb,u_,,,,,'
    'u" ' rrlo".v,.. vic""",. 0.1>0:, """p .... of'pl<h,,,OoK' ("""hI< ,'''!Un,,, Cit .. • 1.
    Mon'","",~' ,- . , 07 . "".'.' - '~: .9, ..., . ~-, ': c{ '00, IJ .l<>-l
    liphfm t ,,,, (mpi.fS

    why Ennodius could pOiOl !O the prc",nc, of vic tors in the Oint.
    king" following, ~n ob,erv;u ion which would not have been very
    po li tic if it h. d been pronounced ~t coun in cOOlcmpo .. ry
    ComtJntinoplc, 11'

    4, LOM8 ... R D K INGSIII P ... ND VICTORY

    N o sooner had By zantine Ita ly begun to reCO'Tr from thc


    ha rd,hips impos.cd by imperi~1 reconque.t and the Gmhs' dogged
    rc,i'(;lnce th~n ~ new men.ce appea red on the .cene, when the
    Lombards .bandoned th" i, reCen t ",tdement in Pannonia ~nd
    inv~ded northern Italy.'" They $Oon showed themselves a more
    lasting force than either the Goth, or the impniahm , "tabE,hing.
    kingdom and duchin which were de'tined to dom in. te the
    penimoh 's nonhern and central territories for Over two hundred
    years. Yet the n.rrative morCe, fur thc kingdom', history arc
    exceedingly 'hin; they arc nOt backed up by significant .mountsof
    archival material untilth,' eighth centu ry . I'articubrly ..,vere is the
    lac k of reliable n""a(Jvc for thc frn.l decades of the monarchy's
    development , 011 the eve uf the Caroh"gi," conquest.' '6 Nor .re
    there any liturgica l m anuscript, which repre..,nt the kingdom',
    royal riles prior to the Frankish tJ kc-Qvcr.' , 7

    ". F-"nodiu, . P., .. 6<). Vogd. >1 LJ t -l: 'd,u vic;',; III un,,,,,;, cong",,;bu, ('u;,),
    nunc ",c,p" ,,, In ob"'qu", h.l><" """", . Cf. iii... I] . >1).,8-'0, 00 ,he ","",w,1
    "f"'" ' ,i<l<id. '~n " n . ' ~fGo,b , . On ,I>< ,ok: of ,I>< fOy. ) fo)lowing in (h'mi",h"
    ~u'w"""''' .n~ "",k,y. En,,!;n. n....o,,-k/o. pp. ' 7)-j ; Wutf""" Go .... pp.
    J6,"";, T .S. ilurn, . n" O~"'X"'"" K'"I" ip"',j .... k'y. Hi"o,". Ein.d",b,;(<<n. J~
    (W""b><kn. I \IlI<JI , pp. I <nlf. bu' cf "" th< lim; ,....... ,ofGoth,< "hnic.w.",,,,,,, in

    .
    h.)y, G. y",« . (}O, O,,~'''. " i n".,J",i!/,. ~u""h""~"" IU' K;rchrn· "od
    G"'''''S<<<hicht<, ' j IS'"tt~"" !O)~). p. '7 •• nd Hum •. 0,,,"1"'"', pp. 1»-6.
    " On ,I>< ",;~",ion !« J. W<rn", Oi, I ....~u" i. P...... i.. . Ik;"'~ , z., /("" . ;,
    .I.. I""~"di"",,, lJ..>ktoj,"", "" )08. ' . ~.y«;",1>< ... . '<I<m;< dc. W ',,,,n,,,h. r"n.

    , .
    I'h;)",.·hi" . KI.. "'bh.ndlu"K,n. n .F. H (Mun;ch. 1<)6». pp. !llf.
    er. <.K. R. s<hn'id.,. K,",~ ,,,,.ltl • ..i K.. it ........., l.. FI.It",;"",t,,,. U.",,",It·
    ""R'" Z.' H"."I..[r,."l.j./x< "'i'" u"Rob..-u, ... .\J"''''''l'm. MonoK<>ph;"
    'U' c;.,,,,h;<o.< <I<> M"" I. I"", J (St"ttgm. un» . p . •.
    , " K. G.mbo,. 'f;n ob"""I,<n l>ch« S. kromm",rrosm<tI1 <1<, M_Typu,'. S",i,
    ".~i.;. 'J (1<)6» . J67~76. vu,aJ ,n. hyp"d",;, ,h .. 'h, "" ''0'0 p"y", of ,hc
    .M,,,
    '~"n" tho p.g.n,· ,n V.n", n, B. '1><>" . V... I". ) ) 1, ~yle."., (•. ,. ,,,,,,,ding
    '0
    G.onbo •. eLI.A. 80<;) wm o.ism , 1 <on'I><>';,;"'n, wbich w<n' b"k '0 ,he
    ',,<I<p<n.i<n, lomb .. d 'in~,lom. Bo' ,hoy ..< mo.' likdy ,doted '0 <,,"1<ml>""'1
    ~f",k,'" "'"'" >e< bolow, Co .•. n. 'J').

    ,",
    The circumstances of the Lombard settlement differed greatly
    (rom those of the Vandall, llurgundians ~nd Omogoths. On one
    hand, the Lombards established themselves in an are. where the
    social, eCOnOm ic and adm inistrati ve structures of Roman civiliz-
    ation had suffered sevcre dislocation dl.lring the Gothic wars.' ,.
    On the other. the lombard., unlike their predecessors, were
    relative newcomers 10 the seductions of Medilc rr>ocan civiliz-
    atioo. They lacked the loog tradition of imperial service or conflict
    which had [am iliarized other grol.lps with Romao institutions and
    attitudes. To be sure, the Lombard, archaeological tr.ce, reveal
    cootacts with Ihe subroman civilization ~slociatcd with the
    Merovingian. and. even in the Panno"i. n period, the dite were
    hard ly immune ro the .ttraction ofRomao luxury good •. ' ' 9 8U!
    by and large. the s.;!vage and alien character o( the lombard,
    impres,ed evell experienced bOTh,ri,n w.tchers. 12o For both
    rc.sons . 'lSSimilation of Rom~n vOllues and customs a. well as
    cooption by local subrom.o society appe:lr to have progressed
    more slo wly . The newcomers werc in no hurry tojcttisoo all sense
    of their ancicnt customs and identity. Victory banquets in the
    form of ,aga... tylc drin king bouts. th e cu,rom of requiring one'.
    ,on to obtain arms ftom thc king of another tribe, the expectation
    th.t the queen pour the wine for her hu.b . nd', b.nd of trusty
    warriors . a)] arc attested for Ihe siAlh cen tury and their memory
    wa, vivid in the m ind of Paul De~con two hundred years lalcr.'2'
    Nonethcie<,. onc~ Ih~y "'ttled io the he>rdand of the old Roman
    empire. it WOlS impossihle for the Lombards to c!-Cape th e spell cau
    by a decaying but superior material civilizJtion. If social (u,;on

    ' " On ,I>< <1<.",,,;,,., o(l"ly. Ste'n. &,.E""i". >. 6, 61f. cr. P. l1<,..dlyo. Rc.M i. ,h,
    " ,I. '%" (london. '97')' pr. 78ff.
    ' " Worner. Lo •.t<>IJ.,..... I. 11'/1' . nd ,""..,. on M,dit''''''''n tu.u,y '''m, fmm'
    p,;"",y ~I . . e of lhe Pm"""i' n 1><,i<J<l.
    " . Limited Rom," ,nALl<n« On 'he Lomblfd, prior to ,61, '><h"'id,. O"l"''''.'".
    pr· 6"- ,,, on Ihm .... g"y. ;;i4.. p. ,9'.
    ," P,ut 0.,0«",. Wit. u..1 .• ' . '1. Ikthm.nn - W.i ... 6, .1- '0 (on ,ueh bnoque" in
    wty G<,,,, ... k _""Y. d . T.n"". v. C,,.. .. i•• »): IIi". Un%.• t. 'J. 6""-IJ
    md I. ' 0. 6'.<,1- '" d. E. Eichn .. nn . '1)1< Adoption d.. deu,,",hen KOnig. du.ch d<n
    P'p"·. 7",i,s</r'!fi 4<, S"'S"y,S'ift""Afii' R«h"K'"hH". c..,..,.i,o·" it< ..1'I<iI""%.
    n.f. J1 (19 (6). ' . ' - J ". 1><" 29J - 6. md Ie H,,,,, •. ·Fo.m<> do p' '''''''' 'ttif",,,,lIe
    J'n! '" h.ut "lOY'" 'go· . F."i ll, ,, p"""/ d"". 1"0«"'., ......... 1. Colk"ion de
    t"e,ok (,,",.i« de I\ome. jO (Rome. ".117). pp. <)-7. he .. ,,; Hi". 1.""8 .. ) . )0.
    1('9.10-16. d . &OW"!!. 0><)11". ed. C l . W,,,,,". Jnl «In (J..oo<l<m. 1913). " ..
    Eph,mrral , mpi,tJ

    had to await the eighth century, the ,<,venlh S<oW the new '<'!l ien
    increalingly mimilate the langUOIge and religion uf the local
    population. ,,, Thdr incomplete control over the penimula "'rely
    Contributed to the impact of Byzantine provincial cuhure on the
    newcomers. Once imtalled in Italy, the Lombard, entered into
    more Or Ic,~ permanent conflict of vHying inten,ity with the
    armed forces of Rav enna. In the middle of thc ,""vcnth century.
    the Lombards had even to coofronl an imperial umy led by the
    Roman emperor in person. Military compctitioo could only have
    produced. gre.tcr fa mi1i:..ity with th e operational strle and
    practices of th e Byzantine army . '2' Moreover, in times of WH and
    peace alike, early medieval fronticn were not cx:lct1y imperme-
    able. When duke Arichi~ of Benevento (594-640/1) SCnl hi~ .on 10
    the court of king Roth ..i (636 - p), he is supposed to have
    tnlvelccl via Ravenna. 12~ King Aistulf had to promulgate 'J>Ccific
    legislation against aoy offici.l (iud, x) or freem an (a,imann) who
    might have dealings with the Roman, during the final war against
    Ravenna. Th e implicalion is that such contacts were . n ongoing
    affair at both I,vd. of Lombard society, war or no w.r.'H
    Arch.eology confirm, the documenu here: Lombards .ppear to

    ". civil';
    ~_
    Sn"'n, ' L, oom"",;ri<>n< "nO:>. <l<Jb in "PPO"O . 110 .volgn".."u <1<11..
    10<;"';
    in I",h. nel "",,'" VII". C .... ",,; *' ,,,.'" VII;. 0",;*.". >. "'<I;m. I>< , J
    (51""<10 , '9J I I. 6'~1; ,r. R . Bu,h"«. i~"I .. '. )[6-'7 , nO <'po J. J.mu,.
    ",.",~.,";"", "M "'z;'I" ,,~k."k'" S"j;", ,.'" LMot«>-'*.";'. ,. 1..1;,.
    1)61-"4). Boo"", h;"o",,"" Fon<hung." )1 11""m. [97'" p .•• 6, .no J. W""",.
    'Suno "nO Auf,.""" <1<, friih",;[[<I..I"t!;<Orn A"hio"'S;" In <1<, L,nsob>,d<n·
    f"I<. An; * 16· '""I'''''' .-"'''''..i .... k J, ".Ji ",1/'.1.. ... Ji..... ' (Spok,,,. '0",,).
    n -. 6_ Lomb..-d A,;"'n;'''' h" ,,><I;,Ion. lly ""'" cl«d ... f""" ><p m[;nH [he 'wu
    jWllp> l>ut ,h;, h" ,,"'ntly b«n <.lI<d 0[[0 q"'J<ion: S.c. FlD mng. 'Lomb>!d
    >. ,-
    II M.ni,,,, ",,,,,,,>id<[«I' • S ,,"'I.... )6 (. 91 .), j I. A""""", f.<,Of w .. hk< IY'''''
    .. ",;fi<;,,;on, oflh«mpi"" ·<!<m.lvi<,o'1'·. (0' """Y Rom.n cit; ••,., co",.h,d
    the ""mlmd ,.",',,,.... n'ju" ...",he, ;n • Ion, .,,,in of,,,,ubbom< bu, """,'_',,m
    dim,p'ion. in ;mp",i.l.dmi";".";oo; C . ~l. t,,,*, '"' I'", .. ;";,,,.. ;.. • rZoo,;",
    *
    "'., r£z."I... II:.",.", fJ08 - IJ'). (\ibl ;."n<qu< de> £<ok> f""p;",, d'A,h<=> <t
    <I< ROM<. II (P,M,. 1111). pp. ,<>- •• .
    S«: ;n l<n«.1 Di<hl. &""",,, pp. '9711', d. G.P. EIo!!",,";, ' V;nAu"" d<lk
    '" i,,;tu'ioo; mili,,,; ,om.n ••ulk i""U'K>ni ioniob,,<1< <1<1 ""_ V, It ""u" <1<11.
    j .... \ .'101; Itl '""I '"''i."... z .... I. d. 4";,,. " ...... , . ; " ..;0 J; .;,;" •• • (M.I.n.
    '9))) .• 61- "'"
    ",
    ",y< ""'n .igh, in ,he h"do P,,,Il><.,,.,. Hi".
    'l~·>l -j·
    IA.,. ,.".
    W",,",,< the rum"," ,hit the ",f[y Rom. n. ",d him druSS,d. fo. "" I«m, no' '0
    EI<'hm.nn-\~"'i",

    ". A;"ulf, u,." •. ed. F. IIluhm •• MCH.u t"" ('161) .'9'1_, 1_ "" .) .
    ,so
    h.ve ~ctcd .s middlemell, e"port;l1g Egypti,l1 hronzcw,rc , l1d
    R,vcllll.ue gold cO;l1,ge 110Tlh of the All"" 2.
    Some degree of soc ial d;ffcrcntiat;on ma,ked Lombud ,tti-
    mdes mward late Roman civilization. The monarchy ill puticuln
    "'em, to h" vc led the w'y ill "ggre..,;veiy appropriatillg clemellt'
    of the hmt culture. A, early as the ftrst gencratiom in Italy, roy,1
    m""iag" with the Mcrovingiam and Thuringiam comtitulcd •
    first step ill this direction.' 21 When the "refect Longinu." ple.s or
    love fin.lIy preva iled over the Lombard queell Ro,.nlUlld., ,he
    could fim\ no mOre propitious momem for murderillg her
    unfortunate lover. the royal ",bicuiM;I/5 Helmechis, than while he
    rel.n·d in a Roman bath. Even wnc we to dismiss the story .5
    legelld, it ullquestionably ,""emed n. m.,!. seoreely two gener-
    .tions bter, to im.ginc the murdn-suicidc in an institution
    em b1em.tic of Roman civilization.'" I t was 110 a"idem that the
    011e place in Ihe upper rchelo", ofLombnd sockty which _ppe'lrS
    to h,v e admitted ... mcallillgfu l proportion of Roma", w.s the
    royal (l1toU.,ge. l29 By the eighth century. the royal chancellery
    waS .doptillg more and more element.' which sm.cked of the
    imperial administration. Close links with Constantinople ill the
    fmal ye.rs of the killgdorn's e"istence .re mggested by the young
    ruler Adelehis ' decisioll to uke refuge there, ~rter Charlemagne
    conquered Pavia. u o
    The attitude of Lombard rulen towards the trappings of
    monarchy offers fre.h insight imo the elite', "ppropriation of some

    ," W'm".l __~,"" . " '1- ",


    ,,' So. IlK ",,,,i'ges ci .. J in '><",,<.1<,. K;;"jt,.·•• I. PI'. '7 . '9, .nd ' .L
    '" o"s< i" '"l.4oAoN,%"" . j. , d. G. W. ;,.. MG/t.-'RL. (, i71) . $.0 - '0, ,nmp<»<d
    "nd" k;nK Ro,h,,; (6)6 J') ' d . W",,,,",,"_l.,v ;,,,,,. c;."';" '14"'lk", p. '''] .
    '><kmid,. O"l"''"''"'''' p. SU,. oon."1<,, ,I>< d",,1 ,n "Iq;""d"y. n", ""'Y ""pl",
    .d.p"'ion, "wdt" .oop<ion, of Rom." ,",<om,. fot ,I><t< ... ""td h.v, I>«n Ii"k
    poin' '0 Hdm« hi,' . nd Ro .. mu"d., .If.i, ,f Lomb"d , • • i,.r.,i, w,t< of'l>< ... rn,
    ",,,dition .. ,h.". of ,h< """" 'OO".
    ". J""U', 1.0""""""",, ••. p. <".
    ' " C . B,uhl, 'Z<",,,I_ und F;".,.,v<tw. I,ung ;m Funhn_ und im L.ngob.r<k",eich·,
    il"ohi<.. , J.IrO«,.k." ",I "to", VIII, " $ott;m."".O ISpok,o, 1\'ll). pp. 6'-9'
    .nd '6<)---!J , , ,,d ·Pu'pu,",ku"<kn·. P"'''''ifi H. 11<><,.",," (Si~ m"in8<n, '1'"/1). PI"
    J-" . "I'. 9- '0. '''' ,I>< <"."«tlt,y. On "'<kk";, 'n" ,n< Uy"nlin< ""ol"m.m. P.
    Ct,,,,,", ' K"t <1<, G,o"". d" F' pmum u,>d By»"' . J)>< li<K,undu"K ""
    h,ot;"gi«h"" K.i,,"m"'. 1(,,1 ." Gr.,,,. I.."",,,,,,,. ""J N..-~""""" , (00 ..
    ",Idoo( '96)), 1)7- "'>8, he" 555 - 6.

    ,"
    {acclI oflatc Roman civiliz.tion. The early decision to reside in.
    capi!>.l city m.y h>.YC stimubted the development of roy.l
    ceremoni,,1. Although their choice .1 first wavered among
    Verona, Mil.n and Pavia. the kings fin.lly settled on the last
    city.1Jl Of potential areas of enquiry, only Lombard accessions
    have "'Tn thoroughly studied to date. Tht, !.Careity of evidence
    bus forever a fun undemanding of these rites, but Schneider h.,
    detened bits of differing ccremonies. 1 J1 Their variety probab ly
    me.ns th.t accession ceremonies e ... olved in the course of the
    kingdom's history. To judge by its ...·tting, the carlic.t koown
    royal accession ceremony may well hav e d ... wn heavily on
    imperia l ritual. In July 604, king Agilulls son Ad.l .... ld was raised
    (lfvam, "t) to the royal dignity in the circus at Milan, in tlie
    presence of the king and the legates of Theudcbcrt II. king of
    Austr.,ia, wliose d.ughter w., affianced to Ad.lv.ld.'" A
    century later. coronations had moved to • more sacr. l wne; at
    le.,t one included invcniture with a lance which perhaps bore a
    banner. and the >.e,c.,in n of Lu itpnnd may have included an
    enthronement ceremony.I" Some kin d of ceremoni.l display
    and customary deportment distinguished royal audiences granted
    to foreign am bassadors. I " Tlie ~dv'Mfu, rite appears to h.ve bttn
    practiced by Lombard kings. but it is difficult to specify R om an
    ritua1" s impact on thi s ce remony from Paul Deacon's jejeune
    descriptions ."· Historical topography and Lombard building
    act ivity reinforce tlie narrative sourcc, hint, th.t ceremonial
    cnh~nced key moment. in the life o f the monarchy. From the

    '" E. Ewig. ·I'. hid",,« <I <>pi,,1< p<nohnt I< luu, mDyen ",iI.·. Sp"""'''' .nd
    ./r,.ti"",' c.lli,". I. Ikih<fl< 01« h_i• . ) (MunW;~. 191.). pp. )6' - 0103. I><:r<
    n J!\"' 1'. V.«.n. ·p,v;. "dl".l,o m<d"",.o·. U. du' ",/r./" _lot.,. Sn,im."". 6
    (SI"'k:lo. I ~JOI. PI'· ')' - 9' . • no! "'I'. D."'. !l"II",,~h. ·U,b.n ch,ns,;n <"Iy
    m«1i<v.1 h.ly ' II><: «'''pk: orp, v;,·. 1'01'''' _j ' "' 8.,Ii" 5< . ..1., p. __ • J' (,>;>66).
    " - 'JO. 1><.. 1>'>--' ,nd .,- ).
    '" Cf. Sch"e!d<,. KooW .... III. p. >60; H. F,ohl;';h. ·Smrli<" IU' I>ngob"rli«htn
    "Ib,,,,,foj~ <.on <1<" Anf;ng<n b; •• u, E,ob.runK ok, ;"1"",,,,,,,,," R.;eht> dur<h
    K.d ok" [j,o."," (n, r lUi ... T"bi,,~'n. 1911<» . w .. nOl .... J . bl< to me.
    '" P. ul !.><"·011. H i". u.., .. •. JO. Ikth"...",, -W>ill. "1.or"; <f. Seh",,''"''.
    K""il,w•• i. pp. ))-1.
    , ... Hi". 1....,.. 6. H. 11'· '9->]; d. Sehn,id«. K"" ~J ..."I. PI'· H!\".
    '" p,"t I:>',ron. I/i". , ....t .. " . H. Iklhm,nn _ W,it,. 16.>1-9: d. ¥ J .• ). )0 . 10\1.(,-'
    oo,,<<rn;ng ,"01..."", .. tl><: 1I••"i,o coon.
    " . P.ul 1.1<""". Hi". Unl ·. J. )o. lI"hm,nn - W,i". 110.)-<> . nd j. J9. 1'9.0\-, ..
    Lombard king,hip a"d viaory

    monarch y', carly day', there may have bn'n an implicit ConneC-
    tion b<:lwel'n the H ebdomon palace complex in the Eu ropean
    suburb, of CotlStant inople with it, chapel of St John the Baptist
    and the Lomb :l rd surnm~r p.loce complex at Monu and ch apel o f
    the Same dedication, Some twelve m ile, from the royal capit. l at
    Mibn , 137 Particubrly ,ignifiC:lnt i, kin g Perct. rit' , (67' - SR)
    construction of a magnificent gafe close by the pabce at Pavi • .
    As we will 'ee .g.in for the Vi'igoth', it i, difficult to imagine
    th at SIlch an expensive underta king w., unrelated to th e king ',
    ceremoni.1 movement, and the ir . rch itcctural backdrop, I." T he
    indepmdently minded duchy of Benevento octraY' " ,imilar
    concern not long thereafter , That town', palace, church of SanCIa
    Soph ia and Golden G ate offer a combination redolent of the
    duke's Byzantine fervor and sugge't that emulation of impnial
    monHchy wa. not confined 10 Lombard king •. 1J9 Taken to_
    gaher, topography and the historic~J record evin ce consistent
    trace, of royal concern with ceremon;;;d ,."d provide the fr.me-
    work within which we can vinv the rarC v~-stigcs of victory
    practice, among the Lombard,.
    The carlie'l demon'luble concern of:l Lombard king for the
    Roman trappings of victory coTtle, from a nineteenth-century
    find of unknown arch ."ologic.1 context in the Val di Nievolc
    (Pmv . Lucc~). l ." A gilded bronze helmet plate or visor inscribed
    with the name of king Agilulf (.\91-615) preserycs the earliest
    known portra it of" Gnmanic ruler scat"d on a throne (fig. 12);

    ," P,ui D.. <on. Iii", u",g .••. " , Ik,h",.nn - W.it< 1.<J . '7- 1.<0, Fo, ,h< C",,,,,"_
    ,,"oroli"n ;n>" lt" iom.].n;n, Crl, Iyz .. rr . ') 9 '0... 6-9 . • nJ f,~I;J<'. pp, .,6-9·
    s.< "P, K.H. Kruger, K;;"i,f5~,"r.""I0,"" , F".k,. ,
    A.f'I_h"," "nJ u.~J".
    ,i, " , MW, J", 8, J.k,hu.d,,,,. MLim.w<hc M;ltd.l«r_Schr;ftrn , , (Mum'<r,
    '97' !. pp. ],6fL
    ". p."I D"""". IIi", I_~ .. J, JO, [k!hm"m- III "rr, 'J6,Jo-" cf. O"lIoogh. 'Urb,"
    ch.ngo·, p, "" , n, 'J, . nd KrLiS<r. K"'''l'g'"~'",h< •. p, J71.
    " . "1'1>< GoI.kn G>I' ;, m"""",",d <>, 7\>~ in • Il<"<"n ,,n >Cl . <d, C. Troy•• CoJi"
    'ip""""'" La.o~,J., d.1 DLXVIlI.I DCCLXXIV "'" .,," ""';,." "H,v"i,,"i,
    Ji",,,.,i...i, , (N ' ph ,il, d, A, Clot""'" V."".'""g".w,
    '~J,! , '1'9-1>. 1><"
    ditu.goh,,'"''"''' K;;"it'· ""d H<"ot" '"U"d." IG,." 1111!, pp, ,00---1. 0., ,h,
    ""lid,,1 """ex. in ~e"""t . H . Iklung. 'S,ud",,, >um o<'"" ·<,,,.ni«hcn Hof im I.
    J,I"hu""",,',OOP, ", {'9'l'!, 1,1-9] ·
    ,., S« 0, ."" H=n. s"-",,,," "",,,i,",,
    .11. . .,"",lop'. t.o.{<'b.,d, i.
    To"",,,
    IFlol<"'<, 1\17)), pr. 901£. Cf, H . Roth «d,), K".JI J", V"I." .. ""J"",.~",i' ,
    P"'pylicn KLltl"~<"'I "d"" Suppk",.",b.nd • IF""Hu ,,. '979). n". 101.
    pp . ' 73-9 (0 , ."" He,,,,,,).
    Ephmlf.al ~rnpi.ts

    Agilulf is m~bng the gc.turc of adlocurio , familiu from imperial


    iconography,1 4 1 His feet relt on a support and, in , mo"
    unimperial det:!il, he clasp' hil sword in his lap, He does not we,r a
    cro wn , Agilulfs long hair, momt:lchc :!nd long, pointed beard
    procbim his non-Romannc". The accompanying inscription
    identifies him :
    DN
    AG

    "VI· ..
    to the left, R~G! to the right. U2 l:Iehind him stand two
    bodyguards, holding iances and shields and wearing helmets quite
    simibr to the rccon"ructcd seventh-centu ry helmet of Sassan;an
    derivation found at Niederstijt~ingenlH The Cl'ntul figures arc
    flanked by two winged Victories, holding horns - cornucopia for

    'i., '. "••


    ,. , 'kh .. mm. H",,,Io.J;',,~,,,, ."~ S,.. ,,,..... nd 'J'.
    ,., "'" H.",,", S~ ,,,,,,,i"'" p. 9) wi,h pl . • 9b. joosing by, .. p""'''' ,h.
    d.m . ~<d "Sm.n, ,If«" ynly ,o. 'igh' i""" ip'i.on. " .. « 'P'" ",,,,,Id . l)ow , ..
    ",,,,,",i.on UNI AGIILI VILI f l, prob,bly ""i'OooI' L"in m•• "ding. Ag, luif,
    b"", o..d ,ugg"" ,h" " ,o. tIm, ,h< pI". "''' <x<cu«d, Lomb",d ,"kn hod"",
    Y" .dop"d th< O",IVn" . n ,mbl, ... ofpoy"' . l"tlk"I,,'y ti,,« ,ho ",ill "" .. to
    " '"P"k>", in .. «" 'i ng ,h. D.N. 'i,k , th< 'hm,"", to..g h.;" .nd otho. & ,,;10.
    ,., Roth. V.I."..... "''"~".i', pI. '61; <f p. ''I''> 1M . Sdm"<).
    Lombard kingJhip and "i(/ory

    some, drinking horn~ for other~ - ~nd im,eribed ,t:mdards. 144


    The Victories introduce to the king [WO sets of f'gur", with oU{-
    metched h.nd, .nd bent kn ee, .pparcntly proceeding from the
    towers or city-symbols wh ich elld each side of thc visor. Thc right-
    hand suppliant i, bearded :md has been idcntifted as a Lomh.rd
    while the Icft-Im.d supp li.nt appe.r, to be de.n ,h.ven and has
    been viewed 0"
    Rom.,,- E~ch i, followed by " seemingly cle,m
    ,haven person, carrying what look like decorated helmet' or
    hclmel-crown, surmounted by cro~sc' _
    Art hiSlorians do not agrec on what is being shown. According
    to We.",l, thc plale show. the triumph of Agilulf over hi. rebel_
    lious dukes who are performing the feudal gesture of i"'mixrio
    m~nUUm. Following von Hcs'>Cn, it may show Agilulf's accession,
    wilh crowns brought to him by hi, ROII",n .nd Lombard
    .ubjects,I" Both .gree [h.t the composition is inspired by
    simibr Byzantinc Kencs of the homage of subject or v.nquished
    peoples to the emperor. a "cne which had been given monu-
    mental form as recemi y .s Justinian', IJrazcn House mosaic, I •• As
    far as contcmporny impnial ceremoni" HC concerned, the
    close.t paraHcl would be the pre,,·nt.tion of the '~'m bolo of victory
    to Ihc en throned cmperor. as for inst~ncc when T olila' s headdtes$
    w.,laid at Junini an ', feet after the victory of the Byzamines .nd
    their Lombard allies ovcr the God., in 55~. The pOlsibilit y that the
    king who staged hi, son', accc$,jon in thl' Mil.ne,"" circm m.y
    have lifted a page from imperial victory celcbr.tions cannot be
    excluded. Surcly the fact that, beyond the king', name, the only
    other writing 01} the piece i, the word VICTVRIA, inscribed
    twice on the Victories" stalld:Hd •. i~ not without lignificance. The
    kind or ironog r.phic.l mudd. thc comempo r:lry p.ullcl of
    imperial ritual. the ge'ture, of submi'sion of Rom ~ 1} an d
    barb,,,i.,, alike. Ihe king ', maje'ty. the in{crtl1ediHY position ."d
    gestures of the Victorics and the out right statement of th,'iT

    " . K. W"",I , 't ko.mg"phi",h< Ik",,,ku'"g'" '"' "'Situtf_l'l,"". 1''''',Io"p )01"",""


    ).~. ~". XXII. I-.'." ..h<, MC,\fLVII (lnp.ig I '~ j ~I ) , rp- 6, - 7. h,,,, 6) .• nol ,.,,"
    H",,,,". S«oouJ. , ..."i ... ,.. p, •• _ N,,,, 'h" hom_,h,l'<" ~oble" ""'''' po!"']" wi,h
    ,he Lomb,u d" N, A"'r~, 0., C,,,."nJ u.,""',iI<><;.
    1,.1,," (Upp"b, I~'j) , pp,
    1»-) .• nd ,h" d,m~m~ boo" W<TO ' pm",;n,", pm of k~,~d " y L"mo"d
    "",o'Y ,deb"".,,,,, I'.ul lie""," , Hi". 1,,0"1, I.'), Ilcd,n"",,-Wml, 6.. 3-10,
    ,., W .. ",I.· "'8,tutf.PI.",'. pp. 6 , -\; ...,0 H,,,,n. 5<",,,40 ,,,,m i"" •. p. 96,
    co. W<>",I , · ... gJlu lf.t't."o·, pr. 6'-J' "'-", Ho,,,,,,. s....,4o 'OIl"'''''', p_ 9.,
    ephemerai rmpi"f
    st~ndHd •. evt'n th" drinking horn, "'em to ~ dd up to One
    conclu,ion: the relief proclaim' th~ king's victory. Whether th"
    "ene w~s meant to co mmc'mOrate ~ particular ceremony ~Iong
    the lint·, of the' arriv~1 of th" Rom~n .ymbols of victory or
    whether it w~s intended ;oS " symbolic depiction of Agilulrs
    qllalit y as victor and mler of Rom.n and barbari~n alike i, not
    ~~'y to determine, Both He possible. In either '"c. the e,,,,,,tial
    conclusion remains the ,arne: the metalworh'r .d:lpted ~n
    imperia l iconogr.phic ,chem~ to project king AgiluWs victory on
    the visor uf wh.t mu,{ have been. very ,plt'TIdid helmet.
    But iconography doe, nOt exhaust this witness', testimony: we
    have ,till to address the probkm of the original object'. function.
    How clse c.n we determine the no,dietl., of this ne~1 piece of d.rk-
    age propaganda? The visor', subject points dearly to production
    in Agilulrs mi lieu. if not al tht· ropl court inclf.'" Al the <orne
    lime, it has been nOled thaI no evidence ,ugge't. this was Agilulf's
    helmet. Ind"'d. the reported provcn~nce argue, ag~inst thi,
    identific~lion.'" How then docs a lavish helmet, conspicuously
    associated with the king but "pparently nOI made for his personal
    usc, fot with what we know of migration -Cr. Germ."ic wciety?
    The most obviou, .nswer i, Ihatthe V.I di Nicvo1c hdmet w.s
    a royal gift. a prime example of Ihat lordly open-handedness for
    which early Germanic society fdtthe high CSln'm which is clear to
    .ny re~der of Beowulf! " Indced. the Ang lo_Saxon poct cite,
    precisely king I:leowulf's gifl! of helmetl iltld m~il shirts as
    evidence of hi, good ruler,hip. which hi, followers rewarded by
    their di'loyalty. "0 Gifts of aTma wert part and pucci ofLombud
    ruler,hip.' s, Von Hessen h., suggested rhat thi, hdmet waS a gift

    ", von H<>",". s"""", "m'""",,.P,"]: <f. Wm< l. ·AS ,lulf-Plm<'. p, 6"
    , .. von H"",". S"',."" ,,,,,,,.i..,•.p. 'n. Agilulf d",d "M'''n. V ,,001>, ,,,di,""', p!"<
    hi, i""" Mon" '" P,m . "h;., Mibn "nno' b< <.dud<d. Th" <till bv .. u, f..
    rmm V.I di Ni<vok. <;.. !(,ugo<. K""(, ,~ .. ;' ,,,I«". p. JJ'. n.) .
    ", On ,he hdm" ... p,ob.h l, g,r"
    von I I,,"'n. s",."k , •• "i ..... p. 91. P .. ~",.I
    ",,,i,,,,,, '" ", Iy (j",m,n", ""' ... , ... , "",,<I.J 'u,,""'v< .. rn, f.om 'h<i, Io.d.
    wh<n" 'h< I,.,. «xl". "'gul,,;un, un ,he" d;'po>ition uPO" ' .. min""'" or",,,,,,,
    (;0>/0-. I'."',.... >. )00- 1. on ..... ",,<>><d rrum P"""" by .... 11 .. ,; 00 (p,;."d
    ,.;""". <d, K, Z<um" , Mr.n v,«> I'W!"' .... ,,,. ("",,1. rI . ,! "'" ,nd 19.' !-,,, d .
    l-,xY";~I""'."'. S, ). ' - '. i;,O/ .• 1<6·'7- ' 0 'nJ ",.,0-".
    ". &''''''/f. ,161- 0: cr,
    ,3". W",n", """ .nd '99.
    ,,, P,ul 1"><""," , !Ii" . !...~ .• '. ' •. /k,hm."n _ W ..". 0, " 6",,,

    '9'
    Lomba,d kingship and vi<lVry

    from Agilulfto one of the Lombard dukes, butth" precise identit y


    of the likely recipient cannot of coursc be detetmined,"2 Another
    possibility i. thaI Agilulf g" ve the helmet to one of hi , personal
    ret.iller., a pm'ibility comforted by the consideration that the
    vilor may l);Ive belonged to ~ Ni eder.totzingen-type helmet, for
    A"ilulf, "uJrds arc ,hown with precisely thi, kiud of headgear, ,.,
    T he man, whoever he wa" on whom Agilulf may hav e bello wed
    such" splendid gift quite likel y came from his own elite, For we
    can be certain the me"'ge of the kitlg', victory was intended for
    th,' hdmds uscr, nut for the unh:lppy enemy who would h'lVe
    been de"d before he gOt dose enough to discern the me"age on the
    Lomb,ltd wMrior's brow.
    One other ,h,fl oflight fall, on the Lombard, and victory in the
    Roman ,tyle, thank. to P.ulthc Deacon', rathcr detailed .ccount
    ufkin" Cunincpcrt"s (678-700) Struggle againslthe ulurp"rion of
    Al"his, duke of Trent and Brescia.'H An anecdote reve,,], th ..
    Byz.ntine triumphal c",tum, were nOt foreign to seventh-
    century Lombard b,mlcfidds. When Cunincpcrt's troop. con-
    fronted the rebe l forces, the king proposed h,md-to-hand combu
    with the duke, so as to sp"re both ;j rmiel. Cunincpert 's followers
    were overcome with fen for their king and their cause and
    prev.iled on him to send 5c110, a deacon from Pavi". in his place.
    After Alo hi, h.d nude short work of the h.plc" deric, he ordered
    what wa S de"rly • customary observ~"ce among the Lomb,rd,:
    Seno was to be dec.pi"'t~d ~nd hi, he.d .. iscd on a spear while the
    aTltly ch.nted 'Th~n k , be!O God'. Of course al lOOn a, he ,,,w the
    he.d, AI.his recognized the trick. '" Both liturgical thanksgiving

    '" "00 H<I!Ctl, .';",,,.do (.."i ~ ''', p. 97 .


    '" So von H,,,,n . .';"...., , ... "i""'•. pr . • 1-0 . Th" " ,,,,,,,,,Ji,,,J b~ W . Ku",. 'L.
    I.",,,,, oi A~ilulfo, u,u'P"''''''' u d',itt,,>'. A,,, ...1;' "'''~''''. i",,,".~ ..... I, Ii "oJi
    ,u ll',I,. '"nt;"".," I S)",i"". I.,,",) . ..,-)6. h"" ' _>, whu ub."." ,h.. ,I>< ""'.
    4)
    i, ~;Khdy I"g" '''0 h" , ,m,tI" ""'" p><" ,h,,. compmbl< Oolmm. Thot 00< of
    tho ,i .." dm"K«i ,00 ;n"';p';"" I<uh him '0 'ho hypo" "" ,h .. ,I>< 1'1", "'''
    ,,,,,,,,;.. d fO' . M ' "« '''' ""I ,no" ""KO ... h,lm<t ,Ket . , po.ribl< b", nut
    ;"""'p.hl< dod"",;otl.
    ," On to. """1'''""",><'" ' ~<l1<"t LM. H""",,,,,,, . G,,,h~lo,, /"Ii,,,, ;.. .\1,,,,141,,,.
    >. r IGoth. , '\K>O) . PI' . ,,,,If,
    of. G. h ",l;. / Lo..~,,,; ;. /,,1;, (Jl.oj''Sn' ' 'yIi )) , PI',
    I]9jf.
    I'.u l 0.",,",. Hi". Lo..t .. j ,.o,Ik,nm.",. _ W,;tz. 'JV.<1 - "\" · '~. MI'. ,(>O.n - o,
    'Cumquc "1""
    tLu. ''''1'"'''; 1"""1';""'. "'. 1<"'0 ". on <onto, ''[:1<0 8",i,,'
    .dd, n""" ,, ",bt." , m;"", ,i<rkum '" ""idi,>< <og""V;' .' t, WOJ ,I><,. ,k" AI.h;,
    liphtrnt,al (rnpj'!l

    on the bmlefleld and the triumph.) d;,p).y of a vanquilhcd


    enemy's head are fami liar feature' ofbte Roman military practice
    and both :Ire obv;ou.Jy at home among the Lombard •. What
    seems new and particularly repugnant to modern .pect.tor< i.
    their conflation into one observance.
    Ultimately. Cunincpcrr waS victoriou •. To mark hi. success. he
    celebrated a triumphal entry into the capiul, presumably through
    the magn ificent gate hi, father had buih."6 Though the
    ceremony's details arc not recorded, the appropriation of
    Byzantine army cmtoms on the b:lttlefidd suggests that ,imilu
    influence, ,h.ped the king'. entry. Moreover, triumph. l entries
    may also h.ve been ,taged by the kingdom', unruly duke •.'"'
    Finally, Cunincpert', !ucce,s over Abhi. 1 100 .how. that here. as
    ehewherc in the twilight of .ntiquity, thc cult of saints had
    become enmeshed in Lombard victory practice,. After the rebel'.
    ddc.t, the king founded a mona!lery of St George on the ,ite of
    the fateful battle. The choice of the mona.tery· , location argues
    strongly for it, establi,hment .. a thanksgiving foundation to SI
    George for his pr~!u",ed intervention on Ihe king', bcha)f.1 , . At
    any rate . this is the earliest att"totion of" ,n,tom whose mo't
    famous ex ample occurs sevenll centuries l.ttr in Willi.m the
    Conqueror'. Battle Abbey. Like the Rom.n commanders against
    whom they fought, lombard rulers rewarded their celestial battle

    ,,,,d< , "'<n,o"bl< . ,f unu,,,,,I. b",l<f"ld ",ow. wh;"h r . ul h .. ,,«fully «",,,dcd


    fo, po<l,ti'y: 'T.I< j"~",, nun' f.<iu votum. u'. ,j m;)oi lxu•• i<lo ,i,rn il"U'"
    okdc,j,. quod UnUm pu,,,,,,, ok I."ieuli, impl<.m <I""'",u,,,·. ;, ••.. 160.)<>-1.
    ". ~.ul [k.eon. /I;". u"l .. J . • 1. Ik,hm. nn-W " ". 161.><>-1 . j; I,"""i<. "",h,p'
    b«.UI< of Ih. work', ""f,md,," ""oe ·... ip'" v"o "gn"o< 'urn umnium
    <xul .. ,i"", « ",umpho vK lori>< TKi"u", '''''IU' <,,'. A, S<hn.id<,. K"'il, ... ~I.
    p . • 9. n. >u. ,mph,,;"... ,hi, " ,I>< m.dudins ",n,,,,,, or IJuok FiR r,ul', Ii" of
    ,"p;",I. '"SS'''' Ih .. h< ,m<nd<d 10 dw,ll on tb< ""'noony ,,~""" I,ng,h, 'It,m
    be llum Cunic"",,; I,;,) " Abhi,. " d< v;"mu Cun in"",";. <l quomo<io
    ltiumph,n, Tkinum mg ' '''u, ,,,'. IJ<lbm.nn-W.ill . "I. )J- ). On P,ul' •
    • utho,u,ip o[,h, '"pi,.I• • ;.id.. p. >J .
    ," P,ui lX' ron. W" . u,,~ .. j. 10. l\<,bm.nn - W.ill . 1. 9.1....... l. 00 10. 101' of
    G,;",u,ld. duke oflknevcnlO (607- 61) ,"d b~ v;"lory ove, ,0. By"",it>< army of
    Coo",", II (60 , - tI.<), ' . . . Romu.ld vero. pm'" d< i";m"'i•• ""ori •. Ikne",,",um
    tfiumpb,", """"UI "" p"'iql>< g.udi"m eI ,"""ri, "",uri,mm.• ubl>.,o ho>cium
    limo«. OOJW"it·. Cf. S,«O ', im.nd<d mumpb. in £«I><,n""" ofMon« C."ino·,
    nin,h·<enlury Hi"",;o LA.,...,"', ... &"'""',...,,"'". 10. «I. G. w.k•.
    MGH.SRL. (1 171). ,)1 . '9->1 "",,,,n;ng ,h< ,;"g< of Ill .
    .. , P,"ll"><o<Oft. H",. LA'g .. 6. 17. &,hm.,," - W.i ... 170.>0--1.
    p2trom with earthly gifts. BIll once again, the adoption of carlier
    custom includes adaptation, for no instance has yet come to light
    when 2 victorioos I,te antique commo nder singled out th ~ very
    site of bottle ond bloodshed for .. victory ,·ndowmcnt."9
    The p"'t~rn of celeb ro tion i, "",intaincd by • ru~ litcruy
    endeavor from the s:ome period. Around 69~ . a certain Stephen
    compm~d .. rhythmic Poem on the Synod of Pavi. to honor th~
    synod . nd king Cuninrpt"tt. The king·, victory ovt"t r<"bds.
    including Ab hi •. find., prominent pbcc in Stephen·, description
    of the roy. 1 qualities.'M
    Two gene.,l point, need to be n",de . bout LOlllbHd ro p l
    rito .. 1in gener ..! .. nd viewry pr .. ctice, in p,rtiwl.r. The fltst is th.1t
    the culien systematic development ocCUrs in the reign of Agilulf
    .. nd Theudelind ... To thi. period date , the Agilulf visor - which
    may reflect .. ceremony d<"rived (rom imperi,1 ritu.l - the
    comtIUctiom .r Monza and cde'ti.! p.tronagc reminiscent of
    Conswl(inople,s well" the dev,tion of. roy.! heir in the circus
    ofMil.n. Thisis the period of the pnce treaty with the empire; it is
    also, following the short reign of Theudclind,,·, firs! husb.nd. "
    period of consolidation of the monarchy .ftcr the anarchy of the
    interregnum of 574- 8.'''' T h,t the hulk o f otherwise ,(te'ted
    victory ob",rv.nc<·s oCcur during the ""fflrmation of roy"l
    .uthority "fter a defeated rebellion offers.n important due to the
    motivation behind such displays. What is kllO ..... n of Lomb .. rd
    royal ritu.! indic.tcs th" t ies primny objective w. s to enh ance the
    mon.rchy's pre'tige and that imitation of the ROIII " n emperor
    w.!" vi.bk me.", of doing thi,. The hiuoric. ! context which we

    ". On lIy .. n,''''' ,·k,o, y <nJuw,,, , ",,. ><e .b." •. Ch . 6. n . ~' d . Ch . , . n. 'l) . f",
    rt"tit."y ,ut" HI [he l,,,,,b,,d <lnKJ",,, . of. ,h. "'"y.' ~ ." ~ .. ~ ,"" ""ng ,b(- 'm.~<
    Drs, M"h .. t, P,u' I><. co". Hi". ,.".~ . . , . " . H"h"",,,,_ W''''. ,~ •. 7_ 'O"~ ,~<
    , ul •. G . ~ . lIug""" . /..". /""RoWd• . ) (M 'hn . ,...,!) . ) JJ; "', ,h, cult·, Il y"n, ,,,.
    ""g'n. W. '0" R'm<l.." . K'/'.f'~~"r~i,.." ~I"J,," ,. J" /"Ii, B,,,",," •. li"",·
    '''''""1''' ""'" 'i, K.'" *, E'~,"g'" .\I"h",/ ""J'" M,do"", di Co" ••""O",," ..
    Sii Ji"J;", . At<~'v fi" ''"'Sk ich,,, '''' Ku l,",,,,;,,,,,,,,,h.r,. J IM"",,,h,,m . ,,,,....). pp .
    • ,If. Joho ,he (lop"" . 1", ,,,«,,,,d,d ro, , .. lumb",d "",t<o: IIi". L."1 .. j . 6 .
    Iktiort"nn-W. ,,,. '<h.ll - I<7.i . ., ",til" ,he <u, ..... , '" ''''pot'',,,n " <. ".
    . . c.,,",.
    "J.JO- J 'nd " •. ,1 _,6. cr. K,U~,",. K""'.( 'X''''i"It". pp. )<7.t><! .. , .

    ). ;oiJ..
    ni.,." ...
    4- ' )"'taU
    7'9·
    d. K. S""k« . MCH.P"" .. <. , ('~'J) . nS -)l . ..,p. "'.

    '" 0" ,f\< 1""« " W I. H", ,,,.nn. c."It".". '. r. l! 6If, ,'" ,f\< i.,,,."t""'"
    'nJ
    res<o",jon. S<hm'd,. O"g<"."""'. pp. ,06- (0); d . r . ,.,I,. L""g<'b-,Ji. pp. 6,1[
    Ephfmf'~' (mpi,ts

    have argued for the Agilulf visor, al well althe social dichotomy
    of RomanI and Lombud~ in the enly history of the kingdom ,
    hints that the audience for these eKorts lay largely withi" the rank!
    of the newcomers themselve •. C<.ImJ>l'titi<.ln between king and
    dukC1 may have played a significant role in both groups' recourse
    to elements <.If ea.cern St""lSJrmbo/iie.
    Thil internal focus of Lombard royal prellige elucidalC1 a
    second maj<.lr pc>im: ., early as the Agilulf visor and as late as the
    $Iruggle between CunincJ>I'rt and Abhil, Lombard appropria~
    tion o f Byzamine victory cUlIoml is chaucterized as much by
    adaptation as by adoption. But J>l'rhaps the m<.lst significant
    L<.Imbard contribution to the ancient viCiory conception. occurs
    in their most ancient extant hilt<.lrical narrative, the an<.ln ym<.lus
    'Origin of the People (grm) of the Lombard.'. According to a
    tradition cu rrent in the fint half of the se venth CCTltury. the pre-
    settlement Lombards em erged as an ethnic unit named ' Lan_
    gobarbi' only with their fint great victory, when Wadan gunted
    them a crushing defeat of the VandaiJ. The victoriolUness of the
    lombardl wal bound up with and emblematized their awarenC1S
    ofthei. emergence as a unique people. Rather Ihan characterizing
    an individual, like AugultuS, or an instilUti<.ln, like the laIC Roman
    imperial o ffice. victory has n<.lw become whatJ<.Irdancs had hinted
    for the Goths: a chaucfcril1ic ofa tribe. We have taken another
    lIep into the Middle AgC1.'~'

    ,., o.;,.,..,1! u.,.'-*""". I. w.i". ' .11-). 5. A """u'Y b,... P.ut ",,,,,Id <fl." ....
    "o'f in , ... Hi" . '-I .. [ . •. lk[hrn.lDn-W.itl, , '. 11-11.1; aJ'h.oop'" diuni ....
    , ... IIO<J of Wool", ond F", •• he:con""'" ,... ¥in.,.,. 0 ... ' ,he: Vond>h., hiNori<.l
    (><t. In ffflk.". C~"""'M. ). 6 •• • d. 8 . Kluoch. MCH.SRM . • ('III).' 10. 11- 11.
    ,hi.t<qUrnC< become> . vicro<y ay of, ... Lomb"d,. Cf. K. H.....:k. ' Lcbm_ma>
    und Kut,mf '''''. in ~.1tI"';0<h<n Sum..,.,........! Hoo" ....... Sft'<.qi<n·. s-.,-.
    6 ( ' 911). 116-").... " >0'1 - 1• . and R. W .......... S _..... w..., •..J Vtif4>'''''l.
    a..r W,,*" in ft"~";I...I.II",,,.... c...., (CoIosn<. 11>61 ). pp. "7-1.
    8

    •
    The king' 5 victory m Visigothic Spain

    Tile Goths who settled .. feder.t.,s in [he territory Hound


    Toulouse in 4' 8 had known late Rom an civiliution .t first hand
    for more than a generation and h:ld long undergone it, influence
    from aao SS the Ii",,,.' Late antique culture and society made a
    puwerful impact on them during rhl' To]m.n period, when"
    Visigothic king could develop an ."quai nt.ncc with Latin
    litcr.lll,c a nd Rom . ,,, ro,e high in roy"] ,ervice, when even
    Euri,', (466 - 84) 'nation.l' ethnic legislation w.s impregnated
    with Roman principle. and practice. Pcrh.p, prcci .... ly because
    they were Gem",,,;,, isl;mds in " Rom.n .e•. the Goths clung to
    their (U'WnlS. dTess, language .nd Arian wHfes,iun, and their
    king. c.llle to e"force , policy of "'pH.!"n"" which extended
    from religion to inte rm~rri~gc with the Rom~n m~jori{y.2 For
    this they pAid the price in 507, when thcir army .nd th";r kingdom
    collapsed under ~ttack from Clovis and what latcr SOurCes por-
    tray .. well-timed Catholic prop.gmda, Th:mks to Q,trogothic
    intervention, the Visigoth, T<'tained their southernmost pos-
    sessions ~!ld !lowly began to reorganize their power in the Iberian
    peninsula. Under L<'ovigild (S68 -~6), the barriers octween Goth
    ~nd Ronun ,, >cted to dimini,h: the ban on mi>ccgcnation wa>
    explicitly lifted and some movement towHd theologic~J co mpro-
    mise a ppe~rcd.J The conversion "fhi. ,on R eccared to orthodoxy

    , 0., ,hi, J'<, iod , >« Wolfrom , G,,,., pro "",/f, Cf. M. Roo<l.<. L' .-I'I"i"i..- .h,
    ,.'i."",""
    Wi,i~ .. j" ,,"x .-I,,,,,,,,, 1, 8-,80. r.", '/Ii"" (I'"i•. '979). pp . '¢f, wh;,h
    "ofoll"n",ly ""I< 11'"0 "'Y h."o. ("" I"" (0 b< ,""0 in. '.".m";' f.",ion.
    , W"lfnm. G."•. pp .• ,6/f.nd 'i?lf. On ,h. CNkx Ii"';"i,""" P. D. King, uw'"
    '''';''' i. ,,,. Vi"X"~~ k...r,k,," (C.m b,Ulg' , ''17.), pp. !If.
    n'
    , K. Sch.f.rni.k , Di, Ki",", i."," R.".",.h, W,,,, .,,•• 5 ....",," .i, '"' Ii,,""."""
    Royol vicrory i" Vis(golhic Sp~i"

    was followed by th~t of the Gothic church and elite. Although the
    det~ils arc diffICult to discern, the fim ha lf of the seventh century
    s;lW ,he two ethnic groups ~coming incre~singly indistingui-
    shable, .u the Gothic bnguage and !r~di!ional costume vanished
    from the I ~rian pcninsula. 4 The development ofVisigothic royal
    ceremonial reAects one facct of this procc.s of accullUrnion.

    l. R OYAL CEREMONY AND VISIGOTHIC KIN GSHIP

    Kingship among the Viligoths developed in dialogue with thei r


    wandering. through the Romin empire." The emergence of an
    ambitious monarchy and utendalll institutions ..,rtled in the
    capital of Toulouse crealed traditions which inAuenced the king_
    dom', second incarnation in Spain. As the ruler acclamations
    recorded by Spanish church cauncils Utest, the rhetoric of royal
    power surrounding the s;lcn] monaHhy of the late sixth and
    seventh centuries has rightly been chaucterizcd as 'theocratic'."
    Whether royal rhetoric was embodied in ritual di.play i. more
    complex. There is universal agreement that Lcovigild - whose
    reign marked a deci.ive turn in the power and prestige of the
    Visigothic monarchy - developed rapl ceremonial. Claude hs
    correctly obscrved, however, that il has not thus far ~en possible
    to demonstrate that Visigothic cou rt ceremonies imitated those of
    Constantinople.' The analysi. of Visigothic victory cele brations
    will supply a definitive resolution to this problem. A lCcOlld dif_
    ficulty Concern! the long-term development of royal ceremonial.
    A celcbrited pns;lge in Isidore ofScville's Hinory of the Goth. has
    made axiomatic amon g specialists that a throne, royal robes and,
    consequently, court ceremonial, were adopted only under Lcovi-
    gild." The problem is that thi. aCCOUnt contradiclS Sidoniu5

    """ZOri"'" ~ .."I;,,'" 5'_,~;,,"". ",.\M:ik" IU' Ki.<hcn.<><Iokhk. )9 (8<,lin.


    "Thorn,.,.,...
    ' 9'!?). 1'1'. '!-\IIf. • nd Kml. 1.-0. Pp·'l - 'l· E.A. n. Got~,;" 5"';"
    (Od",d. '11'19). pp. l"-9;' .,on: 0«1";';"1 of ~";5;ld·. mkn,iom.
    • w,".....
    ~. ,. Tl>o"'I""". 5,.... pp. , .... -11. 'l' - '. l' <= D. Cl>oxk. G<..-~""" 010,
    (5'""1"<' '97<». 1'1'- 6 •• nd 1\11"; Kinil . u". pp. " - <9.
    • Wolf.. ",. C.u.o. pp_ ,691'1"•• nd id<m. ·GOO ...... K;;;";J,"m· . PP. llI"-
    • K;nl. u",. pp_ 'JIf.
    • D_ Cl>od<. 110101, K;,,"'.oJ K"il'~" i .. W'''l'''''''''~' """.i~. un.! F""'h",,~.
    Sond.,bond. I (SiJ.,.n..S ..... '117')' p. 67.
    , I~~ .. p. 6 •. wich n. )6; K. F_ Snob<k ... Ctr......,., ... . oJ 5~_;h (ZurKh. 'lI'Il).

    ",
    ApolJinaris' flfth-cemury dCKription of king Theodrric II
    (45J - 66) in the audience hall of hi, pabce at Toulou$<'. Accord_
    ing to Sidonius, the king sat on a throne (sella, so/h,m) during
    >adienc",. He w .. fbnkcd by >tmed bodygund, who stood in -
    side the chancel barriet scp,,..ting the Ihrun~ ~rca ftom th~ t~Sl
    of the room, but outside Ihe curtain which vcile-d thc ru lerY That
    this arungemCnI w .. only p.rl ofThcodcric', >ceoulremcnt, of
    majesty follows ftom Sidonim' account of roy.l h.llquel,. The
    couches and h , nging~ were i m peri. l purple or fC" live white, wh ile
    the me.l, Ihem,dYe, wnc chdf;j{t",i~~d by 'Greek elegOlnce . . . ,
    public ceremony (pompa), pr iv,te diligence and roy.l dilci-
    phnc'.'o More than a century before Lco~igild ,nd even before
    king Euric', brcOlk with the empire, • Visigothie ruler A' lllllCd
    symbols or roy,l POWct.
    It has recently been suggested that it may not be- nCCC'$ary to
    scrap bidore', ,ccount, nor even 10 hypothe,ize the total dis:lp-
    pe:IT.nce of topl trapping, in thc disastcr or 507." Isidore s,ys
    that Lcovigild was the first to , it 011 , Ihrone, dre,,,,d ill • roy, l

    p. "j; ThomP'<"', sr"", p. 17 : K',,~, UW. F. "' , e<c . t,iJm" II,,,.,,.


    r;. , ",~"," ,
    w...w..I" ... , S"'""'"'" (5 'J, ,J . C. !t.od,;~u", A lu,",.,. h.en", , ..,ud;." d. hi"o.;.
    I."",,,. IJ (1.;,00, '975J. p. 1JI .J- ,,,: . AfU"um Y""'loc n' (,,",,um p,imu> ;>l, .u,i"
    p,irnu"lue ont" '''''' ",~.{i u.",. "p""u< " ,{i" ,,,,,di,. n.m .n" <u rn "h.bi,", «
    «on""", oomm""i. u' ~'n'i, ," ., "8ib", .,>t. Con""li, .u«m <;";",,m m
    Cdlil><'; •. qu.m ,x n"min< fi lii R«op<>lim "On""."",, In kg'l"" ~u"'I""" qu><
    ,b Eu,"", ,,,,,,ooi« con",'"" ",<I<b,n'", co,,"'t, .:. N",< ,h" ,I>< P""&' 0."""
    0"1, ,n tl>< .hort ,..,,,,,,i"n •..I th, M>S '"""min,,,J by iL I'.,.ddgud , "udy ,,(,h,
    M, ,,,diti,,,, kd to ,I.. "'''"''''m "fthe MS 'rommun" . . .g,"'i· [0' Momm"," ',
    '<um munio, . ,pop"I"' . Th, n<,. ,,,ding """'" ..... ,I>< "h"" '''''not'''o''' ,f
    R,,<hig""" p. JJJ. >.Y. 'g<" ' ,
    • Ep .. '. l" . <J. A. loy,n.' (p"i •. '9701, ". Th< I.""
    p",b,hly d"" fro", ,\\- 00;
    il,J .. p. ,i".CI,ud<. 11"'1, p. M , n. !~. no", ,I>< P""~' but ,(.",i<l< .. " m"'poo,,,,.1
    ",J "fh"t. w .. ~h , (huw,." th, urn< pm'g' i, u>«l" <v,den" 00 co,"" p" ' oonnd,
    ibOl .. pp. 67 -- 8. wi,h". 7")' TO< I.,,,,"",m, <0 I>< P<>"")" "~ ", "k,li,,,l 'S'ow,' o.
    phit'""ph" kong wh" i, ohm"""i,," hy mo,h" ion «,g, i',J .. I. >, 6, p. 6). Th<
    P'''''''''' of"'pping' of ",*"y """"dO(" th" "hI ."d 0,,1, knd, <><<1<,,<< tu ,he
    tk""ip'ion. On the Vi,ig<Kh;, p,l", " Tout""",. C n,uht. r.I.,,"," ""d C,""" .
    S,"';'" '"' P,oJ"'.I"'~,.pk;, ,""'''''';),,' ,;",,.,,, "". J . ~, '"," 'J. J,"'I0"""''' , "
    G, II;", (Colo!(,,<, ' 97J), FP, ' YI- 'OO'
    " f., .. " " 6, LoY'" , .6, 'u;d<" ih, .lOR,n ,i.m G"",m __ puh l",.", pomp.m.
    pflumm d,lig<"'i. m, "si.m d;!<iphn.m',
    " Thi' i"'''p'''',;o" ,.., f"" p"bli!h,d b, I'.<yd""'" Roy,",I , pp. JP-J, Th< "m<
    ,oodu,i,m w.. ",,,hecl by my"lf, w"ho"' , ,,,,w l<dg' of R'ytklt,,', ","<I.. ion,
    'Viewy ,"J it> «"'b",ion in ,I>< np,,,,i,,< ,mpi", '''" 'h, flub"i.n kinK""m.,
    /1.1) ·07">-'"""', Di". , . (I"",,,in, '.,.). H' .n.
    R"yai v;crQ'y ;~ ViJigothic Spaill

    robe. 'inter IUOS·. While the tr~dition<l l interpretation of these


    words presume> the translation 'first of the Visigoth, to sit ... ' •
    they collid easi ly signify the first to do m 'Olmong his own people',
    as oppored to Hisp'lno_Romans and fore igne ... Whoa Isidore mOlY
    in fact mean i. that, uutil Leovigi ld's time. the kings eschewed a
    Roman_inspired monarchiul styk of conduct toward their own
    kind and that Leovigild W <lS the (lrst to impose on thc Visigoth!
    the ,ame kind of ceremonial strictures which governed Roman
    behavior in the same circumstances. Such an interpret_tion would
    square with wh at is known of Leo vigild 's determination to tamc
    the Gothic <lristoctacy. <IS well <IS with hi! first steps toward placing
    Goths and Roman s on ,>J' equ,l footing. l1
    The monarchy" ceremonial cvolmion did nOt Stop there.
    Unction , for insunce, wa. i11\roduccd ;11\0 royal investiturcs
    lOmctime before 672. possibly octween 621 and 642 . tJ A trend
    tow"d codification emerges from the clore!y rebted domain of
    the capita!". sacred ritu,,1. In 633 the bishops 3"emblcd OIl Toledo
    bid down guidelines for the ceremonies inaugu rating a nation, l
    council." JUSt over .. decade I<lter. _nother assembly spelled out
    the occa.iona! obligation of nearby bishops to reside in the capi tal.
    for 'defe rence to the prince, and the honor of the royal throne , .s
    well ", the consol ation of th e met ropolitan' ." Thi. oblig,tion
    likely entailed ceremonial dutie •. '6 T he content of the c~pitar!
    liturgical ",rvice- boob doveta ikd with certain roy~1 ceremunies,
    and they continued to oc revi5Cd down to the time ofbi\hop J ulian
    (6 RO- \IO), who5C hand h~s becn dncned in the o.do for the
    celebration of a coullciP7 All this points to Toledo's continued
    preoccupation with ritu,,!. Even leaving aside liturgical pro-

    " CI.u.k. llokl. rr. &0--<,>: d. KiJ'g. Lo .... 1'_ 'J: R'yddk,. R • .,...,/. pp_ jjJ-O_
    " Kong. Low, rr. 03-9. w"h n_ j .
    .. tV Tol . ' . ,d . J. V""".I.. (;..,,1,., "i,irO'K'" ~i,,...., _ ,,,"_ , . ['I'"i. Cfi"i. ".,
    T,xtm. , (IJar<,lom. ' ..... JI. 1~ - 90-
    " Vll Vi"•. 'jO, H "i.m pt'cu i,.", r'Q roY"""i, p,ine;p;'" fOg'" ",di,
    Tnl. O.
    hono" vol m"'<>p<>li"n; "v;,,,i, ip>i"' , ,,"'01,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,d"; Tokta"a< ",b;,
    'P'!(QP'. oum quOO ,,"km pot,,;f«H .d",O""'o",," "=1" ";"', ',"pol;, 1""
    . n"o", m.. ",b",;n ...km ",b.m .kb... " <0""'0,,,; .'
    .. Cf. ,II< .ub.""""..", of I"dol< of Scvilk ,od tnoOCftt' of M«id., Dr",," ..
    G., ok ..... ; "1",",","" i. ·r.I"...... d. v, ..... ,06.... oo um< 'pro ocrur..... goo' .
    " C. Muo'O!. ·L'O,.. ", "I",...., ,,,,,,ii;, .... ;~guth,q"" . s." "m."i<m'""iu"lu',u X'
    ,",k ·. R,v", ok, """'" "I;~;'""J. J7 (111"i)). 'j0-7 ', 1><" '19 .od 'hi. On Julia"',
    WQ" on V";,,," lu" 'Si«t boo'". FoIi" V;" /wIi",, ; (BilL. ,JJ,I, , '. PL.I1"i. OJoA- II,
    )00
    CC$5 ian5, ritu~li z~d astenc~tian eami"""d ta playa 5il>"i(;(:1I1I .ok
    in public life ouuide tile capit al in ~ tOWI! like Merid., the
    economic c.pit.1 ofsixth...:entury Spain," Kin g R<,,,.,<-<I, (a,
    jmtance, condcmn<'d. Galhk conspir.tor who h.d taken 'Iylun'
    in the church ofSt Eu lali. to the humiliating po:n.hy of w.lking in
    front of. mounted deacon oflh. t sllrine. from St Eubli, ', into
    town ~nd up to the bishop's p.bce . '~ Bishop M '$o,,, w .. SO riell
    th.t hc furoishcd his churcll 's slaves with %s(tirar rh/a'''yd(s, sil k
    cape'! of th~ type wllich served .s uniforn .. in the imperi.1
    . dministration. Tile sl~ves.rc rcpom'd to Il.ve m.dl' a splendid
    mow as tlley w~lkcd in (ront of Mason. cn roUle to tile E.ster
    procession. 'jun .1 if Illey werc escorting. king',2° It is reve.ling
    th.t the man so en.mored of I>le Itom.n pomp was .n ctllnic
    Goth and Leovigild\ cOI1l<'mpora,y." Public 'po:ct.d", COn-
    tinued to be st.ged in wmc ,ren., of Gat hie Sp.in .sl.te'5 the ftT5t
    qUHtcr of thc sr"cm h century .nd perh.ps bcyou<l.n CleHly.
    some sector! ofH;sp3lwgothic soci ety remained alive to form s of
    ritu.1 display and ceremony which prolonged the pattern, oflar,>
    antique public lik

    y
    d . M,e, D,,, D'" , 'l" .. " y "I"" '" of ,n.
    V'''8''''">< I,,",SY·. I''''.f''<"~ s,..,., ",.'
    'pr,_IwJ, ,d. ~. J.rn .. IO .rmd, ,.80), pp , ,,-.,...
    " 0. 'M . ronom" ",I< of M«id •. X. 11",.1 , AI",. r.. ""01",,,,, .., """'"'of""''''''''
    ,·,,'PI",....,.
    C ... ~i,,""'" I'.'~,,,, ;'''''''''1"' I. "Y""" ."'to'.
    1I<,l1<fl< <Ie< 1',_",
    • (M"n"h. '97<1), pro,, ' .nd "J. , f It. Collo" •. ·M",d •• nJ T "kdu )1<' J"" ,
    I ''',..... ". Sp"' •• rr ,",>-,,~. M'" ,01
    .. 1'".... ,..,," .. £-, ..... ,"' .. (IIH! .. 'jlol. j. 1, , '~ . .d. J N. C .... " (W''''''g'''''' !J,C ,
    ,.,0). ' ' '_9'''''' , f. J. ". '0, e"von , ' " '0)-7_
    ,. I~,~ _ . ). I. tl. e,,"on. ,<,06_Jo-) ',,,, . m "" q"'" <onm "II" ,ocro.. ... ", ..
    " t .A. G. «io Mo,,",,,, , I'>''''r<'l'ofi' .. I ,,,.. "'n"",," T,~". """ "In"",.:,"",,
    fi !o<ofi. 1 1<,,,•. 71 (S.I .", . " ... ,on, ). no. ' JJ
    " TM "")0' Ito"",n ", .... "',j< of <D...." ...do ..,d ... "h dt<","" .nd ,n.,,,,,, ,Iv l if,.
    'P'nt of wh"h «","0 '" Iv d.",mon.d. TO, Prn./""" '"' Y'/oI"Io, 4<1",,,.1,,,,,
    (P""«1"". ,.,-)6) . pr, "II M,,,d.), 6 ,,- , 7 (N'm",). '3J (T ''' ' gun' ), 9'7 (Tokdu).
    AI,h""gh ,t.< ''''p"''"'''« ""<up'""
    " " .",~.,,,. w . . .)". dy by . ,h,,«h '" ,I><
    ""h ' .... '"'1 (It S< hl""~ ,oJ T II"uKhild. 1)" n...~ ..,I,," fo"lt.-k,,"I~'" ."J
    .. ,"....i" ... 7... ", 1t,,1""" """I'" (M." ... '1178). pp, '''''_'I. ",on< ~,nd, of
    'p<'<,.. k, w.,.",I I "k'"g plm" E ~" ..I.. • ""l"'''K''', 7. «I. J e,l . .\I, u,II_ ..
    • """""•. An'''' d< b Uno . ",id.d h"p.k" o<. F,I.,...ti. y "'w.
    'J 1S<.,lk. '91"1.
    ').7- 9' <~ e .. d. M.,. ...... P,.",,..,,oji•. "" J"J_ An""'~ ,pr"'o'l~ ",,,"<1«1 f",
    'p«U,'" I'qu, od ""d,um (0".,,' ""."0') ... ,,,II """ ",.,,,d by '0 """qu,'
    p,,,,,,.eJ '0 F.,v;g·' end< of"" .oJ ~."O~ N ck " k", ,OJ I<. ",c<>,'""h : I~~ V"" "
    • . • , Z<um«. Il' .' - y; d _ K,nl, 1.4 .... p. 101." J

    J"
    Roy,,1 viti",), in Visigorhic Sp,,!n

    Once in ~ whi!~. w~ cuch a A«ting glimp~ of power's public


    display as it w~, shaped by royal ceremonial. But it is rarely
    po"iblc to go beyond the naked ob~rvnion of a ceremony',
    exinence to the essemial problem. of origin, dcnlopment, ritual
    form and intent, historical context and meaning. In most ca~s, the
    church played an eminent role. Coronations and royal ap.
    penances at national church councils top the lin of recorded
    ccrcmonies. H Even after a brief ab~nce. the king's return co the
    "rb. reg;" of Toledo was routinely marked by a J"suplio. H His
    wars came to be the focus of public prayer. his military move--
    ment. were punctuated with liturgical ~Tviccs and his birthday
    was celebrated by th e sevcmh...:entury chu rch. " And hc celebrated
    his viccorits.

    1. ~OYAL VICTORY CHEIIIl ATlON5

    To read Isidore of$cvillc', deuiled account of the classical Roman


    triumph, one would never guess that victory celebrations were a
    f",ture of contemporary public life. But as his Own words suggest,
    his was a bookish. antiquarian concern: 'There was a Roman
    cuslom. , .' or 'Writers often confuse these terms., .'.26 Yet we
    halle a description of one king's triumph, gold coins were i•• ued
    announcing or commcmonting Ilarious victories and the bi.hops
    of Spain hailed their kings as viclon or triumphators .

    .. F<>t cot<><I"""". At"" __ . '1.> ......... 1";",,'';' cn r. Elp. n.


    C. S'IKh<r
    cod. y poo'.;,icod'·' c ......., ... ~,,,.,;.... E,,.. • • Jj - 6 ('96'). 1- )6: d. ~.
    Conin~ ·Juti.n of Tole<lo 'nd .he roy,t IIX«""" .n lot< ""v<n.h-orn""J Sp.>in·,
    £./, M. ~; ••• I J:.;."ki,. ,d. P.H. S.wy«.n<! l.N . Wovd (l«d~ 'm). pp. 10-.9.
    Fo. <II< rnu",h ,,","dt •. 0....... "ltlo ..... ,_;U•• ". M uni<f. '6'/-1.
    , . 1) .... ...... .. "'. ,d. M. Fi,,,,.,,. u 1).... ""; .... ", • ..,..u.u
    fllU" "';'it«k;",."
    .....,.10 olE,,.,... j., I" ... xr <!hit. M""umrnu «cltti .. t~""h .• (Po';,. ,..,, ),
    .JJ ..,-.J6 ....
    " On m;til"y "' ......... "'" 1><\<>.. . 8i"l"by "'.vk<....." .... d hy ,he h,mn I.....1;,..
    "I;'. <d. C. Bluhm<......1"" • • "..~. -",; "'./. '7 (. 1197). '69· cr. M.C . U;.. Y
    0(... l..Ju ".;,.. .... .. ,; ........ _;i ...; Ifi'l' "" "' . '. A .... ",tm.noXm,...
    Filaoof'.. J .... , .... ) (S>.lom.""' . '~J I). no. HI.
    .. &y_I~_. ' I . '. , .nd ) ~iv<ly. ,d. W.M. li...n.y .• (o.rot<!. .~ •• ). ,,,
    1,;00« '" m;" ... Ie."pm .,( hio di""' ....... io d.r,;",d (ro'" s.. .. Ohi ... • Io.t. "'.." n. J.
    Foot.i .... I,w,,'" .~ .. I"" 10 ",I .. " ,!.u ........ , rF"pOtn<
    '9J9). 709· n.. drri .. tio«, .,( ..."...... nd tri... pt.., _m .0 ,om< rrom
    "";l"''''''''. ,s.,.;",.
    (P.m.

    c_.......,;; i. V""I,i ,.,,.i••. •


    d ...... '0. TH. rd. G. Thilo .. d H. H'I"' ••
    (l.<ip,i,. ,11) - . ). ,1\6."-, 67 .J .

    '"
    Vir,ory f~l,hTa'ioNs

    Only the dim outlines of the evolution of Visi gothic victory


    celeb ration, .. re disceruible today, but they begin in the kingdom
    of Toulouse Jnd continue pr.nie"lly to the eve of the 1,l amic
    inv asion _ At almo.t every po int. the debt to imperi, 1 pr.,ti" i~
    patent. On the literary le vel a Ruman pOCt could c."lally dip into
    the stoc k of imperial conventions to prai\.C ,n e.rly Vi sigothic
    queen', unvanqui,hed lit erary patronage." On , cnemonia l one,
    the victorious Visigoths cekbratcd the suppression of a Roman
    revolt in Tortos. by staging a traditiona l parade of the head of the
    Ill.n th ey cOIned 'usurper· .. • T he treatment intlicted on , From kish
    count by the Vi sigothic defenders of C.rcasmnne in 585 sugg ests
    the custom outlived the kingdom ofToulou,e by many decade<. 2.
    Vi, igothic ruk,s ~d"pted the punishment [T~Ji[ionally inflicted
    on enem ie. of the impcri,l thronc·. Early in Reccarcd', reign. the
    count ATgimund wa, convicted of . eh<'ming "gai m! the king.
    He was 'dec ,l vated'. suffered ,,"'putatio!! of the ri ght hand Jnd
    waS led .. round Toledo un an .ss.
    to instruct the citizens of the f.te
    wh ich aw~itcd "c.vants w ho w e re h, ughty to their m"ter" a
    verse which . ' pplied , s it i, W' " atiswcutic Goth. offers ~ si nin,r
    commcntary On th, ,tyk of mun~ rchy cspomcd by Lcovi gild',
    mcce.\or'o The horrible rite', imperial in\pir,tiotl is manifest;
    the conn~ct ion with the East is cmpha'i>eci by the fact that the
    techn ic.! tcrm (pornpi~nrt) dcsigllatillg the parade of infamy

    " \Hl"",", Af'" IIi n. "'.


    ~·r· . •. !. J. l.oy<o. ' . " ~" r fp. I . J. J • Loye", . J 11'"". ' 97<').

    "
    " (:; ''''';'"'"'" ' ....... '"~I .. O'"'" ,,1,'1", .... . _ Joo . ,J . T. M umrn ,." . .IICH.AA. ' [
    1'~.1) . ''' . 0" 'h, «.nt, ..., n"mf"'"" Rom.", ,n" "',~"i"",. p. '9) ' d . R_ d,
    Ab.d,], [D' A!»d.1 rl J< V", y.l<. 1.><1, I''''S" "I, C".I,",. ' l{loredO'" . ,.,.:;.,) . 4'-\
    ."J PUlE. '. !6<J 'POln"" 'J ' .
    ,. Grego, y ofT."",. /I",.. '. )0. K" ",h t.,",,,",. )" •., ".
    ,. J""" lI"t .. . CO""""",,. c.l. 1- C "" I"" .j"'" .. Hid.", ()I, i,p"" (;"""' , ," .iJ.o Y '"
    obo'I M,d,;d. ,,,00). 'I9_Ik> J. '" 1'. M"m m",,, . .-11(;1 L1A . , , I' 89' )·" 9_111_ 220_J_
    TI>< I><»me,,'. """d hy L,o;,. ... {.\1(;II.SP M. , . " , . n_ 0). '" d"."" r.mulo>
    domini, non "'" "'pcroo,. d"", "0' ' 1'1''''' '0 I>< , oi",,,,,, of, '" '.,.'"~ .,'" ., d-
    O_ Sr:hum."n. Lt"i.j"M, H,x."'''''·uxi .... Di<It'"iK/r" r ..""I! ., """ ["""j hOI
    ~"'" A" ~ i"", , •• ' • .\fGJ/. I hlf, ,,,,,,,!. • IMum"!.. '9!o). ' ~ 9 . h "John', ·f".. 1 wu"h'
    Of ,n « hu "f 'h, 1". ,.,1<', "" K'"'! ",.1", ' On A,gimund. C;"e;. 1.1",""...
    J~.,,~,.ji., n". ' ~. Op,n'flm d;lf" "n ,I>< ",'" m"n,n8 "f .. ,.1""" 'nd ,t>
    ' 4";".I'n".' .g. E. It.ufm. "". '01><, <Ie. S<hmn ,h~"""", M"ow;n~" ~ Onig, · .
    Z,j",io,;ft d<, S'''I . ,·S'ifi""lf'' R"IrI5!,5(~i<It<t. G"",""jJliKio< tl hrtil""t. I j ('9H).
    '11 - 31; Av . C'me",n. ·tt"w d,.j 'h' M«""ngi", kong, ,.,," ,herr h.;,?' p,,", HIE'
    d< ploil.Io,,, <I , •• ",.,,,. 1J I '96J). "0) - ,6. he,e "0) • • nd f("' g. u .... p. "". n. j .
    Ror~1 vir/orr in Visigothi, Sp~in

    here - and elsewhere: in Hisp3 nogothic Latin - appean to be a


    Gred'. lwn word.J1 Nearly a century later the custom lived on.
    since 3 similar parade int roduced king Wamba 's triumphal entry
    into the same city.n
    Royal militny success seems also to have bttn celebrated in
    provincial Centeno Early in R cccarro's reign, duke Cbudiu'
    victory OVer an uprising proved the king's wisdom in abandoning
    the ancntral religion of the Goths. The reven<: of gold coins js.uc'd
    at Merida which hail R cccare:d as PIVS VICTOR may com-
    memorate the event. 33 The same bimop who had outfitted his
    .laves to look like a royal escort organized a liturgical service
    honoring the vicmry. It was followed by a proce"ion of hymn_
    singing and hand-clapping faithful and their shepherd to the
    chu rch ofSt EuIaJia.3~ Like the ancients, that is the [naelites, the
    citizt'm of Merida celeb rated in the open air, intoning Moses'
    triumphal chnt. The long-sunding association of the Exodus
    canticle and Christian military victo ry - an a.sociation which can
    },., traced as far back as Euse:bius and the Milvian bridge and was
    maintained in a sixth-<:cntury provincial celeb ration of empe ro r
    Anastasius' victory - made it an apt chant for the occasion .~ · It5
    apmes. wu not lnscned by the Mourabic liturgy', use of the
    canticle for the Chrinian victory feast par excellence, that nf
    Christ over death. w that the citilenl singing these: vcr'" in the
    streets may well have been echoing chants heard inside their
    churches during Ea'tcrtide. J6 A similar chant figured at thanks-
    " 001.. , UO<1 of_,;~ .." C .. ,i."_ hiM; M,,.... ' .710 (. m _ A. D . 7")'..d. T-

    )60,' 9 - )'. T1>< U,",t fo'm w, G,«k «x"" >0/. ."",. bo, .o......{'"
    Mom,.,><n. MGfI.AA. " ('3 ... ).JJ ~ . 1 .nd , . 761 (_ A.Il. 7'9). Momm..",.
    ~ .«.,....) in
    Modem G,cek .nd ,I"".,y ",.,",,1: C. Du C.ng'. GI,m.,;'.... ,,"___, _I..... "
    ;,ofi,. .. !'MI;''';,. , (Ly""" '611). "00__ ,. ,.Y . •• ~.t6o.>.
    " Jul;'. ofToI<llo. H.." .... W _ "p', )0. <d. W. ~y~. MGII.S RM. 1 ('9'0).
    j.j.9->O.
    " C .C. Mil< .. 710< '''"''t'oj ,/0. Vi"""~' oj 5 ....... lioo,rlJ .. AdoU. II. 1I~p.. ic
    Nurn"""'''' :5<,..... (N.,. York. '91'). I'P. "9 md ,,]11".
    " V.,... fiMtt .• J. " . J-I>. G.rY"'. '~~''' -J<>.
    " IhI.• I. ".7. Go,,;" .•• ~ . J<>-'~7.JI. Fot,1>< """"",,ion ufPh"ooh , nd,to. Mil.w.
    IIMdg•. '.1· E.l<bmo. 1-1 .•.• 9. g. I . SdI"'''''. '.1)0. " - "; s.-"" of An,ioeh C;'"
    E.od ... , l-'-~ in hi, hymn {'" th< okr.. , uf V;"I".' B,,,ok.. 1" . n.. ..... y ;, "
    Mm. in ,11< Vioig",hic ~'U11Y or ..... ' .1. ,1>< ·Min. ok _;bo •. L·~ ...4.. Fh"'in.
    "'." -" .
    .. ]. th< Moo.. . . b'" ti'"'IY {o"he .;Iij ofE..".,.. '''''Y'' (".,1>< prin<. ~ follow..! by .
    ,..dw,g {.-om Ex"'!", ,).,1_ ,,...,.. ,<>-,0 IJ>...4.. Fh"'in...o.'j - 'J . nd w..,

    ,0<
    ViOOlY (flfb,~rio",

    giving service. ll1 ..king Ihe ddivery "fSarag"••• from !!l'ge an d


    Ihc defc.1 oflhc u~"rper Froj • . Thi,. II .illy r.l,'. .ppc... n l<l rn, Ihe
    imp l".(i on of bishop Taio', (e •. "'51-Hj) .llusion 10 • n01>_
    V"lgale form of Ex<xtus ] .l.r; .nd 7. when desc ribing IheS(" evems
    l<l Quiricus. bi,hop of Ihrcclon.,

    God dC>f'oycd him wi,h hi, right h."d ; he J",,,c hi", frm" hll
    l>bcrn.dc. md hi, rOOI f,o", 'h~ 1."d of Ih. h "i"~. '" ,I,,,, "Klli/Y II" '~"S
    '0 II" I.",d: Dexler. no •• J)o",i",·. I""cll"il ",,,n'ct,,n ,., pcr ",,,1,,_
    tudinel1\ "j",,,;, I" •• cOIII.i,·"" .d,w•• "", "m,rt><_ "
    Liturgical cekb""o", of roy.l ,·iewry nughl be viewed " •
    n.(ur.l cOl1!Herpnl to Ihe ,erviees which 10c.1 .mhoriri,'s org.n-
    ized to Il1H,h.1 Ihe k;Ilgdom 's sp i.i".. 1 forn', i" favur of rhe
    ki"g', lriuUlph. Th,· bishop, con'"""nl at Mcridl in (>6I">I.id down
    their eontribmi on l<l Ihe king', e.mp.i!!:",. E.eh bi,hup w" to
    n'kbr>tc one M. >s a ,by fur Ihe "ing·. "lewry. so long •• the "!Ilg
    WaS at War. Tla'Y wcr,' to ,'Ill,,'a, Gud lhat '!Ofet), be gral1ll"d to.1I
    by th,' Lord .nd th . t victory 1><.> bestowed on him jthe kingl by
    .Im;ght y God' ..' . The V is'golhk VOII vc M.s. for IIll' king give. ,n
    ide. uf what thl' 1'.01''"' of .uch Sl"fvi".. sounded like. Th,'
    Cllcharistie p"ycr (i"I~lio) be<;<;cche, God to gront Ihe king lhre~
    (hin~5 : pe~ce. ,h,' nushing of i,m''''') <'Il"mln 'nd subjug.tion of
    extern.l Olles, ~nd • 101>11 lr(e_ N or wcre IlrCM' ' I'",ci.l scrviccs th c
    only lime when th,' H;sp.nogothic popul.tion p •• yed for .oy.1
    vICtory_ Like other C hri5ti ~n lin>t!:ie~ of the n'ly medic".1
    "'"elso' 5t~ t". that of Spain indmkd annuAl prJycrs for rh~
    king' , mi litary ",aes, .-'"

    ....... i, ••. nl_ F.J- 1'"., <k U,~<I ,,,J" (;'.".kr y R"" "n,.,,"
    L"ill,. " -'I"..
    11,,1""'''' l"u'~K', ) ("1 ,,1,><1, ,.,0), '"7- 70_ E,,><Iu, '.<_
    . 7 ~~u.«l on. 1.1,,,,,,
    '''r<'''''''Y 'n ,I>< wl><J,,1 <>If..,. {," ~'''<!t"k l ",,'" .."I J V"-,,,. ro . A"!f<''''''''''
    ,'i'i";'~. ",o,,';'.b< M ".,,'M
    b .. I ....:., ,. M""um<"" H"p' '''''' .. n •. "'._ ''' .. S
    {I b.«~",., '~jy) , '9)-
    "5<-.".,""" r''''r. j. PL. """SC '1-,<",,,. ,, ""m <I<"".~" 1-""", <"<II" ,k
    <!
    "I><m.. u~, wn, " ".I,m", <J'" <I< "'m v,",un"m . "' ,, 10 [)O,""W> pull .. '!"o,_
    0" T "" ."cl Qu i,,,,,, •. (; .. d. Mn,,,,,,. 1~""""'!I"fi" ,~,,_ 59' ,,,d j l , >rOo!,,''''''')'.
    "" ,I>< wm k. l>Lo, y Ili". '.M", ",u, ><n,
    ,. Em" J, V,,-., ,'7' 'u, .. II" " "",,, • 1)('",,,,,, '''"''otm. " v.-ru ... ,II, "'to
    """"I"'l<n" 1-'<" '''''''',Io,m'
    " E_~_ ,I>< P" Y" r... 1""« ... ,] ,",b<,,~ of 'Oc b"b..,,,,,, m tto" "1 "",.10>< u~" V'~,I
    ",,,-K •. I_,~_ ",J.. , ...",,,, . "O . ~-'7

    )OJ
    Royn/ victory in Visigothic Spain

    The mOlt impon~nt Vi,igothic victory cdebT.tion featured the


    king him\.elf, Triumph~1 entries may not h. ve been infrequent
    ocCUrrenCeS in the public life of the Hi spanogothie upita L
    Althoogh the wle description COm\.; from Julian of Toledo's
    gushing account of how king W "nb. repressed. """pation in
    673 , this History is but one of thne lurviving historiographical
    works from Visigothic Sp.in, .nd the only one to describe a royal
    campaign in any detaiL The very .Ilu.ivcnm with which Julian
    IrC~ts the triumphal entry, insisting .. he doe, only on the mi!.Cry
    of the captives, suggests that the reSt of the ceremony wa, not
    unf.miliar to hi, aud ience,'" The fact that W amba', building
    'Clivitie, in the c.pital included the . dornment of one or more
    g. tes with leuiptore and commemorative imcriptions indicates •
    Jast ing COnCern with the uehitcctur>l b.ckdrop of such ce re-
    moni c,, '! A compelling .rgument .g.inst the oniqueness ofth,-
    cclcbr>tionl of 673 comes ftom • \.ervice marking the king',
    triumphant teturn from war. preserved in what might be called
    the Visigothic liturgy's 'pontific-OIl', the Liber ordi""m,'~ The
    victory celebrations of 673 were no more li kel y. unique oCCur-
    rence than the other major ceremony which Julian alone describes:
    the king', inveniturc and unction. Thi, suggests thaI other sources'
    allusions to royal 'triumphs' Or the victorious returns of kings to
    the capital mOlY in fact concern similar c~remonie" Such allusions
    occur as eorly as Leovigild's successful attack on the Byzantine
    posscssions of BOll. and M.laga in 570 and hi, son', repulsc of a
    Franki,h inv ..ion fifte~n ye . ... later, OJ Another ceremony could
    have celebrated thc concl"sion of the civil War triggered by the
    conversion to Catholicism and usurpation of Lcovigild's other

    ... Juli,n In,." Ihi, poinl " Ih<...,d of, . '9. ju!t I><f"", Iho <in<rip'ion ,cd .~,i". ligh'
    .rl<:' il. with II.. wo.-' ',co",iuciin g WQ'cl" ! Ii". W..,. •. , '0. I.<:,i"",. l'J,J-I ,"d JO,
    l'PO - l'~·O·
    .. C""', /,il. I",p ., Mom"".n. H!, ' ~ -J6; ,( J. VivC!. I"'''il'''o"" " "0·" ,, M I. BI"'i'
    , ...... f .i",...t.. M""u""m. I-!;' p.nr>< .. m. "" , pm, l .• od ,dn (Il .. « .......
    1'/69). "1. no, J6r.
    . , ii' . ",J., Forol;" '1.-1;"" I><low .
    • j J ohn Bid .. , C.,.....C.mpo>, 8o.J' - " '" M"mm"," . ' ' ' .'0- 11: ' .. . ,iew oolro
    "dol' . Cf. P. Gool><rt. ·l'.dnoini",.. ,oo <Ie I·E-p.gn. bY"hlih". R"B, J (19'lJ.
    "7-", ..,d 0 (j~'~). 7<>- I J., h." .' !9 .od 9J, " ",oil .. Thomptoo. Sp""' p. J> I
    wilh n. <. R«wd', v""o'y : Bid". 0","" C . mpo>, 9PJJ- 6J; M"mm",n,
    "7.19: ',;orol.d p""m p".;'mqoc ,«Ii ,'.
    ,,,,
    Viclvry ((Irbrariv'ls

    son, H ermcnegild,U Isidore ~y! that king Sisebut (6U-l l) 'twice


    triumphed with felicity' over Byzmtin~ force., while Suinthil.
    (621 - 31) enjoyed :10 'incre:l",d glory of triumph' because he'
    finally drove th e imperia l government from Sp.i'l. ~' Toledo
    probably wit!]e"ed a victory c,,!ehratio!] u"der ki!]g Chimil.
    (636-l9140). Oth,," have followed Thompson ', deduction that
    provisions of th e Fifth Cou!]cil ofT oledo (6.16) - wh ieh prays th:u
    the king will triumph - mirror.n unknown revolt.·· A year .nd
    :I half bter, Chioti l:. convened a new council in the e:. pi!:!L It
    alludes to the king's mililuy success .nd it! celeb rat ion in the
    intervening p<:riod. The mceting is dated hy me:l'" of:l formul:.
    which is uniqu" in Visigothic documents, to the 'sccond year of
    the "foresaid prince n"d IriumplJalor in Christ'" The bishop,
    evoked a triumphal par. d,· when they enumerated the king',
    benefaction<: th ey rcc .. lled how, through Gnd, he h.d restored
    peace, how he had 'led charity b. ck' to them, 'as jf it Were a
    prisoner'," And, in their concluding prayer the bishop, no longer
    wished rhat the king might enjoy a triumph; rhey prayed imte.d
    th. t hi. triumph mighl be long lasting," A generat ion bIer, in
    03, king Wamba marked his vicwry OVeT:I u,urpn with riles in

    ., Both ,;<1<> m,de ~,."t <If",,, 10 r'or,~,"d"" ,1><,. ,uw,,, on 'h" <I") w," J .N.
    H;llS",h, 'Coin' .nd ,h,on, .. kr: p,op'S,,,d. '" ,;"h-<''''"'r Sp<-'B .nd 'M
    ll yn"';", b ' <~8,ound', Hi""i•. 'j ('966), 'J I- jol , I"," pp, jO , jf, Mo,ro.",
    G"lo'y"fTcUn «fel> '0 ,h< viii, ",,,i, w"h which t k.m'"'g;ld w" "."""d Wu"
    !.<cv;Bi!d ,,,,,l him '0 ,I>< "p;"t: W" .. j, I'. K.u<ch_ l <vi>oo , ' <j .' '- 1,. Thi, w ..
    "m,omory (o, P';<Onc''' ;n • ,,;umph,1 pmd<: Jull.". Hi!!, W.,.O .. )0, 1<';>011,
    J'j ,IO,
    .. Hi!! .. 61. ROOtiS"'" AIon IO. '7'.6-9' '1-'< Itom' '''' . . .b" r"lId,," ,,;umph, u;, '. ,,,d
    6, . .,6 .1-16: '.u''''n~''' 'riumph, glori • .., pm ,·,,«i, "Sib", f.!i ""," m",b;t,
    "po.,."i,'.
    .. All o. "".. Iy ,i1 ,I>< .. nom ... d,.«"d ' K,;n", ,hI<" '0 ,h, ,h,,,,,.· Thome'''''.
    5"i., pp. 181-. : CI,ud., A.kl, p. '0>; 1l",.I, e",. I..i,,", p. 'OIl: ! U!. An'"", , '1-'<,
    Ko-n;j! "nO di< Reich,lon.;ii<n im w'''gu ,; ",h<n Spmi<n'. 1/,,,,,;,,... I.J,,""'~ , 0'
    ('97') , 'j '-~" h<n: .M .
    • , VI Tol. p"cf.. V; ...,.) J: '.nno pmr.. ; pr ;nClp,,« "iumf"o,",;n Ch,;"o ""undo',
    .. VI Tol. ,6, Vi ... , ,,,: ' ;prc m;m ,ucw, 0.,0 nob" p,c<m, 'pI< qu." c,b<;Y'm
    "du,;, ,,,;u«m ..
    .. VI 1'01 " Vi ... , :.. 6: '00""' « Do", .. "" ur 00'''''0 P''''''P' d,u,",","", '" «c" l"m
    ,,;umphum. -'. Nut< roo ,hot VI Tol. n. v;'" '.,-\ ,dd, 00<' <1<,,;1 to ,h<
    d'''Iu,lific.dofU of c.ndld.,., '0 the ,hm'" ., ,mcd ,! ""o,,,h, <>Ih .. (V Tol. J -<,
    v;,.., » 1): 'nullu, ,ub ,dig;""" b.bi," de"""u, '"' ,",pi", de<ol""m', Fu,
    de""lv.. ioo .nd 'h< p<-r,de ofmf.my, cr, tbe re,,, I, ,,, InflICted OIl "'8,mund o. ~,,, I ,
    Royal victory irl ViSigollli< Spai"

    thc field before the ~'""mblcd OTmy ~ nd . triumphal entry into the
    ,a pit. !' .0
    Joincd with the' evidc nce of the Mozar.bic liturgy, Julian of
    T oledo's account of thi s triumph offers" fair] y dnailed picture of
    how a ",vcnth-century 'bOTb .. i. n ' king W,"II to w.r and
    cdcbuted hi, victory. Like co ntempor.ry imperi.1 umic"
    Hi,p.nogothic troop' followed into battle the . ymbol . nd source
    of vi ctory, the gre.t golden war ero" amI reliquar y of their
    kin g," Th is insignia fe. tured in ~ 'peci,,] ", rvice dcveloped by the
    Tolcd.n church for the kin g', departure for war: " similar rite
    bonored hi, triumph ~1 return , Since the rubrin ore ]>eking fo r
    ,h c ].Her se rvicc, . nd ,i nce we c.n pre,umc ,omc par.lIeli,m
    octween the two, it is worth loo king " t the former in Some
    dct .iL.~
    Uoth services were 'taged in the ,arne place, the 'Praetori,n'
    Church of the Apostle, Peter and ]';101, louted somewhere on
    Toledo', o nt,kirts, ' ·l Th<' profu lio brllica e<'rcmony began when
    the king arrived .t the church', ,hreshold. Like the em perors, he
    WaScense d th ere by the clergy_ Tw o de. con, performed this rit e,
    while thc r"t of the ekrgy aw.ited the procc"ion in the choir,
    e)Ceept for the party who would C:!Try the ropl emign. They were

    ,. Juh.n, 1/" .. IV"",.,." .IId ii>, l <V'><>n, p',' ,-, 6 . nd ).),"- 1,0 .,. Cf. Thom?"''' ,
    Sp" " pp . 2 ' 9!f ,,,J CI,"J<-. tt ... 1. pp. 'j7If.
    " T ho , ,.., "b<1> '" N'm ... " I"'<,<J ,he m~~n" uf W, mb •• m""i ' h< b<,,< ~mg
    " '"'F''' Joli.n. H ," . W .... . , ,~, l<v'"m. !' }.'~- J"'!' ,r CI,,,dc. tt<l.r, F'p. 6J - 7
    who ar~"" Qn ,t.; b.w, of,!>" p"'.~< fOf • '1"',;,] roy.1 ... '" .""J"d , nJ m<"" " on,
    ,h. P<-""bih ""of, b.n n« ' " >l , " "'''. T1K !O I", "'" lie. ; n ,"" 1'" fi";' Mil". '" rv 1«,
    L,'. " J, H"" m. 'J'.'-II : '« ku" """, m , ",,,rn ,;n 4"' I'g""'" bw< C,"<"
    ,",Iu,um "", q'''' ,urn "'K' "''''1'''' '" "<,,,ttl prop<" ' .. ' ' . No« .h" Gt<gmy I h,d
    "'0' ,«Ii< of 'h, ,,"" "O<"n R ,um 'J In JW: R'R.. ~, 'n Nmb<'g.1 ro" '9-Jo; ef.
    F",I""", R,II'1"" p, ,I< , no. , ,-
    " On the ,;<cum,ut><I"' nf<"" ,,,n" ,;p""" of S,lo<, A"h , • IAI I" M, y Lopl."d '"
    0'" or • MS «ll«<mg t1K ,,:v,n'~--«n'u', ,",u.lo of '"" P,m~",n Cho"h , LiO . .....
    F,,,,'m, r r . •• ;;if. M, e. I)i " f I),,,. 'EI I" m ck· b h .u,~" h"p-'n; ", No<"
    ," , ,,><1...-10"" ' , b "J.., , .. " /, li",,~" ,"oz .. .!r.- ITok.l<>_ '''''JI , pr, jj - ~7. h<.., pp.
    79- I!o, h", ""'''';Y< hl< ... y " "I,,,, ~f ,.., 'lk u, <><"",uo,,, ', h" d"'"g of '"<
    p'ofi<lio " .. ", ""wever. m.cim""bk. """ i, p","m<' d" , W.m b> "m ,t.; f,,,,
    .noml<ci kin~ : ,r, K 'n~_ Low , pp . • i-~ , ..,,,h ", j,
    .. Th«~",<h" ,,,.d ',n lUb" rbio T 01" ...,: XII To!. •. Viv". JIKl· [. w."h< !If' of .
    ,._
    noon"", of (0""<;[' m ,~< <000 h. lf of '"< ",,·,n.h " ..,,", )', " .... ,n " " k,,,, ',,"0
    <0",,""00. IW,m h, .n.l 19i«): Li! , " •. , Fir",,". pp . 'j(>-'. n, , ,)"h, n, 1/;" .
    W..., • . , •. 1-<""-", , jO) . " - ') ,"J 11, 6.
    Victory crlehm/ions

    "II dressed in while. ~4 Thl' king emered the church "nd pronr~ tcd
    himself in ~i1em prayer. As he arose, a biblic.l verse w,,, mn g:
    ' M ay God be on your journey and m"y hi, "ng el ~ltcnd you'
    {T obi t 5.2 I}, "" The Lord God of HostS Wa' then entre,ued to gn m
    victory and m. h thl' prince a triumph,tor, A threefold ble!'ing
    for a ,afc com p"ign follow ed this p<>ycr. '6 After the fint seril'S o (
    blc"ing', a whok new sub-ceremony began, during which the
    ropl ensign and the' army', standard, were solemnly pre,ented to
    their bcarns. A de, con w,lked to the ~ lu r and lifted up the king',
    golden WH crm" which he brought to the bishop. After w,shing
    his h~nds: the prel.te ",,'ptcd the cross rdiquary and handed it to
    the king who p"""d it to the priest (saccTdas) chuged with carrying
    the m . ign. As ~oon as the king"! fmgers touched the sacred
    .tandard , the choru, broke into "n anti phon,1 chant derived (rom
    th e Wisdom of Solomon:
    Ta ke from the hand of th e Lord imp.rti,l
    All!. :
    judgl"lllent "' a helmet, .nd I~( ~J1 ere", ion be
    ""mcd for venge.nce .g.imt your enemie.,
    Vm, /:Takc up the inv incibl e ,hield of
    justice . for '-cngeann:.
    Vers, 11; Fo r you r power w," given you by the
    Lord and YOllr strength from the Mo,t High.
    For vengcancc. n

    .. Lih. "'~" ,,,,,,in . "" .,, ' )'L j . It ~ "',,"" "",;ng 'h" ' ~H""k uf de.co", ;n ,.,,"" ,h_
    ''''' 'my Sp'-'" f<ll '0 ,11< p",;",h h;m... tr in t<n,h--«n,",y Cnn,,,-n " ""pl,,
    e n,,,"n ' ,,,,, Vlt, D< "' .. ' . " Vog', ',n] • .,J T,,,,j"gcr, O",","i"",, pr, 1<>-" 11><
    p",,,,,i, " w. h..·• " m . y .,,~.lty be .n exp.",;,)" <>f "" ."JI<" 'impler ,ito. ,inc< >
    \"rpr,,,n~ ,,,d, in ,11< ru~rk 'nd ',,, .. '"" p,,';,ip,n" "I""".J;, '" ,nJ .r", ,to<
    f,,,, ble"'''g: '1'0>< h,,·< "'" "",...o.ot"i,", '. Lilt, " ... Fhorin, ')1,3, WOof<
    ',b.otu"u,' rofm, "f 'OU,,,,. '0 tho &.con ', dj,"",,,J (cf, iii... 'lPS) , n.:
    'mp l'"'''''' wuutJ "" 'h" th, '''' ;I' I,,,, .. t >ub-<<re",uHY wu .Jd.d '0 the p'.f"';'
    10m";"" bef'K< 7 ' J.
    " !.ob, """ Firorin. ' )"" _ ' : 's" d,u' on ;"n." "''''''', " ,ng.]u, ,;u, ,,,,,,,«"1,
    oob,,,um."
    '\1."
    .. 11>i~" ' )0. 11 - ' )0.,, ; ' )'.7,
    " !Io;~" '1' ,7- '" '~N T, ~,rip< de m'nU [)om;" , 1"" g, t", ;ud;<;um ",'urn ."
    "",,,u' " ,,' u", .d "h i"""m m;mocorum 'u",u m Id. W;.oom \ .' 9 .nJ I S),
    VERSUS t: SUm< ,",u",m ' n<. pu ~n,"; 1< ' qu;,,,;, IW ;.dnm "'''1- ~d uhOon<m . II.
    Quo""m d, ,, ,,' unb;, [,<H''''' ' D"m;"" " u;"u, .b Al',,,;mo IW;""-,m 6 .• 1- ~~
    uitiot,on." T~, !"""",.li"""" "II«;"
    <>f ,11< rn<m"" 1',u"",m 'l to. u,u,t f~'m of
    ,I. .. ,.0'''' ,,, tOe Sp"",h l"u ,S>' ,nd "",,, cnmp"'!O!' wi,h ,he P<,hot" vm,on , V,h<,
    I",i", . ,1.1. ~"r " " Ii' 5,1"",,,,,;,. ,J. W . Thick IFrdbuog, 19SI), J4<>-', 'pp,
    The standard-bencn (wnwlqu;lqut) approached the ahar one by
    one and received Iheir nandards (b~"dws) from a prieS{ (l""r,dol)
    standing behind Ihe ahu. Meanwhile, the chorus stretched oU{ Ihe
    service wilh eight more verses, each One punctuated by the refrain
    'For vengeance against yourenemie'. /u soon u (he last nandud-
    bearer had walked out of the church. Ihe chorll' inloned a Glo ria
    and repeated Ihe anliphon. The elaborate blessing which dosed
    the ceremony focused On the king·. war cross and fused the
    theology of Christ's victory over death with the king's victory
    over his enemies." When the bishop finished it, the deacon
    dismis..:d Ihe gathering, using the ancien! formula which seems so
    ironic 10 a modern obse rver: 'In the name of our LordJesus Christ.
    go in peace', answered by a rouling 'Thanks be to God!' T he king
    kissed the bi.hop and anyone else he chose and left the church,
    preceded by deacons carrying hil standard and chanting '0 Lord
    God, power of my .alvation, cover my head in the day of
    batde.'s, Suilably reinforced, the ruler moumed his hone and th e
    royal party moved off" 10 war.
    The prayen natUr1l1y touch ed on royal victory. Harmony must
    reign in the army for the king to triumph."n The antiphonal chant
    during the delivery o f Ihe hattie nandard. cites P~Jm 120 and
    predicu that the king will perform the r~ lr~ljo rolli, an allusion
    which wu far from gratu itous."' The great pon tifical hlesung that
    conclu des the ceremony stri kingly formulates a Ch risIocentric
    ~culity which permeated kingship and combat. JuS! as it had once
    served Chrisc·, Iriumph, the ~cn:d wood would preside oVer the
    forthcoming battlc and champion the king·s victory. The puh 10
    hattlc which began in the Praetorian church was destined to end
    there as well. The prayer insists:
    Th rough the victory of the holy crOll m"y you both .ucccnfully
    comple'e ,h. journey b<:gun here and bring b.ck 10 u. flouri. hing proof.
    of your triumph •. - Amen."

    .. LA . .,J.. fi ,oti". Ij'.'J - ljP1 .


    .. I"'.• 'jJ .• I - . o. Th< 'n'ipMn;' fro", """m 119.1, ·Dom .... D<;o'. "in", .. I.. "
    m«, obumb" ""p.ll m<urn in di.< b<Ui." .. LA. .n.. Ft.ot"'. ')O.I1- 'II.S.
    " I~;J .• , j'.Jo- " ·N<lI. bun, ,< " im iG ,ui ... 'u «><um rolla "k,bi>' , o..""""",,,,y
    1).>9·
    .. LA . ..... FiTot"'. 'SP I- I : ·V, p<r uktori>m Un"'< Crurir. <! «P'" .... . bhin< ....
    fdiG ... 1"'''''';''' ,\,,,,,,,,...d "'" ttiumphotum ..... ""Nm ,i",kH ''l''''I"f<'i<."
    , ,0
    Vi(lQ'Y (tl.b,aliQII'

    T. ble J . C~ 'npn ,i$o" of ,,,h,i(nr,d 'p,oiulio' wirli r,:<11 fo, kI"g' f


    ,t/,r,n from U'M, PrarroTia" ,h",d,

    Depm", ••,",." .

    I. K,ng crn<.e<l .. In«.hold IK,ng ..",cd., .h... holdl


    1 . King e"ler<: pro",,,.: IKong mto": prom.t<,
    ("I<n' pr>yer) "lent p"ye']
    J. Fi", ve"'; pU)'er; '[)'U! Puyer: 'Rex 0.",', 0",
    uercltuum • fuhe,
    4. UI",ing I Ul,,,,,,S I
    j. Hmding ovor of b."k lK,,, ofpe""'?]
    cm" .nd umy ..."dud •. Two P")"": ·Ixu•
    • ,,'iphon.1 puyer of ten CUI ,ub .. cen t· .nd
    vor .... : f<pellilon ·T. ,,,u<>c.mu'
    6. Glori.
    7. Illes,ing 11 lll<"'n~ I!
    S. Di.mi.... 1 IO"m",.11
    ~. Ki .. of pe ' '''
    '0, Dep.nur< for W1I

    C1c..ly, the .nticipa{e-d th.nksgiving \.eTvice .t the c.mp"lln,


    end would par.lle1 the- p,oftrt;o:
    A. w< \.end you forth wuh thc k", of p"'«. by which w< b,d )'ou
    f.r.well fro'" hrre_ Ie, "'. 0" your ,uc«Siful r<lurn (j,/i,iofl "diru) ,
    wclcom. you b.ok in ,hi, "ery pl.,e with ..<bon.tio", O""d,bu;) of
    V;C'OT;.,.6'
    This expl icit u. rcment under<corc' th" implicit par.lklism of Ihc
    king' , lirurgic.l departur" .nd hi s triumph.nt return . T. ble J
    exploit, thi. parallel;'m by futing {he {e-x{, from {he- homecoming
    \.e rvicc into {he framework c<t.bli,h"d by {ht, p,ofwio rub rics,
    Element' in brac!<cl5 ~tC supplied hypolhNically on [he b~\i\ of the
    profwia rubrics,
    Once- {he ind"pcm.blc ~nd cunvention,! dement. of grecling
    .nd dismiss.1 arc ~ddcd. the lexC! of lhe relllr" se rvi ce fit r~{hcr
    well into lhe ritu.! framework I.id OUt in thc dep.rture sen·ice.
    The most ';gnif,e. n{ discrep.ncy is [h.t rhe rcturn omi r, • long
    .ntiphon.l prayer. This prob.bl y indicares {h.t thl' " iI 'W~J hckcd
    • rimc-comuminll ritu .1 [.. n~ction like {he .olemn retum of {he
    " ri,'.. , j) , ,, - ~: 'Q, .. I"" on ""'"k> p"". ~"" 00. ,bhln<"'"' f«.. nl<"> d<d""m.,.
    f'h""" ,N". H, he< 1<><0 <urn o;",,,n ' rum "'" bod,bu. r<<<p<<m"'-'

    J"
    Roy~1 .. il/o,y in Vi5igorhic Spain

    't~ndHd. to the ~lu r_ 64 Comp~Tcd with the prajrcrjo, the [exc. of


    th e rcturn !.ervin' arc "u her b!~nd. Th c thcme of pC3ce pbys 3
    prominent role. u But the pr~yersdo offer imight into how fH thi.
    mCCl'"or ",ciNy h~d 3,sim ii3ted thc id eology of imperi~ 1 ci viliz-
    ~tion: the triumphant army of the Vi,igoth. beseeched God to
    bani,h 'barbarian w . ,'. Ye.ce,d~y ', b.ubuiam had come to
    conside r them,elve. the ch .. mpiom o f civiliution. 66
    The${" services let th e spiritu .. l tone for war; an incident from
    W amb ' . expedition illustrate, it. A, the loy.liot fnrces beaded fur
    imurgent Gml, ,orne troops ,tarted to pillage their own territo ry
    and , God forbid, fornicate with the loca l•. Womba was quite
    u""'ttied by their beh.vior. War, he is supposed to have .. id, is
    divine judgement: cert.inly, the li turgy comforted him in this
    [hougbt. 67 !-low cou ld he go to divine judgement in .n impure
    .c.te' Citing Eli', ch. stisem~·nt (I Samuel 4.17-18), the king
    decl.red that , if onl y his ar my could rem.in pu re, 'there can be no
    doubt we will triumph over the enemy '.n After inAicting .. mmt
    bi,.rrc punishmcm on the offenders, he kept urict w . tch ove r his
    t roop~' mo r. ls . nd be. ded on to cert.in victory. Like !-Ier.dim'
    prescriptions for (he Byzantine . rm y ha lf a century cu lier,
    W amb~'. purif".tioo of his tainted troops was considered the
    cond it ion fo r victoT),.6'

    ,. A,my ",nd>. ..h m,y n," h,,'< h«n kept on th, , hu rc" on "m" or p<'0<' j , would, ..
    • ny "'<, h, "" 1><," ' '''prj, jog if'l>< ",nd"d, """ "'"m<d '" ,he , "urch bof"" 'he
    ","mph,] p",<k "'<0 ,I>< d,y. cr. • OOV<. Cll. 6. , .
    " U •. Md., Fc",,';n, ' ) 0. ' , - , j, .nd , II 7- " .nd '0-0 .
    .. Ii, • .. , jj .! -' " '" ,m",", <I<m""',, b"h,. .-i" t><U,'_ T h, "mo «X( occ"n m .h,
    P"Y" 'lid p,,<m ' of .h< 'o(i" M", f"" ki n~,. iliI.. 19) · 1) - " .
    " ;" I;,n . Hi". Wo .. o.. '0, Loy"",!!. )<0.1- 1[ . cf. U • . or,,, Ff",,,,,. '1"'7- " .
    .. Juli,n ,II.". w ....! .. '0, Loyi!On, ) JO. " ' J:' ..., i pu'S"i m"><,m",, « imi"", non
    dub,u,," «i,. quo.! ,,"u"'f,h"nt copi""u, <x h""o_
    .. IJ,;J., j to. ,- ,6, h< h,J 'h< ~" i t'y P"'~ d,,,,, m<i,,d. Tho punimm<n t ><om, (0 have
    no pmlkl in ,t>< U~ V";I"I..",,"_ 1< ;, probably '0 b. ,xpl. ;n«! by tho ,n,;"
    Soc",;",m "mp., ", in >om< ",,"on ofVi,igo<h", 1OCi<,y (cf. S. K m. 7"Io'J'"" i. ,I..
    V".S"'";, ..... 5""i' ...
    1'' '. 0''' 0;'""",' ":f C," I. Muno~"ph. of ,he M,d;t<"t
    Awk",y uf IIm<.i" . "(C, ,,, b,;dg' . Mm .. '9J1) . pp . "If,nd
    Ulum<,,'"'''' J"if' " ,",/0,,,,, ....,
    "1- '"-''' d . B.
    k _ok «,;01.. ,.1, . ~ '096. 'ud<. ju iv ... ,
    (p.",. ,<)60), pp. 'Ol!f, • .,d II .S. 1I"""'h. Edrl y ....i".1J'w',/r l"'lig ;...... ,,"'"
    E."I'< (M"'''''pol". '''',). pp . llf ,nJ ,1-19)_ Tn. p",,,,"I,, ;jlnom;ny ,,"";;,,«1
    ",,,h weo , p<,,,I,y ;. ;nJ,,« liy <onf",,,<d by , ],,,, ;nl<,I"'],'.'" ;n 'he I.u Vi." ",
    , . m f",•. Z<u",<r. ~"J.J - 14 , ' h;jlhl y Qh>o;u" ,;tl< d<>lin~ w;,h in",l" .nd oun'g<.
    tf ~'",<<.m' "I], . nnth" 'c;""mc;«d' ,nJ i, ~ no< "''''' 'h< f"" p<f1<Ht m.ll ,ulf..
    'JO t"he> in I"'bhc, the m..;mum pu"~hm<" t fom«" ,n (h" .;dr .

    J"
    Vic/ory cd,bra/ions

    Thc"mp~ign w~,crowned with me,,,, •. Aftcrwh:athcvinor"


    panegyr; st portray • ., a fairly e .. y victory. Nime. capitut.,ed
    and the usurper duke Paul was dragged from the amphitheater.
    his b st refuge. On 4 September 613. the vanquished pre_
    tender ~nd hi. key follower. appeared before the king for the
    second time. 10 This time the SCene had been more "refully
    prepared than two days earlier. when P.ul had been brought to
    Wamba in the first flush of victory. Now king Wamb a was
    properly ensconced in th e royal throne and the rebels weighted
    down with ,h ackle._ In the presence of the VisigOlhic army. the
    symbolic rimal of victory wa\ performed: ' ... <lfter the cu,tOm of
    d,,: <l1 ,cients. [Paul). with bent b~ ck. placed his neck under the
    ropl foot"ep'." There can be no doubt about the ehar.cter of
    thi, .ym bol ic gesture; Wamba performed on th e usurper the ritual
    trampling of,ot. 1 victory. the cal<a/;a co lli. just a. Hcracliu, had
    before and Jmtinian II would after him .
    After thc' .ymbolic.n of victory nme the judicial one _In front
    of the ,. me audien ce. the evidence concerning the usurpation was
    b id oU!. Paul himself te'tified to hi. unprovoked act of tre~!On.
    laying full bl.me on the devil." The written and signed oaths of
    allegiance. as well as the relevant texts of the L~w of the Visigoths
    and the Fourth Council of Toledo were produced. Finally the
    judge, Hr;"ed at . fot<:gonc conclu'ion; Paul and his helpers were
    condemned to death. and their property confisc>lcd .• Ithough the
    judges left open the po"ibility of. roy~l commutation of ,he
    death penalty to judicial blinding_ 73 In fact. W amba was unable Or
    unwilling to apply {"Vcn this mitigated punishment and the
    penalty was further reduced to dee.I".tion. 14

    ,u."-.,, ,f. ;Ioil.• ><-,. "0.2<>-,,, ..•_


    ,. Jo .h.". HiJl. II'... ~ .. "" 1.<" '<00.
    " lo.l .. '7 . 110.' '- I. ' ._._,miquOIum nlOl< (UrN 'Pin, do,," '"''g''' r<g.libu, .u.
    cotb '" b m;, t ,,_ . _'. h" ,h, .• n"qu,· tm'" .n: t h,,,, d, ff"cn t "" " ih,1 iti<>. "f w hi,h ,h<
    fi", <urn, to m< the rn (Ht hkdr O ld T,," m<m figu,,", {cf. <-g-J""'"' '0., . -1;
    " .. hn ... . ,6 .• • 1"9-0: txuIC mnomy JP9); 'h< "'om.n ompcfO'" or. <.. h<r
    V"igorhic kJn ~' .
    " I"J~;"", i" 'r""""'.'"l"'jidi, P',,,,u1l"'""" r. , d. W. Lemon . MGH.SR.\f. , 1'9' 0) .

    .
    • • I' il_ . "4. L,.,,,,.,. I)). .... - H'_ 'O. On 'h< V;, ; ~o'h;, ,on"p<;,m of" .."",. FS
    l eu, T"",,," '" U" .. "" ... c., ..... ~ 1"'1"'",,;n. '9">l). pp. "llf•• nci ~ ;n~.I", ... pp .
    ~.
    ,. Jut"n . If",- <I'• ..b .. "" le,i.....,. l""~ '1' of ;'i~ .. )0, }>J.'O.

    J'J
    Royal vicrory in VisigOlhic Spain

    The .rmy w .. then dismis",d and the roy.l patty ~nd prisoner>
    headed back to the c.pitll." Jul ian's description of the triumph.!
    entry that ~nsued is explicit but incomplete, for, in his efforts to
    dramatize the miser.ble f.te of would_be usurper<, he dwell s only
    On the pitiful s~ct.de of th e captives in the par.de. Ne.r the
    fourth mileston e from the royal city, r .uland his .ssociates were
    prep. red for the seventh-cemury Sp.nish version of the p.rode of
    infamy and triumph.l entry. Their heads were shav ed or salped,
    their beards shaved off and their footgc", removcd. 70 They were
    dressed in filthy r. gs .nd ",.tcd on camels, a hem considered
    symbolically appropriate to their humili.tion." The pretender
    preceded his suhordin.te. md was deck ed out in .. mock crown.'"
    With the population stl nding to either side of the road, the cortege
    entered the apital. The reSt of the triumph ceremony w.s so
    obvious to his r,.defS th.t Juli. n didn 'r even bother to menrion the
    king 's presence in th e p.rade.'9
    Like the par.de of infamy inAicted on conspirators or the cu ....
    tom of leading the way to W3t with a golden b.ttlc reliqu >ty of
    the true cross, the Visigothic mon. rch', [f;umph.l celebrations arc
    clearly patterned On those of contcmpor.ry Const.ntinople. Thi.
    tells uS much about the cultural orient.tion of th e Visigothic
    monarchy and in subjects and much about the spell cast by th e
    Byzantine emperor, even in the grim ycars of the .eventh century.
    But. careful consideration of who watched Wamba', ritual
    tumpling. and an examination of how related Visigothic victory
    custom, Came into being, .re even more interesting. They
    iUuminat~ th e soci~1 conditions which fostCted the development
    of roy.! authority 's ,ymholi,m in ~arly m~di~ va! Spain.

    ,. rliJ.. '9. Ltvi",". ) "" ) - J' P, " Iii• . , )0. Lo,.i",". 1'),9-[> ·
    " loi'., L,,.i,,,n. 1'). " - [> , nd S' S· ,6- 10. No« ,h" '" md" ,u m . , h ,," I ~ · Iii •• . ,
    Ill.ll ) 00.. no' m.. n 'in <om 1'I'1k d by "m.1' (Thomp"''' , S"",", p. 116). In
    V;,igothi< L.dn. •.. hk"I"Ol· ;. . Im",' oI .... y, • loft y .... y of 'timing '" • ''''''port
    ."im.1. <.,. P""i. £ ,I,li« f .. """",,, (BHL. noo). <d . A . Fob,,!!. G"oJ. P"i<on" j.
    IIj,p<oit., '. Moo"m,n" Hi,p' ni" ... m. "" . lit,. 6 (Ih"d" m .nd M.J,iJ , ' 91)-) ).
    6\1,11 : '""hi<lOl" p"bli(o,,' gl,n><d ' mulion,', cr. ' . ~7 , nJ Vi,. p' ''' £ ... ,. , J. II. 19,
    Gor,;" , , ...9~~. <1<,
    "Juli,,,. /Ii,!. Woml .. )0, Ltvi"",. 1'),,, - . 6.
    " Pr=n' h. "'., th.,ugho il il .• '9. u vUoo , 1'1 .)- 6.

    ) '4
    S"cial wlUcxl

    J. TilE SOc:JAI CONTF X T OF V1S1GonJ[C VICTORY


    CELEBRIlTlONS

    Strohcker long ago voiced the hypothesis that Leovigild' ~ revamp-


    ing of roy"l rim ,l w'" directed " g" inst the GOIhie "ristoer>ey.·o
    A closer examination of Wamb's ritual trampling of the
    defeated usurper and in audience con firm s and deepens thi~ view,
    Julian's account identifie~ the ,udicnce fot p"ul's ritu"l !r"mp-
    ling and public judgement in ,ol11e dnai!. It compri",d, on the
    one h,nd, the pow.-rful sector of the aristocracy d ircnl y a~sociatcd
    with the pabce (,eMiorn 1M/alii), os wdl a, [he kitl g's elite milit" ry
    retainers kno wn as gar/lillgi dml lht' lown ranks of palace
    personnel, the pald!i",,,,, "ffid,,,n-"' On [he other, the ,cene w"
    witnessed by the Vi'igothic field :>rmy which, prccilely in thi,
    period, wa, 'Imming • prolOfelllM social proflk. A, Sinchcz
    Alborno>., l);e,ner and Gorda MorCIlO have 'hown, thc field ~rnly
    by thi, time chid! y comprised the kin gdom', grandees, the landed
    m, g""te" accompanied by their hrgc pcrwna I fol lowi"gs of free
    "nd unfree ret>iners, serving under the dire" commalld ofthe;r
    pm/om,s."' The secne outside N;m c~ indic"tes that WaH/b" w~ ~
    essentially concerned with ~Iorifyin~ hi s complc,,' victory, not tu
    the population of the reconql1C"fc'd town, or ,' V("11 that of the
    c~p;,al - he could h~ vc ,avcd [he <n/cn!io "., wel l " the public
    judgement for I~tcr - but 10 (hc mmt powerful men of the
    kingdom. the "ristocncy, as represe"ted by the sr"iI" .. pa/alii and
    the magn.tes serving in the ~rm y, before the)' wne dismissed .nd
    returned to their hOl11es. ' J It c~nnot be forgo[(cn that, but a few

    " G, ........ "'"', pp. " '-J.


    " J"Ii.", liiJl. IV,,,, . .. '7. L,·"''''n. Jl'."-'; ."J. "'''". <"p l;,iliy. I.d,,;"",. ).
    ~v;""'. JJJ."-' J .
    " C. S'n,h" .0.1000.00 . ·l. I'hd 'd. d< ['p'"' ' Et .j<'m,o "i,iK,><Io, '" pro'<>-
    r,,,d,h,,cion', (.",..1<,"" ok """i, ok [.'1"'';_, <) - J (J%1). J- 1): H.j. P""""r,
    'Kooi~ W,",b. "nd d,,, "'<~ ~o,,,doc hul ,f,·uJ.t"mu>. JOB. J! (19<")), 7-Jj. np.
    "If .nJ 'Jif. " ... <1 1 " hi, W" 'R,i<,,", ""J I""~,,",,,J;,,", (;'J"II""'j"" ""'
    U."".",",',,!oM<ok. Si""n~,b.'"cht<"" ",h""h<" /lbd<mi, d<, Wi",-"">< I,, f,«,.
    !'hi!.-hi". Kl. "0,' (1I<, lin, ,,,,1), pp. 7-'9' LA Gmj, Mor<t,., . 'E>t"rliQ, ,,,h« I.
    u,~."j,.<i6n .d"' ; ni ~"';" d<t ",in" vi"g'Hlo .k TukJc'. Itn".,;o J< """,,,, b l
    '''''/'' """'01, .. ( ''l/O) . l-llJ. O<r< ni!", d . h;, !'Ifi" okl "'''''' v;';;«'Jo ok J'c l,Jo
    (M.d,.!. ''''J) . pp. I,, - I."d 113- 00.
    " J"I;," f.il, to p""ei,dy identify ,h< ",,'. 't'h" "w" "ot lit N;n'" folk>w, fmm ,h<
    d.",tip"""' or.h< H",. IY ...... . nd to. i,.;,i,,". ... I,lel , ,,"pl~ ,h" ,h. ,;f< w"

    ;';
    months earlier, duke Paul had been a trusted member of this same
    c!ite and, indeed, that the king himself had been ui.ed from their
    ranks only a year before. By witnCjsing the ritual of toul victory
    and participating in the trial of thei r captive pee". the unjc,ts and
    magnucs cxpres...:xl the ConKnSuS of the Visigothic elite that the
    usurper's bid for supreme power had failed and thai his defeat was
    indeed a victory for the bng and hi, fellow ari5lOCralS, even as
    they consented in the infamy whi ch stripped aristocratic 'status
    from their form er peers," The new king and the king-mahrs
    agreed, for the time being, on Wamba" lUcce.. and worthiness to
    hold the royal office,
    Th is obse rva tion takes us to the heart of the excrei", of royal
    power in seventh-.:cntu ry Spain: itJ inse<:u rity, Perh aps the
    dominant feature of the development of Visigothic rulcnhip
    between leovigild and the Islamic conquen - in",far as the
    meager evidence allow s of generaJiution - was the unending
    struggk for suprema cy between the royal ambitions of new-made
    kings and a tru culent aristocracy'sappctite for power, The 'Gothic
    di""a",,', ma,bus Co,hj(~ s as Fredegar calls it, was rampam among
    an aristocracy with a pronounced penchant for igno ring the
    rhetoric of sacral kingmip and murdering, dcthroning Or other-
    wile replacing their rulers ,·s Onc sutistic spells OUt the trend with
    chilling clarity: of the ",ventcen Visigoths who arc kn own to have
    claimed the royal offICe in the ",venlh century, six weTe cntainly
    deposed and fOUT morc very probably suffered the same fate_.· In

    'p' '';''"' rno"8h <" ' «0"''''0001< ,Oo <nti .... .. my_TOo hk<ly ..,,,ing i, '"ggo.«d by
    J"h.n·, ",",I ,<",,, k on ,ho pn"<<', wt.o ... boo" un .h< doy .f,.. ,,1<_
    ,I>< (,r.
    )'1.9): /I,,,, 11'_." <"""'" ,
    ' 7. !.<v,..,., j"_' j _ , .; 'N.m <I ",Iii;""" pNoc<p>
    N<"m"ett'" orb< ;n pl.n. ,um ,,<w'" '01\~'''b.>,_ I1lie .." .. P'''''''''' '_
    •• Th< loJiti ... r«ord, worh "'" 'ho« PI'''''''' j, !.<v;""'. In"- " . m whieh
    W.mb. <""pm, P.wl ' 0 "",,<0><1 ... "h h,m ',~ Ito< ,o~v...,'o (.. 'n...' m<on<m', ,r.
    ;.'4.. 1, J" ." - JJj .l' .Ito< <;>mn<> <ommwn; d<~n;v;m"' ",,,,.,,.i.'.TIt" rl>< «b<I,
    Io!o ,"m pnvil<5<d """,, I ".,0' fOllo w, (.om ,ho II" ••d1or .."'" of<lIrir oobm.y:
    <f. T1wmp"'" , 5";", pp . 'Jj-'.
    " F.«I<K". 0,_ .. ,. h. Kru..:!o. 1.>.I>-.6J . ". s... In 3""<>1. Cloud<, M.1. pp.
    lO,tr, GOld. Mon'nD. H,. pp_ "olI".
    .. COIIn.«I Of follow" « ".in ly dopo.<d or '''''''''01«1 : L,"" 11 ("" ,-, ll), w"".o<
    (""' ....1'0), So.o;.,.hil. (."-J'). T wig. (61~" )' P.ul I.., '), W.mb> (..,,40): "'y
    p,ob,bly d<P"'<d or .,,'''''n,,<d, Sil<tM.t, (6 .. - ,,), R«<>..-d II (6"). lodi!.
    ("j.?_ ))), Sun;.(.HI (69.1 - j')' rompl««1 rl><;r «'I" .nd d;"d, """,,,I d<".:
    G"nd<m" (11091'0- "), Si ...... nd 16j , - 6). C hi",,!> (616--j91..,). Cloind.w;",h
    (• .,- jJ). Rox .. "mlh (6jJ -7». Emg (0.1<>--7), E,ie, (."~7<> ' ) '

    ) .,
    f~'I. not I~n y,'ul .flcr his viCiory ovn om: afllto(r~t. W am ba. Ih~
    mumphalor of 67]. would rail vicli m 10 .nOlh~r .nd • nnional
    (ounClI would r~"or~ full nobililY. pr1\'IJcgl'" and pmlXrry 10.11
    surv"'Ulg p~rl lC.paI Ul '" I'~urs usu rp.tion ." It i, hard 10 . void
    !u!l"'nmS a link octwn11 th, proh lie ",lern.1 chllcngn Ihe
    Vi,ig..,lh;, .n<uxra,y cr~>!(d for Ih...c 11 made killS and thesc
    ruleu ' drorl! 10 rAIs(" Ih~n"d,'" .bo,·c ,hc•• formcr peers .nd
    d("'OIUlr~l c Ihe 10Ultly o f Ihci. oWn ""Iory over. di"idClu
    nobk, I" Ih .. rcspcl.'l. II cannot 1:><, ovcrlooked th.t th~ full"t
    account 0(. viClory cde bralion eomc. from the COUrI h,slory of
    d.c lu ppresslon o f ye l >"mha intern.l challengc !<) myal
    ..uh otil)" put;cu larly MIKe Ih.1 ",ork (' xpli culy cbim~d u ils
    ."dience Ihe yo,lIhful wnrior1 of Ih~ coumry,·· Given thl' !<>Cial
    profI le uf I. y lilcra cy a~ ",..II .. Ihar of Ih,' ... ny in Viligolh ic
    Sp''''' Ihc 'lId'rnc, fo t Juhan" aCCoull! " f ti,l.' trllllllph w.!
    p.oh~bl y nO leu dlliinguished dun Ih>! ofdu- nl ual t .. ",pling, ·~
    Th,' !oOCiAI Conl ( ~ I o f W • mba '. v.ctory «lc br.tionJ , .n bc vnifl<"!
    .nd c~({ndcd dunks to Ih ....., . eb lnl btu mdq>l1.d,n l develop-
    m~n". They n~ ,,·.denced by nun",m.nn ~nd canon 11", ~nd
    r...·c~1 h"",' 1111(01.1 ch~tktlgo 10 Ihe U\o,,~rd.y er)'sl.thzcd orh ...
    ,mlon.. rd~ll'd 10 roy~1 "'CIO'Y_
    Tilt.' con"~rSlon of u:ov igild', ddCloI IOn lictll\(fI~gild 10
    onhoool( Ch,im.nlly. hi. umrp.tion .•111.,....(' wllh Const.n ll-
    nople .nd th,' fom )'CU1> of civil ""n Ib l ctl~ul'd, ""m have
    UII Ic>lh~d grc.t M'CW:' in Ihe upper ~chc toU! o f V Illgo lh ic >O(:i<'1 y .
    A. cO lllwvcni,l as SI,) I"r dN >ils n.. y ynlx:. Hltl lt.rth·s work It'
    particulu h. , 111.,1,· ckar tllll Lcovlg ild 1lI'lched hi, IIIihlar y
    "-'p'J1UC , 0 ehe u\\lrp~,ion Wllh • pohtic. 1 one whose tu«s (all
    mil bt- rnd in hil ~oin.It<·, for Ihe firsllilll e. Vl>isu,hi e gold COlnl
    I,rnp.g.ndiz.'d sJ>l'cifi, .us in Ih~ k"'g'~ exc rci:\(' of poW...' hi~
    " " tories ov~r Ihe '<'.",.1 forn .... The ,,· VC' X' kgend CV M D {E)O
    OI' TlNVIT SPAll .nnounccd Ih, f.1I of I-k'I1IC11cgild', capiut
    Sc,·tlk and Ih~ di "",c f.,·or wlll,h 'U<11dcd ,uch • Jncn·u.....
    Olher key '· '~I Otle' ",'ere h.,led wilh COlli rC vCtlC~ hke +I' IVS
    "XIlI 'loi I _ V,,~ " J - ,~ .,f ''''~nl'''", .l,.. ... M' ''' ,
    ". J~~"'- /I,,, ..._ . '. I......,"" "" • -,0
    • • I >iJ. t' I }uz. '~""'" "" fK"'" " If.
    1'1' <O~''''~''' ,h.. ' huo<h .('H ...... ".'f< h....-.I1~
    .",," , ~,bIt ' OIly ,,, , .... , k.~ y ' 001 d I' It .. h< , r"",.. _ .. ,.~"" ""' , ro.,~
    ........ , . I "' _ 1' 1/1 ' .,J.-h J.J < ~" (I· ... ,. ( 1~1l1 ). PP J"" .0
    - "",k"_ r;,,"ot;(". p "" . '" " ('1
    ) ,7
    Royal virtory in Visigot/,,'( Spain

    EMERITA VICTOR, ~ignaling Ihe recovery of Ihe peninsula's


    economic center, while CORDOBA BlS OPTINVIT ~a luted the
    final collap", of resistance.·' In other word s, the f,nt issues of
    Visigothi, coinage proclaiming the king' s victory were forged in
    th e nucible of internal strife,
    For whom Were these messa ges of royal victory minted? An
    eS5ential clue comes from the metal in which they were muck:
    gold, As Bellinger ha, noted of By.antine gold issues .nd Barral
    reaffirmed for the economic context of early medieval Spain: '. "
    the government is largely indifferent to the opinion of the general
    public and chiefly concerned only with , . ,the aristocracy',"' The
    emergence of thi, victory custom in Visigothic Spain w.s
    triggered by an internal challenge to the rulcr, and .g.in the
    aristocr.cy was the primary target,
    Victory coinage continued to be struck intermillently after
    leovig ild' , time, although the legend. quickly occame otnco-
    typed , Rcccared's issucs lOutcd VICTOR IA or the king's quality
    of VICTOR, One group of tremisscs ~truek at Merida has tent3-
    lively been linked with the .ame victory for which Masona staged
    a thanbgiving procession,·J Both king Sisebut and Suinthila
    i"ued at the Galician toWn of lugo coim which display the
    VICTOR epithet, and both i"ue' have b..·cn connectcd with
    campaigns in Ih.t region.· ' Chinda,vinth', reign (64~ - SJ) was
    chuacteri~ed by the repression of insurrections .nd he too seems
    to have called him5elh VICTOR on • coin bearing the Merida
    mintmark ,9' Egica's (695 - 702) iss ues "I T olcdo and al Ihe Galician
    .. I,il" pp, '~J-7, no>. )9- ,1; d . p. '9<, no. )1; .nd i,il" pr, '1"'-', no, )0' cf,
    Thorn!""", S".i", p. 7>.
    ., "" ,II,, ll<lhng", 'Th< <o;n, . nd !ly.. n"n< 'mp«i. 1 pohcy ', Sf',.I.m, Jl (19}6),
    7(>-1" I><r< 71; d: ,,",p, K"hd,n, 'Co",," ",i" of ,mp',i.1 p,op.~.nd. in tl><
    By"mi"" <m pi« ftom th< <igh 'h '0 ,I>< r.r'«Jl,h <rn,u,;"", l'Id~"i... " P"P"I"."'
    .., _,'" J"., I,,,,", By""", o.,i".'(p..;" t93JI , pp. 'J- ,I, h«o '); of. 11.",1.
    Ci".I." .. , pp. 69. 70, ,t<, On ,I>< run"'" I><t"'« n 'uin oo",m,n"",n, 'nd P';«
    kv<i"
    .. Mi le>, C" ••gt, p, ,,".rod pp, ".If,no, 9J ,
    .. Ii"'. , pr. 'J6-7 ",d >71. "". '01' pp. '91-9, "0 . >,6. Su;n,h;Io ', VICTOR. i""",,
    'EIIOR,,"', ,,<., Elvora, moJ, l;.o" ;, gi"n J.c...b,lui . u,o.n';,;' y' Il iI .. pp, '~'-J,
    no. 'lolb),
    •• M;I«. Col"or. p. J<J . no. lJI. FO! .n"""",;< m,u",,,';on un<i<, him, 0«, in
    . dd;t.," to ft<<i<¥". C~,...., <. h . K!U><h, ,0>.>.- '0] . ' >, B",.I', hypolnem on
    tn, ,,It,.;v< 10' tho bun. 1 of th, g"" L.. G,,,,, ",,,,d, <I, 0. or-1J 0' 6)J-"
    Ci".I." .. , pp, '" . nd " <.

    J"
    Social <olIIexl

    mints ofBug~ ~nd Tuy (Tude) testify to ~ development whose


    significance has not been adequately appreciated. Hitherto,
    victory ~pith~!S appeared only on the less important ,ide of the
    coins. the reversc. 96 Two important i!",ovations werc m ade
    simultaneous l y in the capilal', coinage. The old invocation 'In the
    name of the lurd' was replaced by a christolugial one 'In the
    name of Christ'; +N +PI NM,·7 At the .. me time , the victory
    epithet was tunsferrcd from the reverse Jnd became part of the
    roy,1I tid~ itself: EGICA REX VICTOR .O. The father of the last
    ruler ofVisigothic SpJin probJbly faced mo re than Otte uprising
    by inmrgent aristocrat> and,le" than a decade after Egiea 's demise.
    a feuding elite would invite the Arab invasion. Given the king's
    efforts to shore up the monarchy's prcstigc and victorious quality
    in another domain, 01 connection betWeen the new royal title and
    the repressiun of high-level dissi dence is nut .ltogether unlikely .
    If the medium uf Visiguthi, victory issu~'S indicates the social
    level of their .udienee, the mintmark. uf certain scrico "'ggesl a
    further resolution uf their focus, part icularly when place uf issue is
    correlated with circul.tion patterns. lhrral', ana l ysis of ~ninsular
    hoards reveals a fairly intensive circulation uf the coinage within
    rather narrow regiunal buundaries, Down to the lime ufWamba,
    only money struck at Merida and Toledo could be expected to
    break this pal!ern ruutinely and carry its mc"age to the kingdom's
    far reaches, thank. tu these cente,,' dominant role in the eco-
    nomy.99 This explains victory coim minted th ere but raises the
    question of why leovigild, Reccared, Siscbut, Suinthila and Egica
    issued ,imilar coi", . t rather eccentric ]oc.le, like Lugo, Tuy, or
    Draga, which would not have been the ~ttinsula's mo,t densely
    populated areas, T he answer may lie in regional military activities,
    for it has bcen suggested that the proliferation of minI< mo.!
    wmetimc. havc been connected with payment. to the army. '"0 III

    .. \li ';go'~;, ",;nto" ",m"n," .w'" of'''' di";,,ct""' oM;!«, C.'."g', p. J" 11",,1,
    Ci",.I"i ... , p. rH.
    " C;,td f,om "", of ,,,, <1<""" , .. mph M;I<., C.i.'g<, p. J9'l, nu. 017(I):o[ ihl' .•
    p. J7.
    .. f.~ . Mik., CoI.'S'. p. 396. nO.• nlb): p.• o~ . n",. oj' , ,,J ~ JJ {x). Th;, ,; !I, .looutJ
    ...dJ<d '0 ,o. "W"et ,,,,tnbkJ b~ Wutf"",, 1.,;,./,,;, . I, pp. 611f.nd :rolf.
    .. B"..1. Gi,,,,I,,;,,,,, pp. 70, 'J7 ."d
    'J9·
    '00 G.«i. M"""o, ' E,,"J;"" . pp. 971f ."J , 'JIf, ,,,J "p. h;, puin'.,d """'.... i"" ,h.,
    ,h< onty Vi,iK",hk coin'g' 'Y" mon,td " lu i". w"
    "",,,w,d p"",,,,,iy wi,.
    ,"
    Royal ViC/My in Visigorhic Spain

    Olher words, lhere is some re~son to lhink lh ~ t lhe loc~1 issue of


    victory coinage wa, ~ ddrc\scd to the ,arne .udimce ~, king
    W a mb~ ' , ritu al humiliation o f duke I'.ul.
    The cit,tion of the Fourth Counci l of Toledo during I>. ul 's
    tri~l i, " me.sure of the role of the Sp~ni,h bilhop$ .nd their
    pronou ncemc n t, in the politic~ l life of th e kingdom, Thi~ im POict
    nn be smdi"d th.n ks 10 thc extcnsivc records of church councils
    prcserved in th e Co/blio hiJpn,,~,IOI The k g~1 fr.mework oflh."",
    mccting~, li ke thc cu stom of acchiming ,he !ecul .. r power, w~ s
    ,. kcn ovcr flOm the pracricc of the later Rom.n emp ire.!">
    Cultom uil y, ea ch council's records begin with a pra yerful
    pre. mble .nd con clud,- with. thanksgiving texl , Evm under the
    Aria n k ing~> thcse limin ary sUtcments had included . ccrtain
    ''''lOun t of well-wishing for Ihe' GOlhic prince. 'OJ The COn version
    of the mon~ rchy to orthodo xy n. turally upped the ~ nte, begin -
    nin g with the re m~rb.blc a~dam ,u ion of Reccarcd . t the Third
    Council of Tolcdo in S ~9 , I 04 But it took nearly fifty year •• nd
    nine morc counci ls heforc the hishop' praycr and praise for the
    princ" .dd ress<:d th" issue of roy~ l victory. The prel~tes convened
    ~I Ihc Fifth Coull cil of Toledo in 63(, prep~ rcd a document in
    which ,11 or ne.rly .11 {he canons COnCern attempts to ovl'tthrow
    the new kin g Chimil •. As h.s been noted, the conclu,ion (hat chese
    provisiom m irrored.n ongoing umrp,ltion ~ llc mpl h~, met with
    wide .. cce ptance. Fo r thc fi rst lime in thc history of Visigothic
    cOll cj li;>.r lcgid. don, ,he bishop , added to their concluding
    a~cldm . tion\ a ncw kind of wish , onc which cntre.u ed God to
    grant the king 'triumph ovcr hil enemies', 'u' Th i, innov,u ion
    would be eeh"" d hy four mme of ,he mrviving fou"""" council.
    which followed it. Ag.in. an intcrn.1 ch. llcngc to the mon~rchy

    l <o v i ~ , l d ' , , « ""~o,'"


    of 'ho< ''' y_
    fu, ",m, t,n"',v< ' nd'n'''''' of I"'puto<ion
    d" ", bu",.., , .... P. .Ie P, I,,), ' tk m" K"phy ,nd " , h><oiogy ,n fl.,,",,"
    Ch';""n
    ,00 V;" KDth;c )i;,p'no" 0 , ,,;.. 1 r-oli. , ' ) ('''''''I , j'_' '., M,p' J, ttt,lV ,od Vk
    d pr. JIll'.
    co, s,..-, <. ~ . It . • , " Ho", . "',./,._ ,"" .J
    c ..~' "' I,,;, , ... ""id (M,d",",", '., j).
    pr· ,-,
    '" J O,bodi>, .UX '" "'''fl'''' '''''' " ..il'i '. I~ ,~I",. ' " I. r,,,,,", "'''XO'i" y .. ,~i,".1
    (p. rnplon,. ,.,01 , pr. 0i j- ll l ' d . ' ''''''K'''''''' m M. McCormi<k, R",", , '. ",.;"
    m/<"''''q"' . 11 ( ' .11), ) 71-l
    co , I" i_ . p_ 1"'J . ' " III T o!., Yo v". ,ro '7 ·
    ,., V Tol . ~ , v,,,,, ')0; ' Doo« ci 1,,,,, x; l l)Qm in o' d, ,nimi,;, ,riomfum ..
    Social conreXI

    pmvokcd the birth of ~ new, trend~Ktting victory cUllOm. The


    bi~hops ~t the Sixth Counci l of Toledo pr~yed in 1"\3B that
    Chintib', triumph might prove a I~sdn!: one. 'O • The synod held
    ~t Merida in 666 regulated the pcrformJnee of diocesan services
    for ,'ictory during the king', campaign, a measure whi ch must
    reflect ~ period of conflict.,o7 Accordingly. the bi,hop' left.
    record of thei r wilted "I' prayer that the king would be victoriou~
    and bend the CIlt"mic, neck. tu his duminiun.'o, King Ervig
    convokcd thc Twelfth Coundl ofTulcdu only twelve weeks into
    hi, !(·ign. Although nothing is known of nmcd upposition to hi,
    acce,sion. th c king's wholcsalc concessions to the church <ind
    :lIi,tOCT"Y cvidence an in~cure hold on the throne, and the
    prelates publicly prayed th at he might OIppcar thc unconquered
    conqunur of l'Ilemi.-.. ,09 Even though the record is nc~rly bbnk
    in thc ciO'ing dccOIdcs of V isigothic history. the reign of Egic. was
    eeruinly rmrkcd by cver incrcOising tensions with the nobility: 01
    murper issued coins mintmarked Toledo, ~ primate of Spain was
    implicated in <l plot to murder the king , and Egica's son was forced
    tu cancd many ufhi, f~th",', puliein .nd pen~ltie,, ' 10 The prayer
    for the king', victory inscrted it) thc Council of Saragossa (6<,1,)
    leaves plenty of room for civil nrife;
    M.y He cOIISolid.,e hi' [the kinB',j reiBn in ~.ce dlfough "'.IIY cycle.
    of y•• rs , nd m,y He pre,erve bOlh Ih. ,"co (grmrm) .nd Ihe entire
    f,therland in tranq"i!ity ,,,d may ChriS!', "i(lO rio", right h.nd m.ke
    him evcr victor .g,in.,t 'he oppo,ing ho,'-'"
    Usurp,tion triggered Ihe fITS! performance of "ictory pr.yen
    du ring. Sp.ni,h munci!. Allhough lilde is known concerning the
    cirCllln,t;l. nccs of ,he . ucceedi ng a,-.elllbli •• which pronounced

    ,.. Abo.we. n 49· ," f.rner,


    '"' E""" .. Vi ... J'J, ',
    j. Vi,,.,. » 1-8 . Cf. Thomp"'". Sr"., p. >1O.
    my"" <'<0'" d.' ' "" ho"ib", ",l<\" . ic<u,"n' u, 'UNU",
    ,,""" co"'''' ""I I, Ji, in'" <im ,ubd" g''';'' >u'
    f.. on" ...
    ". XII Tol , 'J . V"",, , 00, Cf. Th<>mpoon. Sp.i •. pp. lJlff.
    ". On SUn",r"d', ",u'p,,"". Mil<->. C.M ••l " p. )1. d . • OS; Thomp>Oo, SI"';". p. ,. • .
    EgO<. "'.. f<"",w,I,,,N fo. hi, I'<,,,,, u'ion of ',h< Goth.- , ,h .. i., ,..., Go,b"
    """,,,,c1' (;'",. /1;' . • ;,p •••. Momm ",n. ).9.)0 - ': <f.
    "",-, .lunJonm<n' ~f hi, po li,,,,,.
    ,,;4.
    JjO.)O- JJ ' .,. fo, hi,

    ," II' C""",,"ug, j , \I i.". ,80,,; '" . m ip'" "gnum eo", in P'« ,ub mullimoo.
    "",Olllm ,u ".", I, ",10<1<, K,n "my", " unovo, .. ", P'''''''' In ".nquili"«
    <,."",,,<l. <l (0",,, ~owm .J'Cllum "", ix Ch,i", <1<.,... ""0«'" effL",,'
    «"'1'.. . .. '.
    Ror~1 ~i'torr in Visigothi( Spain
    similar praycn, it is nO{ impo<sible that civil strife continued to
    condition their performance through the next half cemury. One
    furtber consideration rcinforcC5 this connection; it i. panicularly
    relevant to the bishop, puyn. for king Egica·s victory in 691.
    Within tWO years of the Saragossa meeting and twO decades
    before the kingdo m'. final agony, the Sixteenth Council of
    T oledo devised the 1m reeorded meaSUreS aimed at shoring up a
    tottering monarchy and invoking divin e power against its
    adversariC5. The bishops who gathered in the npital in the 'pring
    of 693 had their hand. full and the conteXI of conspiracy and
    u.urpation perme,ltes their pronouncement,. No lest a figure than
    Si.iben, bishop of Toledo and primate o(Spain, was condemned.
    deposed and excommunicated for hi s plot to topple and murder
    Egica and a number of prominent mcn."l The penalties (or
    perjuring the ouh of allegiance and the Fourth Council of
    Toledo·, triple anathema agaimt usurpers were reasserted and
    repeated,
    beC' UK tnmgre ..ion of the ouh h.. become .toudy rooted and the
    uvage custom h.. become prev.lent ofploning .gaimt Our princes, in
    order to murder the prince or deprive him of the roy.l dignity. II>
    In this highly charged atmosphere, the bishops passed a decrcc
    reinforcing the .piritua! defense of the monarchy by instituting
    perpetual daily M.sses throughout the peninsula. These services
    wou ld beseech the Lord to enlure that the .ubjccll' good will
    towa rd the king increase with every p...ing day, 'while the efforts
    of those who resist be smashed by the power of Hi. right
    hand'. II ' T hi. rimea meaSUre designed to enhance royal SUc(C5S by
    spiritual means was fo rmubted and promulgated in the immediate
    aftermath of an aborted usurp~tion.
    On thr~e separate occasions. then. from the early. middle and
    late period of Visigothic Spain, praetieC5 rdated to obtaining or

    ,,, XVI To!. v. Vi.... s<n-~" d . Thorn""",. s,..;". P!' . ... - ) .nd Gm" Marm<>.
    ,.,... ~ofl·. nQ . • j • .
    ,,, XVI Tol. 10. Vi ..... )09- ". OOe jOO): • • . •1..'''''' ~u .. '"' ;u .. ndi ' "n'll'mio .,Iide
    inohi' '"' m>elJin'nd; con'" prin""",, n"""" """'''''IU<io> .. ey, p<fcret..;'.~...,
    ' Ul nt« di.,ru P""""",, iq,mm.,u. '"' '<in; diiniul< I"i.<lu •. ..·. cr. I)w, ",y.l
    '_'. ;Io;~ .. , 17.
    ". X VI To!. I. Vi .... }D7' ••. . • d."',,"I;"'" rot",,, ''''''m,n, .irtule "'" de""",
    ,"" rring""u, . . .• .
    J"
    m.gnifying roy.1 'uceess were triggered by .nd fo,'us.cd 011
    intern.1 cha llen".'s to the monarchy. The {.,stimony of the coins
    and counci], i, wholly COnCOrd.,,{ with wh.{ c.n be di"erned of
    th., ,""ei. l cont"xt of the celebration m~tking Paul"5 defeat . Th,s is
    all the more rem",k.blc if;{ is ren1<'mbl"Ted that civil war did not
    mOllOpolizc the mi!it.ry activity of Visigothic kings, who al$O
    lought with th~ Fr.nb. l3 yulltines .nd Ih'qucs. The t·l isp.no-
    gothic monarchy wu ch.racterized by ill,tability and nnn'asingly
    confront~d a powerful aristocracy. To butt ..'sl their own power
    and differentiate th" ir l,,"w-found S1,tu, from Ihe aristocracy Out
    of which th<'y h.d ..cended, Visigothic kings poslo<'slo<'d nO
    unive ... !!y recognized qualification like the dyn .stic tuditi on of
    their northern neighbors. In no sm.1l measure. the Visigo,hs'
    reliance on Byzantine models and rich development uf S'~~IJ'r'"'
    bolile were conditioned br.n acmc form of,h~ rod. 1dram. which
    so domin.ted ,'arly medieval ru1crship, the com fX'tition be,ween •
    powerful aristocracy .nd .n .mbi,ious. unstable mon."hy_

    4 . TilE RIiEToM, e 01' 1'\t: TOK~

    The problem of ulltell .nd intern. l subversion found" distinct


    echo ill th,' rhetoric of victory. Visigothic writers were not
    (oll!ell! with the cn'pty rep~liti(ln of e.rlier convention,: the y
    t~ilored them to til<" Current cunditiol" of rulcuhip _ Thus king
    Chindnv;nth', prologuc to the hw On tTC350n ernph ..izcd the
    dam.ge done the kingdom by disloy.lty; in hi, time, he '~ys, th c
    ki"g was mOrC of!cn obliged to l~kc up 3"''' to crush his 0"""
    ,ubjects th ,m to repd foreign enemies. J '" W hm hi! 5011 pref.ced
    his promulgatiOll of the l. w of th,' V i'igm h,. he adopted the very
    terms .lId concept! of roy~1 victory 10 ,he f",al c~u sc of ruyal
    legislation .nd echoed the royal obsession ,,"ith dissid.'ncc. ' ,,, This
    introductory !.eelion " entitled 'Th.t th,' l.w triumph, over
    enemies' and argue, lIut I.w i, the ultimate .ouree o f roy.1
    victory.'" Th.nk.$ to the l.w, the 'pl.gue ofqu.rrel!· ea" lx,
    b.nished from the kingdom . "d the ~rmy will .dv.nce to b.nlc

    ' " ! .• x " " ." . '. ', Z<um«. j! 'J j •. ,_


    n . K",~ . 1.."', p . ". h" o"'ph"",d ,Iw .,10" <Of 'h" k,,,J of ,1.",."",. 1","mo,,' fm
    ",od<"""d,,,~ ,I-.< V",~oth", kg"'"~''' """",,W On "0< J ..,. ,,,,_, p. ,I.
    , .. I..x "i, . '. ,. 0, z."",,,. ". 1.
    J2j
    conf,dently, mare SUre of victory over external enemies for the
    certainty th.t there is nothing to fcar from intern.l ones. The
    people wh o have b«n cemented together by the oil of
    pe.ce - here clurly internal peace - and the wine of law stand
    undefea ted against their enemies. Men whose laws are equitab le
    fight hnder, and the prince's battle will be more successful ifit is
    preceded by domestic justice.'"
    JUII >I the mode"y of the prince i. the temperance of the laws, 00
    humon y of the citi..ns is victory over the enemy. For from the mildness
    of ,h. princes arioes ,he di'pmition of the low.; from the d;'pmiliOll of
    the low •. the a,rongemen, of moral,; from the .. nngemen, of mor11.,
    the harmony of ci,izen.; from ,he h.rmony of citi.en., triumph over
    encmi" u ,
    In this fashion, the lawm ak er con tinues. the good prince can hope
    10 \>OsseS! internal peace (swam pactm), void the fordgn quarrel
    (alitnam litem) .. nd. before .. rriving at the crowning gl ory of
    .tcmallife, he can be celebrated both as a rector among his citizens
    and a victor among hi. cncmi... I2O
    Th e acuteness of high_level di»idcncc Wa' reflected with
    exceptional ca ndo r by the liturgy', puyers. Thus th e votive Mal!
    for the kin g'
    ... we entreat you. gr..... t F"her, that you eVer guu d with your
    invincible aid Our gl oriou. Prince King N. whom you have C1U«<i,O
    reign in thi. life. and tha t hi. wiilies be plea.ing in your eyes. Give peace
    in hi' day., gront ... fety, confer quiet, "w,h hi' i"Itr"4i4dv'''4.i" , . ubject
    hi. <~!crn.1 encmi., to hi. rule .... '"
    The themes of the royal legislator recur in very m~ightforw;lrd
    fashion in one of the p r~yers intoned during the pToftctic bt lli(a

    " . Ilii .. Z, um". " .' - 11.


    ". I~d .. bum". 4'.' J- r6: ', ;"" <..go mod<,,;, p";nc;p~'" «"'1""""';' .., I<g"m.
    ;t> <O"'Qnli. ci,;um ,i<ro,;. "" lIDo,i"m . b m.",_u"in, ct,""im p.incipum
    o\xxi,u. d"po<"'" k~u m . .. di'P<"~""'" I<gum in""",,,, motum. ,~ ;n,u,u,;on.
    mornm <onw..!i, ,i.i um . ox ",,,,,mo,, d,iu", "iump"m buotiu m."
    ". Iljl .. Z<um<f . ., .,6->0.
    '" Li• . .,1.• Htolln. '9),>1-»: 'p" qu<rn" ct;,m. ,umme p,,,,. "pooO"'U ~ "'
    glo'"" um p.inc'p<m """ .... m III... '<gem. q""m in p, ... n,i ",,"10 "'gn,.. "'dOli.
    ''''' ,"uic,o 1<mf'<' 'lK";' .".itio. <;UlqUC uou ,;n' ;n 'u;, "",,)i, pu<.bj); •. On ;n
    "",bu, <' u, p"ern. c<>n<ed" .. t"«m. <Ion<> quiet<m . ;n"""" <;u, ad ....... ,.;".
    .onlC , ... exl<",,,, 'n 'm;. ", dicioni .; U, tubici.1I..

    '"
    Ri,e/or;, <>J ,,;cro'y
    )ervin': 'Through your conceSSIon, 0 lord, kt him [the king]
    luvc StrOnS aTlnie • .j~i/hfrrl d"kri, agrtt;"g minds, so ,hat he might
    overCorn,' the enemy with v,lor, ,:,, 12
    The insisten ce of monnchy . nd chu,ch on royal victory m.kes
    readily undccs,andablc Ih.t willing subject< r"ponded in kind , A
    petitioning monk could address his letter !O the king , who
    '"jump!>s 'lIld rcisn. in uneonquacd faith','" A Gothic count
    livins in a distant (o m,'r of the ",.im concluded .lener con,oling
    king Gundemar (6o<)IIO~ U) On the death of hi! queen with a
    prayer that the felicit y of the king' s glo ry might be pr~rved
    through unee.sing triumph .nd ,he defe.t uf.1I adversi!y , '24
    Sevemh--century poctry dedk.ted to the king bste". on his
    victory in n""h ,he same fashion, as .n demen! of polite
    imcrcoun.: - ,>t kast ,ha, is .s nen an apprtei.,iun a. is P<".iblc in
    ou r ignorance o f the p"'e;,,, political conjuncture when mch
    works were co m po,<-d. , .. l all' in the kingdom '. h inory, Julian of
    Tokdo ad.pted thl' victory CUnCeil to hi s person.l pk. fur even
    h,nh,'r pe rsecution of ,he Jew!. "6
    A clos<' link between the mon ..chy and historic.1 wriling i,
    rathe r charancrinic of the early Middle Ages. In ,his respect. it
    m.y be wondered whether there wa. mure in the way of victory
    celebr.!ion to V i'igochic society's ve"ion nf this relationship. The
    conncction of che Hist ory of W,mba ..... ith th,' suppression uf
    Paul's rebd! ion; s p~'COll,Il' Fom.in~ has uttered the ""picion

    '" J!>oJ.. 'l~ ,, - TJ '-' 'II ... " ,,e<",,,<'<k~,,, 1-'<,"""" , <.e,,,,,,, r", ,<., ~ " <" f,d",.
    "'''<OToc, .~, ,,'o.. </,'0 ". k" "'''"« "'1'''''' . du«,"""" .' . II n u' ,,~" ,,-ed «I" oTT,1
    « >lnn-,,,,,, uf l...Jot< of -;".,Ik unJ<""",,, <i", I"'m' , " ' ...... I>< .dJ, '0 I,,, ","n'.
    ,h" lW'Tg,ld "''' ""«»,,,1 ,n ""O""H ,I>< ",un ..chy. ·",.J,o q"'pP< ... ,,""'
    <""ro,d.",... .' J/,u , .~. lI.uJrigoc' AIun"" ' JLj - f>. 1'0>1 ,I>< <omp""'''' ~.,, "
    H,d ... ,~, . .. p. ~ 9 .
    ," T """ ('on, • m,,,,,,,,,y
    n.", M«.h. '0 11....-",«1, ' ~I",,,,,, ',"un, ph.""" mm,"
    r,J< TC~".n'i· , f'r · """t. 'J . "i l. '" d Th~ml""". $1"'.' p _ ,oJ , On Tm., C
    K.mp<". 1~""n,",«J(~;,h,/,,~< 5,,.,,," '" .. W' ''A''''''''';'-' '" S".,,, •. Sp'm",11<
    f,,,,,,hU"8<n J<, GO "<>~<><I k< h.I, , l, ' , ( M",,~<! . ' YN). p. 67. , \0 , " 0.
    ," f" """1 .. 'j. G,I") )j \
    ' " E,. , 0. ..".".. ".t<. no '0, ,',I F, V~I I ",«, M"l/,AA . " H 00,) , " \ , -~ (<f 11;" ¥
    I);". I.... ~, " ,9). F."go> """ l" !o.JJ.." .".,. "'" , V<>i It,,« . 'h J.' - '6, _", " "" II " ,II<
    'n'''')'m"", 1'0'''''' on "", ''''' . "J v.-,,,, "~"'I<,I ,,, ,he "''OnT" «<"u' y II>;" "
    l)i". '.';'x. '. <'>It . "0. "~I. "~ .. "". '9. V"II""". 17J_' _~'
    ". D< ,""'p'_;'" "y,., .,,,,,,. p"<f,, cd, I N. Ihl l ~mh, eeL , "l 1'~""
    ',.,''1-''',
    ". n •• "n<i<oc¥ or ,t.; H,~ \I'. .. ~_ " 'rdkJ "'" '" ,II< ",k·",dp" "'h,," J" .. hom

    l'l
    RO),dl vi(/o.), in Visigolhi( Spdin

    tbat tbe fin~l triumph over the Byzantines was not foreign to the
    genesis of Isidore's History of the Gotbs. ,21 .... nd a hexameter
    lauding the par~de of infamy inflicted on a rcbd against R eccued
    doses John Bicbr's Chronide.'29
    Two worb edated to these hislories ~nd whose tides ae
    suggestively panl1d even qualify as a kind o(1iteTalUle of victory:
    Isidore's Prai le of the Provine<: of Spain and Julian's Revilement of
    the Despicable Province of Gaul.'lO They sbue tbe device of
    apostrophe: the argument dirc<:dy addresses a personified pro-
    vince. bidore concludes on a ttiumphal note befitting the final
    defeat of Bynntine forcC'< in Spain. Fint Roman power desired
    and e$poused her but, after many victories WOn throughout the
    world, the Gothic gfllJ carried Sp~in off and loved her. u , If the
    bishop of Seville imagined Spain i f a desirable woman, the bishop
    of Toledo portray. Gaul as a wayward one. as an insane ingrate,
    who is rightly subjugated by the main force of the victorious
    'army of the Spaniards'. These passages testify to more than
    seventh-century male cbauvinism: in both cases victory is assigned
    not to the sole ruler of the Visigoth s, but 10 the gmJ or army.' l2
    The trend who.., first hints arc discernible in Gothic luly and
    increasingly prominent among the Lombards became a significant
    clement in Visigotbic conceptions of military su,cess. The gtnS or
    ethnic unit rival! and even surpasses the ruler as the agent and
    embodiment of victory. Isidore's History of the Goths furnishes

    W.mb.·, lif...;m.: 'In ""m;1>< w>cu< "in; ..,,, incipi' b;""';' ."«U<o,,iWm;
    W.mb .. 1<1;' ck up<d;,ior>c« .;0,"';'. q'" , ....UUlt<m _ , .... p ..... in<Um
    G.JIio. «Iobri ,riumpho p<rdomoi,·. I..ovUon. j0I.4-·" on ,..., <1>".ilIiI.. ft . [ •
    .., J. Fonu; .... R..... «. ....., I.,;..,. II ([977). <io"
    ,.. Abo ... n. )0.
    u. 0.. <II< MS .u<"",";ry (0< <I>< ri,k o(hido<.·, lAo,. Rodri"",. AIonIO. pp. 51""9. Foo-
    Jo l;"n',) h ... pr.r<rred ,he ..p&;!. '.,.h,,;'. 9. I..o.~. '>9.10. ,,, th< incip;'
    .ili, I«m, """ o( plot, ..... <pi,I>« "fth. """'.,. j .<. J~I"" him.. lf, I..ov~. ,16.6.
    ,in<,
    '" Uo' S,..,.....Rod"I1''''' Alan", '7<>.,11--)0. On ,he m,"phot. J- Fan,,;'"
    HilIC .. ,h. Lo -"t'.jW . h_",.J<. '. S<!I;m'''' '7 (Spol<-Lo. <9"/0). J SO-'.
    ",eI J- N.

    '" N",. ,bO!;n lLidor<. 'he old "I ' IU'U Rom, <11"" m.".t.;· beeom .. (u""""L<i-
    <HI"'~?) ·,or<. Rom. "9~' -",,,,', Rodri, .... A\onIO. '7<>.16-7 • .",. ;,;, ,he
    'Goo-hol"Um 1Iom>,j"'m. ,,,,,' who <11.10, ';":'or, 'h,""Jh<>u< !h, world .nel
    ,boe""" w;,h SF"': ;~~ .• '7<>.>1""9. Th< ,nne! ;. ... "" more p'O<loun«d '" Juh.n.
    H, Im<f.lly .p< ..... of"" ';":,on of Coul (•. C.• 1.",lt.oI;,. '. t..<vi_. ,,6·7' 7.
    1..0"''''''.
    "'.'9: I. "9.'1>; ',,,,,<iN> Sp • ...,.... .... · Of ·Sp,n '·. ;~iJ .• 7. ,>1",-1';
    1>1._'; I . j. I ---<,>. ,""' .. ).
    ,,6
    RhelO';( oj vi(lory

    the most outsunding examp le. T he early Goths h3d rebllff~d


    Roman patronlge and n~rncd their uwn ruler lx'Cause they had
    triumph~d over the empir~.I3 ·' Reee~red', conversion h.d per_
    mitted him to eJcv~tc the entire j!nlJ through the trophy of
    faith. ' " The success of the king 3nd the new f.ith ~g~i"'t tht·
    Frmb is tr~",fnrm ed into ~ collective victory of the Goths ,''"
    Even a Gothic defeat is made into pruof of the entire people's
    extr~ordin~ry vietorioum~,,-'J" The be,t illustr~tion of the
    p~ttem cornel from the highly compressed r;;sumt· of the Hi,tory
    found in I,idore's Rec~pitul~tio". A comp3riwn of the long
    versio,,", vi~w of Visigothic victory over Rome with its con-
    denurion in the Recapitulation shows a su rprising rMult: the
    condC"i~tion i, twi~c ~s long ~~ the origill;11. The btter re~d !:

    Sicque urb! CUnct.rum gentium uictrix Gothici. trillmph;' uicto


    .ubcubuit ei"luc ~.pt. subiug,taqlle ",,"i"it. I ,7
    While the abbrevi.tiun goe"
    Quibu. (\C, Gothi.] t.nto extitit m.gllitudo bellorum . t t~m ~x[Oll~",
    glorio<:>c uinori.c uirtu. ut Rom. ;P" uictrix omnillm populorum
    .ub.~t. ".ptiuitat;, iugo Gmhici. tr;mnphi' ~dc~de .et ~! don';n~
    cuncUrum g~ntium ilJj, ut f~mub des ~ruj,..,t. I >I
    To the deeply rooted , ,,d widely diffused prop~gand~ of the
    Rom~n empire's eternal victor y. the young Gothic kingdom
    offer~d a new ~nd different ideological n·spome. It derived from
    and mirrored the old ideology, but it W:lS infused wi,h new
    me~ning. The new content rcfl~ cts ,h~ circum!unce! of an culy
    mediev~1 :I.istocr~cy which had risen from the double ,pring uf:l
    late Roman provincial elite .nd Gnm:lnic upper da .. deeply
    shaped by its experience of imperi al civi liz3tion.

    '" Hi",. " . l1.uJ';g"'" Alon w•• 1'1''->- 10. '" I'ii .. j>, 2"' .1 _ 1 L
    '" J'.
    Ilid. , Rod';gU<1 AIoo",. ,6u - ,6j,Y,
    ". Thu, j<rom<', d, y 'Rom"" eo!hO! In ~"m'lO'Ut" "goon< u,,,",, un" , Ch,"" ..
    1t<lm. 'l], 1>«0"'« I<ido,,', ·Con " .nlin", .. .in~<nt i ~u. c<",min, IGoIh'-"l "ix
    "'PO"'''' ult ... D,""u;um oxpuh,. do dium;, ~<"t;l.u, ui,,,,,;, glo.i. <I,,",.
    >«I d,
    Gethor"m ";',ori, '"'pt;", glorio<m, Q"<m Ro"unl """I" .de4m.. ,,< public>
    loud< p.,." "",i ,un,. quod Unum gemem uKeri,. ,:, ROO,ig"'" AIooI"',
    17!,I]-17,
    '" Ilii.• !J. '9~,"-I~.
    '" R"'pi",I..14. 0 , ROOriSuc. AI""",. '!404-7.
    9

    From late antique to earl y feudal society:


    Frankish victory celebrations

    Fourth-century G,ul c ~ perienccd at fim hand the pomp of the


    Roman <-mpnors. Fuur (emuries laIn, another kind of emperor
    and hi, court would travel through the French countryside,
    ,-I.iming to be thdr manSOr. In lome respeclS, the outwHd
    tr.pping. of his authority r,sembled tho", of fourth...;entury
    rulers. but this was due as much to comciou. uch.ism .s to
    uninterrupted continuity. Some of hi. SraalHymbolik. while of
    imperial cachet, w.s mOre modern in subst.nce and St yle, and not
    .1iulc o(lhi, C,Il be tr.ccd to the Byzantine provincial civilization
    of Italy. Some of thc ways in wh ich the ne w emperor manifested
    and e Xl'rei.cd his power were inherited from hi. Mcrovingi.n
    prcdcc~'<on. Wh.t liule is known of their victory cdebr:l tiom
    ill"min ..e. the d,.llenge. ,he Mcrovingi.", confronted in the
    si~th and early seventh cent" ries, B"t the long_haired kings were
    already well on their way to puppet .tUm when ,he fint
    itref",.ble evidence of a Franki.h liturgy of vktory appears.
    Undn the C.rolingi.m, ,he pace of development quickened in
    this arca .nd in th., of COurt ceremonial. p. nicul.rly in the 790'.
    In both in sunce., a new concern with the Fr.nkish army loom.
    large.
    By and large, the best inform:ltion on Merovingi:m king •• nd
    their doing. com" from the si xth century, th.nks to Gregory of
    Tours, Ven.n!iu, Fortu":ltu>, Procopim .nd Ag.thi ••. Oat:! on
    ruy.1 ceremonies dw indles 1S the Fr.n kish king. f.dcd fTOm the
    n'mer st.ge in the COu"e of th., ne~t (l'mury. There i •• moreover,
    next to nothing in the way of court historiognphy, and even :I
    talented 'provinci.l" observer like Gregury of Tuurs tended to
    record royal cere monies on ly when they impinged on his own and
    J'"
    F.ankhh viao. y ,,1,b.arioM,

    SI Martin's concerns.' Bm numerous. if vague, contemporlTY


    al lu,ions to ',oyal ornament' 0. 'pomp' att~.. t that Franki,h kings
    did indeed see k ,ymbolic means of distingoishing themselves from
    their subjects.~
    The Ga l1 o-Rom:m society which the first Merovingia", ruled
    rem:! incd sensitive to patter", of pubEc deportment inh"ritcd
    from the put, and Clovis and even his f.ther appreciated :1[ le.st
    some clements of the late antique upper crust's Efe-, tyle.' Euly
    in the sixth century. th e bishop of Ar ies made a >cathing remark on
    hi, parishioner. ,ageme," to ben d the knee and bow the head
    when asking. fl\"Or of the e:ltthly king , his representative or even
    :!ny magnate rab aliq ua potenti peroon.·}. 4 Decades b ter, the
    bishops con vened at Micon tried to resolve the soci_1 controversy
    gener.tcd by thcele rical daim of precedence over secular grandees
    (',aceulate! hono.,t; ')" At every public encounter. the clergy',
    Th< "" Iy tom, {;"'8my d"wI 'ny,hing hI« • do " ,l<d P"'"'" of ,oy. 1,,,<moo i, 1 ;.
    du,;ng k:n~ Gun,h"m', ,i.; , ,,, 0, 1,,", in July j i J . Typ;"lIy. be beg;m oy n,,';ng
    ,h" 'he king "';,," ,be", on ,be f"" of ,I>< (KJinario S. .\f,,,;"i (. July), Hi" .• " '.
    I( m"h - ~<vi"", 1)"0. 1, - , o. 11>< ""'y .,j_",,", of C~"i, ""',il><d in 'ny do,,:1 i. ,0.,
    " To,,,, I<f- I><low), Th< ,m"", of hi, hi"",i«1 Cy,iMi,y in .... h on",,,,.., 11
    ;lIomm,,«I by hi, ,Iigh' dofo,"",io n of Clov,,' o,d<, fo,b odd,ng ,I>< .. my fro",
    .. k,n~ foJdo, ",J "'''"' frum II", T"",, ,," ' pru """n';' b.." M",;ni' (W" .. ' .
    J7. I(,.",h-l<"n"n IJ .~ - 9). 11>< ",,,i,i"1I ,di« f,om J"7- ' , <1<", ,how ,h" C ~>vi '
    «"J '" win fnot by p"Y,m;ng hi, ' lO"P' foom .. y.ging ,hotch holding., Om no
    m ... ,ion i, m.d< ofS, M,,,in, <d. A. lIo,«;u,. Mr;fl.C,p" .. , ('~~1). 1- ' .
    , E.g. '''gKo ,~it" ' . ',"ito 1';'1 "g,k·. ',, ~.I: o,d i,,,", 0' '''K,li, pomp'" f"&8'"
    C~".,) , '0, I(mK h, 101.6; •• J1. ' 06. >1;, , )y. 'JO.>>;', 1'. 'J6,>7: UOt,
    f,",O(,,,,,", 00. «I , 11 , K,n",h , MCH,SRM. > (, !!I). ) on, ,6: V.n""i", "'",un"u.,
    'i".. i ..

    COl,.,.". 6. J. > ,6, <d, F, Leo. MGH.A.A , ,. I ( ' ~~ 1 ) . '<'. '1'1", <>p"";",, <on'onu« on
    u>< in ,h, C"uli,,~ i ,n <f>. of'<n in , h< ob,iD"' m"ninll Df'wi,h my.1 in,;g";.• • <.g .•
    A"". &" .. , .Mj , (i,,,. Vi..,Ii"J .nd CI<",,,,,,« . ,;;,
    , 0., ,ho ,od,' coo'inu"y of ,ho Ito,n . n el it< on ,he " ... ",",h of ,ho loi",. S,,,,l>< k,, ,
    '''' '"''"''''"'" . pp. '9,-,00 , ,Old 0., " ...,,~',.h< A. ... I i .. 'pOI,""iI.", Gall,," (Tub;n g<'"
    '0<1): M . H<;n" I""nn. B ';d"'fi.,",,~.ft i" C.II'... . Z" K"",i."i,., ,,,,.i,,.,,fo., ·
    ""l".i'." • ••,. ,. biJ 7.j.I!' ......" . Sozi,(,. 1"."_"p.'''1o" •• 4 j;"'n{';f<"~i,It'.
    /I,,,,.,,.
    I....~, Bo;h,[" do, Ft.",i•. J IMuni'h. 1976). For ,II< cu' ,",,' ,i,""""" R"bo'.
    I'Ju,"i,,", pp. "oil'. S.,m<thing "fChi l"',,, ', ",i,u.!., nn be J«Iu,«[ frum hi. g""
    fu.ni,h ing" 1(. Hol",o" "Childo,,,h von Toy,",i·. R"lkxi ... .s... ~ """'".".'''
    AI",," .. , . " ..... 0 ('V") . .. "_<10. «p.• )" - V. Cf. C ~w;,' "q"'"" fo, • d ,h ... _
    pl'Y"-""'''>t f.om Throd"", C",KodmU!. V",., •. 0 '. 0 , ftidh. V',Jj-7,
    • C;oe,,,,", of All«. S",., 7/. j. «I. G. Morin. CCl , '0) (TV)l) ·!'"· Th< ,i",il.", y
    Morin _ " ,.."h :;.0.,,", of An,i<><h , 5<,,,,, J). Ju." not in<lud<th:' p.""g' , '" judge
    by ,h, F"'n,h It.: ,J . • "d It. It, Du .. l, P,,,.lot i• •,;,...1;,. ' (''''''').Ol .
    I Th< <. non roncr'n' <I""", ·.!own 'u lh< low .. g"do of "''''01 '. Th .. ,I>< b;,),op> ...
    ,",ponding w. "',""""ny ,,"y ... d«lu·a d flOm ,he;, oo,l><,ing to kgi.I," ,nd

    J'O
    Frankish victory (d.br~ tions

    preeminence was 10 be expressed by the g r~ndee'l bow; if both


    individoal. happened to b" mountcd, th e layman needed only '0
    rCmOve hi. ha, and sal ute the cleric. If. howe ver, ,hc cleri c was On
    fOOl, the grandee was required 10 dismount immedia tely and pay
    the ~hu,chm.n 'due honor" (d.biIUJ honor) . Alt hough wc may
    wonder whether episcopal legislati on really transformed the
    pattern of puhlic encounte" in bte si xth-<:entury G aul. the
    symbolic gestures concreti zing the respective soci al Itatus of
    clergy and grandee. were sufficientl y significant for the bishops to
    back ,hem with the ,hI.:.t of ex com muni c~tion.·
    The social group which promulgated thi, kind of ruling on
    public precedence w>s domina,ed by ,he old !.Cnatori.l aris,o_
    cracy's Idf-<:onsciollS prog eny. or at lealt men who called lhem-
    <elves .uch.' The .ame men who attempted to force on their
    b y countcrpan s public acknowledgement of clerical priority
    presided over a remarkable deployment of flamboyant rituals
    cxpressiog ,heir power and influ ence. It is nO! s" 'pri.ing, given the
    .:ccbianic.! bias of surviving records. th.t we should be informed
    of ,heir contribu,ion to this arca of public life. Can i, be ;10
    accident th.t the Gallican coUom of parading a new bishop in a
    sedan chair evok es precisely ,he most prestigious ritual open to
    senaton of the fifth- 'lOd sixth-century impeIi~1 u pi!:'!s, the
    inaugural proec5!iom of the ordinuy comul~te? ' These prelate,
    never ~nowed the traditional pomp of their ro1emn entries to
    falter: from the sixth cen tur y down to the Carolingilns and

    ,hm " ",m,n' ,h .. i,;, ooly , ppropri>t, ·<,",i, .in ilu!;, hon ..'um ","'mum d.",·:
    C ....W"'" '""i,,,,,,....,,,•.
    J6). 'J.
    «I. C. Pc Ck,"'t . eel. "S A I '961) .,.6 .• 6' -1 . 0"
    ,0. ,«m """",,.,. H. G"hn_H<><k. 0;, F'''I<i,,~, 00t,,,.;(/,, ' "
    I . ).~,h""'", .
    S,........ ,w. ohm ,,,.,Iith,,, ""d pclili"'" S"II""I. VOtlr'g< und FOII"h"nil"'.
    Somk,b'nd • ., (SiRm.';n",,". '976). pp. 7. Ir ,n d ,,,I[
    J".
    • M"'r<. ' . Pc Ckrrq . ' 40.• 04_11.
    , Hoinrolm,"". Bi""fi"'''''It.oP. pp. ' 4Jff: ,r. h"w,,«. f .\). GoUll,d •. 11>< ",n.lOII of
    llXth-«n<"'y G . ul". SIH'"I" .. . 54 (197')). 6 i l"""97·
    • Episcopat <nthl <Ml<m"" <ntoikd bt;ng <,,,i«! .boo, ,0. d,y' G"'go,y. HiU.••. oj.
    K,u",h- l",i"", 61. ))-. (d. i.i4 .• St6.,. for 10. m u.pholugy) . MOl, <I<"ill '" EdJ,",
    S"ph.nu •. Vi,. Wilif.. ,; (B HL. 8889). 1>. <d. W. I.<vi"", . MGII.SRM. 6
    ('9,)).>06.'1-'07+ On 'p;orop.l'ppropr;",011 ofnon-epio<op. t in.ign;'. '" lho
    d",i" .. udy of T. K1>"",. ·Dc, V"prung dcr bi1<h<ifti,Iltn In.;go;'n unci
    En,on, «h,'. (;<....""1" A,loti"". pr. ' 91- " ,. Such di,p" y, indud<d "d.rn ,""""
    V,n. mi", fortun"u, . V," Q ,,"_;. (BilL. )463). 61 . • d . II. K,uKh. MGH.SRM. 7
    ('9><» .• '0. '.- 16; d . Hau<k. ·I\.,nclkul,u,·. pp. Jlf!".
    JJO
    FrnnkiJh ~iaorr {(I,brallom

    kyond, Ihr- cpi,cop~1 ad~enruJ flouri,hed north of the AJpS.9


    Bishops cdcbr.ted their "mall" :",d f.ilure of m!>ordin;Hes to
    perform the :I ndent obligat ion of courtesy or ,alulmio to their
    lordly patron could trigger , evere con!iequcnces.'o The liturgy
    itself g.ve them power over the crowd and played up cpi,cop.1
    authority .nd prc.rigc: when.n imposter holy man ro<k into Pari,
    .nd incitr-d the crowd to slage coumer- procr-"ion, in com petition
    with thos" of th e re~ident prelate, it wa, d gr:lvc m.ltcr ind,·cd."
    A. might be expected. the evidence ,hrinks when it come. to
    the bishops' lay counterput,. Even >0. th.· \.Ccular magnates' love
    of public di'pl.y .nd A. mboy::mt gestures h. vc leC! unmistakable
    traces. Ifla y gr andees wr-tc indifferent to extcrn"lizations of power
    and unk, why did the bi,hop' h.v e to buttress clcrin.l pretensions
    with excommunication? And il is ("ftain th.t. like' their imperi-
    "I predecessors. the ofr""rs of Fr.nk;sh kings continued to enjoy
    tradition.l pcrqui.ill:~ like the advfnlu, ceremony. not only on the
    .hore, of the Meditcrr~ne.n, where such survival. might he
    expected, but in rar :lw,y Britt.nY:lS well. 12 On a lower socia l

    • H,uck. ·R,ndkut,", . pp . Hlf. H""I" evKknce m.y be <,p'nd,d ., f(>!low"


    err,;,n. Fi,minu, .nO Vivo", ,,,,. V. C.,,,,ii (BHI .. ' )0' - 9). '''. M",'" . JoO."- ' "
    of. iOil.•• ). l 'P'-) : Vi" C""""J""' (~HL. JJn), [I , oJ D. K"'«h . MCIi.SR.I1. l
    1089'1) ."9.' - >; r.;"iooy. Ub" vi", pot,"",. ) . >. eO. W. A",d, >I,d D. K''''''h.
    MCIi.SRM. '". (1~3.\).0!.H-079. o: Ven.m;", r"<'lW"""'. Vi" s.,,·,,;.i /Ju,d,·
    f,I,.#, (BIiL. 70J'), J. <d. W . Le,"""" MCH .SRM. 7 ( r9>0)."Q.7-" "" V."
    /I",,,,di n ...",",;, (/lIIL. ))')' ". ,d. R. K"',,"" . .\fCII.SR M. J 1'9"')·"0·'< ,I;
    S" ph,,,", Af,,,,.,, "', ",oJ",,,,,,
    Vi" /I ........ i' /I ",i '!.
    (/J Ii L. J J 0). <J. /1/1 S S. M;,,; ,
    (t6So).JiC: Vi,. Ani .... A""li ... ,,,i, (B ilL . <7 J) . ~ . oJ . II. K<u"'h. MCH..I·IIM. J
    (189'I)''''"'J - '9; Vi" G."! ,,~, C, .."",,,,,i, (RilL. l'''''). 1. «I. H. K,"",~ .
    MGH.SRM. J (' &96).65 • . ,,-r.: V", !l"Jo i"i 1I"""'"S'"'i, (/JHL. 7JO). <d. W.
    l.,;~", . .\fGH.SRM. J ( '9'0).;60 . 00-Jol.; . E'''''pi<> of C"oimg .. n 'p"':<>p,i
    oJ",","" N ..,",i. </"i,,,"," II"",",,",". <d . A. W"m,"~holf. MGIi . C""' .. '"'
    ('90S).S09.J-3 '0. 07 : Sed"ii u, Se",,",. «I. L. T""t><. MGH. p"" .. J (, !!yO). , 76-7:
    A"""I" X ••","", ••. '6<\.
    ,oJ D. "'" ~im ...... -'fGII SRG ('9<>9) ., . ." - 0. Anuth"
    <omm"" [o ,m of ..r... ,", w" ,h .. "f ,,;m, ,d;co: N. Cu,,,,,,,,. 'Adv""m_
    Z<rcmon;dl und T "mb,;"" ",n Rd;~u i ,n . V.. "ici", 'on Ro, ... n. f:>< 1,,,Jc
    .. ncto,um·. FAtS. '0 ('916). " j - Jj; cf. M. Hoin",irn.nn. T,... ,I",,,,,,,o.-,,r,,, """
    ""d", 0.,/1," ok, Rdi",'",".I,,,. T y~log;o 00 ..,ure<! du moy<n ; ~< occ;dcn"l.
    JJ (Tu,nhou,. '979). pp. 7011".
    ,. Thu, r.;"gmy. lIi~ .• 5. <9. K,u " ·k- l"i,,m. ,hJ. , ~ - '9. wh«< R;ou lf' , f. itu"" ",
    <orne '0 G"i"'l' i, ,he .ymoolO: t." ",,,.. ;n ~" pmuH'I">on·
    " I~' .• 9. 6. K"''''h- I.<v;,oo . .,&.)-o.w., .
    " M.",,;U,,: i.id.• 6. ". 21,-, ; -,6, d. H.l.uck. ·I{ .. ,dkui,",·. pp. 1711".• nJ 1(.
    Sdk-H",b.<n. 'p"""p<,~"ph,' M.,.,wing;,d", Amt! " '~" in Jer Z,,, ,.", J r I.
    b;, Or) .'. t)i l<. (lloon. '970). pr· '01 - 9.... .. ,,~: H,,,,,"y: l;,,~my. lIi~ .• '0. 9.

    JJ.
    level, .. tHe ~, Procopius' d~y> some mylleriou, elemen ts o f the
    old impcri~1 forces st;Hioned in Gaul w{'te reponed to have
    m~inuilled their 'pecif,c identity. standHd. and custom. 'right
    down to their ,hocs' ,·J And it is not likely that ethnic Funks
    shunned Gallo-Roman zest for the tr~ditional trappings of surren,
    A Co"'t~nt inopo!itan observer went so for as to d~im th~t the
    only difference in the life-style of Frank s ~nd G.llo-Rom~Il' by in
    their national dren and longuage. ' •
    The monarchy which sought to govcrn mch ~ society LOuld ill
    afford to igno re its va lues and customs. In keeping with the
    p~tchwork politinl f~bric of Merovingi.n Gml. whose single
    n~me collce. l, a comple x web of towns .md lonl clites. the

    I.
    comemus octween sixth-centu r y ruin and ruled was coOSt,,,, tly
    cxcnl pli f,ed by the adVtlll~S ce remony . The qui nt essentiall y
    Mc rov in gian imtillltion of the 'roy . l circuit' or (i,cui/us rfgis
    of . w. ndcrillg monarchy bcc~ me SO c~>cntial a tr ait of rule"hip
    that. r.c'Tnth-<Tntu r r Fr>nk .. mmed it, root. rc~ched illlo the
    Roman past,b The king', COllt~ct with 1001 clites continued in
    the banquets w hich .ncnded his progress, and .ixth-<:entury
    Merovillgi ~ns more th an once deli ghted their new mbjeclO with

    " ",,, o-tovi>O<l. ' 0',10 - '" cf. Sotl<-H",~ . c h. /'T'"''''l ''r~;', p. ! j. no. ! ,. '11><
    , ,,,,,,,yn',,,,, '"''''r I,. vii,?) of'l>< V, t4.i... ; t4."/io",,,,;, IIJHL, ,')j). j , K, '""'h.
    '''"' ' '0- ) >. w., >lill q""O r.",ili " w"h ,I>< kinJ of ..".,., <"<""'''y h< ,huugh,
    'PP"'P"'" 10 i md,-<,e,,'m y <>If!cl,I. 111< """'",oi,y uf «""mu";,,,1 =,n.. f", I,y
    .,of"i,t, ,,<huwn hy Go,pd , o,d i n~, (m m ,igh,h..,on""y f""ci. -In .dvo,,,um
    ;ud""",,' (LuI;, '~·" - l o) ' T, KI,o ",._ ()" "... ,,. ... Cop;,.I", E"""l'li"",,,,, T<xlt
    ... U"''''"'~""g<. z. "i.., ,I""" G<",~kl!", tilUJg><wi"",,,h.fllKIIc Qucllrn
    ""J ~o"ch"ng<n, >._",d cd" IMiin>l<I, 197». p, "'. no. BO.
    " ['",<oP'"'. &11,. j , ll. 1J- '9. H, my , • .6(.>j--6j _>. ' cr. E. Z<;U"" •. (;''''"~." ik,
    r".... " 1>;, '" ' .\I"" ." "'~'''"),)",",."." (Mu""b. "no). PI' . j ' If_
    " Ag"";""_ !I;JI .. '. ' . j-,. " "y<kll , " . ,o-,~_ Cf. Av . C,m ...on _ 'AS"h'" on ,he
    o"ty M,,,, vi"g""i . .1 ".,Ii .Ie II. S",,,I< ""... 1. '"I"'ioo, . i Pi,.. J.-d "'... )1 I' \163).
    vj- ' t o. he« "J , who ,,"d, ", duwnpl<y ,I>< .«u",y "f AH"h,,,' 'o"irnooy. It
    ,h"" ld bo "oIed 'h" ,i.. h-«",u , y """,,,.1 ,~"h'"g "yl<> di""lv«t in'o •
    p,«iomin, noiy Rom,n ,nd I<~K>",I OrIC in BUIguodi.n «"'tory; J. Wom~r. Tlio
    ,",",0 ;",1>< T",hlp",vinr No '" "".~U"~ ;,., ~ . "n" " J.hround,",, '_ V... .".
    51'''''''''' Z"'" ft"I,," ,\/""1.1,,,, .1.,",11, /'ToOl,,,,, j" ~ ;"..I....., ... ""'~"'Ioil"""
    S"~'. Vm"'g< "oJ Fo<1< Ou"g<n. >j IS'gm" '<\g<n. '97_), pp, '<7- 6),
    " s.c, f h"c~. '1<."1<1); "10",, PI' , H'r. Cf. N. Co"].". 't>< i'<n,ig'"'''''' 1 1... <lu,""" I,
    pla« 00 iu,r, J,,,,].,, « ,':mum" d',,,,,.:,, ",",,,,,,,II, '" Moy<n Ag,_ .1"",1<1-
    &""" .. i,,_ ,,,,,ili._ ,10;1;",1... ,. H ( '979). "" _ " .
    ,. hcd<R"_ " j" mon,ion, , 10),>1 J""",,
    " ORio oult"' in 6jo--" K,U1<h, 'jO.»_ Fot
    Iho I<.um," fOO". "" Ihe 10m". 00 Titu,. i.id" 1, J6. 6, . ,0--, ,.
    ;P
    P',lIIki. h vi(/~'r (,I,h ,mi"" .'

    ropl munificnKe in Ih e form of ei rem 5how~ , n For ,he' Fr>nk s,


    roy~1 poWl'r found symbolic c' "pro,ion in Ih, king ', 2 udi~ncc 2nd
    [he ~ nno2 1 ~'''Illbhc, of gr~nd~c' ~ nd kintlS, the Muchfidd.'·
    Cl'r,'m onial informed tflc grc~t ,"Vent, in Ih,"lif~ o f the dyn~sty :
    lugns ,ig".led ~nd mC'mor;21i~ed to Ihe popol2ce the birth of ~n
    h,·;r. 2nd hi. oapt"m W2S' 50lcmn occ~,jon of"~IC.'Q Specif,c
    r;UI.ls were devi sed (or ,he new king's clcv2tion while dyn25fic
    lnutiagc. were cc1<-b"I,"<I wilh doc pol1!p.'o link s be,ween ruler
    .nd rokd wnc tigll[cII"d wit h o>lh •• nd praye r! rein forced them.
    wh ile Ihe end o f ,,.Ihly powl'r was delll2Tutcd by Ihe fun,r21
    cmlomS which have recentl y ,,,tr.Cled ,;choluly .ltCllt;on."

    " h . mpk-> '" w~.1 b. "q ...·" .n,1 ,k,,, "",,' "~,ufi,,n,< ' r;"'g",y , I-I,~., ? '?
    ~ , u ", k L,,,,,,,,, lf l.'?-)«' 'O, ~ . •. )7<> " ~-""9. _, ' - 5. )7' )-In ' ' . 'I, , ..
    ,,~.. ,~:~. )0 . ." . , - ' J Cf l :.., .. ,,,,, uf A,..,. s,,_ ;/.
    J. 10.1",,", toO , ""I ,<;.-''''''
    ,$,. t, CCL ,0, {'9)1) ....... (. I,h.->ugh " 'h",h kong ,"'''' , k",: v"...,"'"' for".. ,,,n,
    C .... " ,0. J ..... ,. 'J'-' J- q .• nd ,o.~. >. J.""If, ",hm. <"","',""" ~'"h ,kc
    r""h>h k~.' 'w"' ,,( '".""'M "t" held by «".'" I<on" .. ' Cr. r""., 1'1" S.I~...
    " . S, <d K II , E<kh"d, ..\ICI I I.r~" , , .• , I'''''') ')1 n,d '.~ .. W. Schk"ng<' .
    ., "'""h.f, "nd (;"f"I~",k.f, '" <1<, ,..,m."""h.,;'·",,,h,,,, V,..r.""n ~'I!,><h;'h''- .
    1/,,,,,,,",1' ".J S'''' ,.. M;f/,I.I,,,. WOK' ci<, r,,,,,h",,~. , (O"n""d, . 'Qj61. p~
    'JJ ..,.~« ,"". U.n~~'" h.", k<n ,J< .. "f~·~ ... n ,lon"." "''''M;" 'h<
    F.. nki.h " ... oc,"'" ',f..... yl<, F ',,,~ I«, U."" ..
    Io".1"" ' ", Gt ... ~Io" ,*, ft" /o·
    ft •• ~i" .... 11M, . I<h<,,,, ....... A"h,. , 7<> (110,"'. '~ I. pp . • ,Sf[ I'ot <If,u,
    >how", G«~",y. Il." .. \. '? )(m"'h_l' ........ "6.'j- ,, : P,o<op,,, •. &110 . .,.
    )j. \. Ih". y, , ." "" - ,,
    .. 0;", ," g<n<,,1 G. W.,,', ,-...".-.... V"J",,, •.,!,(,", I0,,',,.....
    >. J,d «in (1k,lon , "~').
    ' ~ IIf: l . 1.<.;11,,0, ·C.mpu< Mmiuo, 8 •• ,.",10('1"'" 1'(,..1, . , ,r.,,,,,,'07 ('~'7- ! 1 ,
    M ~: H. It . d""h , 'W" th, M ",'hf,dd , r'" '" ,h< ru,,"'" <"""i"""",",
    .\"J, ..,.I Sr".",. Jh 1'97'1). '.,. - OJ: ,r "_"/I,,,,,.
    I'.".t ... , pr· <19- J'
    ,. IJ", h "f. n h<,,, ( ;« ~ m y. 1/."., o. 'J. I( ' " .ch- l <""On. ,,,,,. ,0 _•. M '''Un' ",.on, ""
    "uh """'''''" ~.", ,,,.,I<f<~ .",h ,,,n;,",n' ,." ..I""y ,,, w"" .. , ''''" ... " bh,hm<n' of
    k-gol f~"""I" Cell<" .. .\/,,,"[ji , ,. J" '" )( "'"""'Of. MC/I 1'""... (,I",) , ",II; <f
    '. ]~ , 0\,0 , ,, '7 H'p'"n" " " ,. ......, 1~1I1. , lJ'l, 17 , K,u«h, " ' .• ""9, '«'m' '0
    ",,, ... 1< ,h .. ,h< '"",y' w., pm"n' )(, ,,,,h pi" ... , .... b.p'"", ," 6]0. "h,1< ,h< ,.
    A ......., h" .... n d,,<J t " ,,,,, ,,," ..... ",h 0< " ' " . . gh," '''''"'y E. IX MOl"". ·L .
    V" • •",,. ,,,,J, 1''''."'' 1M ('M,d",,",, m"''''''~'''' Jt- S. Am.nd·, A B. " ? IOV' Y).
    "'-~' . "',< ,,' _y. Th< V"• ., "'"",n',," " "",... " '"h F,«kg .... , M . 1('"l<h.
    ')'-'9 - , 0, bu, " 'h""", ,,,. "'~ Am.nJ", P"""P"N in ,10< "'p" 'm h" h"k
    "~",f","« (0< , '" " my" <.",m, ... i.,
    b"k~ ,,"'nd. cr(;«~"'y. 1/.. , .... '7.
    K,u«h_L«·""". ,~" ~. "n 'h< ","h,,,~,... ,, 1'"" (," ThN>d<,,,·. b'p",m t" j ~J
    " 'n ..."'",,",. Soh"",.)". " ""'1'. '.101. pro ""If: (m "')'" w"JJ"' g"" K. V"".",,",
    F""un.tut. C ........ " In', ,,. 'j-' '!.'<, hN<~ .., . • . JJ. ~ ,u><k. , , 6.>7- '" ,
    " O"h" <:i~'"". P,_""'.pp. "7 - '. P"Y'"'' E, h ... ~ . ·L. ]"""
    P<""" 10, '" k
    ''')''un" d.n, It. ~''''I<g<> Op'K"r'''' J.. I'op',,! "" m<',""n,s"n",' ..1/11...6'"' _ff""
    .I ),.. 1>-,·,11". (1',,,,""'''- , '.,...,..).
    PP 'JJ-"".
    Cf 'h< d"m"" ""'y of k",~
    ",,,,,h,,m. G" gm)', 1/",.. 7. ~ , )(<u",b _ l<v'~'" ] J , . , - '" <f. ~ ,.,1.. .•.
    J? J . '0- ' "
    Since moS! of Ihe evidence cornel from the lixth cemury, it il
    tempting 10 conclude that royal cere monial followed thc rOil
    fOl"~o"rs into oblivion. BUilhe di'proportionatc role of a Gregory
    of Tau..,' testimony caulions agaimt such a deduction. In faCl. at
    least rudimentary royal ritual accompanied thc kings down to the
    eve of the Carolingian coup. Source. favorable to the nCw dynally
    emphuize precisely Ihat the la.t Merovingians had to be con tent
    with the ceremonial functions of royalty, while the Cuolingiam
    possessed real power. Puppet kings might continue to r«<ive
    foreign legations and furnish the 'species dominantis'. but they
    were merely pronouncing the word. dictated by Ihc mayonofthc
    pabce.ll Childeric III (743 - S2), laSt of Ihe Merovingians, con-
    tinued to make annual appearance. al thc Marchfield. The
    Chronicle of Lonch pa ints a vivid picture of his performance,
    ensconced in a throne and surrounded by the army, accepting the
    CUllomary gifts and promulgating Ihe assembly', decision., before
    abandoning the ICCne to the rea! powcr_brokers. U
    Mosl ofthesc ceremonies hclped define the king's relations with
    various socially significanl grou p" of subjccts. whether they were
    the Gallo-Roman aristocrat! and populations of the sixth-century
    10wnS or the whole Frankhh elite assembled for a royal baptism or
    Marchficld. Mu ch of the raw material for such ceremonies lay
    ready to h;md in the arinoaatic milieulC oflate R oma n Gaul and
    the anceltral tradition l of the Franks. And yet some degree of
    imperial influence cannot be denied, for imtance when Ihe same
    king whoedebratcd cireul shaWl at Paris and Soissonl was blamed
    for introducing Ihc Byzantine punishment of blinding into
    France.H

    ."d belo ..... "",.ion •. F.""",y «.0"0"''' A. E.t.ode-B"" ..... bu'll. u ..1 " ' _ .
    t..M .., k' fo.J,.iI/". It, ""..1•• ,,, " It, _l<"",,, oIt, toI, H ",_<~' ~ r. fo< ~
    XIII' ,11<1•• lIibl;o,Mqo< <I< I> ~tt f.. "~.i>< d·u"heolop.1 (1'u;'. 19')1). pp.
    ,-"1. )'-..6. Ill - d. ,"d Kn;s... K..I"I".-.;".... pp. ,oK.
    " Einh.rd. VI.. K.,01I ...".I. t. <d. G. W.\"."d 0. Hokkr_EU<f. M CH.SRC.lkh
    edn ( lglI). P O- I) .
    .. 1001.. P' - U : H. Sdur",. von Cuolokld. 'P" e_lI.. !,.no .......,. "" .... Nn."
    ,1,,~; •. ,6 (1911). Ij- )9.1>< .. d.
    , . G",O'J'. Hi# .• O.• 0. K", ,,,h _ t.<.~. )>I .• - j .
    I. MEROVINGIAN VICTONY CHEHRATIUNS

    Clovis' fathn Childcric w3s buri~d with his lrl1S!Y stred but still
    insisted on depicting himself 3' a Roman gen~raL As their very
    n~mes suggest, the first Merovingi .." were first .nd foremo>!
    successful Germ~nic wulords. Bm the forms with which th ey
    edebuted their sueee" be", the de", imprint of the Rom.n
    empire's ctem~l victory. If, .s mmt historians believe, Gregory of
    TOUI!' .ccount of Clovis' visit to Tours in s08 is substami.lly
    reli .ble, the ceremony marking that oec.sion forms the ublig:nuty
    starting poim of . ny eons;dcr:lt;o" of Merov;"gi." victory
    celebrations. As H.uck has clearly and correctly emphasized, the
    event as a whole mUSI be vie""ed as a victory festiv .L This
    understanding is implicit in Gregory's de~criptjon. for the parOide
    story follow s lhe wimer oper'lio"s in which Clovis mopp.:d up
    what Visigothic resistance rem.ined .fter the gr".t victory of 507.
    Gregory him.elf explicitly coofirms th is interpretation elsewbere
    in his History."
    The ccremony's immediate politic.1 comext h.. been pretty
    well clarified by H.uck .nd othe... The ,onqueror .nd neW
    Germ. ni c ruler was heading north to Pari•• ft<'r hi, drive imo the
    heut of the Visig othic kingdom ;md the f.ll of Toulouse .nd
    Angoul~me.26 The vi,it to Tours 110t only cOl1sccrated Clovi,'
    victory ovcr the G.llo-Roman' old G<"fmanic overlord. it
    ritually manifcned the ncw relation betw«n the newest barbarian
    ruler and his subjects. A! such, the arrival from Conmntinople of.
    diploma (wdi((lIij grantiog Clovi, the Rom . n dignity ofhonor-
    ary comul was particul arly wdcom~, !incc it placed Ihe CIIlr<'ror'.
    ~al of approv_1 on the new Slate of .!'fain."

    " 4))· 0" "I> o,me. w. J""II-'0o" ...


    On Chil,!.,;c·",,,,..,. Ie 1lOh,,<r. ·ChHdmch·. p.
    rr. __ 0-1; """ CIo.;,·,. ,"em. "Cktodwi~·. ~"Ib,'"" .., 1".. "",,,11<"
    il il..
    ,1/"""""••""'.4(1911).471: d.;n ~enefll . W.It.«.lhd,itl. Ki"I '. ;P, pp. II -lO.
    On Ck,.,-,,, T uu'~ «. H ••d,. ·1l.nd . "I",'. pp . .. ,nd J" C"'8my. IIi" .. ' . )7-1.
    K ruKb- J..o:v;"" . 81.1) - 8<).6; i.il._ 10. 9 . lJI.17-lJ'. r: 'HuIU' «mpo'< C~lod<J­
    v«hu, "X .,-"., de ClOd< Gothomm Tu.""u, "dl',." Cf<go.y ·, 0'"0 ,ucd,IC'
    ch.,w<flmioo oflhcrn,.y;' . pf<'"",,' ,1\" 'n ,h«..,em,,"i.1,.. Ii,y b<h'-nJ ';<,1<0''''
    ph .... , lik. ·.kt<>t "d,;,' o. ·vklo. """.;t' ;n <>fly med;c •• 1 hi""OOgnp"y.
    ,. Gf<go'y. Hi" .• >. )7. K,"",h-I..o:,;",,, . I !. 10-1) .
    " T. Momm .. n. G,_ _ /" 5th'if".' 6 (1k.1;". '9'0). _"" R . Gu;tt,,,d. '~'UdtllUf
    11U"o;r< .dm;n;"",;vc d< r<mp;« by"n,in. 1..0: "",,"1. I> 'n"'.. ·. By, .. '4 (19\<).
    141- 7!. h<" j6j-7;). I)ri-t. 'B)·.,n, und do< H,mch. r""khm dM A","nd"nd<>.
    BZ. JO (19J1). 'O J- )6. h", , ,0-' ,.
    Ritu~l1y spe. king. Ihe event consilted of <I ccremOlli~1 ell try ~nd
    parade into the city, According tu Gregory, il beg3n oUlIide the
    wall, .t SI M:min·s.~' In the basilic~, Clovi, dressed in • purple
    tunic and pIli on Ihe rh/amys, a mnd.rd element of the imperial
    ~dmilli<!'"tioll's uniform. To Ihis he added a 'd iadem', 2. He then
    mounted his horse and rode in procession into the city and the
    Cathedl'. l orSt Galien. Ihrowing gold and silver 10 the inhabitants
    who lined his roUle.
    llecaukO of Gregory's description of the dignity and largess, the
    ceremony at Tours has often been viewed in terms of the processus
    WHSuiaris, the in.ugu" l procession of a consuL Yet .t best it was.
    bmardizcd version ofdl.t ceremony for, ifit included a brgess, il
    l.cked the most visible and ch.r.cterislic dement of contcmpo-
    u'y corlSular p.r_des in Ravenna, Rome :lIld Cnml.ntinnple:
    the procc"ion ill Ihl' ,ella rU Tulis, Furthermore, the dislinction
    between.n hononry consulate .nd the ordin ary consulate would
    sc.rcely have escaped .n informed contempor.ry of sen.tori.l
    b.ckground.
    Much do..:r in fact to Ihe extern.1 form of the p:IT.de.t Tours
    w.s the triumph.l entry. And, de.pite the imperi.l overtone,
    Grt'gury .nd modern schol.rs perceive in this act. the most precise
    corresponden ce of the Tour. ceremony seen" not to be with
    imperi.1 tTiumphal entries, which were of decidedly r~dlleed
    importance in Ihe public life of comemporary Const.ntinople,
    but with the provinci.l ceremonies 5t.g~d by victorio,," imperi~l
    generals to mark Iheir successes, The triumph parade on horsc-
    back, Ihe conclusion of the proce,,;on at a 10e.1 s;lnetuary. even the
    festive sparsio of cash to win the heart! and mindl of a newly

    " (;«go,y. I/i" .. " 11 , "m"h _ kvi",n, 8!" J - 1I<,>,) , on ,II< ,;X!h-«n,",y '0P<>-
    g"phy ' Il,;;hl. P,I. ,,",". pp_ '05 - 1 ,nd m,p. f'<ing p, '0 • .
    " G«gory, IIi" .. " )1, K'UKh - uv;"",. 19· ' - " G«~OfY '''''Olln' <10<> no< mon!io.>
    ... h«h" th, im'gni. ,lI<m",lv« <omc ftOm Co","n';oopk w"h ,II< ,"~,1Ii uf
    'PJ'O'mmen t, Out tOo impe,;,1 govemmen , ofton di'p'lChcd ,uch ob)<C" ... lIh th<
    d,~""",, ,,,,,fm,d 00 ,mll"o ,uk". ' .g, I"""()piu" &11•. ' . '5. 1, 1-bu,y.
    ,-"p6-1, 1. 'J. )-~ .... n_'7- 0 '1_1 : 1. 'J, 7 - 1. "" 1_'_ '5; Ad. ). I, , f - '),
    I bu ,y. 0.3J-j-'9_ An unno,;«d p".lId ,~ Clov;,' ,ppo;n,mcnt occu"cd in lh< 1m
    ~u,,'" of 'lI< I<v<n<" «n,",y, ... hen M, """ t<cciv<d , .... ,i,k u~,."" i""",ul) ''''''g
    wi," .u,hor"y ov<r By"nttn< t<fu8= f,om Si rmi"m: Mi,,,.I. Dt"",,;; (IiHG,
    \ ,M-\,)). '9', un", l<. Ll>9-1'-')O. 'o, <f. Wmm .• , (PHi,. 1931). '5' - 62. On
    j'.,,,,,,, " 1'.,...
    ,he ,~ I."" , .... J- E.... ,"'l, • .\Ii!..,., 1"6" IF",,'i • ., (P"" , 'V'1),
    rp. ;)----6,
    subjugated town ~1I recall the victory ce1ehrationsl1ot of Corman-
    tinopk. blll of imperial com manders operating in the provinces,JO
    Thc mcssage of thc ceremony is eVCI1 eleHCT than its source,
    For the ~cund time in fony years, , new Germanic uverlord-
    wh",c ",v"gc climin~tion of opponent' would have been no less
    obvious lU Gallo-Roman contl'mporarics than it wn to their
    dcscendants two geoerations bter - was establishing his control
    ovcr Ihe town and irs Rom~11 popul:aion.·11 He was doing SO '" the
    military victor md he .vailed himself of the indigenous ritual
    form expressive of that re.lity. lIS specific shape lent th.1 proces-
    sion an unambiguous political contell!. calculated to . PIX.I to
    Clovis' .udience, the local Roman population of Tours.
    Ethnic foreigner though he might be, the king enjoyed the
    approval of the Rom;> n emIXro r :md flaunted some of a loyal
    imperi.1 >crv.nt's extern. ltra ppings. In comrastto the old rulers.
    he sh,"ed his new ~ubj ect" religion and made a pointed show of his
    vencr:aion for the local patron and hierarchy by beginning his
    parade .t St Mutin's and ending it at the cathed ral. Even more
    tangible .ppreciation was expressed by his votive offering of
    Gothic - .nd Ari'lIl - booty to the great ,.ill!,n Cynics not
    .w.yed by the new barbarian', delicate spirituality would mrely
    have had difficulty remain ing indifferent to the _ppe.1 ofliber.lly
    distributed cold, h~rd nsh , At Tours, the founder of the
    Merovingi.n kingdom utilized the Ir~d it ion.l Ronun ritu.1
    forms derived. at le.st in part, from provincial victory celebrations
    to bu ild. new politic.1 consensu,. 10 win the .pprov.l of the
    foreign nujority he hoped to govern.3J
    The r~ginle that beg.n with a victorious entry likely did not
    ell ti rely di'pcme with such celebr.tion, in succeeding decades. but
    the evidence i, 'parse, One may h_ve marked Theoderic I]",
    victory ovcr Chlothar and hi. ~ntry into Pari. in 604 ; another i•

    .. So, ,b." .<. Ch, 6, J, " 'try do>< p",lt<1;, Ik];",;u' ,,;urnph.1 """y ;nt<, ,,",wly
    ,ubj"~,«d Sy,,'m, '''' tho I." d.y uf i", ,"",010«. when ho .h" o;<tr;Nmd I"R'"
    10 ~;, tfOOp' .nd ,~, I",,,,,r,,;,,,,, ('",""op;u •. &11•• ,. J. 1S- ,~, H.my. "'7. , .-, ~.) .
    " Bruhl. r.I",.",.
    p. '00. "H,,,,'k, 'l"'nJkui<u" pp, 46/f,
    " w .. T""" "'''qu<? h "''' no< rhe only or evon 'he moo' 'mpo".n , ,nwn Cloy;'
    ",«1«1 '0 w;n 0,..,. '0 ,h, n<w o.dcr. IJ.<U"" of Gr<sory". Toun-«n«"d v;,;on.
    h .. ,il<o« on , imil" ""moo'", " n,h" tnwm nn Cluvj, i,j""",y j, 00' .n
    "gum.", 'gat"" rhe pot<ibBj,y. Morrov", Clov" m,.;k p"""ry 110. urn' "'" of
    0"""";"'" S,rt! '" ~ H,t"y nf ~n""." H.uck , ·R.nd kultu'. p. 4.·
    implied by a late story concerning Fredegund. H The same lOurce
    shows that the late Rom an CUllom of head display was thought!O
    be cunent among sevcnth-century Franks and called for no
    comment early in the eighth.)!
    Clovis' grandson Theudebert I (5 34- <47/ 48 ) showed imerest in
    imperial victory prerogatives and it is no coincidence that Gallo-
    Rom ans enjoyed prominence al his court.'· Hi s chancellery was
    aware of imperial titulalure's niceties and the king him self was
    reportedly vexed by Justinian's assumption of the victory cogno-
    men F,~nr;i(lls.l7 Frankish irritalion at Byzantine victory customs
    was malched by the sensation caused at Constantinople wh en
    Frank ish king s took th e initiative of issuing gold coinage in their
    Own names." The precarious nature of Merovingian gold issues
    and lhe increuing proportion of tTtmiHlf in sixth-century hoards
    suggest that soli4i issues may have been as closely connected with
    royal prestige and propaganda u with econom ic policy. '9 Theude-
    bert certainly llruek gold coins which departed from the usual
    pseudo-imperial barbarian issues and displayed propag;lOdizing
    messages. The obverse of one gold solidws discoveu.d in modern-
    day Belgium gives Theudebert's nam e and royal tide, while the
    reve rse has the unusual slogan PAX ET U BER TAS.4o Another
    .cUdws preserved in several examples ,hows a fa irly typical pseudo-
    imperial reverse, the legend VICT AUCCCI and a standing
    Victory. The obverse, however, present! an impuial-slyle por-
    trait which may have been modeled on that of Anastuius. It is
    surrounded by the st..ding legend DN T HEODEBER TVS
    VICTOR (fig. I) ). Th e issue seems to have celebrated
    , . Fr<<I<iI". <•• 6. K,~ och. '11.<: 'Th<od<ri<u, ,;au, P";';u' ;"1,«1;,",'" o m; l..
    o:r<m""y'" .0y.1 p.lo" I«m, '0 be ,I>< ,,"inl im'ilin<d To •• he I<ory .bou, ,he
    m«[inS ofF.edcguod .nd Chilp<,;( in ,he ",Iy <iBh.h-«n 'u.y Lio. "". F"., .. J'.
    n.
    KI\I .. '9'"" - '9p6.
    " u •. ~;n. ff_ .• , 0. Kl\Il<h. )').20-)1<.' .
    .. 1";,1,,,. U."""'~".l'". pp. [oJ -~.
    " Sec Th<ud<bm', Irt." '0 J"""''''n (1 47): li,i,,,1« .."".ri<".. " •• d. W. Gund]"h.
    MGH. E';" .• ) I,f!l.). [J I.,\>- )0. fo' 'pi""lory <<OJ''''''''' d . Chil<l<b<II .0 M'uri«
    (j l , ). il<l.. 1,. ')I.u - , . Fo' F._klH. A,,,h;',. I/i".. 1. 4. J. K. y<l<ll. [<.6-- " .
    .. P,,,<opi,,~ iloilo. 7. J). ,. l'I>"'y.1 ...,.,I-" .
    .. P. L. Gcn,ilh<>mm<. ·1.< moon'Y'K'« I. cl",,,I,,;,,,, m"",u;", d'n' I<! ,oy."m..
    b.. b.1<I <k ro.;,i<kn' (V'- VIII' M<:<k)". R" ......;"..,;......... I. 7 ([9<) ).
    " _ fl1.1><,, ,00-1.
    .. M . P,,,,,. /.t, ......k' .,",vi.t;""",. Cmlogue "'" moon.I<! f"n~.;"" <k I,
    Bib)""i">tq ...,u,;',.,." (p.m. , 19')' pp.',-'j, no. JJ. pl. ',11.

    J"
    Tht A1troviMgi~Ms

    Figurt 'J. Gold .olidu. of king Thtudtbtrt (enlarged; ... pp. 138-9)
    Th. ud.bert's It~lian camp~ign of 539_ 41 The form chosen to
    commemOrate this success underscores the Merovingiam' rdiance
    on traditional Roman means of glorifying their rulership_
    King Gunthram, who ruled Burgundy from 561 to 592, appears
    to have alluded to some unidentified military success on a coin
    whose reverse has b«n interpreted as REGIA V1CTORIA.4 2
    Chlothar II (584---(\29) finally scrapped the old pseudo-imperial
    reverse and repbced it with a memorial to his own accomplish-
    ments, in the form oflhe legend VICTVRIA CHLOTARI. This
    coin was issued by the mint at Marseilles and was the fim of that
    city to displace the old im!",rial in"ription.<l It is particularly
    significant because it may well have been struck in honor of the
    MerovingiaIlI' laSl recorded victory celebration. Chlothar could
    not have issued coinage at Marseilles before he defeued Bruni_
    childis and reunified the partitioned kingdom in 61 J, so there is a
    good chance that the solidi and Iremissts hailing Chloth.n 's victory
    pfOdaimed the major succe" of his reign, the unexpected victory
    over Brunichildis which transformed him from a petty kinglet
    into the master of Gaul. The disaffection and defection of her
    leading magnates h.d bfOught a swift and violent end to
    Brunichildis' last civil war for control o(Gaul. H The ruthless old
    queen was delivered into the hands of her nephew Chlothar at
    Reneve on the Vingeanne River.4 ' After he had tortured her for
    .j P'''''. M",.,j". pp. le- 'j, n",. 19. <'-'. 06. 09. J' . j<. J6. Cf. L< Gnotilhomn ...
    ·Monn. y.g<" . pp . .,.If.
    o. Pn>u. M .....;". pp. xxxvii_ .noi;i .
    .. I~_. pp. )0) - •• . . ". 'l lo---7. pl . >J. ' - 0_
    • • 11.. Bud",,,,. CN p,."",, i • .. ,,",,,i.r"",, b,,_ V"JOI,."t. Wi",,"'!Ii , K.i/u,
    (S,u"S>". '9JJ1. pp. 11-'" E. Ewi,. 'n", ('.nk;,., ..... T,iluns<n "nO T"il<<<i<;h.
    (j "-jll)". 5, ..... ',~, ,,,. ft... /tiu /." Goolli", . 0:;,.",,,,",1,, !H'if'''' ('~J'-'!I'J). "
    ll<ih<f" dc, Fun'; •• ) (M"n"'h. 19"76) , pr. "'-1, . 1><" '09-10_
    ' j B. KruKh. MG!-l.5RM. ' ."'. n. J: d . J.M . W.n " ,· H.J"II. «I . ,oJ ". n.
    _. oJ,1o< G._ult oj Fmk,., wdlo ,II '''''';" • • ,;''''' (London.• ')60) . p_ Jj .
    P.",.
    JJ9
    Fra"kish viClory celebrations
    three day., the king celebuted hi. victory in a fashion which h.s
    by now become grimly famili~r , Brunichildis was placed on ~
    CJmd ', back and paudcd in front of the :limy, on her way to the
    cxecmioner. The parade of infamy seems to h~vc been motiv;ued
    by the que<'n', role in the murder. of ten Merovingian king " · ·
    Comp~ ri~on of the earliest ~nd late.t victory celcbr;l!iom point.
    up the rr;lIl.form;uiom in Merovingian politic, and ,ociety over
    thc intervening century, Clovis' triumph~l entry into Tours
    celebrated the establi,hment of" new regime and the favoI.ble
    rclations it desired with its new subjects. Chlorhar', m~rhd the
    ,uppre,sion of ~ civil wn "nd the triumph of the queen',
    aristocracy ovn th~ir lord. Selling and audience h2d ch2nged
    dram~lic.l1y. Clovi,' ceremony h~d ~ppcaled to a G"llo-Roman
    town ;lIld its p:l lron ,aint: llruni~hildi,' ritual humiliation wa,
    performed in front of the Fr"n ki,h ;mn y wh ich , like it, Vi,igothic
    'OUnterp ~rt. w>s increa'ingly dominated by the gre~t m~gnates
    and their following~.47 The ceremony had left behind the urban
    setting of the earl y sixth century and movcd into the country,ide,
    where it played to the only audicn,c th~t counted in the ",vent h
    century' the aristocracy. Thirty yeu, before the onset of the era of
    do-nothing king', the domin~nt actors of the b,t Mcrovingi~n
    century had alrc"dy occupied the Itage ~nd forcsh~dow ed the
    fmure. Yet for ~Il the novelty of the setting, the ritual form
    rem . ined typinlly late R oman.
    Gallo-Romans re.ponded to their kings' COnCern with promot-
    ing ~n awareneSS of their victories: in so doing. they oometime,
    aniled themselves of t",dition,,1 forms and formubs, even when
    expressing new realities. Clovis' reign in particular e~mc to be
    surrounded with an aUra of victory. [n hi, lifetime.;I bishop would
    defend himsdfbeforc his p"cn by imisting that he had only acted
    On the orders of that king. the 'triumph atol gcntium·. 4 ' After his
    .. F<cd<g". '.", Km><h. '."'7-'.' .1' Lil . /oju, 1'00"" __ .0, K''''''h. 1'0,,6--1" '"
    A",,,,,, ... [1".10', .... "'1 . , 6> •. S, <d, T , Mom",,,,,, . MCH,AA. " (' 390),, 9<>, '9-'1'
    J""><. V". (:01 ..., - , (BHI __ "91), T. '9, <d, Il, K,m.h. MGII.SRC. i'9<>I).
    210 ,'1 - '''''' ]: S'",b",. Vi,. ex,i«"i (BilL . ".3). ". <d. IL K,",d. MCJl.SRM. I
    ( ,a<Xi) . 6j~, 6 - ' , .
    ., U.s. U..,h",h , M"••
    g,,-yo. u.ff.
    ,.,i..... ,I',",y "',t-iz"ion. ' ~' - lJ' (Mioo<'poli" 'O]l). pp,

    •• Ep . .. " .• J. G""dl« h. , '0 .,8 . Th< ro",<" ' "sse,,, ,h" Il.<migiu,' "'" of ,I>< "",o'y
    'pi ,l><, m,y hoy. b.,." , ... btl< "",,,,dOl ,,, hi, &""'0<' ,h.. h. IV., ill <~uipptd 10
    ,h",m tho ,,"'ill of ,ho: _ktor;"'" botb";.,,,
    TM Mcrov;ng;mu

    death. the Tepmatinn would stick: the authon of the Life of


    Cae"r;u. of Aries continued to remember the late ruler as ' the
    mmt victorino< king', and king Theudebert took great pride in his
    father' s victories when writing 10 the Roman emperor." In 567, a
    group of bishops aSlCmb led at Tours wuld still rcfer to him as 'the
    mmt ullvanquished king',-'o The memory of Clovis . nd hi,
    victories had taken on a dynanic tinge by Ihi, time. Gregory of
    Tours and king Gunthram lookcd baek on Clovis and his IOnS a.
    the foum.inltead of thl' dyn,my'. vicwri,s." In other word., the
    king', "ictoTY was tailored 10 the dyna,tic reality of the sixth
    cemury. Th.t the Mcrovingi.n, nme to view themselve, ,IS
    possessing a kind of dynastic right to victory i, consinent with
    Vcnamiu, Fortunatu, praise of thcir triumph.! lineage." Tlti,
    family notion of viclDry did not cntirely displ.ce more tradition_I
    expression,. Like their counterpart. in Vi.igothic Spain. anm her
    assembly of bi,hop, may it_VI' had a specific victory and it,
    celebration in mind when they hailed their king as 'the mOot
    cknwnt prince, the mo.t unvanqui.hed in proof. of triumph Lord
    King Childcbert'." A contemporary poet ca.ily t.ilorcd the t.g'
    of the old imperial ideology of victory to Clovi,' descendanu: the
    dyn,lStic marriage of Sigibert and llrunichildis in 566 wa, not
    merely going to promote harmony between the Franki,h ~nd
    Vi,igothic kingdom s: it w~s e:<pected to produce 'victorious
    concord'.'· Sigibcrt w~s 'illustrious with excdlcnt triumphs' yet
    humble. despite hi, many victories_" The p~negyric which

    .. V. C",,,,,ii IHHt. I jO! - Y). '. ,N. Mm;n. )0<1_11' "p_ ...... '!. Gundl.ich. I ]>_j-7, d .
    "oJ.. ro. IlJ .6-IJ .
    ,. Coo,- T., . • . J6,. ". !k Ck,cq. , '-'H' I- I • .
    " G«~o,y . H;" .. j. p, ... f:, ~",«h-L,y;"", '9J . I(>-": d . I. JO. J9j.!- II . s.. in
    S,,,,",,I.,,, to.: Mcroy;ng"n! ,,><I ,o.:lf P'''''''' for v,,"o"' ..,.,,,,,,, of ';«<"1. JM_
    W.IJ,,<_I t.d"lI. n.. lcn~h.;"J k i "~, .,.4 .,10" ,,,,4,,, '0 F,,",~;," Io""","r (Loodoo.
    ,<)Ii». pp . •&,oll".
    " ....."",io, fan"""u,. C.,.... 6. '. u,u. '11.'7- ')1_)<.
    " C ..... ..1",,1. •. "I . p",f, t1< Ck«q. 1,R.f. _? , ',kment;,,;mu, p,;n«1" <lomnu,
    ,,,umptw,um ,i'u l;, ;nu;<li,,;mu, Ch;kkb""hu, «,' . The m"" ,..,,"'" 1Iln;"'r
    "p<d;,,,,,, «<",ded by G"go,y (n.,,_, I . '9. KmKh_ u,v; ...... "l_'''""'.6.j) .....
    ,0.: ("imp .. ~" .gil",' the V;';g",h, ",me Y"'f> e.d;",. but we.« 001 y"y well
    ",fum,," "" <"'nto of Ih~ I"'riod_
    .. 'Vin,;, <onro,d;', C"'., .• 6. I. u,o. r.9. ,.,. Cf. W . Meye,. D<t C'kt<oll<iuJi{~'"
    V .."",i., f'.,,""",.,. Abh.ndlu n~ en <k, ~ooigljch<f\ G.,dl«h.f, .It, Wh"nl<h.f,<n
    '" Gi;'-t;n~<n. Phil._h;". KI. n.F. 4. j (lk<llO. 1\<>1). pp_ Il-!J_
    .. c,.,," .. 6. I•• l<u. "9.7-1]0.::0.

    H'
    FT~nlrish Vic/D'Y ultb,~'i"MS

    commemorated th~ Synod of B~rny in S80 proclaimed the old


    theme that the enemies who lought to wound the king merely
    provided an occnion for loyal SUCCeSS. To the dismay of would-be
    rebeb and various foreign enemies. Chilperic was u hand,
    'nomine victoris'.'"

    1. THE tlTUIlCY O f VICTORY IN FRANCIA

    No less than their imperial and barbarian colleagues, the rulers and
    ruled of early medieval Francia imagined that faith was i prime
    ingredient in miliury success. Gregory of Tours Slated the theme
    in connection with Clovis' conversion and the dyna.ry.l7 King
    Gunthnm reportedly uttered the same idea, Venantius FortunalUs
    elaborated on it ind the pope himself wrote to Brunichildis <IIld
    Chlothar II to reassure them on this account." Since the mur-
    derous Merovingians ruely lived up to Christian ideal$, even by
    nxth-<entu ry lights. it is no wonder that a high price Wane! on sure-
    fire victory producing relics from the East or powerful prayers fo r
    victory."
    Funkish kings' COnCern for puyer On their behalf is amply
    attested. An anecdote in Gregory of T ours shows a troubled king
    Gunthram gelting up and soliciting the prayers of the faithful it
    Mass. 60 The royal precept which ippointcd Dcs.iderius to the lCC
    ofCabors in 610 ordered the new prelate to pray for bis king and
    his church."' And the exborution to prayer 'for the kingdom's
    tbou,n ••
    " IhUf. , 9. I. L«>, >O'.J .->; "'J .I\9- I • . M<)'ft. GtI'l'"lt<i,Jlitlutt. p. I •• • h"
    d.....0 ....... "" ...... v""o";, ind"",,,d .Iu. Cbilp<ric 1>0", ./< ... " . ... oKlci>l.itlc.ltul
    the ,.,.,,, ~, .... ill ...,. be" ,h., b.lo<kn. Tri"",ph.l,h< ..", ",nuined _(ul wh<n
    . IId,...,;,." Me,oo"'Si .... kin". E., . Au",Ii ..... bi.!oop"f Ad .... w'i,m, to n.....l<be«
    1<0. J0j6-I . E, . ..." .. '0. Gundl><h. "J .ll - 'J ""d )0- '. "" dot kml"' .uk.1
    triump~, <1". ~dm ... of C.I\o ... E, .. I. J. <d. D. N<><be,S. S"odio IoUn.
    ",ockloolmrmio. ~(S,<><kb.,l ... '9&'). '] .' -I. Not< ,t.. .pplio<"ionoflik<fo""~Io , '0
    o..id<riu, hi ..... lf. I.Uf.• >. 11.19.' -< ,"d ' •• <. 66 .• - • .
    " E., . H", .• >. )7. 16. ,,-,6; ). p,Kf. 97.1- 1; cr. W.lio«-Hodrill. KI"I,IH,. p. I I (Of
    ,t.. .. m. <levdOl'm.n' in D,i,,", .
    .. G.. ,Q'Y. //Ilt .• I. )0. K",,,,h- L<..;,on. 191.1-" ,n<! ,.-16, Ven,"';.'. C...... 9. '.
    Leo. '0,.\,-• . G«8o<], I. R'l· . " • • 9. NorbnS. 941. ,141<9.)0: ". J'. 9J , .)<>--) .
    " G,<sory. Hilt.• 7. )1. K'u«h_ L<vi_. Ho·!i-nl.'7. Cf. Qu<m Rod<JUndi,·
    ... pl.n,tion of be. "'I01i"ion. ,..i,h ,be <mf'<'o. (0' "Ii.<> of oh< ,1"11< "'... ,
    a.udonivio. v;" R"-~' (/JHl. ~). 16. <d. D. Ktw(h. MCH.SRM. 1
    (.III).III .n- IJ' <1". Froio,... R.I;f"'". Pr· '79-"'.
    .. G«,ory. HI" .• 7. 1. K.""'h- .... vioon. ))'.' - '0.
    " I'rto<tv<d in ,he I" .. VII, 0<""",1(8HL. "U). 'I. <d. B. Knol<b. MGIf.SR.If.•
    Tht liwrgy of victory

    !lability' (p ro mabiltlatt rigni) or the 'king's secu rit y' (incolomil<1l


    rigiJ) reCUn ~g ain ~nd ~gain in the roy.l privileges preserved from
    the seventh .nd eighth centuries,·' Pnyen werc particularly
    appropri.te when the ropl well_being was threatened by warfare.
    Like Clovis' triumph. l parade, lih. too. the church which
    performed lhem, the idn of such services was an inheritance
    of late antiquity. Yet for . 11 this emphasis on divine f.vor as
    expre.sed in ropl victory, Gregory and the others have left no
    hint of large-scalc services in lime of war, of a profmio hdlic~
    ceremony similar to that of the Visigoth. Or Byzantines. What we
    do find i. the persistence of some old customs on a purdy loc.l
    level.
    Particularly teHing in this regard is lhe spiritu.l defense of cities
    by mea", of the circuiluf murorum, the liturgical procession Hound
    the w.lIs of a bele.guered town. which was so f.miliar a feature in
    the publi c life of the provinces .. nd capitals of the later Roman
    empire. Gregory of Tour! claims th.t, carlyon. the Frank. were
    innocent of such ceremonies. When besieging Saragos.. in 54',
    they sa w women dressed in bl.ck with .shes in their Itair. wailing
    as they walked around the Cil y walk The Franks concluded that
    the Spani:lrds were casting so me evil spell on them. Only lhe
    interrogation of a local peasant convinced them lhat this w.s no
    supentiliou. m.gic but a holy ceremony to protect the city.·J
    Saints' lives nonetheless delight in depicting the s.lvation of
    Gauli,h cities from barbarian onslaught th .. nks to their bishops'
    performance of the d 'fU;lus. Thus B:lz:lS wa, mppmcd to h:lvc
    been saved from Arian amck by. procession featuring the relic. of
    John the Baptist. 6 • Early in the sixth century, it was claimed, the
    bishop of Clermont had delivered his city through 1 p':llm-
    singing procession around the walls matched by vigils .. nd fasting.
    A Mcrovingi.n pre>cher did nut he,i .. te 10 remind his Hock of

    ,,<I,
    (, \>0> ). \7 >,7 '>: on ,II< d>t, , n d ,<I i. b,li, y. W. b.,h - t"';",,,. G< Jf 1t;.-1t1~,Il<",
    p, "7> d. Coil, M.",. ,.6. Z ,um«.• 6.2>- • . On ,h, probt,m in g,"ml, Kriig".
    K,;"i" I ,obk,,,",,,, pp . <76i!', . nd Ew;X. 'Prio«' .
    .. ~ ...(",m D'llQl><r, I (6)1- ) ) to Ch,tp<f!< II (7'7j; p, L,"<, ,nO C. Sun",". U,
    .ipl.J..., ..il i.. ox ik, MI,,"i~g;'", (p."" ,,,,,,,j,
    pp, J. 6--7. 'J, '7, '? 'j , ' 6--1,
    .. Gr<gory. mil .. J, '9. Krul<h-uv;"'n, "\,,,-,,6 .• ,
    •• Gr<sory. I" , lot-;" ....'T'"'". '. " •• d. II. K."",h, MCIl.SR.U, '-' (, 11 \ ).6) J,!! - '.'
    A 1>. ... ,,,,h,;,", , •.,li",d"'"i,"", with .... iog 0,1<,01 by 'h, " m, m"hod, . .. t, ;n
    "'" ""'h "'"'"'y: V. A"i... , (BilL, <7)). 9, K,""'h. ,,. .,3-,,,
    Fu",lriJh ~irto'r ul,b,D/"O".
    liuniet' power again" the GoIhl.6 ' L~te in th e ~venth century.
    bishop LeodCglri UJ prepared bis city for siege with a thtc'C'-<iay fan
    and. prooession along the rampnu. led by a cross and ~Iia.
    during wb ich each of Autun's gatcs was J,>nct i(1Cd wilh prOS(n-
    rions and special pnyen.""
    By theioC accounts. loal C(:hclons pla yed the decisive role in
    preioCrving ruch ceremonics. This VK-W finds confirmation in the
    faCI that the rare referen ccs 10 prayers (or rulen in lime o(wu give
    Mcrovingian kings lillie pan in their organization. The nun
    Baudo nivia cites II an elllmple o( the cloillered quccn
    Radcgunda 'l (ob. ,87) piety that. in time o( civil war, she puyed
    (or Dllthc protagonins. I\s abbess, she co mmanded her co m'nu _
    nity to pray '(or their "ability'. echoing the phraseology of ro yal
    privilcgcs,U [n o ther wo rds. a six th-<entury royal monastery',
    'pc<:ial service$ in time o(wu were o rgll1iled on the sok initiative
    o( the: house', ruperior . An Irish ascelic WlJ infuriated by the
    suggcstion Ihat he: pny for king Theudcbcrt Jrl viclory II the
    battle o(Tolbi.c, Chancterinically. the idu had come not (rom
    the: royal court but from SI CoJum~n 'lli mplc.minded Frankish
    servant."
    A miserable ICn p o( parchmC"fll (rom R eiehcnau provel thu by
    the: early eighth centu ry, ' pecial so:fviccs (o r the king's victory had
    gained , uflk icnl curren cy to warrant the codi fication o(appropri-
    ate texu. in which Frankish prietts bc..,ecbed the 'Lord God,
    C ren or of AU. Terrible:lOd Strong' to 'gunt victory to the kings
    of the Frank,' over the ir rebels, a, He had once delivered Israel
    from Egypt." 1\ ,imilar note was sounded in another cighth_
    • • G"p,. I.oW< ..;.,., ,.... ... , . '. K"""". &1,.,'-'0: E~ ..",... ·G. lhe..... '. C.I,,"jo
    ......_ • • ). . and , . <d. F. Glori<. c.;CL, ' 0 ' ( 19701." ,- ,
    .. P.,,10 tiMtMII (!Ht.. .I.<r~) .•,. <d. II . Knndo. MCH.SRM. I (' 9 ...). ..,. ......
    .. V. R ' t ' . (l1IIt.. 7<><9) . ' 0, Kn,...:Io. 1 . ....... J , . C/. ,II< . .",....., 0I"EJ;';'" 01"
    Nor- (01). _1 . ..100 , .. pt!.oioed .....1""'01;0: ...... (d. , T_h, >.I)"""
    hH , , ', Iu\lol .. /If'''''' cloy mel ft.pt '" ......., _ . ~ .., ............ , -
    ,._ 4 : Viw El;,ti (IIHt.. " 1. -6). ' . JI. <d. J. Gh< , ~ .. . . Aao _ _ JItlto'i
    .. ro..., , (" ' S)''' I. and ' . I . «I. B. Kntodt, M C H.SRM, • (' IIOJI:"" .' , _,.•
    .. )ooou. Viw C. ' I I (tHt.. ' 191)' ' • • ,. Knn<h. "" '1-""" .ooIrn,
    Co4r.o .. INn·,
    '0
    or; ' " _ th. ·.. ~hu ... 0< ,eI...... . h<mIm .-..r.u"'·" ...., "' • .., with hl< ...
    • owI Iu.k .... IN<k , .. ,II< ",h.;. "'" ...... "' .... fOunh <.~,.." . Th~ ""y be '"

    H._.
    • ...-i< «100 '" III< f."i<Un
    R.P.C.
    ".,Ii,,,,,,. Cf. S. PIl""k. I;~ •
    SC. ' "9 ( P.ri~ '97'). ' •• .• --9 .
    .. K"Ionohc. looMInh.·Cod . A.... CCLlIl (CLA.. 1 ('9J9). "(0)• • d. A. Ookl.nd A.
    c.._ . 9. «I.

    B.u",,", ~ . D<o "'N.. , .. ~ ...,_.... .... c• . ""A. C XII. T .... und A,b.", ... , '. ,.

    'H
    Tilr lilurgy of I'i(/",y

    century servic<' from the ro-<~lkd 'llobbio Missal'. Hac. an


    untided Mass was added to what seems to be the work of an
    elderly priest. living in some pbcc of scconduy importancr.'O
    Unit('d in puyer. the faithful entreated God to defend 'our
    prince' . II. once I·k h.d s.ved .... br.h.m and hi, ""rvalllS with a
    tremendous triUlllph (Gen.",is 14.1 ~rf). '50 He vivif,,·s. saves.
    guard •. pre"",v" our prince. ever victor aga inst all en{'miN.· "
    The M.s,·s second collen d~"<:pcm the Old Testament parallel by a
    co mparison with Moses' battlc agaillltllnulc k (Exodus 17.18ff).
    'whence w<' bescech you. 0 l ord. and. on this day. with devoted
    minds we p<.Iu r oUl our prayers to you. for the benefit of your
    faithful se,va"t .lId o ur prince N .. and (or hi . entire army. that
    You. through the right hand of Your power. 0 Lord. may bid
    him always be. victor with triumph over all hi, enemi<" . as You
    oncc hclpcd Mose •.. :.12 T he 'Pon nomi",' prayer punue5 the
    pica for divine help: any who dares 0pp<.lse thc prince will languish
    under hi, feCI as quickly a5 Jericho fell to J oshua. J uS! as David onCe
    procured peace for I"ael by killing Goliath. so. the prayer 'Ad
    p.ccm· hopes. m.y the king reign resplendent and in peace fot
    countle" yean. ·un;v,,,;. deviet;' undeque gentibu"!'
    Such texts assure \IS th.t. dNpi!' the silence of all other leCtors of
    evi<ien(c. e/fonsto insure and m~gn;fy th(' king 's victory did not

    S
    (I~u, on. I'll I. ]1' • P"'"
    r "'''' o,u!t, ,i~ ,."" '''''0'''"' ... '. 1'.1 ""OS" phy '""I~""
    ,lK MS "'.. wp",J '" 01,.. Ii",
    h,lf of , ''''. ,lK ~lo,,1 '~ '"S"" rn"''' ,II< p"y« ... "
    ''''''po><J ", .dlp«d on 71~- '." , .... 1",><.
    , . r, .... II.N . ,,,. ' P , o. j. w. l .. g~ . 10.. /WoO ...11".. 1. 11 <;.. 11 .._ .11"".&. • . F.....U".
    H,,, , y lI"d,h",· So<K·'Y. ~J (londoo . ' 9'71. f'Jlv - .J)'= ..d. E..... l~ ... <. no..
    _ • .\1" ... 1.,..
    r. .. II .._ ,11.". /100II". Ikn, y n"'t,h .... s.,.."" y. ~, (L""don. '9")'
    .... j . 'If. Cf Cl.!'. S 1'9~). ~)J
    " Tl>< M,,, " "',,1>0<0, ,,,k '" ,h< MS, M,b,'1on ,. II..d " ·M, ..... P'" P';n<"Ip< ·. d. 1.0 ...<.
    _ . Mi, ... I. 'J'. n . >: <"""'" ('"m ibil .. ,,.,,.9'. ' S' ,,- ,6, ' .11' p""'''p<m
    '''''''U'" .""1'<' " O<'O<, m «,to'n ",ne,", .d...,.. "", ",,,,rK;'. pul"i'. 'U<:""'.
    «''''''(f'''' f. . h·'g. ·z."m ,h " "lod"," Kon'g'g<ci'nk<n ,m f..uhm ""I.1<....
    Sr.""""· ...,. '. , ~71. l><" " . o. "'. ".<>nd., ... ".h<,II<, ,ho .. ;, 0<""0«';"" brtw"'o
    ,I>< ..,,', in,," ..
    n" '"' I"i."p' ,nd C h .."" M,,.,d. cr. ,~,4.. p. >0 .... 1><<< ,h< p"«"
    ,,,,,,,,, .. Iy ...,,,,,,, .. d ... "h ,..., 'h",,~h'
    ... "r'd 0( ''''' ... V<n,h , ... ,ur, .
    "&1.1.. ,\1",.1. "" 49J . '\' lJ - " ' .! · .. . Un.k dum, ... '" >upk<,.. d<p .."mU!
    «bKt"" .k"",,, m.. o"bu, on h... d", ("".kn,,,. P''''« . pm (,d<1< (.molo '"0.
    pnn"I"'i"" 0,,,,,"
    ill. , d~"" P'"
    hun,,,,,,,,, <>«<i,o ,II,",.
    ,tJ ("tin, . do",i"" P'"
    .xx""m u"'ulr, to,. '"n'" u rn"", .. d"•.,.",u, I<mp"'''''' ,"b.., 'un' ,,,ump,,
    "'<1U1"m......' rond.m ''''''" ,u, '"' Mop.n.. .".
    " 1I>,i .• no . • w .nd <Vj. Lo,,·< . 'jl·'7- ., ,oJ JO - , .
    Frankish viClory ul.bralions

    comple!<:ly cease in the last century of Mcrovingian dominion.


    Victory remained .n essential trait of rulership, even for puppet
    kings who no longer led th eir people to wu. New, ccde,ianie.l
    menures designed to produce victory were devi,ed in circum_
    't;\Oces which escape us. The constant we", and replacement of
    liturgical texts me .. ns that the SOUrCeS of most of thc", rare
    witnesses to the late Merovingian liturgy of victory will not be
    recovered. But the deluxe codex known as the 'Missal of the
    Franks' (Vat. reg . lat. In), copied in the ftrst half of the eighth
    century and once kept in the royal abbey nfSt Denis, shows that
    the imperial provinces' creative role had not yet ccased. Like mo't
    surviving representatives of the loe.l G.llic.n liturgic. ltr.dition,
    the Missal is a kind of mixed bag . Although the formula.
    struaure is considered Gallic.n, much of the COntent harkens back
    to the prcstigious liturgi es of By un tine Rome .u The votive Mass
    for the king is not inconsistent with th e Reichena" and Bobbio
    pieces. The Preface makes an emotional .ppeal (' As prostrate
    suppli.nts, with all OUf heans, we entreat. .. ') to the Lord to IlS'-" the
    power of His majClty to crush those who dare to oppose the
    Franks." The 'Hanc igitur' insim th.t the Mass is intended 'pro
    ",lute et incolomitate vel .t.tu regni Francorum', recalling onCe
    again the phraseology of royal privilege!.?6 The third collect asks
    God to ."i'l the 'prinCe< of the kingdom of the Franks, "" th.t thcy
    might be clement by Your tranquility, ever victors by You r
    power'." Perhaps there is only one surprise to these prayers for
    Frankish victory; comp~ri""n with the Gcla,i,n tradition ,how,
    th~t [hey hav e been lift ed from the Roman liturgy. Th" late
    antique prayer ofa prestigious provincill center for the Floman
    ,tat,,'s perpetull victory has be"n adapted to 10c.1 circ umstances,
    the word, 'Romani nomini' inimiti' and 'Rom.ni regni' replaced
    with 'kingdom of the Franks'n
    These te xIS tell us only th at men and women prayed for the
    " CLA. '. '0); L.c. Moo lb<'J« .1 .• M~,.", F"",,,",". R<n.lm rt,Io"","e>.,tlt"
    d","",<o".1<'''' m.io,. foo'" •• , IRom<. lOll), p. 6) .nd ,,"k •• ' - J~ .
    " Mohlb<'g. no. 76. 'O.)j-" .l.
    " l.kI .. no. no "'!-H.
    " Ii.... !\o. ?' . ' 0. '1- 16: . . . . F.. nrorum "'8m.<1<"
    prine,pioo, .", ' U' '''"qu;ll;" ,<
    ,1<",<"';,. 'u' 1<ml"" "'" ";"UI< "",WI"'.
    " No . 16. }o.)j - } • .); d . Li'" , .. ,. .. ,",.,,". R_ ...", M(lI,,!.. ".Ii.;, ••• , "".Ii, <d.
    L.c, Mohlb<'g" .1.. R,mm '«""'.";"mm doc"m,n". ",,;., m."". fon,., .
    Ti,e lilurgy of vicro,y

    victory of the Maov ingi:m kings and that rom e of their pr.. ycrs
    wer~ d~rived from th ~ old services for th e victory of the R om~n
    cmpire. They do not tell u< when, why. or lI nder wh~t cir_
    cumst~nces they did so, ~lthough the stoIie. of R~degllnd . :Itld
    Co lu m ban imply that the perform:ltlce of such p'" yer< w ..s l.. rgcl y
    ~ local alf~ir. T his chan ge s with the C~ruJingiam. The kin g or his
    entourage cam e to al'lIme :1Il unmist~bblc role in developing and
    org~nizing new military ,ervices aimed at procuring victury.
    Lo c~ l illiti ~tive i$ superseded by an attempt :It cent rali zed
    direction. Secondly, the focus of the snvicc$ widens, in that the
    army is more directly involved. Where .. the I~te Merov ingian
    texts were suitabl e for perfo"n~nce in monasteries ~nd cat hedrals
    far from th e scene ofbattk . new ,ervices arc perform ed by md for
    th e Frankish army on c~mpaign.
    In the late eigh th centu ry . the out!<:! of campaigns wa s
    saculized by , speci~1 ceremony for which Ihne i$ no dear
    Me rovingian amecedem. The frau ki,h profWlo bdlil4 is ch idl y
    known from ~ votive M ass ' In profectionem ho,tium eontibus in
    prohclium': 'M;m on the Departure of the Troops for those who
    arc Going to Battle' which occurs in the Sacrameutary of Gellone.
    a manuscript (paris. B.N. I~t. (2048) represent in g the 'Eighth_
    Century Gdasia,,' tT:ldition of the Frankish lituIgy , i.e. the f,Ist
    stage in the romaniution of the loca l sCTviccS. 79 In cont ra st to the
    orhcr pu yer, alrc:ld y examined :lJld .. the title itse lf ,uggcm, t he
    :lIm y dominates t his seTvice. God is "sk"d to grant light to His
    :lrmy, to .end His angd to Hi, foreordained people; the serv icc is
    p<:rformed for the 'victory ~ nd pre...,rvation of Your :l rmy' (pTQ
    (xerlitus tui lIiaori4 (IlslOdi4qUtj. 30 The Mas, is full of references to
    the :l rmy', imminent victory over the ' infidel barb.rians·" Th e
    Frankish king is not evcn mentioned until the closing lines of the
    third COllCCI, and dircct prayer for him doc. nut "pp<.""ar until the

    (Rom,. , .,.00). no. ,,8J . " J.' J- .6 •• nJ .\Ji" . I'1"", .. no. 7' . MohH"'g. '0.1, - '6. Cf.
    V I. 1M.• no. 1.8S. M"hlo.'g •.Il PO- 7' 'Ron,,", r<go; ,o"t(' p,;ncipibu,·. Orl ,0.
    ,"bsd<u'ion of "Fr.n'· fu, 'Ro'"," '. T<lI",b"h. R'i,h,x<d,"",. pp. '9"".
    " Ed. A. Du", ... nJ J Dc.bu,>< •• CCL. 'J 9 1'9i J) .' )!-4. cr K. morow,ct. ·Adv,,,,·.
    pp . 1<-,. On the '''''"'''''''Y' CL .... J. 6 17' CLLA . i ll . • nJ II. M,,,,,,,,,. "[Jo,
    tW"Ir.C,""", 01.,1... S"'" ...... ,,',. A '"'"r in "",Ii,;," (O . fo.d. ' 976). pp. , 37-YI .
    .. No. >7JO. D"m". ' J 1.1- 0; "'0. '7Jl •• J'.11 - 'J.
    '0 E.g."". '7)0. Dum". 4) I.\>""' I; no. '7, I. O)I . I- Y; nJ" OJ T. I- IJ . <te. Il .. bll""' ''
    no. 17J>. OJ' .J: no. '7J). 4lU - j .
    Frm,ki.h victory ,d,bralion.

    following prayer.12 Docs this meln that the profwio brllica ""vice
    was developed ind~pcndcntly of the royal court and it! inlluence?
    Palacographer> and litorgim have illuminated the hi,torical
    context in which the Sacramenury of Gellon e was transcribed;
    their conclusiom bear directly on this question. The sacra-
    mentary's rich decoration is indic.tive of its intended recipi_
    em's prestige, It was copied in the elming decade of the eighth
    century Or the opening year> of the next, quite probably by
    David, of the monastery of Holy Cross at Me.ux , Sp<:ciflC
    liturgical fcatures indicate a very close link with the royal court.
    W ithin a few ye;>" the book came to Gellonc where, as an ex-
    libri s luggests, it probably arriv ed with the mon .. tery's founder.
    This man w .. none other than count William of Toulouse,
    Charlemagne', rela,ive and an importaut member of the rOYll
    cmoorage, who was do..:ly idemified with the couqu"t of the
    Spanish March. In other words , by both it! con tent and its
    codicological provenance, the Sacramemary of Gellone and the
    pro/WiG btl/ira service it contains bear ,he unmistabble mmp of
    the royal court. n
    The Sacramemar y of Angoolcmc (Paris, B.N, lat, 8(6) m ay
    have beeu composed at the Franki,h court in Aquitania around
    800; it offers concordant testimony On the new military spiritu-
    ality of the la ,t decade of the eighth (emory. It too belong' CO the
    ' Eighth-Century Gela,i:",' tradition and contains a ' M issa pro
    re<ge) in die be!!i comra paganos', perhaps intended for wars
    against the Sarace1l! or Basque'." Th~ collect implor", th e eternal
    Trinity to deliver ' Your Ch ri, tian people from th~ opp"..ion of
    the xonld, as it once S<l ved the son, of lsr~el from th e Egyptians,
    :lIld to grant victory to the roy al servant of Christendom,"' The
    Secret develop, the p~rall el of Mose., Aaron and th e Franks,
    ~ ,king God to free the king and hi, :lrmy from the 'ICHor of the
    tyrants', so that the Franks might return from battle with
    " No. '7P, Uu",,,, ' J 1. ' ' - '" no. 17S), Dom", <».1--9: <f, OJ ... •
    " >«J. lI<VIu,,,,,, eeL, 'w" ('91 . ).,,-. .;: cf. c.R. . B.ldw;n, TO< ,,:r'plO';"m o{
    ' h, S.mm,n",y Or Gelk...", S";p,.,;"m, ') 1'1'1') , ) -'7 · On W,tham, 0·5· P.
    We Hl", 'l ' " qu; .. ,nt " "" mug,,', K ..I J<, C"JJ<, " >~lOll, ~«o 'T1-
    .. CLi. -4, '110, d. Mot'''''', E;I~ rI"C'." 'r, pp. '9'-J : diploffi"K od. p. e.gin, u
    _ "",,"",r< " I,,,·..... A._ II ,., (Ang""l<mo, n.d.), L 167"<1<>- '67'<'''', no<.
    ')'>7- '0 .
    .. f . , 6]"'<1Q, "". 'J07 ,
    The liturgy of "icrvry

    exultation.'" The I'n.-fKc oc'>Cn:ho th~ Lord to Iuccor his \erv~nt


    .nd his army .g.i",t the perf,diou, pag.n s,just.s hc OnCe helped
    Abr"h"m. He mmt ••."nd hi s .ngel to protect th,' Franks, who will
    r~tlIrn home ' triumph. I1tCI de vinori"'."' The Postcommunion
    proyer cvo kes the ,,, Iv.t;on of Isroel 'hrough God's m.nn.; in like
    manncr, God will intnvcne to 'p>rc thc Fronks from he . vy
    CJlu.lticl. n The God ofthc Frankish army was close indeed to
    th.t of .ncient hr.d , nd the liturgy provided the link.·~ Once
    "g"in, thc king . hare, the Jiturgic.llimclight with hi •• rmy, cven
    though the M ass's rubric emph.sizes the roy,,1 intention.
    The po!tcrity, .nd therefore the influcnce. of this kind of text
    h .. heen questiom'" by Kantorowi cz. Th at the Gdlone S.cramen-
    ", ry i, thc sok sun' iving eighth-century wim<"Ss to the proftCiio
    brllico snvin' Jed Kan torowicz to .,sum,· it< Heh.i, ,h:lrocter .nd
    sub"'1ucnt disappearance; at most :I segment of th~ M"" might
    h. ve ",rvi ved as " v.gue 'Ormio pro (XfT(ill<·. 90 So long •• " proper
    philological.nd theolog ic31.na lysis is l.cking. it is impossible to
    'pecul.t,· on the o rigin of such text •. although it h ••• lre.dy been
    noted that there i, no clear n'idencc of their uSC under the
    Merovingiam. Ther,' i•. howcver, evidence on their po'terity.
    Alcuin ~nd Sedulius Scottus, to n.rne only two thinken in the
    maimlrc~m of Caroling ian ~uhl1rc, both refer"'" to rhe necc.siry
    of prayer on such l1ce~sio",.91 More importJntly. it;. rj.ky to
    >Tgue for. n. now diffusion or djsJPpe~unc~ of.n .!tested votive
    text on rhe ,ole b~.is of , ..ity in ext.nt euly Clrolingi.n
    m~nu sCTipts bcnusc the reprelcnt.tivcnc,s of sutvi ving codices is.
    in this rnpect. quite problematic." And in f.CI, thi, p~rticular
    .. UoJ .• 00. '] 0 1 .
    .. f . 1"7v<""'. "'0 . 'J 10.
    , . 'i« ,.~. EH K." ,u<uw;,·• . 'u".k, " .! ...... A ".J, '" l'r.'I ',,1 ."I.",..ic.I, ..,J
    ""Ji"·.t..I,, .·"'/"r. Uni""i,y of C.tifo,";. pubt i,"ion. in hi"u.y . J) III«k,k,.
    ,~ ; 61. pro S61f; ,f. E. f. ... ,g. 'Zorn d",,, I,,,",n K (in , ~,!!,d.nhn ·. pp . .,.If.
    •, ·~dvon ' · . p. JJ .
    •, ~ t<um . Er.. 1 l. f J. E. 1.>0", m"". M(; II.Er'''.. • (l S''ll "". , J - , !. ",."""~ '0 K","1f
    on ,.., ,,,,,.,,,,, of ,.., I"""<i<p"tu" .. on <.m p.,s", cf. 'Ik,,,,dic,;o pro i«r
    '~'ntibu>· . ,d. E. Modkt. eeL. 16>~ (",'"1. "0. ,n, . N,d..,b, t. R"I""'" J J UL.
    ' ! "I. «I . f .. Pml, .•\JGII.[,p'''.' ~ ('9' ll·JlU ' - Jj .
    ., l,,"rSK.I MSS "'.. , mO>tl, ",..~ on . J" ly """ 'nd~, &t";",,t«l mo<, .. ",Jly
    th.n "tI", ~ ,"J , of MSS. Til< ·ti~hd,.. C<"'"r y Gd" i.n·;, ",u,lIy cOOlid(-"d tho
    m",' "gn il;",,, "', ,. icc book uf tI.. ".1 ", """,oJ '"" "'''' of ,.., <,~h ,h c'"tu.y. t n
    i i ' ,b< ,nvo",,,,y ut .I", "'"i"y " e m,"I. h,,, '9 or .. ·G<l.". "i·. K<,,.,,,lly
    "",n '; ';"d ., «,,, ,I.,
    uf ·b ~ h,h -C'm"')·· "''''').. tf,hi, ;, ""<. ,,,..,, ~u 'n t;l y - tho
    Frdnlrilh viC/o.), uleb.dlionl

    ceremony did survive the ninth century. since ~ blessing for


    p.ofulio brllira occur> in the Pontifical of Sens (Leningrad. G.P .8.
    Q. v .1, no. 3 S), an under_studied service book assigned to the euly
    tenth century.u A useful pualld is the tndition of formal
    bles.ings of the Frank ish army, which can also be traced back to
    the reign of Charlemagne. Again the 'Eighth-Century Gelasian'
    has preserved a blessing 'super regem ct populum' whose content
    suggestl the army's presen~e; L«I III lent papal prestige to the
    custom when he said prayers for the Frankish 011, massed at
    Paderoom to attack the Saxonl. u Such prayen for the army crop
    up with increasing frequency in liturgical books from th e ninth
    cenlllry's Int d<,cades. u
    A funher parallel offen the additional advantage of re-
    connoitering one part of the path by which early Carolingian war
    liturgies ame to influence the spirilllal trappings onater medieval
    armies. In the cou rse of the nimb century, the drive for liturgical
    authenticity fostered the displacement of the 'Eigbth-Century
    Gelasian' sact~mentaries and their war texts by the Hadrianum

    fond< of only on< b .., mO<l.1.I<', _ i, mo« ,h . .. double <.he .. ~mb<t of ,u.";.in~
    MSS from <II< wbole .mpiT<:; C. VOI,I. I..................... '"' '" rloi".i" J. ",lr<
    ,."';." .. -1"""... Bib!iot«> dct;!; S..di "'~ •• ~. ' •• nd.do (Spolclo, 'I/7S). pp.
    "-w ODd 711 ....... '19. A ';mil" 'OIKlulion ;, ... q<>lo:<l by <II< ·Ninlh-e....'ury
    G«lJ01i>n S.c •• "'<tIU,y' ",bich ",un on« h.ve ..;no:<l ., ",ffirien, numbo;n '0
    cov" the .1,," ofC.rolinJum Eun>l": oome JJ MSS .. tvi .. "''''':J. o..hu""" u
    ,..,_,,,.i,, ,.1,..;.... $<, ,.;...;,.1.,;"-' J<.,./. I., p-' -m.. ........om". '.
    Spicik"um fnl>lo'«1II<. ,6 (rnbov. ... '97' )' p. J4.
    " From (. 9S '«00. 'nn..nbe<! b, A. Stactk. u, _"..m., loti", I. V' .. xllr Md.
    'Mlltr>#, ~ L. lioliM"<.,... ;""'i.~ I< s..:.../'f ..........,. , (SI PtI.ni>u'I, ,~.o), '69.;"
    preference '0 E. M<><IIt. . CCL. ,6.>, nos. 161-'. huodon.n ... Iy modem ,oP1e1,he
    ori"",I.
    ,. Ed. E. Mod!. •• CCL, ,6.>, no. " ,, ",<>led., ,h .... MSS of •. vw"-ix"'. includ.,S
    the "'tim ... "ric> of An,,,,,,l<m •• nd Gelk>nc .nd on< of •. i. -., UHf I"""ifiuU,. «I.
    t. Ductlane. , (l'.,;,., 'J\I')_6_6 .
    .. Thu, in ,he ·I..<ofri< Mi»>I' (O.r",d. Bodl. lib<. BodJ. 1791>6711. CllA. 9,10). the
    oci, .... II>yc< "r which .... ~ • ...:Jf><d '0 , . i~ (AT ... ?). «I . f .E. W."", (O.ford,
    ,Il l ). p. ')0. ,be 0..... ...,.. ••;/j,. . ,,~ (inc. 'Deuo pcrptIui ..tiJ '''''<>t. dux
    u,"u,um omnium <un<lo.umq", booti"m uicto<1 , <1". II" blnsin. Qu-*' ~
    ,., .... ,,..,.,..,...,. ''', Moeller. eCL, !d., 1)0. J4f •• nd the 0... »,.. ... ,m".. />1 .
    Andricu. u. 'OrI;... , R_ ..;· '" ..., -Y'" "... '. SpicilcJ;"m IK'nIm Lo''';'''''.
    ElUdtotl documt1l'" '(1.o<> • • in. '~J .). p_ H . The b<>IlI<""'iI.ccoun,ofC.,ol;",w.
    mw,..,. ptl(ticco of 'hio 00" rnno;"" A.M. kOtftil'" 0;. M;Iu....~ ..
    K... I",...uit_ I .. Rtt~' ""I i... Pru... V.rOIfendkbun,<tI .'" <lem ki" ..... hi"".;.
    ><ben Scm;", •• ' , 7 (M""ich. '9"). pp . .. _6 •.
    TI,~ lillJrgy of victory

    version of the GregorLm ~~crameruary. Since thi~ Rom~n


    liturgical book lacked ~omc of the texts a Funki~h prie,( required
    for his everyd~y liturgical duties. i( was soon fitted with vniom
    additions. The mOlt famom of thele, the ,()-.Called 'Akuini;m· or
    'Aniane' Supplement, incorporated the more common Rom;1n
    propers for 'Masses in Time of W n'.96 Even 50, the style of war
    liturgy embodied by the 'Eighth-Century Gcl~sian~' did not
    disappear from the altus of the West. Ninth_ ;",d tenth-century
    liturgical manuscripts illustrate the 'new' Roman liturgy·,
    in.dequacic5 and (he way local material work ed iu w.y back
    into the Gregorian books, through the process which would
    ultimately lend the medieval 'Roman· liturgy its 'cbssicaJ'
    shape.9' From the second half of the ninth cemury on, special
    wartime 'Masses Ag.inst the Pag ans· were inserted on a fly leaf or
    blank space. or incorporated into the votive M"" ,ections of these
    books, in what is obviomly a liturgical response to the de-
    predation. of the Northmcn and Sancens.'·
    Among the most ,ignificant witnesse, to this process are half a
    dozen sacramentarics showing v.riom degree, of interrelation.
    Vat. lat. 377 (Onuin! scraps of. north Italian ,.cramentuy
    assigned to the second half of the ninth centu ry, including a 'Mi"a
    contra pagano •. Except for the Preface, thi, text is identical to the
    corre'ponding piece in the celebrated Sacnmentary of Senlis
    (p.ris, B. Ste Genevieve" I), thought to h~,"e been copied in the
    abbey of St Denis, ca. 880. Two !acram~ntari e' from Tout! also
    used the same texts as Senlis. 99 One of the Tour, books offer...
    well a remarhble ' Mass for Imminent lhrbarian Persecution'
    which beseeches God to libcrate his f3ithful followers 'from the
    prescnt calamity of Northmcn'.'oo The Sacumcntorics of 5t
    Vaa't (Cambrai, B.M. !6~ and 16], ,. ix') and Echtcrnach (P~ris,
    " Ed. J. DO<I1u"",. s"' ........." R'/R",i",. 1." ,- , .
    ., s.. <.s . Vo~d. s"""". pp. hlf.
    • • 'n a<ld;,iof, '0'" P"Y<> [,om the Tou " S''''"'''''''y ""d h<r<. f' <r . 1« ,h< ""'"''
    <"ding '0 ,he pro y<r . p.,,,,, . do",; no pm,·. r<po,,<d by T <It," hoc h. R,i'~'I <J",k p.
    7<1. no. j .
    .. eeLA-. !o\l.«l. K. G.rnb«. 'Ub<,j"Ii<n;,<h" ~.k<.m<n",f"gm<" ' ·.) j) - lh. h.",
    )70; in 5, Gc"<"ih, '" (eLLA. 745). f ')7<<<1" wh<r< , .. ,,,brio ",d, ·Mi".
    <on'" in("",ion< P' g.,..,,,,m·. For ,he: lox". cf. 'hood" of 'ho T oun ... oro",," "rio..
    P.,;'. B.N. I". 9HO .od n. "q. I.. 1\ 39 onJ. o.,l>u, .... U ... ,.""""i,,, ,,11"';'". '.
    Spkil<gium f<ibu'8<."." (F,ioou'8. '9'9). ' .... "O'. " l6.-~.
    , .. l.iJ.. 16J. J-O. nO. '1".

    ll'
    Frankish viclOry ((/ebralionJ

    B.N. lat. 9433, s. ix") share a 'Mm against the P.gans'. while the
    ninth-century pan of the Lcofric Missal presents yet another
    combination under the s;l mc rubric,'" ' The Sacr.mcntary of
    Arks (Paris. B.N. I.t. 2812) prcserves • text which prove, Ihe
    posterity of the' Eighlh_Cemury Ceb,ian 's' version of the liturgy
    of war. I" 'Missa pro persecutiune paganurum' is nothing other
    than a late ninth- or early tcnth-ccntury reworking of the
    Angoulcme Sacumcntary's ' M a.s for the King on the Day of
    Battle'.' 02 By the time the threat diminished, this kind of service
    was solidly entrenched in post-Carolingian liturgicalus.gc. Thus
    the temh-century Sacrammtary ufFulda (Goningcn, Univ . Cod.
    theoL 23 t , c •. 975) included both. 'Miss. pro rege et excreitu eiu.'
    and one 'ad comprimend..s gentium fcriutes'.'"'
    The Sacramentaries of Angoulcme and Cellone indicate that,
    by the 79QS, the roy al entourage promoted new ""rvices directly
    involving the army and aimed at obtaining victory. Their
    lel1imony receives splendid confirmation from the court iudf. A
    new kind ofliturgie.. 1 preparation for battle was introduced to the
    Frankish army no later than September 7<)1 and ve ry possibly in
    that year. It included both votive M as""s, undoubtedly of the kind
    found in the Sac ramentaries, and litanic processions. The laconic
    coun record , the 'R.oyal Annals of the Franb', arc • little more
    loquacious than mual in documenting the army 's decision to
    spend th ree days on the b.nk of the Enm River so that the troops
    could stage speci.1 ""rvices entre:ning divine assist.nce against the
    "vus:
    ... with God', help they ""ach~d 'he . fores.id regi,," <>r 'he A v. n. They
    hurried to ,he Enns :md ,hete decided '0 cdeb.. te Ii"ni", and Ma.",.;
    ,hey requeued God'. help for the ,.fety of the army and the aid of Our
    Lord Jems Christ and for victory .nd vengeance OVer the Avon,'o ,

    ,. , St V"',. cd. Dc,),"""" S"" . ~'iR .. , . '6.- ). oos . ,)61- 9: ,f II.N. I.,. ~,)J (CL/,.-1.
    9'0), f. >l9rwo->l9Vmo: uofti< Mi".I, Wmcn, p, ' I S~,
    ,. , ~ ""low. n . >JL
    , • • F.~. A. Riehl<, .nd A. xhoofd,h. S .. ,.,.,",,,,,iu," P.IJ"", , . X , Qu<lkn und
    Abh . ndlung,n ,u, {i<Khi,hl< dc, Abl<i un<! Di;;"", Fuld., 9 (Fuld •. , 91>1. »'.
    not, '~H-! , ,na Uj - <, not, 'OJ ,,""v, An.,.""r c»mpl< i, ,"" !..l< I<n th--<<ntu,y
    Lon<h s.",mrnury. which h .. 'wo M.»c> 'ubi scm "'.",, g<nl<'" ,u r~i" , L.
    Eit<nh61"., 'U" U,''''M' S.h,mon", ;m Cod . Va<. P,I, bl. ;9J', 1Jj, /I.,ith.O"i
    um••. F,,,,,h'ifi ."OO G.Jc,imr." ;h" S,;ft"'i 7h > (U"",,,,d l, 1977). l>9~ .
    f,""",",". '.
    , • • .-1"".1" "j;ni 791. I(u"', U : • . . , cum D"; .d;.,ot"' p",ibm ;>lnd;,,;,

    JP
    Th~ limr,r:r of " i(lOry

    The novelty of , he ~ r"'y service in 791 is undenco red by the fact


    ,hat wme ,w o decade. la'er. when a member of the imperi al
    ent ourage updated the lalini ty and historical vi,ion of the old
    R oy al Anmls. ,he need for descripti on was no longer fel, : it nOw
    su ffiu d to sa y that. thrcc-d.y mpplication look place for the
    .ucccssful o utcome of ,he war . 'os Even more significantly.
    Charlemagne himself took Ihe trouble to wrue to hi , wife from
    the Emu and tell her about ,he ~ r viccs , The ki ng descr ibed in
    det.iI how ,he ceremunies were performed and requested th.t the
    queen and his fidt ltl arrange for si mi lar ser vices at ,he palace. Now
    FaSl rada had prev iously wimeTed with the killg and hi, Hmy and
    there would have been little nec-d fo r the letter's ci rcum stanti.1
    >ccoUm if ,uch htanic J.cT vice' h.d bern a Sl3ndard fe. ture o f
    comcmpoTary military life. lOb Thc cvidenee of the lilllrgical
    nlanuscrip,s and the Em" cerem ony arc completely independent
    .nd ,his mak es their con vcrgem testimony on the ne w dcvcl op-
    ment all the morc' eloquent. T,w rc. ,ons for the neW departure in
    the army 's liturgy of war He not c.... mpktcly clear. T he new
    ~rviccs by and for ,he Hmy faU in a period in which the king was
    experimenting with widc-scak htanic so:tvkc. in times of crisis. to'
    The Hmy itself was changing , u Charlemagne >ought to develop
    the newly pTntigious ro yal va:;.s.:lls irno an elite force of heavy
    c~v~lry. 101 Another fact or lIl. y h. vc contributed to the form and
    n~tl1r e o f the servicc_ Only one c. mpaign carl ieT, Fr~nk l and

    ... . "o<~m 1""<>0.0"< , ... d "'""" n .O'n fto.,o", 1""1"'''"''' ,h, '''''''''''''<U"'
    I.., .."" r"i<n~, 1'" ,,;duo u,,,,uumq'" ",Ikln"" "kbu"J ,. IX, ~,I","m
    r",,,ub ..,"", r'o .. I",. <.<101"'''' ,d,uw;o Jom'", "0"'; 1<>" Ch,;,,,« r'o
    .""on' .. vond"'.. "'p<r ... "',,. 0" ,lid< ... ",,,1. ,nd ,h, COO" , W." ",h.. h
    ltv""" , c. "" ,,~ . ~nt,,, pr- , . ?~._
    " • ..1•• 0 ..' f'" ~"","'., f, . ~.,I, • • _ 19' , ,d , F_ Ku,,<. MGfI_SRG , (11191) , '" ' l~,
    ,"ppl"'''", 1'" md""m r, w, ut ,d bdlo"' 1""''''''''''' fdO«'< h,b.re, ,."",,,,.
    'k 1:<1. E. D"mmic. , .IIG/I.';,.,,_, . ('II9 ' ) ' J' " ," - 1>9 . ",~ M. McCo<m"., 'Th<
    Itt".SY of ... " ,n ,he <>tly M,ddk "'tt<" "'''', Io" me. ,nd ,b. C .. olin~i,,,
    m"""d,y' , v; ..... ' J (1~8 . ) ; on ~,,,,,J . ,"d ,ho ""'Y. S. "'b.I . nd~ . S,m ",",
    J.I,,""''''' 01., fr•••,,.-..... II,.."" ".m /(..1M" r"""., ,,,,t e~". ,
    ..
    , '11">1» .07<>· ,. ' M,C..,m",k. 'l"o ,~ y·. rr ·"r
    ("'1'''" ', 1Ie,j,",
    F_L G.".hot'. 'A P'Op<» d< ... , ... k,,. d.n, t,,, "m'" ok C II" k""~,,,· . ..1,-*.."
    M' i~"",.;.. , " "11..,_ Jr""" , C_,.... "'.""'.... n .... '9\' , jJ' - 6, "1'_ )1> - 6 .• oJ
    'I)" l<h"'w .... " j", f"nk,,,,h,,,, R ..,h, L<hmw<"'" u"d R, ,,h, ~< ... . I' '" k,, <>I,,\~,_
    ,,"", Z.,,' , S'"~". '".. ,,"",Iollffl~"'. u"""~""". "'''''''g' ""d Fo""~ong<". J
    (Lu,dlu. ' ,,",,). pp, )7-0Y, h". +1- 0. Ch"km.~"<·, I."" "",If ''''' '''"' • <>«
    "pi;'" «b.n« to 'ho 1"'"''['>'"''' of .~ •• I ,-".. ~ , Diimml.., J",'~-1

    J>J
    Lombardi h~d (ought against a Byzantine upeditionary fo rce in
    utahria, and there can be little doubt that this army observed the
    liturgical prcpantion (or comballndil/QnaJ in the imperial (orca.
    It was probably as a .esult of this Funco-Lombard victory thai
    SisinoiuJ, the upuled brother of tbe p>triarcb of Constantino-
    pic, ca me to Chula' cou rl :u a prisoner. ," At the $.I me lime
    Byzant ine Iml" am" undcr Fnnkish con trol and Cluriemagne'l
    k iter to FUI.aciJ mrntions thaI duke John of lima had played a
    decisive role in the "rio! phuc orlhe operations 0(791, whk h had
    ~n launched by the king 's son from Frankish Friuli. uo The
    liturgical nature of the serv ice point. in the urne di,,",ion, for its
    litaoi c character hin ts that it troubled th e Byunein.: army'.
    Inditianal ' Kyric deisonl' before combat. In (act, a sou rce of
    unimpeachable ehu~cter provo th~t Frankish um ia pn:p~red for
    bude with Ihe ~me prayer u the Byuntines. The Old High
    German u.J",illlitJ wa, composed in dle aftermath o( king
    Louu 111'. (,,~. } .... uglUt 8h) de("" t o( the Viking. at Saueoun
    on 1 Augu1l. 811 and dcKriba how the Fnank. preparal 10
    aJlaek (he Northmen:
    loh aile unun .ungell ·Kytricltiton'.
    . U U'I. wa, b',gunnar> .... ,,,
    Sana wu , .. ungar>,
    As the u.Jwigsliti .uggats, the .ervices Oh9 1 bc<:ame pan and
    parcel o(Clfolingian military practice in the ninth centu ry. Thus,
    in hi, the arm ies o( Charles the Bald and Louis the German
    performed (nts and prayer .ervices on the eve o( the (ate(ul
    encounter ofFontcnoy-cn-Puisayc.' " The following March, the
    ~me kings atten ded Map at St CntO,'1 before CfOlSing the
    Mose lle to anack Lothlr', army.' IJ A hOitile Hincmar o(Reims
    insinuated Ihe uu.e of defeat when he dcs.cribed how Charles the
    ... o. ~;m. -c............." • _....., .. . . c-...
    K~ _
    ~

    N.<l._ . .... W . 11<.... "' ... , (Da.rldod". '961).' ; " . ..... 611 "'" 6SI.
    ". R.J.H.Jml_ ...... c......,.... VIl_pIo' ............... 0. .+" _ _ _ , 1M.'.
    C. - ''"1
    hro .... •• K-
    I'
    th ie'" _ .... eIno x.nI...,. ".""#,,- ....
    " . •91\.). , ......... <f. J.F. BOIono«. E. MiihIbotIwt .. .t, 00.
    C . IlriiW "'" H.H.
    K• . . . - ,. R .......... P<rii. ' . "'" ... (H'" ~wi",. '9116). _ . I IS· ""'" _ .....
    wtIlowl ,.". w;.ho..w • <oon"' .............. ,.,_~ • . - . Ku ... M-
    " , ~_• .,j. E. _on ~."'''' ow u ...... ___...... s,oo.... h " ..
    (8<0"' . 1~'6). 116 .• , . 1.
    ". Nidoood. Ifi,'.,i.r_
    ~M IV, •• 10. ed. P. u..... CIo,.;q...n<lt l'h ........ "" Fr ...... . u
    moJO' I,.. ,(P, ,;,. 1906), ",.
    ". I~" ,. ,.l.UH. tt . ,
    B~ld's men laughed at Louis the Younger and his CO,"il($ as they
    began to fast and perform litanies shortly before ,he banie of
    Ande rmch,'" In 894, king Arnulf ordered 3 M." before
    no rming Bergamo and , when he decidcd to subject Rome to the
    SOlme treat ment, he and hi s men calkd fur a onc-day fast,'"
    Armies and king. which expended such effort to ",cure ~uccc"
    could not fail to than k the divine author uf victury .ftcr thl' battle,
    Some of the M ..",s be,eeching God for victory aHude to
    than h giving .fter the battlc's successful cumpletion, and toward
    the middle of the ninth century, Sedulim Scultm touted proper
    thanksgi ving for victory . , a typical trait of the ideal prince.' 10
    T he R oy.l Annals ' wurding intimatC'l th.t the Frankish army
    st.ged some kind of thanksgiving ,ervice .fter the c.mpaign
    which had begun with the litanies on the Enn! River.'" The
    double victory over the Avars f,vc ye." bter w•• ccrt:lin ly the
    occasion for a victory ",rvice, Thcodu lf ofOrlc. ", w rote . poem
    in which he urged Charlenugne to give thanks to God .nd
    generous gifts to the chu tch and, in fact, {he king did ooth,
    celeb rating a thanksgiving service at Aachen and dispatching a
    large pan of the booty to Rume.'" In MOl , the Fr:lfl ki,h army led
    by Louis the Pious held a service to thank God fo r hi. help in
    recon quering Barcelona and the cUSlom was mainuined through_
    out the ninth century, for i"'I:lnce after a victoriou. c.mp. ign
    .g.ins, Brittany in 817 and foHowing .. successful eros,ing of the

    ," 11""_8<".. . _ ~16 , (;"'. 107_ Hi,,<m .. w", f"'''imt" ly di'pl.. ",J with 0",1 .. "
    ,hot ,imo bon"", of , ho A""'g;'''' ,If,;" J O<,·i,,.,. Hj.""". ""h,. I'1'" M /1:.';,.,.
    8' J - U". (G<tt ... , 1976). !,0--'1,
    '" 11"""1" 1'01.1.."" . C... ,i"""'i. /l:.oIi.Nn",",jj , • . ~94. <J. f. K", .. , MGII.S/l:.C.
    (I !9'). IlJ • • nJ ,_ S<}/>. K",,<. 1>1; of. .oil.. 'Jo. '"' ~"' <uI< off. "ing 'n 'h< Uul~ ..
    k;ng', VK<Ory. Cf. 'oo ,I>< ><<o"n' of 'ho ,,,d;,i,,,,,1 "" vic<. w"h WhKh pop< l<o
    IV rneotl"s«l II>< d<f<ndcn of 0.,;, in '''''' "pl<l< with ,n"><,ir<ion. of ,I><
    p"y"" rompot«l fo, ,b, ",<»ion, Lil. 1""" .. I)ucl>< .... , ,_" I ., '-'L
    ,.. s.c,. G.II .. no<_ >1\0. Du," " . • J' ,9- ' ': '7JJ. I),,"," . • p .l ,- J; s<Jul;u, s<""" •.
    IX "",.. jb., <I,,;,,; ..;,. '1, ed_ S. He llm . nn, Qudkn und Un' <nmh"ngon z",
    I,,";n"""'" 1't1Holog"' do. M;tt.bt"n. '. I (Munich. '''''''). So- . _
    ", 11""_,_1',__ • ,. 79' , K",... I3;·'" p'opru ",,<n; ,un'. m'K";f«,n ' <> D<um <k
    "on" viet.,.; •.
    ,,' T"""'ulf. CM., .• lj. «I. E_ Diim ml<" Ment'",, _. , I' U ,), . ~ • . )) _6. cr. 11""_..
    F,_ .. •. 196. Kn= ••• • 'P<'"''
    D«> 4r8;'Oll omo ;"", OOtlO'Um K''';"um
    ."ion<'_
    Tl>: ,ubj«' of C"olin8;.n vo,ive offering' wnuld « ..·.. d f""h" "udy_
    On ,11<1< even". I\Ohm« _Milhtb",I1<,. k,{" ... no_ I'"~ 1_ lett" 'J .
    F.ankiJh victo ry crl~b'a/ion'

    Seine in the spring: of 841.'" Spiritu~1 mea,ureS w"re decreed for


    the victorious armies after the terrible carn. ge of Fontenoy, in
    pu;", of the divine' judgemmt revealed by the battle, on behalf of
    tne wu l, of the fallen brethren . • nd '" th.t God would continue to
    help .nd protect the victou in the future. 1>0 King Arnulf ordered
    a victory service On the ,pot when ht· crushed the Northmen by
    the banks oftne Dy\c in 891.1~1
    Arnulf's cclcbutiOil off,·" the most t"xplic:it evidence on the
    liturgical form developed for the arm y', Ih.nl.'1giving. A liunk
    procC"lsion was staged on the bJttkflcld. Knowingly or nOl, the
    king imil>ted Theodosius 11 by pcrwn.lIy le.ding the procession.
    Although the .nn.list's at'COunl is not devoid of ambi guity, his
    sl3lemC"nt th.t the king s.ng 'pr,i",s (Inudes) to God', hints that the
    f.mom la"d" "gjaf m.y h.ve been chanted during the pro-
    cesSiOn.'ll This would not be inconsistC"nt with the possibility th.t
    the laude, <tgi.f were used during the empire_w ide mpplic3Iions
    for victory and divine succor ,uged by Charlemagne .nd his
    SUCCC"\WT!. I I I Furthermore, Sedulius SCOllU' deocriplion o f the
    ide.l princC" speciflc.11 y mentiom laudt J hym"idirar . s .n approp ri_
    .te th.nksgiving for hi, victory.'U The .erviccs which accom -
    p.niC"d the triumphal entries ofCarolingi.n kings into conquered
    cities point in the .amc direction, for they too were marked by
    'hymns and laudes' or 'Iaud.s hrm~jdi{M'. 12> Certainly the trium-
    ph.1lI tone of these prayers, Wilh their accl3mation- lik e sup-
    plic.tion for the life and victory of the Fran kish k ing and hi, army,
    m.tched th,' occalion. '26

    ". ·A!tr,,"om<'. V. HI" .... ~, ; .. "''"",;,. 'J. «I . C.H. p,,,,, MGH.SS. " 1">9).
    6'J.U-'!; cr. El"moldn' Nig<lIn'. I. ~"""" "' 1I1."",k,. ' . )106- 9. <d. E. Fm).
    CI",i~on J,., )"h,!(O". J, f",o<. 'n moy,n l ~,. '. (!'";,, '9») •• 6: ~d .. J. l7j<>-l.
    F.. ,I. 'J" N"h"d . Hu< .. l. 6.\.,,,,,,. )0.
    ".
    ,"
    I.i~ .• J . I. L. uff. Il.
    II." . f'"I~ .• , . 191 . K"rl< . ''''-I; ,r. fl.i)hm"- Muhlb,,h... R,K""•. no. ,!6j • .
    '" ,1"". Fold.. . . lsI l, Ku" •. ''''-'. 'foJ"n ill 1oc0 . . . J;" . .. K.I . . . )..,"ni" « .
    « 1.b'''1< p,,,,dp": 'P" <Urn "<rd,,, I....k. 0<0 "n<n.iu p",<~.;, . qui 1>km
    victmi.m wi, ",buit . •
    M,C""oi<x. ·Litu'gy·. p. 'J.
    '"
    ," R " .. ,',i".. '7. )I,II""nn. I H ".
    '" C,'''''. L.ou,. '''''. Schnorr von Carol'fdd. J ': d . ,100. hid .. •. 77 •. K", ... 9:
    ·Amono",.,·. V. HI.d .• ' J. 1'."•.
    6l).'j-I5.
    ". K."towwi< •. 'Llud<, "I ' ..•. p. » (d. p. 71) .... m. ,,, '"PI'<"<' "'Y nn",«I;< ..1
    ,i~o. Qf,,,,,,inQ]"l!r. NQ« thot ,10< ,,,,,du,"",o of'b., ·M;',.. in prof«tion< hootium '
    The lilmsr oj viaorr

    Handel Jmong othcr$ has accustomed moderns to the perfor-


    nnnce of a 'Te deum' to ,debr.te • victory. The Carolingians
    used the grca, hymn on voriouo occa,io", of state and they ",em to
    h.v,· been the f,rsl to . dopt it ., • song of triumph. '27 T here is a
    hithet(o unrecogn i'cd cit ation of the 'T e deum . in Abbo', .ccount
    o f the N onhmCll" .;egc of Pari. in 88 S- 6. At one point, the [eli es
    of St Germ ain were trotted out to encourage the Fr;l11 ki lh
    defendcrs . When th e a"",,lt had been repdled, th e relin were
    tr. l15pom·d back to the Ihsilica of St Stephen. while the people
    intoned " 'Te dcu m·.' 23
    Th,' Carolingians "xpandcd Merovingian prccedent in the cult
    of milit. ry relic,. Every mediev. li,! is f.m ili" r with the ety-
    mology of the roya l 'chapel' from the ln pelln of St Ma rtin. with
    which ,,,,,,p ai gniflg fr'flkish kings sought to guarant~'e their
    victory.'2' The vera city of the ninth-century et ymo logy;.
    underscored by _11 eig hth-century canonical ruling which exdud-
    cd th,' clergy from mi lit"ry expeditions, but specifically excc pt'
    th use r<'quired for the lr OOp$" spiritual needs and 'curying the
    relics (pal,ocinin) of the ,.i nts· .,·tO A century la tcr, mOflks still

    .p~." '0 " f« ro 'M opt",ng wordr of tl>< G.lk.. F"n ~ ;'~ I,"""r "Chr;."', . irK;r.
    Ch",m, "~n" . CI..;"m im!",,"', 'V, <urn ''''''' . J prup''' i'''1 ,n p>«['" I f«""
    «<loCI." " i"m .. qu", on,,,,,, I,"",,", . . ." .\""',. Gdl.. nu. '7\\. Dum ... oJ'" '-J. II.
    Opf<lm."" . /)1, li'",~i,,/o," Hm"l(h","I , ..",,,,"," i .. S.,,"," 1",1""';""'"'" Mi,,,I.I·
    "" (Wo,m". ' 91) ). pp . ,..- " . h", .'~h ' " .. mp"" "n" 'T y~ t' (K.n'uruw,d,
    ·G. tlo-F"" k',h Tyl"" '). of wh , c~ "X '" (.om tl>< ""ond h.tf of ,I>< n,n,h « n'",y.
    '" s . 2. k. '0.. T,d<um .1, HuM i ~"ng'g=ng · . H;"";~!o<'J""'!>wIo . ' 0' (,~i ').' J.I .
    ,.. Abbo of l'"". Il<U. P",,,i,,! " bu . '. ) n.II-,) •• d. H. W'q""'. Ct"oq"'" d< l"~i"oi"
    d< h.nc< ' " tnoy"" i g". "" W"j •. '9"I.~. "p. )" - 1>. wh"f< ' p'K«I", '"T,,"
    «",,,,,,,,1 Voc<' "O<u ," 1< blld.rn u, do mmumqlK r" "mur'" ob.iou,ly fOfm
    '0 ,I.< ~' ''l hy ,ton', op'",ng wo,d, "T, .!<urn I.ud""u,. I< dorn",um roof","",, ',
    If", <it""'" ~"mptm,lr ,'w,li~"," W'qu<", . 1>."'"1 ,,,",I,,,,,,,. On d>< St
    St.phtn\ B"i 'ic•. B,uhl. P.I.. i, ," . p. ,6. n. " , .
    ". W.t.f"d Slr."" . Dt <~,,";,,,, ;""""""';, """" ....... '" .."'.,,;"" ;... , ","",." i;;,
    """'. «I. A. I(n;;pft<, . V<rolf<" " "hun~"" ' or <l<m ~ .. ,htnhi".".;><h'n Scm;n". ,
    (M unich. ' ! 9\1).,00-,. On lhi"nd th< 0'1.<, ",0""•• It of which m com,,,""" t"
    S, G.It. J. Fk<k"n't<;". Vi< Hoft,!",II, .1<, .... ,,, ... K"';~. '. MGH. Sc~r;f"". ,6
    (S,u"S"" '9J9) . pp . rolf.• tod J. •• " den Ilo>ch. Copp •• &,;Iil4, M ... ,"ffi.", " I,
    ,.1" "' ,..., M,"i" "' 70..". /;,.ik 1,~it"J.rli~, " " ,""i.I.,,;.,.,. L.. "",,,
    C h,i>li."",,,nr p,;m " ... 'J (Nijm"s,n. '9wl. pp. ?If.
    ". Bon;f.«. Ep .• J6. «I . M . T.ngt . .\tGI/.SIIG. ,nd «In ('~l ,I . "".,.- 'OO., . Cf. F.
    Prinz. KIt,",",u K,;<~ ''''fr"h"," Mm.!,I", . [J~t",",h"";{ffl '"' R.11t tk, Ki"h,
    1><.", A.f0400"'" K"';t,!r"'''~'fr. Monog .. ph;"" z" , (;'«hich", <1<, Mitt"bl"". >
    (Stutts"'. '''''). pp . 81f.
    Fr~nkish vi(/~ry crl~h ralions

    served u standud-bearen (Iignifm). I I I By the reign of Charks


    thc Bald, Frankish kingl had gone a Itep further and adopted the
    Byuntine and Visigothic puctice of leading th ei r armies into
    bau le behind .. cruciform war ensign.'"
    The rapid devdopment of services of supplication and thank!-
    giving for the Fnnkish army ""cms rtmarbblc. But they must be
    viewed as part of a broadcr pattern of development, in which
    Frankish kings sought to use the liturgy to strengthen their links
    with their subject! and hame" thc spiritual forces of th e laller to
    their own undertakings in limes of crisis. Ultimately, special
    lit.nic !Crvices by the population in times of eri,is went back to the
    Roman empire and the more advanced 5ucceS501 nates, like those
    of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths; a specific variant, the circw;tws
    mwrorum, had continued to flourish locally in Gaul under the
    Merovingiam. Whether the C.ro lingian5 created an institution -,
    new to Franci.. or breathed life into an old one, the change is clear ,,
    enough. Charlemagne', father Pippin III wa. the fin! Franki.h ",
    ,-,
    ruler to show interest in organizing litanic services on a broader
    ".le, perh.p. drawing hi. impintion from the crisi. lit.nie, of
    Byzontine Rome and the exhortation ofSt Boniface. Special local
    services for the king' s victory entered Charlemagne's experience
    ,",
    nO later than the Italian campaign of 774, when pope Hadrian •.
    ,,
    ordered ]junic prayers - three hundred kyries - to be performed
    by the city of Rome's religious every day, for the remission of
    Charles' $ins .nd 'plentiful victories'. III A ycar after the introduc_
    ,
    tion of army litanies, Charles attempted to assuage an angry God
    by arranging luge-scale prayer services and faIlS throughout his
    kingdom. Prayers for the army assum ed a signifICant place in this
    liturgy of crisis, and services of supplication ultimately took root
    in th e local adminim:o tive routines of C.rolingi:on Europe.'H

    '" Thu. to. monk H,.h,m"", m,ntioned by ,1,0 •... "'onom". V. H I..J.. IJ. P,,..,
    6".]J - • . See in Im",l . S<h .. mm. H"'" ..ju><;........ l. 67. -!!.
    ". Ni'h"d. Hi" .• l. 6. boo,. 16; 'dum . .. d ... Uqu< .pp,opittqum ,idemu,.
    ''''''''m itt qu, j"tOv'n"' " K. rol"m ut cognoVOfU"'. ",Iieto litto,. p,"'i"".
    fUll«unt·. I uk, thi. to m<'n thlt Ch"ko' blt,1< """ , ,,,,,,;,,,,d • «lie (of ,h, !ttl<
    "",(1) whi<h h..J providod "",.".. f", ,1,0 po<i""d o.l th uff,dol;,y .... dol<n Y''''
    Iot«. loun II h.d. ",itnm 'W<I' ""P" ".ctom >< • ...",bil<m dom;n;wn "",,,m
    ..... m·. fto]o,... R,jj'l"'. p. "9.
    '" Codu C.. ,Ii"",. 5' ()L . , . , J). ,d. W. Gund!.'h. MGfI."p#J .. ) (,19') .17<>. '4-lt.
    ,.. McCo'mi<k. ·Li""5Y ·. pp. '.- 'J. Funh« ,vid,.« fot ,hi, h" iu" _n btuu~h'
    Like the lit:mic !.ervin', offcr~d by the C~rolingian ~ rmy. the
    'taging of supplication ~rvice' by noncombatant, implies a
    parallel Hn ngcmcnt to than k God .nd insure his continued favor
    onCe victory was won or famine overcome.
    Local th,mksgiving services for Frallkish victories we re ccrt .. in -
    Iy mounted by the church o f Rome in the eighth and ninth
    ccmurics.'3' On a grander scalc. Cathwulf wrote to Charlenugne
    after the conquest of the Lombard,. sp icing hi, f'mou s letter o(
    congratulations with exhortation. Of the two 5lIggeSlions con-
    cerning th e celebration of this vktory. on e urged the king to offer
    thanksgiving with 'all hi, armie,' and 'his ~ntire kingdom '."b In
    similar fashion . the rhythmic poem wh ich hailed the victories of
    796 called on all Christian, to give thank< to God (or the great
    ,ucces,.U1 These suggestions Were nOt empty flourishes of
    fawning courtiers, for , on at le.,t one occasion, empire-wide
    services seem to have been organized to th ank God for a great
    victory conferred on Frankish >rm!. They took place just five
    ye.rs before the fim reco rded army lit anies and a g~ in involved th e
    city of Rome.
    Late in 78S or early in 786, Ch arle, wrote to Had ria" I to inform
    the pope: o f his most recent victories and the 'conversion' of the
    Saxons. At the ,.mc time , he asked the pope to organize ",rvice.
    honoring this great success. fot the 'stability' of to y~ 1 victory.'"
    H~dr ian arranged the celebration of lit anies throughout the

    10 ligh. by l), Mi"",n,. 'M."d<m,m inidi, "·A""",;u. de M,,, ; ],,,,,,,,;,,,,

    ., d'""" ,ncur"OI' "orm. nd< (",. i- ju in ! 671'. R,.", ","iJ;a;",. 9) ( '9!)1. 7'--»·
    E . ~, CoJ, C",.I .. )o (JL. ,.091. Gund l"h. 170.)- 1: ;liJ. , 67 UL , '0) ' I. 190. J! - )91·):

    .., 4;1 .. 39 Ul. 247)1. 6,6" 7-.<: Nichol .. I. £, .. M UL ""I. Pml., )1 "'- 9,
    Ed. E. tJijnm,I" . .uGH.Ii,"Jt... ( '!9)).102,,'-jO) . <: '",p,o h" "",d i. be,,;'
    ,udi""m n<xI<" d., rum omnibm .. ",i,,"', ,"i, J . ,lut" ,,, I)ro " W ,"~"m"m "
    g" ~ ,,um K<;""« 'urn "n",; ,,~"" '"0 .. . ', Cf. "" ,h" docum,,,, H.H, "",on,
    F'''''.'pj,l'' ".4 H",,,ht,,,",, i. OtT K.,./j"!" ujt. Boo"" ~i"oti",h< for·
    ",hung'h. J> (1JonJ!. 1\>611. pr, 71---<},
    '" C.".," Ii< fipp,.i "gi, ,,,wi• . . ...... . <d. O . Hokk,·fgg".nJ G. W.i" , i"
    E;hh"d. V". K". I;, MGH.SRG. tl<h , dn (' v , 0) . H ' 'No, fod,k< C h,;"i.ni / D,,,
    ., 'g''''u, 8",,,,m . .
    Gh"km.s" ,', Itt,,, i, I"" . ,,"t ti", "", ,,,,,, ' " , .. il)' '«OI,,,ru,"" f,o m I h~,;." ·,
    "ply: GH. Cn .I .• 76 (JL, '411 1. Guncll"h. 608.1- 10, ' jJlu" '"""' . q..oo " .. '"
    "S. Ii, in,im."i, <x"lk",i.o ", in "nO n,.",. v,1 '" un, dlt' pto huiu .. ,mooi ori ..
    1""1. ,.;;1,«, ".b'lil"" V"",. ,,"'10';><. b Ud" Oro gmm.. conm un • • ,1 du ..
    f"i" k"ni .. "'''g''' .
    /'ranki,h viC/ory ''',bralion,

    territorie, subj<'et to him for the forthcoming ~J , 26 .nd 28June.


    In this w~y, the pope outdid the king, for Ch~r1c1 h~d on ly
    requnlcd. day or two oflil,mic,: moreover Hadrian suggested
    that the crrcmorli~s b., ext~nd~d over the enti re empire,IJ9 By
    timing the victory cclebralion to concludc un the vigi l ofSI Peter',
    fc.slday , the pupe underscored the role of Peter in Frankish
    victory and capitalized on th~ cuh of Ih~ aponlc" 40 Th~t the
    cclebrat iun uhH6 w", not unique j, suggestcd by thc ,un'ival of ~
    model for lette" in which a bishop ootifies the ru ler of rhe
    performaoce of thanksg iving snvi ce, .od p".lters for the ruler's
    ",fety following • camp~ign . ' 4 1 III 839, <l leg. tioo arrived io
    l11gc1heim from Constantinople. Amoog olhcr thing, . it ," 'nOUll-
    ced Theophilu,' rCCmt victory ov~r hi, foreign enemies and
    conveyed the emperor .. reque,t that Loui, the I'iom ~nd hi,
    lubje cts cclebr~tc thanksgivings fur the Byumine criumph, The
    Franki,h "nn"li,t i, ,ilellt on Loui l' respomc,'"
    Th e intencction of liturgy, w"r and victory 'p~wned ~nother
    Custom under the C~rolingi~m. the second victory pr3ctice
    referred to by C~thwulf, The victorious king w.1 urged to found"
    llCw liturgical fea sl in honor of the Trinity, the ~ngel, ~11d ~Il the
    ,a im, "nd to fun her order th~t the felsts ofSt Michael an d SI PCter
    be 'peei~l1y observed in his kingdom, for him,elf and for the ormy
    of the Chri,ti.ns.".1 It i, not kn own if Ch~rlenuglle lcted on
    C~thwulf'. recommendaliun, but Cathwulf was ,urely refer-
    ring w a liturgic;!l custom f.m iliar to the Fr""h.
    In r937, Bischoff uncovered J serics of dry-point annotations
    added w speciftc dates in St Willibrurd', C.lendar (bri,. B.N. be.
    10837), by m "ighth---<:<'n tury imu!.r h.nd . A number of entries
    beginning' pugn a, , .' were quickl y idell tifted as decisive b:m lcs in
    th,' coreer afCh.rlc, Mortcl. With the,e were mixed" ,o int ', day
    and obit,. incl uding an attcsted but erroneous death datc for
    Charle, Martel ,'" Specialists have yel to explain why the baule
    '" I",;., M '.' ~ _ "-
    ,., On tOe ~,v<i<)pm'n' "rth, Funk,,), <u l" E. Ew ;~, '1><, l'mu ... unJ Apo<tdkull im
    'pilrum,«h<" unci f"l\ ki>ehm G'llim'. Sr""'''iI", "",; ft""~i,,",, G.II;, ", 1
    (Munich, 19191. Jli-lf·
    ,., F,,,".I... AI"hl;,."" ,,1;,0<, JJ. ,J , 1( , ZO',","I. MGH.r., .. . (11"1. ,,'o.l6-i.
    ' " A •• . II",,,., ! )Y. Gr.,. JQ; d . Lou n~"i ,. A .... , .....,. pp . l07-i .
    ,., Thimmk,. 10.., . ......
    , , . CLA. \, 1'.>06>. flOm Ech",""h: ll, lJl><hoff. 'Ol><r EinTl1,"ng<n ;n 11.nJ><h"flrn
    d~tcs were cn.ct~d int" • litu'gic~1 dOClll11<'IlI, A hi"uric~1 implll'"
    i. nO! pcrh~p! .h(' c,.. ie<l explana.ion, fo r no ~tforr w,. m~d e w
    t<'cord .he year: indtX'd. S~", ..,n an d I.c'vin.in th ough. tt",
    u!c"d,r note. wc're eXC"'pt(·" f"'m wm('l"'t ,01"1,, '4' Th,' be..
    ch,~ to .he purpos<: behind Ih~ ..., nol<', comn from their COllle"t, ~
    li'lIrgi.,,1 c~lend .. , i.e. an ,nnual li.t of potm.i. 1 li.urgic.l
    cde br.liom. The "on-b.ule em ri". ,11 look to bl" lilllrgi,,"]
    .nni vcr ... ric •. , . ~ V i"wcd in thl" Iiglu '" C" hWlllr , .n.i 1ll 0 U y. the'
    p"KMa annota.ions .]'" "..,'"
    at i"" of cighlh-ccmury b.uks,
    .0
    reflect .he li(IIrgi.:>1 wm n"'mOr-

    Furthe r Tesea ro-h is needed bdore the '«"opc of this (u.tom


    Ocrome. dea r. bU! it i, likely th>! the m.nu,cript c.l"nd .., "f
    cighth_ and ninlh-c<'mury Fr."ci~ conce.l mo re ,uch hl'mb,,"
    !}Ole., w he. her in dry_point or in ink. I, is , Iready poss ible to , huw
    th . t the F.chlcru.eh docunwm is not .Ione. for the nknd.1r
    co m.ined in a •• cr.ment.ry from Lor",h (V.t . l'aL 1.1. 4M S),
    copied Jllh a. mon .!fery in the see""d h.lf o ,t hc' ninth cemur y.
    "Kef! addition.1 c",denet· unnuticed by ir, cditor'4 7 Lo ui s the
    Youngc"s victory u ver e h"l", ,he lbld .t Andcrn~ch o n
    8 October H76 i, co""ucmoqrc'd i" a ",cond ha"d , u~i"g ,h e
    solemn letter form' of rmtic "pita!:

    .t" f"il-;:" /0.1",01.1" .. , '. ,1(",<1. 1,,<1;,.., .. ....". 1I" 1f' " ',~ h , A.j",,, , ", .'i<~'if' ·
    •
    ~""ok .,J L;'''''"'""~,,~,,, , (s'u"~,, . '#1. ss-~> . 10<,. 'J> , n. 'j; w. 1...•• ,"".,
    . A prop<»~" C .ko.t ,o<' d< s . w,n;b,or~ '. /I,"", "''''i,,,,,,,.
    Y' ('VJ' ), H-~ " l
    Le,·,(I .. n .nd C. S.m."n , 'S", k I.. " " I. d .. c de (. b.",lk d",
    d< !'o,,,,,,, ,k 7 ,,',
    R;."", ...,?", ok r"~.k,J" '~'''''' w {'V)"). '.,-0\7 ,
    .n,l , I-;: " " ",,( r<m"~' ufF l,~ .
    '~.,uJ<, "" (. b....II, ok 1',",.", de 7)". /1"._
    0./(' ,J, pIr' ",I~" " J'~"h"", ,~
    ('~" l. )j -J~
    '" l "'ll"" .nd S,m,,,n, ' loN', p, ')7 If ,I-;: ,n"" ...", h.d .I<""d '" k." •
    h'''DfI,,1,,,,,,,,d. I-;: (ou(J j"ve '""..,~ '" to< p. >< h.1 .. ble. ,,, .... .1'. M ' - 7 W foo"~
    on I". ,olI)7' <f , Lo..-, . eLA . l. - . . . • "d. "" l"",h.1 "bk, .",1 e,~h,~ -<e.""r f
    _.,1., ... ••"
    "'T"" <,t<, Ty I"-'IoS'" J",
    ,.. h,,,or;.,.1 "·';';n~ . M. MC<;o.m,d , / .. , ~
    .,," «" Ju "",)·<n 'go ,,,,,od<-n .. l. " n·"mh.."". '~7J) . pp ,)If: " If
    1l'''h oK, ·F.;n""ong,n· . p. ~",on ' uch .. ,,,C<'!. =. < .~, N. H"Hh<b.te". 1.0-,

    ,..
    ....... , "" """ol~".. " T j'roIoK'" de< """,m ,j" ",,,yen ig< ",,<oden"' . •
    ("J""'bo"" 'v,,) , p. U'
    CH.A, 'j",,J . J-F.. " ugum",. '1h< Lu...d'", K.kn<U"cn '" <.:0.1 , ('.I>t. L" " J
    "or! ... ,k. V."ko,""c h"" l!1~ 1 ... 1><' ·, },.j,,""'~ fo' J<, B,,,,, .. 101.,",". , (''''''''(,
    " " - J" On ,I>< MS, "" II U,,,IH:o/f, 'lonch 1m Sr"'~'1 "'"... , 1-f."J",h" f,,"'. I)',
    R,; (~ ....,,' "",,.-10. r",~. , y; ,.or
    G, .... Iv.... ,~ " S('P""I ,.. , 1 (D'm, ... J, . • ~77 ) .
    '-H I . 1><<< . 6-7

    j 61
    VII [0 10c,obr,) BELLA [NTER. CARO LO ET HLUDO-
    UUICO'u
    Pn,icularly sign ifin n, for ,he intent behind the annoution is the
    flct Ihat ,he: ume hand u",d Iheume Kri pt 10 no,e an evc:nt which
    had occurred on ly a few w~ks nrlier and which wa, alm ...t
    ccruinly the object of liturgical commen.ontion in ,he: im perial
    abbey ofLor",h: the: dea,h of king Louis the German (18 August
    876). ,..
    A dry annotation docs not tell a lot about the nature of the
    commem oration, [t ;1 not. for e;lamplc, impossible that lOme
    battlc notices might have been intended for puyers for the rClt of
    casualties' lOuls. whether the engagement was a luccess or not."o
    But a grant of Charles the Bald pro vel that iOme ann;vcruries
    were lurely in tended uliturgical commemorlCionl of vinory. On
    19 September 861. the king of Well Francia gave a villa in ,he
    region of Paris to the monastery of St Dcnis. The: endo wment was
    to pay for four comme mo rations: Charles' birthday. and tnc
    anniveru ries of his devllion. marriage and hi' grU t victory of
    15 January 8}9. when he had unupectedly lTiumphcd over
    his brother's invuion.' !!

    j. C A~OLlN G 1AN COU RT CfR(MONIAl ANO THE


    KtNG'S VICTORY

    There i, little scholarly consensus on the nature and history of


    Ca rolingian court Ceremonial. Schubcrth hal maintained, for
    inllance. that it was of Byuntine in.piration and was introduced
    ." v,,_ 1'01. ... . .. " I. '0 ....... c r. 8o><lIolf. ·l"",Io·. p. 06. _
    .. , v... 1'. 1, 1.0,. " '. r. _"', 'V KL Is<po.' MIGR"IIIT AI) XI'M I
    HlIIDQIIIIICV$ R(X'. n...-iot Iw '-" <m.d. Bio<hoK. <Lon"'". I' , 6
    .",..... 10 Iu~ m'_<'I'"'«i ,1m ..... «f.. ,iI,. 10 M .. Il<>t of louio do< Y - . p
    (JoO J..n... , Ih). Tloc cott<'a _lin ......... rOKft "" ~ of • '" . ••
    _ ......... 116 t- 17\'1_
    ... T1<io ..."" 10 \I< ,.,. ;",~_ oftil< ....... _ ........ \l<Uu", ........ ,""'. addod '"
    V... I'. ll> •• ,1,_r.9ftaO. III NON _1M.) .. , Cuo6n. "'..d.n.. ..... _ ............
    _ , 10<.11<...1. II •• 0100><<<1 by.I>< .......... """,_",...,,;,,,, 01 do< Ikhn<y of do<
    ............ , 01 ~""" r,_ ,I>< M'non ;" 9H. ,clc\I<,,«I tII<,. on • Aptd' M ,
    Com._ R, ...... III ...<I" Nlr....tW.ot,. s"btid .. h•• """ph .... 11 (U."""h. '9I'l).
    p. " •.
    •" Ed. A. (liry , M. Pt<IU .0<1 G . T ...it •. Rtooril Or, .,,,, ... C ... "', /I '" Ch... . ,.; •
    f',-. .• (P..i,_ '9<111. no, ,,6, U. 'I - '7_
    J"
    Cnro/iMgimi "mMm,iai d"d viclory

    in 757, while Riche h~s cI~imcd th~1 Ch~rlem~gne ~nd Louis Ihe
    Pious gener~IJy shunned ccremoni~1 of Byz:II1tinc origin.'·2
    Much work ne~d s 10 b" don" bdore th" historial <kvelopment of
    Cuolingian COUrt c~r"moniJI and ils various SOUTC<:$ become
    clear, A provi sion.1 evaiuation '''gge.t. that here, as in the liturgy
    of war, Ihe Cuolingians built on Merovingian precedent. 'ylte-
    rn~lizing or exp ~ nding ioe,,] customs and occasionally ad~pt­
    ing one or another elcmcm from the Byz,m(ine province, or
    capit~L
    Several comidn" tium argu<: fur an undnly ing continuity of
    roy al rituaL Some Meruvingian rituals and symbols of power.
    Einhard' s spn irr dorninamis, certainly survived until the coup, It is
    not unlikely that thl'y were t.ken ov<:r by the new mast<:r' uf the
    thronc, since the usurp<:r's need fur a cachet of aUlhenticity and
    legitimacy drove the ruler to in vent .nother ritu.l of in vestiture,
    sacring.'"~ And it is difftcult w imagine lila! the mile rulers and
    advi~rs who stirred ~ thorough renew~l of the divine liturgy
    remained tmally indifferent tu the symbolism of the k ins' s public
    life. 'H Some dements of a ceremonial of prestige weTC certain ly
    in place within the lirst twenty- fI ve reus uf Carolingi~n rule.
    while more and more show up in the incrc.,illgly abundant
    'OUlCL'S of the 78o, and 790' ,'" By the M2n., it i, <'vcn pOlsible to
    discern the outlines of an organiutional apl'aratu_' behind court

    ", D, Schubmh, K,i"'/i,", Li'"'li'. IJ" N.H,;,""", .," M"Jlki"'''"''''"''". ;.,_


    Hrond", .. , Gr,d, i ••," J"It"'",/,/,,,I'(/"" (; .. ,,,di'"JI. Y<roif",,,li,huuK .1<,
    E.."geh"hrn G<>< II",h,r, hio U , ,,,~kfo, >< h,,,,~, '7 ( G<; ,d"~ 'n. 'I";j) .
    pp_ , '4->6: p, RKhi, 'u"'prilC",,,"on. Ju p.l>iJ J.", k . ''''«I I"t,,,i,,,, du h."t
    moy"" ig<', Fr."", . • 1'976). t66-7 [,"''' " "'_
    '" From . .." b;bli''i!''phy.1« c. E,dm.nn. F",,"""t<" '"' p<l1"i" "'" /","",,1, d<,
    F"'''''i/l,I,I,,,,, ed. F_ B.."hgt'" {lkrlh" '91 ,), pp, pif: C A. ik>um.n. ,1.","~..,4
    "''"";"t, no< 0."10,,,,,., oj ,Ir< Lori. ,i,••1J'" ,Ir< ""","'i"( oJ~ i.~, .,.,; ,'" ,""",..i". oj
    ,If,
    "" ""~., Hjort ,k.",," ,,",",y, B;jd"8,n "'" h", I,,,,ituu , voo, midJ,] .. uw><
    g<schiedrni> ck, R~hl!ni • ..,;«it " U,,«hl, JO IG,,,,,i"~ ,,,. 19J7): P_E_ Sch"mm,
    K...... , K...il' ... /"P"" G",,",,,,I,, A'JUl" '"' G'''''(/,l< .., Mill,ul,,,,. >
    (S 'U((S''', 19<;3). ,.oif: J, N,I.... " 'In . u g"' ><ion ,;, u. I" £",Ir .\1,01".,1 K i"1 ,h.p,
    <d_ P_H. S,wYfT ,nd LN _ Wood (L«",. '977). pp_ \<>-7' . .. p. 16if .nd 1- J"nut,
    'W" h" Pippin 7Jl >unt Ko.tiS S, ... I.". HIS. ,6 ('9!'). <1-J7_
    ". s.. ,h, ,&",nc" in M<Co,m;ck. 'litu,gy', p, >. n, 1_
    ", Amons c.d, o:«moni<t, in .dd;tion '0 ,ht' ""'n~ of 716 .nd ,I", ,itu.1 .l<pioy,d
    fo, th< p,p,] vi", (Lih_I""'f.. lJLl<h","<. ""7_00- ,1 ). d, th, commmduioo of
    T.",,,, ",h"nnu']»"'nlbly ohl7; F.L G.mlwf. Qu',,,_ ,, 'I'" l.ft",I;,i'. lId ,.In
    {11""",I •• '917). pp_ <6-7. m ~>< """"pt..1 "'''Y i",o ['hi. in 77. di",",.. d bolo,. .
    Fra"kiIh vicrmy "lrbrntiOMS

    c~".'mon1Cs: ~n usher, a choirmaster and a Master of the Door-


    keepers al l COOlributed to the smooth functioning of imperi .. 1
    proccisioni, ".
    Another faClor to be borne in mind when eV3lu~t ing Fr .. nkish
    ceremoni .. 1 development comes from Carolingian attitudes to-
    w ..d Comtanrinoplc, the perennial ,'mbodiment of rulenhip in
    the grand tudition. T hey were complex and, in their polilic.. 1
    expre"ion at le.,t, underwent sevenl about_faces in the century
    and a halforthc dynasty's unchallenged authority, ranging from
    proj ects of dytustic rna rri.ge and milit .. ry alliance to outright
    conflict'" But this ,hould not blind u, to the fact that th e
    !'... nki,h kings taci tly surrounded themselves with a distinctly
    Byz.n tine luxury and eVen ~doptcd certain dements of the
    l3ynntine life_style. In this they probably followed their later
    Merovingian predecessors,'"" It is not uncommon for :;cholaIS to
    puiOl to the outcry over Charle, the B.ld'. Byz'llltinc regalia .t the
    council of Ponthion in 876. although it is usually overlooked that
    the chief crit icism comn from the court of Charks' nchrival.' '9
    Hut Charlemagnc hirme1f don11l'd Byzantinc costume twice in his
    life. /-Ii, private quarte," Wl'rc served by eunuch ,h.mberl.im of
    which one .t le.st was Greek, and lou is the Pious would do
    likewh", '.0 Perha ps we need nOt insist on Charles' plunging into
    the b~ths with over a hundred ufhi! grandees and bodyguards or

    " . EmwWu, N'g<i lu" iI,", HI.d"., »&0- \1'1, FIfOI , '7'-~' d, G, W.itl, 0...",",
    v"J.,""~W"hic"". l, l'~ <~n {lJ.<rI"" I!! lj, JOJ-6 , nd U, SlmlO",J,',hclln-",
    J"",. ,,,M, R<~h, ,.,,, /.Mil,." J< .. ~"'"''"'''' , ("prin', Il<:rhn, 1\06',1), '."
    ," ... 'h"",ugh, ~e"" .. t .x,mm";un uf C ' ml;n~i . n-lIr .. n';n< "I""",, i, mu<h
    n<r<I<d, o . H,m"., n., 1... ,li"~,"" .,01 0., ~" ... ,.. i" "' R'i<~ ,. i.,,"
    ",,,,,«1,,,,,1'" 1"'1",.,,",. !lt~,,""",tt" «ii;tt;nK<n, [ I~), 'od ... . G'<q"", L" '"pi"
    .,~,,, ,," " 10 ",,,,,,,,II,, ft ... .,., (P";,, , ,~~), pp .•"fI', ..< ",,'d,"d . tnd;.;Ju,1
    1"''"'' h.o, [>r,d much \><1<<1, .. «emphfl<d by W , Ohn",'se, ,.. ... 011•• ; ".4
    8/z... . C",,,,",,/J, A.fii1n ,", em";,'" .. , !/~,."., ,,' . , "";I..w,,,,,,. /1<.
    zi,"""x," ""0101" K",,,,.,,,, (l)"m",d" 19JI), or p, e lmen, 'K"l d<l Glo"e,
    d" P'p" ,um " ,!<lily""" : l<lungJ". , 1I ..!>a".o/t".m! 0, M.ul. By'".' ""01 daJ
    1I ... ;I..w.II"""II""X"" H'"""'r(lfm, ,0<1 1"".",f.tI","",I""l J<, ."",,,·,.,,,M"
    .'10,,",,1.,11'0<",., H,"J"",~ "". KOI.I" (GI", ,."), W, licl"h;n , G.i..-~i"lt·
    ,.. ".i,,"" .'.1,,,,1.1,,, (lkm, '980). IlOif, ~ o.lu,blo fOI Ii>< Inltlltt,u,1 "p«I.
    '" It, V ie,ek, 'C h<1I,,', R,.lIui' "" .., 1''''''.'''"''' 111""",",.,,,...,• (19! I), ., J - )0,
    ." ,,.", F, IJ" ., ~," , Ku,,<, !~,
    ." EI"~",d, V K."li, '), Hokkr.E~~er , od W,i", " . ) _ ?; Th,od"lfofOd,,,n.,
    Cor", ., 's , i7-9>, .J. [ . lJomn,Ior, .\!CHP""" I (11I1) .49l : [hlh"J, T,o",I.".
    M.",II"i" 1'.", (Bil L, )'J)) ," I, ,J . G. W';", MCH . ~~, , ).1.>16 .• <>--'.
    the role of th,' b~th . in hi. deci,iun tu bUIld. p.lace at ... . chen.
    even thuugh this kind of installation r,·",~ined .1 most em bkrn. ti c
    ufthe Byzmtine way ofhre. He .lso uwned a sllyer tabl<' Wilh .
    map of Constantinople on it. while his son's coun "njuyed . "
    organ - . ch iefly e,remoni.l in strummt - .s!Cmb1cd by George
    the VClletiln. '6' The influence ofChnks' d.ughterl On tbe life
    .nd loves of hi. cour! is well kno wn. but it is sometime. forgotten
    th.t Rotrud. WaS <:oached in the languagl' and eu.lUmS of the
    imlXri.1 court by • I3Yl.ntinc enYoy. the eunuch notny
    Eli". im.'b2 Wbik these things scarcely sufficed IU turn. Frank
    inlO a Byz.ntine. they do .how th~t appreciation of and even
    intimacy with Byzantine civilintioll wnc f.ctor! IU be n'ckoned
    with at tbe Caro1ingi~n cout!.
    By the late eighth century. not a f,'w dementI of 10", .ntiqm·
    public life were gone forever . Circu. race. and their ritual •. the
    d.ily promenades of uislocrats and their retinul>' through the
    town market, fmdy .h.ded ritu.1. of grecting at chane, eneoun-
    tns. werc nOW things of northern G.ul'. pa.l. No small part oftbe
    nu>c. of .uch clu nge is to be sought in the decay of th,- citk •.
    Nonetheless, the f,nt orirTi]]gs of renewed life in C arolingi, "
    tOWns were heralded by the growing freqo("ncy of recorded
    arriv.1 ceremonies. I" the l~te eighth and ninth CcntUriel, th,'
    Frankish roler'. movementS about hi. kingdom were ponnual<-d
    by enemoni", of v~l(di{/io or pro/uric from one place and ~dvr"IIH
    'II ~nother. Evcn so, many of the" arrival ceremonies were .taged
    in a nOll_urb.ll seltillg, in the Frankish empire', great 11101,.-
    .tcrics.'·J
    Thi. I.,t point onderscores the unique rok of the church, which
    >cted a. a kind of instirution.l .rchipelago of l~{e antique ide~,.
    ,. , E,nh>rd. v. K... I, , " .n d >J. l!oI.k. _ E~g .. ",d W'1If. ' 7,1) ->< , nd.o oy - ,,,
    r, .. ,' .11.." " 1'</';• • , " . W." •. ,""'. rO - 17; d . W,I,I"J Su.oo, 1-" ''''''t''''
    1'' ''''', I n - f . ,d, E. Du mm"'" .liC Ht'"" ., (, ,!,) )1 0,
    '" Tk<oph.".", ... .M ~"o, Ik 11001", H P) ). d . l };,tH« , R,t'''... no,. )J ~.
    ,.J ""j,,, ~ , A~ • . ' , h_ .. • . 717. K.,,<. 7_' liw'ROC.' o-I<kn« mi~h' mel"d, ' h,
    '"mmoo bI.",ng IOf <i<P''''''R '''" ..... 'P"" pn u,", "'" I",,,, ,<>b,'. M""lr....
    eeL, r&, "', no. "", .. wdl ",10" M,,, ,,,.t<
    "f ,,,., "'no,,,,, ouppl<"""'" ,,, , ho,
    non,h"""",u.y G",,,,,,,,n . <d n ....lm."". So<, I'll. , '-4) 1 9 , ""'. I Jt; 19.
    n .. od",r of O ..... n' <omp<»«l . p"' m fOf "",h , n oxc,,"'" c.,.... ) l, !)umml<, .
    ) ' ) _" 00 tho, oJ"'."" K.mnf~w". , 'Adv,,"", pp. ,0'" P. W'tim.... I)',
    ,nd
    H",.<1.. ,_·,u,.." , ''" 1::1""• • J f .. , .. ""t.I,m, Mu,,,,,,,,,'" M,,,,,,r.<f·
    S<h"f,"",," (Mum'"" ' 9761
    F,,,,,ltish v;tlory ultb,ati,ms

    life_uyle, Jangu~ge and rilual. Icaltered acro.!, the broad expanse of


    Franki.h dominion. It introduces a major difference !x.twem
    Carolingian and COntemporary Constlntinopolitan ceremonial.
    "lthough ea.tern ritual left generous room for lilurgical elementl.
    nonelhelel1 the principal organi2Cn and not a few settings of
    Byzantine victory celebration. remained secular. In Franci~. ritual
    wa. first and foremost sacred ritual. The clergy dominated the
    adminjnutive and. at times. even the executive struCtures of
    government, and it would have been surprising iflhey had not had
    a hand in royal ritual.'u This is shown by the ceremonies
    themselves which display debts to parallel ecclesiutical rites.
    Cuolingian royal invenit urcs. for instance. reveal borrowing.
    from the consecration of bishops.u, "nd. for an imperial
    divestiture. no better ritual framework came to a Frankish mind
    than the act of public penance. '66 If the alliance ofFrankisb church
    and Carolingian power lent much of ICculu ritual a liturgical
    cachet. it. chief setting i. also indicative of how thc .imation of a
    Carolingian prince differed from Ihat of hi.. ea.tern colleagues. "
    quick glance at SOme of the mon important staged events in
    Ca rolingian hinory confirms the Ihift to a highly defined audience
    heralded by th e humiliation of Brunichildis.
    Leaving aside for a moment the ceremony at Rome in 800, it i,
    clear that, by and lnge, the main act! in the kingdom's politicallifc
    coincided with general a''iCmbliC1: of the Frankish grandees:
    Charlemagne's coromltion of Louis ~s cacmpetot in 11'3. Louis'
    promulgation of the OrdiMatio imptrii in 817. Or the public penance
    and divestiture of Louis al SoiSlonl. which occurred in connection
    with the general assembly held at Compiegne. "n exception
    proves the rule: Charlemagne', coronation at Rome may have
    been stage-managed by Ihe IDea! clergy and it was certainly fu
    ftom the FrankiJh heartland, but the audience inevitably included

    ... Tlu., <h< roy.1 '"f'lIIMtJ _r< .,ooo:i..t,."j ",i<h .U K!;yi,;" of rul<"hip ;.,.01.;",
    b .... in' Of ... ri,in,. indudinl <h< ".r. ,""_. ",0<1 in Ihi. di.<eriooo: <1'. J.
    Fle<k..."eitI. Hoft.p<II•• !. 9!-• . So cIoeo ,I>< r.C'! 'hOI tom< ".t< «,..,,,,on;" (•., .
    ,I>< p.""" ... ion of. ""'y ",d .«r.m.Don of CIt.>.1<> ,I>< G, ... by By""';..
    • mb • ...oon. A.o . •. h __ . • . I " , K"ru. 'J6). "'.. , .ug«! in ,I>< Ih'l'd of Ou.
    Lody" A.u..n_
    ". _""n. 5...,.;..,. 1'1'_ "6-" .nd "9!1'_
    ' .. L. H,lphtn. ·Lo pftIi,.",. d< l.o<Ii.1< Pie." i S.in,_M<d"d d< s.o;""m·. A ......'
    r~iU';" ~ _,.0 ' I' (P"i<. 19jO). PI'. j l ---M_
    the gr:ltldee, of the F.. nki,h >rmy.'·? Th,' rc~Wn fur ,he
    cuincidence of !!:Cl1cr~1 ~slemblics ;llld big politic~1 events lies in ~
    f~c<·, of Cnolingi.n rukrship il1omi"""d by Tdknbach. the
    cont,noal ,h:lp lllg :lnd re,h~ping of~ politic.1 consensus belw een
    king,. counk-n. and magnues.'u Even Were " given ceremony to
    take a p~rti(ol>rly Uynntinc ritu~1 furm. it wuold OCCnr in ,
    ''''i'ludy Funkish imdl0tion.1 fnmcwork.
    Freqo ently the yC:lTly ~i'<'ll1bly w., hdd .t or nen " ru yal
    p~l.cc. which thnthy '<"rved U the main stage fo r roy.l self-
    T<·prt><:nUtion . ,.9 It W;lS Ih"rc th.t the' king. like his Merovingi:ln
    predcce,sors. rereived the dMM "",,,, ali~ of his sobjects o r per_
    furmed the Frank ish ceremony of the wnlm~" dmi" rn~"'''''''.'' o
    The.e the roler held audiences fOT delegations from within the
    Funki,h dominion, or withoot and the Fnnki,h gnndee, (001.1
    wime\! their king' , pomp and mtcnt~tio", w",hh during the
    f'-"">tive <town _w, aring' which >ccomp,nicd the celcb.a.i"" of
    M.,s on Sund.y •• nd high huly d.y •. '" lih- the dyna>!y Ihey

    .. , Th"" d"" f,"n' I.~. p'''' .. t )", ........... , 1 " - I: '0 "''''' '"'u'''
    ,onR"~' " ,un!'
    wh"h pl .. nly ,.r.,,, b,, ' t(' ,h" .ud ,,,,,,,, of l«I It I' , o"h." I" n~ . 'mo"d""ty
    1·.-,
    b<fo,. ;~ .. ,. 1·') - ' " d .
    ". I; . T'il<nb"h, T'I< sm"g'" "n~ roh""'h," (;","lil' R,n .I", •• ",tm~''''''''o
    'fh,,,,, fntgf. Zu~l",h "'" ~'ud", ""'"' ~ olkk ll"< W,II",<h,IJII"~ \I"'] ',~kk,,,·,,
    I-!.n<l<ln;m ",un""J.h,hund",'.I'.US. 'J ('0"1'11. '!'-Jo"
    '" On ,"" "'" " ,,""""0. ' .K. W. "'hI.. m~"', 'I!-<ob"h,u"g<t, 'u, Go"",,",,
    und
    G«" I, ,k, A.<"m", 1'(.1, '" d", z..,,, K"h.l<. , •• ",«n ·. SI.lim >•• "".,...,..~'"
    I·,~ . "J 1',.~, .. "h~ I" ( N ,umum'''' , ' ''''~),
    pp ,lJ3- 11. ."J
    l F,I' ",",m.
    ...
    'Z... ,,,lI<nb,loll' "" A""'"ff Pf.I ..."r",,,,hu"8·. b",,~,<ft., ""~."" (;'''"~~".
    ",,,,., 10 ('9)"Oi.1 - "
    ". 0... <I<""p""" " Ihf.. ,nKu, bui. C ....... <d , F.. PUm",k •• MGff. I",,", .. ,
    J96. ,-3, ,r, H,o<,''''', .d,,« r.." ,.., .. 1,,,,,du" dUH"K tllM< . ... .,bt .... , Ik
    (, O! 'I.
    ..I"" ,..)"". " ,J, T . G,,,,, .".1 .... &hl<lf". ,\fGlI 1'''''''' i"n, ......."W, ..,,~, '"
    """' "~"',""" J (19""1 9O. J7j -9' ~'Y: "" ,~",",,,,d,,,oo. G.n,hor, 1'1<>0),,; ,
    p~ . • 61;d rr·" J.
    ", Aud",o.c ... g,,"«d ", F"nh c .ndodu,. V". ",,"w'
    ""Kil', (~HL, ' ' ' 'I. <J F.
    l'lun,",I", MG II P"" .. 1 (,U. ). 'OJ .' 0- '0'.' 1; A~ob"J uf Ly""'. /;p., .' <d. E,
    P;;mmle-, . '\/(;lIl'p' ," , J I'_'}\II. ,_• ." 1'" ""'"",,,"oc, "b,,,,vrd ",i« pt<.
    «<1<,,« "" ,,,,h "'-"'''''''.'''' ,OO"",d bj thn,",,,', "" In ""'lOB b" ..."
    po<moo du,ing .n .udl<"« ,,'i,"
    lou " ,II< ' .. ,m.n ; 1',.'".,.,..,"
    11<>",,", .nd V . K"u .... AI(;J/.C.p" __ ' 1, 1.,s1. , "". '0-" 0"" of'M ""
    "I., ... "d ""

    '''''''''''' "" " 'h" h C h" I< ,,"s", "'''''' , ,,,,h ty <1<,,>1 ,,<d ',",0 • .1 .. " d" ""~ 'he
    ""r'i"" of r","~n k~,,".,,' I' 1.: .. , 'J , Ilokk'.E~" 'oJ """'.• ~ , -,. ,f
    Thfiwlulf, C. n... 'j. Dumml<" ,0 ,.)7- 1: Th<~,,,, V~. HI.J. .. , ,.."'"...." •. ,J
    (; P"". Mr;IL~S. , II I",). '~J .• - ' ' . • lId 'M ''''''''''ms "I< of Noll,,, ,h,
    S"",m«.,. (;,", 1.:'''('.'.", ,·d II f 11"f<k-••UGH .IRG. n ." "(''''''''i·,O 7
    F,ankish vir/orf (r lfbrmions

    displ~ccd, the Clrolingi~ns pbyed up their power and prcsdge in


    the key mOmentS of their c:uthly exincncc, from baptism to
    funn, !.' 12 Even the ruler', :!mU!ement could t~ke the form of:l
    F(Slk,onung when .•ccompanied by hi, great men. hc went out on
    the roy.l hunt, sol/mmi mort, ' 73 Something of the chuacu:r of the",
    ceremonies and the limited n:!lUre of their ~udicncc Can be
    dc-duced from the bet thu most Carolingian p. l"ce, shunned
    wh~t urban centers there were in the empire,"· Unles, it
    coincided with an nu.l .sscmblies. the toy.l ritu .l which occurred
    in th e p.l.ce WaS limited in focus to the narrow but influenti. l
    ",etor of society composcd of resident prel,te., gTC:>! off1Ccn,
    lower clergy occupied with the humdrum usb of:l limited
    administration. as well "s vi'iting ~ri stocnts and foreigners,17'
    Thi. cxpl~in' as well the significance of ceremonies staged in front
    of the army,like Loth:!r', subm;,.;on and re conciliation with hi ,
    f.ther.'" Althol.lgh . ll Fran ks were theoretically subject to

    Ch u k m'K"" .1,., "'0« ,he beywdk" ,wmd fo. ,hu«h p"><"~""" E;nh"d, v
    K ..., 'J. H" I<I<._Egg" ,nd W"" , ,I . 1--'1' cf. 'A",onome" v, HI",,, 11, PO,,",
    6" ,0""', lo,h .. u>«l 'he p,,,,,,,,,on "[,he fen, of ,ho A"",,,p''''', '0 ok,"oo",,,e
    hi, "co",;"";"" with Tlo<u'I'<'~" 11"" . &" .•• . 16), G.", LH; d . Ad ....«;", of
    Mm , t ',,, cd, E, Diimmk', MGII.Fp; .... " 1'0')) ' 'l P '-0. TO. m",' e" mrl",
    <1<",,,1>''''";' E,moki, H"". HI"" 4, ,,_ ) '7, Fml. '1<- i; d_ 1I,j t>;ppi., .. , "
    '1 - ji, Fml. '00_ S.e in g,,,,,,,1 C, Ilriihl, 'fr'nk'Koc, I(r6nung,b"uch un" d..
    l',oblom d" F<,, ~, (;""" ~ <n', Hi",,,,, ", Zti'''/",jl, '90 (,')6» , ,6J- »6 , .".1 I( _U ,
    l'Khkc, ' hiihm;tt".it"lich, Fe"bOo"nK<n? Oh<'leRun~on '" T.. mino~'I!;' uoJ
    M «h<><l<', Hi""",,", Z<i,,, Imfi, '" (1\>7<l), 11<l-3!,
    '" Ihp';,m , A~n.Jlu" I .. . 1'""'. R .._, 1l0kh_E~g« , l)I. ,o iJ, 0" roy.1 funm l"
    E" . "ok.lh . n",,,b",~, Ro;, PP, 7-", 6o/f,
    ", A emwn<J Ch.,km'gn" ";d;n~ ,n(nly .k<u",ed I,o"e , (""Id ,"In ,h< hun ' Into'
    l".li,,,,.1 '1'«,,<10 ,"v"'vm~ oj, f",,,11 .ml """ ",.1 , ,," ,,,,u,,, K.,. I., .\J'W'.' "
    U, ,,"P', ')7-»J, cd. E_ Dumm",. MGH,/WI" , ,)611--'10. Of H, E\<:um,n", F_
    Il"'nholzl ".1 .. J(".", ...,..., " U, P"P' . fro P.J<r ....." f,., ,... J,II" '99.
    S,ud"n un" Qudlon ,u, w",fil;«""n {;,,,,h;,h,,,,! (p.ok,bom, ,')66), 6&-8>, on
    wh ich documen' ' « [). \.<h, lb, 'J)" A.chon" II'''' [U, 1(,,1 <l<n K.i"" H!S , '0
    1'917), '10 - 63 .nd 'In''''p,,''''''n'prubkm< in A.<he"" 1("1,,,1'''''' ' ROt;.'",Ot
    Vi""if,~,"lo"". 0' ( '~n). '00--79. he", .",,11'. 0_ htnoW , H",,_ 1I1.J_. 0,
    ,)6'-0))' Fo"I, '_0. The <10m"" of diopl'y "pl.;n. why >om, "'Y'I hun" ,"
    ~u.Hf"d .. '",I!.m,,, mot<" <,g, 11 ••. " " ..,"'" " !,~, I(u,,,,, I p, or Ein""d.
    T ,..,_ 101",. " p,,,;, ' . ", w.i", ,.,.,6-!,
    '" s..:, ' -K· ? R."'O<, noil, loft i. lOt """J.j _j C!..,I, ...~ .... ,,_ loA, MoN . "".. 1o .p"
    197!), p, fl .
    '" J Fiock,",',;n , '1(,,1<1<, ",0>>< und ,."n Hof , K"I ok, G,.,,,, '. " -10' cf, R.«O<,
    Loj" pr o!~II'.
    ," Theg. " , V , HI.,,, II , Po"., ""' .>0- )< , wh" ",du lly n~'<1 th .. Looi, y.. "
    CMoliu<~i"u ceremou ial ""J victo,y
    military servi ce, specialim agrre that the brunt of w-.rfue fell on
    the shoulder; of thc bett~r olf and the roy al va.sah, who muld
    alford the heavy exprn se of cava lry warfare in the Frankish
    style _,n The levy of the king', vas sah . nd the presence of the
    nl:lgn'iles meant th at the O,t providl'd a signifIcant opportunity to
    pruject the king', puwn, wealth and piety, whether ur not the
    cuncmtr.tion of the troupS w inci,kd with the ~nnual as.embl y, as
    it frequently did down to the reign of Luui, the Pious.'"
    Victury wa, an essential ch aractcri,ti c of Carolingian king_
    ,hip 'IS it was portrayed in :Itt, litcuture 'illd ceremony. As cv~n
    the humble en trie , in the WiI!ibrord calendar suggest , military
    .uecc", - and the booty it entailed - pbyed a decisive role in the
    rise of the new dymsty and the coalescence of mo.t of the
    aristocracy around il. The Merovingi.n tradition of dyn,m ic
    victury waS ta hn over with a vengeance. Th e family's histori o-
    graphy, embodied, for in.t''''ce, in the A"""lts Mert( MStS priQ,tJ ,
    and iu art, exemplifIed by the Imt frescue, of the lngclheim palace,
    reiterate this (heme, while cou rt poets echo ;t. '10 It would be ..
    tediuus ta,k to Ca1>loglle the numerous reference. to (he ruler' ,
    victory spread Ihrough out the .bundant panegyrical moterial
    produccd by the C>rol in gi'lll rcnew:lI.I!O But it must be noted
    that poems began to be written to cekbratc specific victories,
    although nothing i. >! yet known of the circumstances o f their
    perform ance. In this ca tegory fall the anonymuus 'Rhythm On the
    A vO! Victory', Sedulius Swuus' chnming piece 'On the Slaugh-
    ter of the Northm e,,' or the vernacular L"JwlgslieJ.' ·' A ,ymbo!

    <n,hwn<J;n '" 0),<" " n' "" lOp of. , i1< ttl. t"g' f" W. '" ,I>< wholo "my <outJ
    "';'0 ,,, , .. K'''<. 'u"; ,"m e><,,;<u> o mo;, "",,',mpl ..; I""u;' .
    f .L (;, ,,,I.of, ' l'"m« """ b C " ohng;"", a.di.",.,",,· .. ili,,,i i" Om'ok""
    ,,11 '.1,. ....,.,.. .... '. Se,,, ,,,,,,,, 'S IS!"''''o. ' ' ' ' ), '00) - )0 . h,,, '''- 'S: K_F .
    Wrrll<', '/lecku"ock ,o,ckt,f,mihon ,m I<.<Kh K"h <k> e"",co', /(..1.., G ••, ,,,, "
    i }-1Po be" ' ' ' ' J.~ . V<rbmgg<tl . 'L'",,,« <l l> """:g;" d" Ch., b "'go<'. /( ..1
    ok, (;'0"<. ' . • '<>-J6. 10.. , 4" . nJ .,6---7_
    ," G. n.J..,[. 'l ,,,,,,,: .. , pp. 116- , ,_
    ". .1.""1<, .\1«,,",,, p,;o,<>. «I . 11_ • .,., Sim",n, MGII.SilC I '901), '-4 .nd 9; ) ., I: P:
    "_') _ ' ": " _lV; ''-'7: 'J . 'T TI>< [.mity ;, ';nyK,;,,;m. p".,.,um p","pi,'. ,.id..
    ..
    , J . ')- ' 4_ On ,I>< (,,"'''' " tngelheim , Ermold, fI, • . 1/"'... 4, " J(,-6) , Fmt, ,6 • .
    So:< ,ho IU,,·OY uf ",,,,,";,1 in F. /l;""" . 5,-.1;," '", 1/",,,/,,,,1,. i" ok, ,.W,II.",.i·
    """ Vii"IU"I. Dj" . (Wii"oorS, '1'6.), pp. JJrf.
    '" il""h,""" Hokk,-EKScr ....:I W,;I<: Sed"hu, 5<o"u" C"," .. ',H, Tn"l><, ""-9'
    L.dw'X,/i, •. ,,,to S,d""",«.
    FronkiJh victory ultbr~/io"J

    of royal authority like Chulemagne's lead seal, as well perhaps as


    that of his namesake, propagued the idea of royal victory in
    hexameter form: 'Ut there be glory for Ch rist and victory fo r
    king Chatles!"U
    The: ideology of royal victory spilled ove r into Ihe ruler 's
    ceremonial life, most nou bly Ihe royal investiture. Charles the
    Bald's eoronuion IS ruler of Ihe '[gnu", u,fh ...ii at Metz on
    9 September 869 is one of the rare instances for which there is
    a detailtd and reliable description.I I I After the un ction and
    crowning , the bishops handed the king I palm branch and a royal
    scepter. The accompanying prayer expounded th e palm's m~ge
    of victory on earth and in heaven ." · That th e palm was placed on
    the same ceremonial level as the royal scepter emphasizes the rolt
    of victory in Ihe Carolingian idea of the ruler.us Aleuin had
    referred to palm bran ches in his allusion to a triumphal welcome
    for C harltmagne and. in kee ping with late antique tradition, that
    king had been welcomed into Rome by children wning palm
    branches. during the final a mpaign against the Lombards. Bill
    more recenl developmenu helped place the palm in C harks the
    Bald's hand. Ninth-century popes had been sendin g palm bran-
    ches to Frankish kings at least since 8H.'·" The branch wu
    probably meant to be carried by the ruler in the palace liturgy's
    Palm Sunday proce5lion. and the papal Jetters acco mpanying the
    palms emphasize their sy mbolism of both ethical and milituy
    triumph.In The papal and liturgical connection underpinned the

    ' " P.E. Sch.. mm. ow u i'Z"'ii""x/wo lJiw"i/K K..1s *.


    c....... sa",,, .u,
    KuI,u,lftOhi<hl. dn M",<bl,,," uno! do, Rtn.oitu"" •. '9 (Le;pril. '911). P1'. 1OIf:
    ... GLOR I'" SIT XPO REGI YIqTORI ... C",RLOI: <f. ·o.ri "'..... ,... no lim
    M<"II""' .... dot, Korol;." ...... """ Siduio<hen K.u...·. """'x~.
    (. 961).1 - .'. ..... sK.
    """ .....
    '" a....,.. , ", ;,K_II ...._ HI". jjllj«r«. ..... ... . 8oon ... . O>dY. K.......
    MCH.C..... •. , j&-': <f. w .......bKh- Lt. i""' •• C.d",,-Ik p. s"".
    ,•• Boon_K"""'. OI"" - IO.
    , •• Cf. com .... otSdw ........ Httr....juz"'.... . . . ..... , •• andDnK'-'l_Fo I ,d.
    0. W,_1n AI_1Ht __ ,. ...... " . j_loon,..",• • nd .... ~ ., (W ei" .... '911<» •
    • 1- 1' ·
    ", For \..to IY . ... JL. >0\.6. In frbru.>,y 171. Jolon YII1 .1I~dcd '0 ,I>< nfttO",',
    en,.,.
    .nci<n,,,.,,:JL. 1007• • d. E. m,
    AlG H.F.';"" , (19") . 10. .... n..re ... '0
    be "" • • MIno« rOf ,I>< ... "Om ;., ,I>< CMI. C...I. '" II>< "'"m of e re.".y I.
    '" John YIII ,oCh ..... ,h. Ihld UL.I079: 'll'cb",.,y In). C oop", I' ,)' _, :<0 elm ...
    III UL. 110': '9 M .. <h II,). C"p'" " '.1 .... .. Sttph<n Y ' 0 Chit'" III UL.
    ~ppc.r.ncc of thi! !ymholic object in Chulcs the Ib id', co.o_
    n~tion ~I M Clz .
    Victory im~g( ry was not confmed to one .lpcCI of th,'
    cotonat ion of869. Atthe crucial moment of.nointment. God was
    entreated CO bless C har les n He had otlee bicssed Ihe viCtorious
    rulen of Ihe O ld T ("StamC"flI and to make him an eve r victorious
    triu mphalor over all ene mies. vi,ihle and invisi ble. It. The san",
    pnyer was used again for th .... crown;n!\" ofLuui~ the Stammerer in
    D«:em!J<,r IIn.'U
    Although no early ordinrs have survived. it is clc1r that the
    role of victory imagery in Carolingian coronations went back to
    the eighth centnry. Thus the 'Ruyal Blessi ng When There is
    an Elevation 10 Ihe Re alm' p.nenTd by an 'Eigh th -Century
    Gel:l,ian' sacrament"y messes the p<l.<lIIe! between the modern
    kinK' of the Frankl and the ancient heroes of h rac!' God i, a,ked.o
    gnnl spirit ua l and materia l blessings to the kinK and hi, realm and
    10 make him '. most powerful pr oteclOr of the fat her land', n well
    .. a 'most powerful triurnphator of kinKS for the o pp.enion of
    lebels and p.Jgan nations'.,90
    A number of poem, awx:ia ted with the royal ndvtmu, ,orvi""
    from the ninth century . Some at leas' s«'n to have been recited
    during the ceremony, so that they forni,h uni'lue ,migh t into the
    meaning learned Carolingian, atuched to the king 's epiph.ny in
    his towni and rnon~$ t<.""riN. ,., One ur th,·i. most prevak-Ht ,heme.
    is ruyal victory. Thus" po<.'m ""ribed to Theodu lf of O rlean<
    haik d Louis the Piou~ :I, Too ... '"icto. Ott land and sea' <lml
    [ram pier of the wicked na,ions th~t f.ikd tu b<ond th ei r lc,wc [() hi,
    power. "" Jonas of O rk·,,", developed the ~mc [heme during a

    J.>'. M",h II'). .... to. (.;.>.po •• MGJl.f·,." .. 7 1 '9,~) .J"",7 ~. On d.. ~m'gy of
    ,t.. P. tm s..n~'Y "''''''';'.... 1t . lxd"I<~. DACL. ' • • ' l'~")' _1-',
    . " 0r40 , .... 110<.. , ... K""", ' )J., - n .
    ... 1JiI.• , 6"'1- 6-
    , .. '11.<11,1" bn>«bc,"' ............... y"'" in '<11""'. s.•. "".,...1. f. ' )9_0. C>pn. no.
    "17, 6ttd "'" r.om E. Mo<tk •. CCL ,6><\. 76\>. nO. IIhd: .•.. U,." fOn,Mim ...
    p<OttCIOt p"n.. ... "q"" ... fo"",unu. Kljum ,,,umpl,,,,,., ""'"um >d oppri_
    ...... do< _ t ..... p.~. n .. n",onco'
    '" K.ntO<owocl.· Ad • ..,,'. PII. ,1-". cr. 0 G 0",1<. '00< K....oI,nl!<. ",.I dO. S"d,
    dQ "",I .... Amulr. FAIS. , ([1'67). >_)w. 1><<<" 10,11".
    '" Theodulf. e...... 77. I"Iiimmkf. )JI. [. , ,0<1 J. , - , . On ,"" cIoI>b<ful ,,,,ibmim.].
    S,~w;rlfy. W,I,Ii(IIl/M'".l<" it, r..,"'iWtt" Mind.I,,,,. h·"I!.,...",~. , (lI<.bn.
    '9701, oil.
    v"it of Lo uis , nd his son Lothar to his ",e.'9.' [n sim ibr
    circunmanccs, Scduliu, Scottus s,luted Charles the B,ld 's 'dox>
    triumph,li,'; Ch, rle, , nd Louis arc 'fulmin, belli" gu, rmtccing
    that the Chri,!i.n people rem . i", un v.nqui.,hed. It is only
    . ppropriotc th at thc pOCt wishes that they may ever cnjoy victory,
    'pomp" .nd trophies. 19~ The .,sodation bet wcen roy.1 vi sits .nd
    victory w» so 'trong th . t , l. tc ninlh-ccnli.lry versifier . t St Gall
    who had to welcome, ,on of Louis the Germ,n . nd who seems to
    have been .t • 10" for th e you ng ruler', victories, s,ved thc day
    with the theme of dynastic vic tory. Ueforc "nd .ftcr each vcr""
    the welcoming choir ch:lIlted 'H, il, Scion of most unv.nqu i,hed
    king,! ' 19,
    Th,' first C,rolingi.n kings fr~qucntly led (he ir .T!ll1e, on
    c. mp.ign .• fter wh ich they he.ded for the palace to wlnter.
    Contemporary write", qu . lify the ruler', return with words like
    'cum m.gllo triumpho' or 'cum gloria triumphi· ,'·· Not every
    usc of lih expre,sions may be ascribed to [itnary flouri,h. For
    inst."ee, in I.te M arch 71) 8. Alcuin responded !O Ch. dem. gnc ·s
    invitation to join him in the green mcadow, of Saxony for
    scriptural delights. Seeing th.t the verdant fiel ds were infe sted
    with hostile S.xons. the aging scholar begged to be excused from
    enjoying the kin g's be,titude in the land of the Phi listine" He
    wuuld r. ther enjuy it in jnm,lcm. i,e. the vision of pc.c~, 'where
    God ', temple i, b,:ing constructed by the :ITt of the most wil<'
    Solomon·. ·' The . Ilus ion fits the eh"pel of thc Virgin .t Aachen.
    '
    ... Th<OOutf. c.,.,. ..
    )7. Dumml". l'9. o· )-0, F", Ih< . ",riPI;"" to JO"", D, St~ .l k f •
    'l'h; lotogiKh< U" 'muchu"g,n ,u J," G«h,h"n T1K<xtulf, V O" Odo.o,·. 0..,.
    ... " ." ..1 ,'/,;•. ,3 (1<,16». ') - 9'. h<<< ,,-~,
    S.Juiiu, S«~tu', C","., >. " , T"uh<. ISo.j : C .... .. >, r}. 'r,,"b<, 11).9. 10 .nd '"
    of '00 c."•.. >. >\, T nub<. 1\>0 ., ,nJ 0-10, 'or .)1>-00. cr, Il . l)Li<h,;ng. S,d"Ii",
    S<",",. s.i", O;'"'•• ~. (M u"'ch. 1<,I6!I. pp. 6)-•• nJ 70-' .
    co , 'S,lv< pwk> "gum in.Kti"; mmum', .~rlloJ< ,..Iki, S""t"II,.,i, CCCLXXI. no. !.
    cd. P. von Wint<,[old. M(;II.P",,-, <.1 ( ' ~09 ) . )')'" ,f. W . Bull!, 'S."'p,,,,,j,
    R,~",.. 7.", Kun(\< d<:u, .. I>c, I\.ric~" I, "", .. ·, C"'.,." Qu,,",". F''',,/o,ojl K.

    ... S,,,,J.,,, MGH. So:h,;f"n, 6 (S' UltS"" '9-< I). pp. 97-1 ll. 1-.0" IO) _ j.
    II f<w <.. mpIN f,o", m,"y, Ch.d,m'Kn<', ""u<o [' om I~C fin.1 Lomb"J
    "mp " ~" "Ulll m'g"o I';u"'pb,,' . A •• . ,. 1'...... . . n o. Kunc, <0. A ... , fio" 0,
    n . , !Cu.". ,,~, '«o,d i"g '0 Ihe ,1,",1" .\I""i ........ , • . 79' . Ch"k> '''u, ~ from
    ,1-.0 II", "mp. ign ofth" yc"'O R" s cn,bu,S 'cum Ilium phi gluli.' . cd . G. W.; ...
    MGII.SS. I) (I~~<I . » ,11 - 1>,
    ", llkuin , fp .. ,<)-\ , Dumml.., "7- lS. un 11-.0 <i,cum".n=. IlQhm<r--
    MLihlboco<r, R'l"'" no. H6. C;",km from lip .. 141, I)"mrn k" »1.7- 1. Th,

    '"
    Carolin.~iaM ceremonial and victory

    :md it i~ there that Alcuin, adapting a liturgical phus<:, desired to


    come to greet 'tI", triumph of your glory, with p~ lm br~nche, and
    singing children'. The elaborate metaphor intimates the king
    would be met by some ~ort of welcoming ceremony."" This i~
    seconded by the Chronicle ofMoiss.c when it mention. that louis
    the Piou, returned from a successful campaign in Brittany, 'cum
    triumpho glodae'. Another contemporary coincidcnu lly drops
    the fact that, on thi~ oec" sion, foreign legation. participated in the
    ouu,sus which welcomed the ruler tn the pabee at Herotal.'99 No
    1,," a figure thmJohn Scot Eriugena comp05ed a poem OM Chri~t
    tht" victor of the devil and Ch"rlc5 the victor of l oui. to celebrate
    what .!ee ms to have been Charles the Bald's triumphal rtdimI after
    the une xpected succe" over his brother near l aOM in 859, the s. me
    event enshrined in Charles' victnry endowment at St Denis. 2DD
    But, compared to the evidence av ailable on other aspeclS o f
    Carolingi.n rule"hip, the,e occasions do not cut an imposing
    f'gure: the return of the victorious Franki,h king to his p"lacc did
    nOt dc-'elop into a wid..!y reSOnant ceremony. One reason may be
    the deccntulizatioll of Carolingian society, with its f:lt_flung
    arislocracy , and the l> ck of a "'!tied capitaL Such returns fell
    outside the most imporlant institutiona l fr.mework of Carulill-

    .lIu,ioo f,,, ho,h ,he Hibl",. 1 'OOl< of , .. '" "'''''' .nJ ... h" .. <oOW" of tJo<
    ch' p<r , rough 'u" of ,o"'pl, ,,,,,, in 7~i ; <,I, G. II.oJ",.oo. ' 0;., Vo,bildc, dcr
    "'",",,,<1 I'f. I" 'p<lk' , K... I "" C ,,,,.. f , f>f M, h<l< Pl. o. 7·
    ... fr .. tH , DUm ", k" ' II. )---<i: ·U, . . , Ii<:<" m,h; <urn "m;, p.lm"mn <t f>U<n,
    ' '''''n"btJ! "'co""< ,,;u"'rho glori., v""",. ,. " d;",,, "lkood;,,". J"m;n" '
    tko"~ ~"; .ddux"" "duxi' D •• HI d,!«,un' CUrti p"" I"',i",,« .. lu".J ""v,,"
    .w,," '. Cf. ,he 'nt iph",," F';"'" for 'he prop<, off, lm S,,"d.y in ,Jo< ",,,,,.,,i<:
    olf>«. P, lm, [,~O'" pwm'''''ndy in C"olin~"n view,y '''''''I''ior"
    . "d we"
    ,,"' , lIy "",d, in hoping with t,,< '"';quo 'ndi'ion, during Chorl<tru.~ t"'" .oJ""",,
    " 1'.0"" '" 77" U~' I""" " i)u, hem" •.• ",.' J. AI,u;n . ltod<> '0 ,h<rn ,n h;, wi.to
    for Chorlc,m.gn<·, u;"mph.", ,"urn from ltoty in !lOO: V",,,, oJ C... I" ..
    !"'P<'."'"'' 7J - &o. cd. E, Du",,,, k ,. MGH,l'ocI .. "'J7, i" whi<:h ,II< "'" lin", ''"
    ' 8"" ' li!u'g", I. U",,,,," (d , E. Modk " e e l.. ,~, .... no. , 8!,) . s.. . 1", . hove,
    nn. " ' _"
    ... CO,,,,,;,-.., Moi,_,"", «I, G.H, Pcrt" MGII .s ,~ , Ll' j . ' j - ,~; ' '''''runom<'. V
    111,4.. ' J. P, m , 6, ..,-" d . IlOh", cr-Miihlb"hcr, ~ 'K< "" ..,. 0. f ond. ""
    H",ul; "- C.u<<t. 'Zom hi""", 1("I. dc. G",,,,m '. K • .1 In C,.,,,, '. J07-", h<rc
    po ,
    , .. John Scot E,iug<"" CO' .... " cd. L. TfOUb<. /ltCH,Pocl .. I (,!-\>(i). j'7 -9. "p.
    S. ""',"'" OC""", '"
    j ,! .Jj - 6> . C f. M. C' ppuY"' ,j , ,,,,!it" t',;gI~. f<"'" (l ou,,;n,
    ' ~ll ) , p. 19 - 0 ; &hm«-Muhlb.<b<" R,t<"" ,..... .. ) 6<,

    m
    F,ollidsh vir/o'r ,r/rb"lIiOlls
    gian royal ritual: the greater pan of the potential audience had
    already returned 10 their e>lUeS when the OSt had been di.mis~d
    at the end of the campaign.
    It would ~ wrong. however. to infer that Carolingian kings
    had no use for triumphal entries. When they did, the eviden~
    confirms what has already been nid about the character and
    COntexl of their kind of royal ritual. The surrender of Pavi a in 774
    muked the end of the Lombard kingdom 's independence and the
    annexation of vast new territories to the Franki,h domains. On the
    day after the lurrender. Charlemagne staged a triumphal entry
    into the city. to the sounds of 'hymns and loudrs· . The magnatel
    and lesser lights of the Frankish expeditionary force were richly
    rewarded for their service. when Ih .. king distributed the treasury
    of king Dcsidenu •.ao1
    A quarter-century later. Fnnkish fo rces had nearly exhausted
    Bucelona's reshtanee and the field commanders summoned
    young Loui •. th e twenty-two-year-old king of Aquitani., under
    whose auspices the Frankish dream of subjugating Septimania was
    finally reaching fulfillment. As his biographer noted, the young
    ruler'. prestige could only ~nefit from presiding over the ran of 100
    famous a town .aDa Louis posted guard. al lOOn as the city
    surrendered, but he 'postponed his entry until he could organi~e
    the consecration 10 God', nam e of a victory so lo ng desired and
    finally attained, with an appropriate service of thanbgiving'. aDs
    The description of the next day's triumphal entry is close enough
    to that of Pavia to suggest that the lame ceremonial pattern was
    observed in both cases. Loui' biographer continues:
    The nexl day. therdore. ,he king and army pa.sed through ,he cily gue
    with solemn pomp and I""d" ~y",niJk..... preceded by the priests and
    clergy. He continued in proal$ion '0 'he church of the Holy and mos,

    "" 0..00. Loo...., ..... Schno" oon CotoW'.ld. J I. 'cum hymn" .. bodibuo ;"gt<di<n<•.
    Cf II ... I'NW .••. 1'H. K.. <> •• 9 .
    .. , •A""",,,,,, .. ,, V. Ii""'.. 1J. P...... 61)_0-7. _ . tI,,, A"" . •. Fr_. do no< .Uud.: '0
    d,. lriumphol ""n.. of n • •n<;! to l _On 11>< ..... ofn,,«Ioo.o. E. L.... Pro~ol.
    Hi.... " '" tE>p",", ,.".. ""_. I •• od""" (l<:ydrn. 19)<». 171- " .
    H • •"' .. _ .... v_ Ii""'.. 'I. P<rt.I. ~IJ.I.-I.: ... . ipo< '""'''' ,b ei", inJ.......
    •1>0 .... ";1, <kon«ordin,,". qUod;".e"m d;,n. 0.0 ''''''''''' ''' _<Up'''''' "ql><
    ""«pI"" .io<toriom <ill. nomin; ron •••"'...•.
    Victorious Cross, to edeb"te . service ofth.nbgiving to Gnd, for [he
    victory the Lord h.d divindy g"ntcd.'o<
    The procession w.s opened by the clergy, pre,um.bly decked
    out with procession.l crosses, censerS ~nd the like , Behind them
    c.mc the king .nd hi, "'my. As :lt Pavi • . the mdibl ... .,~ct of the
    ceremony w" dominated by the singing of {aljd~l hym,,;diwr, of
    liturgic.l t~xts whus~ name suggem a connectiun with the {""del
    r(~i"t. The comobti ve etreC! of the,e circumsunces W'I to
    transform the Frankish triumph.l entry into .liturgic.l procession
    uftit.nic quality. in which the churchly ckment prcv.iled. Why
    were these events marked by • wlctlln ceremony, when royal
    relOrns to the p.bce h. vc left so fcw tr.ce.' ; Seve,.l f.ctors
    contributed to n",king the victurie, :It B.rcdmu .nd Pavi.
    worthy of a triumphal entry. The popularions of both pbces
    oclonged to ur "emmcd from ,uccenor kingdom' in which
    triumph . l enl rie, by viclO rious kings h• .! ocen • typic.l clement of
    SraalSlymbolik. The inhabit.nts may well have expected wme such
    symbolic ge"ure. Buth .ets marh·d a decisive military conquest
    .nd the furm.l .nnention of. new territory .nd itl inh. hitanu
    into the . 11egi."ce of the I'rankish king. The liturgical proce"ion
    intu the city symbulized the new situation, much .s it had long
    before when Clovi, entered Tour,. Fin ally .•nd perl"'p. most
    imporuntl y, the i"dispensable p'rtTler! lnd fuil s of roy~l ~ulhorit y
    were well repre",nred on both oee:lSiom, thereby furni,hing the
    king with the politic.lly signific.nt . odience required for ~
    . uccessful ceremony; the Fr.nki,h army, comprising magnate"
    roy.1 vassals and .,sorted followers.
    Carolingian king. did nOl ;llw.ys le;ld Iheir armies ill person.
    This fact helps .ccount for the ,,,dden reviv. 1of, victory custom
    which, .s has been se~", was deeply rOOled in euly Hyz~ntine
    milit:ITY routine, the dispatch and prc"'ntation to thl' ruler of
    sym bols of mcce~, WOn in hi~ nlmC, The 7901 .gain wimc.,
    importanl inn()v~tioTl. As king and court beg.n to take on "
    more sed entary character, conditions ripened for the custom',

    ' " Ilio.• O'l "j - ,A , ''''o,<<<<k,,,,bu, " go <u m i" <.."'""," " .. ",; 'um c;u,
    "':;<fdolibu, ct d<lo. ""on ",Il<mpn; ,pp""u <t I.ud;bu, hy"",id"i> po",m
    <,
    eivi",;, h,&r<uu,.« ,J "«1..;.,,, " nc'", ,;"ori01i,,;mo< eN(;'. pro ,irtor;.
    ~bi di,i"i,u, <""I .. , ~,";"um .c1;""0> !:>.O .c'um,. "', P'OS,,,,",',
    rt'~ppenance. E~rly in 796. duke Heiric of Friuli sent booty t.kcn
    from the Av.r ring to Charles at Aachen, while the king's S<m later
    brough t more 'roils in penon. 20 . The royal ~nn~list' s ~CCOunt of a
    delegation from Asturia mggcm th ~ t the court w~! aw>re of the
    imperial cultom of receiving ·lrmbo1. of victory' from f'eld
    cummandcn. In 798, Alfonso II SCnt ~mb~l!adors to Chnk! with
    • report on hi, luccessful r~id 'g.inlt Muslim-held Lisbon. The
    onn.IiM c~Hs the gifts brought by the envoys insignia vic/orinf,
    implying that Alfonso W. I acting under C>rolingi'lIl "u thority.
    This distortion il quite in keeping with Fronkj,h pretensions to
    univnl~1 rule. 20o The implication W.I mfficicnrly de"r th.t the
    revisor of the Roy.l An,,~h WaS at p.ins to modify the origin_I
    ~ccount in such a f~shion that the re~der would not deduce that
    Ch.rknusne daimed lome .peei"l power over the Alturian
    king-'07 The following ye~r, the F"nki,h force which defe" red
    the Saucem men~cing the Balc~ric islands notified Ch.rlcmagnc
    of hi. di,t.nt mccc" by disp.tching the enemy It"nd.rd, to tht'
    court, where they were presented 10 the king. 201 Wido, prefeci of
    llrittany. got on the blndw .. gon and presented Charks with the
    we~pons of the vuious 'dukes' who h~d surrendered to him; e~ch
    ,word wa~ engr~vcd with the owner'l n~mc . 20' The triumph al
    audien ces cont;nUl'd afler Charlemagnc's return from the imperial
    eoron.tion. Following louis triumph~1 entry into Ihrcelona, he
    sent th~ city's governor and appropri.t~ bnory to hil f~lher, The
    prisoner arrived at the imperial Court and was presented to
    Charlemagne On the lamt' d.y a, the rebel commander of Ch;~ti.
    which hadjuu surrendered to a Fr~nkhh siege."o The importance

    ..
    , A ••.•. Fr"" .. I. wf>. Kum, "" A"., fi ... Ku",.I'\I,
    A ••. •. Fro .. .. • . 79!. Kurt'. 10<' cf. IlOhm<,-Muhlb:ocI><,. /('1'''0, no. ).l1c, On
    F.. "k;,j,p,."",,..,,,, ",J ,,,t;lY: H . Luw •• 'Von d<n G,.""," de> /(.i1<'~.<"nk,m
    ,., in <l<, K"ohngmrit'. D<.,,,,"', A"",,. lO (' 951), )oJ-74, h.,,, )JO.
    A •• . Ei... • . 79!, Ku,u, 'OJ: ' . . kS"; H.d<f""u " g;, . . . munc" d<f<r<o"<!. quo<
    ;11< <I< m'nub;; • . . . ,,~; m;ll'" 'U''';l. M'ut"•• ;<1<1.,." uF"'"' 'urn ,,,,;ok,,, mul.,
    "q"" lo,o<;" 'I" ... 1~" P" H..; .. ior"".,.,. ""Ii, ,....... ;n,;gn;, v;<Oo,;'" .iok ..... '.,·.
    wh", ,,,lk, ",d.,,,, ,I>< ,<V;"',. , <id;,ion. '" tt.< "" nf'h< An. '. F,_ .
    ••
    ..".
    ,
    Ann. f . Fro", .• •. 799. K um . ,oi, d . A.". Ei• .• Ku=. lot), ,n O IIOhm<f-
    Mijhlbo,I><" R,I"". 00. )Joh .
    A •• . •. h"", .• " 799, K u",. !ol.
    n.., p,=n''';u. gf ,h. <>P';>< ",,,,,,,,.<1<,,
    o,"")"oo",,.d ,h. S,f" of "'''''Y.
    ""hl<h m ... ,;,dy um;tt«l hy A ••. •. h_ .• , . 8<),.
    Ku"., 116; b.rl ,f. E'mold.
    II.. . W ••.• '. )7>-6<7. Font .• 6-)0: IMtm«-Milhlb"h«. R<t<'IO. no, )1' <.
    Loui~ and the court attached to thil kind of presentatlon l~
    confirmed by the fact th,1t the m;,,;on was rntruned to Bcgo,
    Louis ' dosest fri end, whu w~s destined to become his son-in-law
    and COUllt of Pari! .~' 1 The court 's cagcmeis to magnify the
    dynalty's >ucCe,S r xpl aim why, a few ycar> later, Loui s with nu
    Ii,tle fanfare prescnted to his father the key . of 1'ortosa, even
    though the Frankish army 's operation agaimt that city was
    anything but a tot.l viewry .212
    Although the cunom of pre lent in" the ruler with th e symbols
    ofwec", became rarer in the nexl half_century, so did Carolin _
    gian victories, It did nO! di"ppear. In ~65, count Robert the
    Strong successfully engaged the Nmthmcn and transmitted the
    '.plUred enemy 'I.nd.,d, and wc'pom 10 hi, <overei"n, Charle,
    the Bald?" The very next ycar a scandal erupted in Italy when
    emperor Loui, II learned th.u Ihe Bulg. r king had escaped an
    ambush Ihank. 10 his new religion ,nd, as. 'ign of gutitude, scn l
    his arnl! W the pope, Louis w.s furious .nd ordered the pope to
    turn the urns OVcr tu him, 21'
    The ,udden reappe"rancc of delegations of IOcially important
    individual, be.ring the symbols of. comm.nder', victory to the
    king is doubly significant, On one hand, it .hows that the Roman
    Irgacy of the ruler's implication in every vinory won in his name,
    regardless of hi. personal involvement, wlS alive at the Frlnkish
    COurt late in the eighth century, It is certainly noteworthy that thi~
    new victory custom appears just a few years brfore the imperial
    coronation _ On the mher, it seems symptomatic of the new
    imporl~nce of person to person rdations in thc ,ttocture of
    Carolingian go""rnrnmt. Charkmagne in pnticuln h.d deve-
    loped a network of permnal loyalties, often !ymbolized by an
    explicit relationship uf vass.3lage, into a primary tool for running 1
    very rlldimemory apparaws of government, fly the time of hi.

    ". Emw ld , H"", HI"J.. " J7S. h"l, .b,Otl Dego, I<e 'he ,<forme<! ,,,,,mbkd io
    W."<nb;,h-lO';'on, ('hh i!h"f" , II,", p. J ,S, n. SJ .
    .. , 'A"wnoon" , v, HI.d_, ,6, 1'<"", 6, j . r J-' 1_ Un ,h, <h ,oooI08y ' nd [IlK n""r< of
    'he 0","'"",," l<v;"P,oven,.1, br'S"'. pp. I S.-O_
    ' " "'"" . &" ., • . S6J. (;''' , ,» .
    ... Th, 1"'' ''omplKd only m P"" ,~J.,._ !M, {;''' . 1)0. K,n~ Am " I( ",,,, r6 Jit ""
    " ken from 'h< N,,"hmm " Lou""n '0 1I""i. "n ,,,,,,monium' , bo , th< P"<""
    ",,,nong of ,hi. ~"''''re ;, 00< ,k,,: lin" . /'v14.. c",,/. R";" ., •. 39 1, Ku,,,,,, " (>-1 ;
    <f- l.IQhm<, _ Muhlb.d"" "W"., no . ,06J '.

    J77
    FMnkish victory ul~bMrions

    mccc",or, at thc late't, the link between ruler and offlci~1 w aS


    regularly reinforced by the speci,l persom.! tic of va". b gc.
    And. for Ch"rlem"gne "nd hi. mcce"ors, v."alagc w.s first and
    foremost a milit.ry institution.'" [n this conteXt, the rop[
    annalist's distorted presentation of king Alfonso', dispatch of
    booty deserve,. second look. Hi, depiction of the event take. on.
    new significance if it is viewed in the light of Einhud',
    unw.rranted a,...,reion that the Asturi. n king insisted on being
    portrayed as Charlemagne', p,oprius. or, as the term has been
    translated by a specialist. as hi, vass;t!.2'·
    Thc glorification of the king's victory manifested by this kind
    of triumph.l .udience h.s .[so left traces in written communica-
    tions between ruler and ruled. Because so m.ny lctters . dd,cs...,d
    to C . rolingi.n king' h"ve mrvivcd, m .naly.i, of the spread of
    victor y conceptions in epistolary etiquette allows an interesting
    tcst of th e puter", perceived in other kinds of evidence. [t is to a
    h.ppy initiative of Charlemagne th.t We owe a thorough record
    of p"p"llcttcn to Charles Mutcl, Pippin and Charles himself. In
    791, the king commanded th at the decaying lette rs from the popes
    and 'from the empire' (d~ irnprrio, i.c. Byzantium) be tran scribed
    on parchment.2P The ch ronology of victory concepts developed
    by papalscribcs in correspondence with the Fr;m kish kings differs
    according to their position io the documenu' structure. Through-
    OUt the eighth century, the papal chancellery remained sensitive to
    the victory ideology's imperial o vertones and avoided triumphal
    epithets when addressing communications to the Frankish king .
    This is because the precise form of address w.s a delicate issue, the
    subject of handbooks of epistol'HY etiquette lik e the pap.l Li~,
    diurnu f, or the memorandum On foreign powers' style of address
    and the values of correspond ing gold bulls produced by tb e
    Byzantine bureaucracy of the tenth century.~" For fe~r of hi.

    ". G.nohof. 'L,nn,w"",n·.


    " . E.inlu,d. V. K.,.. ,6. Hokk"~IIK« .nd W.;,. '9.) - 6. Cf. LOw •• ·G,en"n ·.
    pp. IlO-[. T .. n.... k>o of rm>,"." J.F. Ni<fm,y«. M,I;'" I.,i";,.,i, It.~"" ..i."
    (Loy<kn. ,~6) . p. !~ ••.• .
    • ,' So< ,I>< p'''-''' [0 III< coll«tion . C ... C .. ,I .• Gundl.ocn. <16. ' - >0; 11>< Itlt<r! frum
    [he <mpil<'l< of ron,,, I"".
    ' " L. S,nlif.Ik •• Li .. , Di ...... ". S,.~i.. • M f.",'."l'". <J. H. Lim",.,,,,.nn. Pi"",
    und p.p,,,"m. 10 (StU",;>". '976), for ,t>< Byunnne memorondum. 0. m . • ' ...!.
    R,;.h . OIlO.J-69"',
    OWn wv~.cign·s rc~etion . the eXHch of It"ly onCe rcfu scd to uSC
    .ny ~dd rcs, at ~ II wh"n he wrotc to Chulc magne. zL '
    For the first CHolingian king '. th,' pop<.';S did nOt uSC the stylc
    I~id OUt by the Lib" Ji"",,,s for ktte .. to kings. Rather .• ddre.s
    . nd subscription wcr~ derived from t h~ model for a p. trieia n. in
    keeping with Stephen li' Honcession of this title to I'ippin and his
    sons.no Thc only R onun document to infringe on the principl e
    confLTms the role . for it wa S not offlcia!ly issucd by the p"p.1
    chancellery. In 757. the 'Entire Se Lutc and W hole Entirety of
    Peo pl e of th,' C"d- Presc rvl'(] City of Rome ' addrnsed Ch.r!c-
    rn.gt,..'s fadlc' . s 'Thl' Mo.t Excellent and Most Diui ngui -
    shed lord and iJi"incl y "ppointl'd Grea t Victor. Pip pin. King
    of the Fran ks ""d Patricia" of the Ro"u",·.ll, They concluded
    with ~ wcU...Jcvclop..-d "ielOr y wish. th~t Cod miglll send Iii ,
    .ngel to v.nquish th e kin~'s enemie,. extend his bounda ries an d
    gr.nt hi", victory .. , l
    Clurlenugne', impt'ri.l coron. tion f~r11ovcd Rom.n rcluc-
    un ec. The change in (hc ruler " sUlUs entailed the resurrection of ~
    vLctory ti ml.t"'c dni vcd from th"t 'poffed by th e empt'rors o f
    1~IC antiquity and wh ,ch emphasized the ancient 'victur .nd
    triumph. tor' couplet. Pap. 1 miss;v,·s werc now addressed 'To the
    MOSI Pious and MOlt St'renc lord. Vi cto r ~nd Triumph ~tor, Son.
    l o ver of God . nd Our lord J'';Sus Chr;st. Charles" ugUStus·. like
    the concluding sub" .iption which c< hoc) the biblical and btc
    Itom~n {a/calio im.gcry. th is add r{:>, dnivcs dircctly f,o m th e
    Liber dill"" " , tyle of imperi.1 .dd"ss.'H (Jut then- i. Illor~.

    '" L,,, II I. Er 1 '" C h"km'g"" (Jl. ';'~. II N""<mt><, " I I. , d K. H.ml'<" .


    ... u"",J,,,,,.,.
    .\I~ I/.EI" "" j {"'I'll . ""'.1-1 .
    7S j. ,t.. .Jd"", " • moo,f.. d
    F""",,, . , ! ' .' j _6 t'o~.t .JJ,... ,I: f,~ m
    10' m of ,,,," Off' 100 p' ''..-"n,. ,~,... ,I, ., J - ,": d. 'h, >don ,..-. I '" b,c,; p';"'" ;/,;,/ ..
    ,11.<7- ,1 . On ,I..- '''k l. H. lpi><1,. C~ ..k-r<" I·, .. p", '",,1,".("" . ,"d ,do
    (P''''. ' <)<18). p. J7
    '" C..J. (; ... 1.. ' I . G""JI"h. _ . j-I . 'I)" mll'~ , xedl .. " ,,,,,,,,, "q'''' pIf«lk,-,.
    "",mo <I • Oro on"""'o n"~,,,, ."""" P'PP"'O) . ,, ~, r,,",<lOY'" <> r"''''o
    R"m."","m. "m"~ "',,,'U'"qu>< """',,,, popul, V..." III..·.
    '" I~"' .. 1'0., 1- 1'·
    'Oom,"o p,,,,,mo <, " .." ,,,,m o OK'O," "q= ,,",,mph,,,,," f,1;., • .,,,,,,; d<> "
    '" (\om ,"; """" t"" Ch,,,,,, )(,,010 Aup"''- . <.~. Jl . '$19 {A. D . 800,1). ,J. K.
    110mI'<". MCIl .Ep"' .. J {" ....I.M.Jj -). rf. Lobr, ',omo •. ","""". . . ..,-•.• nd
    t"><-i •. · V",,«;h,,·. pp . , J .

    379
    The reserve of pre-Soo addresses eomrast s with the tc~ts. I\s
    early as 7S7-8, the pope r~ferred to Pippin as 'victor king'.:1l4In
    760, the Fran k was haikd as the 'mmt victorioos and excellent
    king' for the first time. and a similar qu alification was applied to
    his sons. 215 [t may have been in connection with a campaign in
    Saxony th.1t 'triumphatorissimus' begins to appear in 779 - 80. 226
    Some eight yc ars later, a new clement waS introdon'd, pcrhap. in
    response to Fran kish success against the Byzantines or the I\van.
    The king" victory was crystaHilcd into. new formo[. of m:ljcsty,
    and victory became .. regular royal attribute along the lines of
    'your excellency' or 'your serenity': Charlemagne w •• referred to
    15 'yoor royal victory, iIIustriuus in triumphs'.227 In other words.
    papa l reserve when .dd"ssing letters to the Caroling ians reflected
    the de iure situation. while the !alOe leite rs' text mirrored the tI.
    jar/a :lIlianee.
    I\nother area of Italy with connections to nearby Ilyz.nt ine
    oUlpom provided the first preserved cpiotolary . dd"" which
    .. dopted the victory ideo logy. It is only more significant for the
    intimate relations of its author with the Frankish court. A letter
    from P. ulinu. after hi, .ppointment :IS patriarch of Aquilti.
    greeted his friend Ch'lflem agne as the 'Catholic and ever Glorious
    Triumphator in Christ", in w hat may be an aHusion 10 the very
    Avar c.mpaign of 79t wh ich f'r\! witncssc:d battle lupplica-
    tions nt The S"me bnd wai at work in thc Council of Friuli's
    actl. where Ch",b ~nd hi s son received the old imperial cpithct

    '" JL. 'H\. COO. Cor.i .• I I. Gundl><O. \00·)\-6, \0\." 10\.7: \07 ·'<: JL. ' JJ6
    (Ap,i/- M.y 7\7). i)i'.• ". JoS.\;JL. 'JJ3 (AD. 7\3). ihi• .• ' 7. J" .19.
    m 'Yi<t",iotj"'nl< <>;m;"qu< «,., JL. ') " (Ap.;] 7«>1. C"'. C ... I.• If. Gundl><h.
    jI9·)'; JL. » jJ 176)1 . ,.i•.•• ~. Jlo.)e: JL. 'JS<> 176<1-7")' i.il .• ". JJ9·1.
    " . JL. ,.,3 (77'J-80). C"'. C.,.I .• 0• • Gundl.-h. S91"I;]l. '4H (M. y- s..p«mb<,
    71 I]. ,014•• 7<>. 600. ' . : JL ...'" (73.). iM' .• 11. 6oJ . ' , .nd 'J: JL. 10J3 (Ap,;1 73, '"
    Ap,;I.,I)). ilid.• 7). 00.,'9. «c. On 'ho "mp.ign, .. , S. Ab<]",rl B. ~;m>on.
    )'~"" d." oI<'1' ' ' ' i'''''' Rrlt"', "",,, K.. I 01< .. C;"'''".' (<<p,;nt. &'\'''. '*>1.
    6jjll" .nd 6)011".
    ", .y""" "S,Ii, in ",u"'ph" p, .. «I" .;0",,;,'. JL. ,."7
    (7i1 - 9). C"'. C .. ,I .• ! J.
    Gundlo<o. 6,ul; JL, '480. iMI.. 16. 611 .'J' ... mo f".mul. ;n , d,fforrn, omo<: JL.
    247). a.; ~ .. 80 . 6.6" ' - 'J .
    m 'C>1h"lico o<mp<.qu< in Ch,i .. " ",ely'" uiumf""",·. lip. , 'J.
    M . E. IJUmml<..
    MGN.Iip"" .. , .\I7-4-J. cr. Ab<I-Sim",n.).~ ,bok~". '.>off. On P.uiinu, ,od Ib<
    «>un. f. (\,"0001.1. c.,,/r,,/rl<'" I.,,,.!,,,,,,. Li,,,,,",,,, Mi,,,I.I,,,,. , (Munko.
    '97J). 'Jo-I.
    flrnilin from th,' Latin-'peaking prov;nces l t,d early barh.ri.n
    l;iugs of Italy: 'th,' mull un vanquished prillc<,,',U9 l'au\iuul
    for ged another vori , tiou wheu he wrote to Clurlc. in the yn r of
    the imperi, l eorm»lion,"u A few years ,ftn that, the archbi,hop
    uf M il, n aho ,pplied th .. ;lIviaiHim,,, for",ub. H •
    The ;ntim,t. . co nncction bctw""n victory and the irnpni.[
    office Ca nnot oc (orgollen, particu[.,[y <UK .... th" fltst pennranon
    o( victory ,ddres,e! nnnh of th,' Alp! ,btcs from the months
    immcdi~tdy prec<'di"g the imperial coronation 'illd i, due to ,
    dose friend o( I'mlinus, Ahout " ye., ocf",,' the crowning, when
    ITlulllph.[ audiences were becoming" regu[or occurrence at the
    court, A leuin reflected [he gener.l. m bienc . . and h.ik-d the king ,$
    'greatest victor: 1 fe w month s be'foT<' the imperial dignity,
    Chnlc! had occome' 'the' Illn, t " utstanding triumph.tor .nd
    'gre.test and lIl oSt unv.n<jui.he·d triumph.tor .nd Illost c1emellt
    rector or kingdom s'''''' The impact o( pJpa[ u .. ge GlnllO! be
    overlooked either, It is difficult to ilmginc that p.pal pre'tige did
    not co ntribute to the 'ppcn,nce ofth.. 'victor . nd triumph'IO"
    couplet in " letter of Lcidrad , archhi,hop of Lyom to Chark-
    tmgnc: the influence il Unm is t.ka blc in Agobard' s fo,m"lat iun of
    ~,6.·lJ

    Victnry "d drcsse~ occur mOlt ufecn in the imp.... i.! yc." of
    Chulcm"glle ~nd th,' rcign o f Lo ul! Ihe I'ious. The incre3"ng
    visib ility of victory add""",! c"me 10 influc'Kc ehe imperi,1
    ti\,,[,tu re itself. "'S
    Sch lc,ing"r hl' point..,! out, Ch",Icm.gn<"~
    chancellery u,,·J both the ;",';a;";,.,II. titl~ and th,' 'vicwr , nd
    {fiutnph~tor' couplet in th" '''''tII/mi" of > "'OSI i"'ponam
    documcnt, thc 806 Di •• i.'~ ",~"" which .ktnmined the di,tri-
    bution of terrilories afler Ch arlemagne', decease ,.u [11 8 t 6. Louil

    '" 'tnv"''''';m, 1'«""1><>. c...-w .. .. ~'." , .I"",,, ,J , A. W<tm,ngholf, ,lfGII.C_ , ,


    ('9061 · '79·'·
    I:p. 17 , Dumm'... ! 'l . ' - J ,
    I." Ed A. """"",. MGN.Cor". ""7 .'!-6.
    Ep. '6, (C>. N<J1. Pmnmk-, . "'J .6, ',,,,,,,,;, m..;m" E" I'll (u, • Ap,,' 800I ,
    '" Dilm m k •. ]>1 · '9 - IQ: ·p' ...... "",,;"w
    ,,,umph"m,, 1:, ><), (Il001. JJJ! 7:
    'm",,,,,, " qu' ""><"'''",0 ""'n'p~"'"'' "q .... <I.m,""",",,, «~"O,"'" '«10'"
    " , 1:1"".1or ...,....... ,~ , ,.I F. , tfu",,,,k-•. ,\fGII.r,," ~ ... ! fO.JQ- " "'S"b"J. Er, "
    [}u ,,,,,, k,, ')J, )- 7, 'Ch " ~ '''K ''"m «1'~K~,,"mo, hro"oo,u", "'",~n"'''n''.

    ...,.", .. ..
    m..,..",,,,,",,, '''n~" , lIm''n''. 0",,,, . ....... i "iroq'''' "~''''' .. ""...,,'"'''''' ",,,,,..,
    ,

    '" /)",,,,, "J"'. , J .... . K<,,,,,,,,. MCII Cor" " , "". • rr "ml><""" C ...." K.m'",
    ;8 ,
    F,ankish vic/o,y celeb,alio"s

    the Pious waS using a victory title in his correspondence, ca lling


    himself 'The mosr glorious Louis, Vicror by cebri.l gift, ever
    Augusms', perhaps in reference to successes against the Slavs and
    Bisques that spring, The passing f"hiun was rdlectcd by the
    council convened at Aach~-n that yeu, for it adopted the Same title
    for th e emperor. 1H Other church councils followed suit. [n 825
    Louis w.s 'most victorious'; in 829 and 836 he was mOre than OnCe
    hailed as iHVicrissimu s. 216 Victory titles kept p<lce in corre-
    spondcn(e 'CO! to the emperor. 2 " BU! the next big step came
    from Lothar's chancellery .nd refers to Louis ,he Pious. From
    December 82l to April 833 . during Lothn" c<>-cmpire with his
    father . the ruler of[ taly's iets began' In the name of Out Lord Jesus
    Christ Etcrn.l God. Lothar Augustus, son of the Mon Unvan-
    qui shed lAIrd Em petor Louis' .2 . . Lothar's revolt against his f,lIher
    put a provisional end to chancellery Il'C of the title.2J9 In the
    disorders which followed lAIuis' death, victo ry addresses became
    scarcer, withollt disappearing . ltogethcr. 240

    "X f"I><OTUm invi<liul",U! « Rom,"; ",<10< ;m»<tIi piu, f<lix 0;<10"< ><
    ,,,umph,,or 1<mp« 'UiU""'" Cf, W. Schlni"ge-., 'K,; .."u", und K<i<hlt<ilung .
    Zu, V,',i,;, "3."'"'" 000 10<\', Z... K.;",,"", K... b k, G,"""" pp. 1 US-·7). h<n:
    "J - 7, wh<r< h< .100 "Sue> 1\" lh< ,id,, ', deriv"joo f'Om ,h"
    Oon";on of
    Coo","nUn<.
    ". 'GIOT"";";mm Hluoowi<u, '"J'<"''' mun",,, victor I<mp« 'UII"""" .d, A.
    W",n, ingholl", MGH.C"",,, qJ I ,I~ - lj, d . IlQhm",- MLihlb.<h". R,l'u,. no,
    61 , . ; cr. Co",;I!,m 11",;,1'''''''"'' ' ' Ilf, .d. W<rminghQIf, MCH,C....-" I,) 1' .16-1 7
    nod ) 1].> I: 'vi<lorioo.i,,;m" p,in dp< '.
    ". Ukll., ,)""'IoU, P.. ;I;<''';'. "I. A. Wormingl>olf, ;.14., ,11 .1-" £,i'''r<'''''' ..
    HI.d...I",," ;.. ".,.,.,... "loti•. ..t. A. Bor'tiu, .nd V . KUD><. MCH.Cop;'"
    •. n-><-J: C"",W,," P,';,,,.,, • . 6'9, «I, A, W"'m;ngl>olf. MCH,Cooc"
    ' .<Y>7. " - IJ: "'."'fI""' ,.,..,..1<. ;~I .• 63).)4-j: C.-i/;.," .-1",1,1''''''"'' ' ' 8~.
    ~il" 7<'J.'- )'
    '" Agob"d, I::p. 7 ("6-'1). Dum",k,. 11>. ,,- IJ: V.n<,; .... of G.. do. f'p ;U,I...
    '",W'""" 1<>-' ',.d. E. DUmm"'_ MGH,Epiu .• j .ll J .J<>-> . nd )1 .' ' '- j ; Ck'gy of
    M.in,. £" .or, ,~. I~;,j .• )'<-1<>-1 .
    '" 'tn nomine dom;n; n""ri t<!U Q,i,,; dei ",I<rn;, Hloth"iu, 'US"""' ;nvi,,;,,;m;
    do",ni i"'p<l>1or;, Hludouu06 Eli",'. T. S<hitlfor , MGII.V,pl....'. K... ,Ii",,"m. J
    (19611. no<, 1- 1" d, G, T""i<" V'pl_";,,,. ",.U:!,,,,.,, (p,"'.
    196'1. p, 17. and
    M. H.in, 'Dic K,n,1o:i K.i .. , I.od",n I:, f',',"" A"~; •. )9 (191~J, . 31 - )'J. hrr<
    .3>If,
    '" Cf how,.«_ loth,,', n:fr",n« to Clurkm.gn<, ' K, mln ;ovi,,;";mo· "9 Aug""
    I ••• S<iH:ilf"... ISo,).,
    ". E, S' Hriri< of Au"'no to Ch,,1n th" B.ld, «I . L T,,"b<, MCH.P<><t., ) (I~J.
    ~' !,r- • .
    From aboot th e middle of the cemury, 1'31'31 US3g~ beg an to
    influence royal epithe ts ane w, Thn" i, not much evidence on
    pap~l form, of address for roicr" since most uf the donmll'nts arc-
    known on ly from register copie, or extract,' . But in the text< o f
    , och letters, the 'most unvanqoi,hcd' [heme beg in, to dom in ate
    imperi al victory epithets in papa l co rre'po"dence from Leo IV',
    (847 - 55) reign. 24 1 At preci",ly th e , am e time, i"vimu and it.
    derivative. emerged .. regolar epithets of tl];ljCSlY in the official
    papal biographies compo",d und~r La. and his ~urressurs.2H The
    papal O"g" did not e.c.pe the bi.hop. of Fr."cia: within. quartcr-
    century, the vi ctory title w .. adopted a, an epithet of Ch >rlc, the
    B~ld in the dating funnul. uf the , yn ud uf Punthion, th,' very
    occa.ion on which C h. rles made ceremon ial "lave, by his
    BYlantine beh ~v ior. UJ
    The eastern Fran ki,h coun kept its eye O il Ch,,\c, cond uct in
    876.'" [n the wake of papal US<lgc ~nd Ponthion, ;,wicr,Sjjmu,
    beg. n to crop up in the "gn.,m and d.aing formola. of privilege.
    i"ued by the ch.neellcty oHing C.rlom"n (876-9) between 877
    and ~79.2 " [t uccun onc~ in the twemy- four extant dipl om ~' of
    Loui, the Y oong~r.2 ' . By the end ofth~ (entory, th~ ~pithct waS
    becoming entrenched in the ,ig'llml of Arnulf the Bamrd',
    charten and even ,howed up in hi , d .. ting formob.•. 241 Out of this
    ~~St Franki,h chancellery mage would ~me r ge the Onon ian
    formula signum ... j"vi<li}5'm'."·
    The 'prc:ld of victory conce ptiom ju cpistobry etiquelte os"in
    illustrate, the creat ive ro le of Italy ,lId the pap:ley in the
    '" )L. ,6,6 (F,b,,,"y- M,,,h ' H I. "d . A. m " j !inch_G""," ,h . MGH.lip'''" J (, 1991.
    JI!. 1! ,)L. J""" (3,.- JI. ,d . f __ C"p" . .\fr.ll.l_p",_ , 1 (. ,pO)_ 1"'· J J ;JL. JOO}') (M . y
    371). ,.d_> JU.-J,JL. JI.6 (M ,y S., SI . i~' .. 19. 1- J . <Ie.
    ," u !_ ",,"' .. D ...,I>«".. ' .17_'.-J : '."J' 'J"'!. "r<.
    , ,, Ed. A. lIo",;u, ,nd V . Knu,"" AlGll.e""i' .• ' ·B '-1 ·
    ". A" ~ . f ·u lJ.. .. 876, Ku" o. 36 .
    " •• oNu, omb." 371lO !July 179.od. P_ "'- <hr, MGH. !Jipl.ili, . K", .. I ('~HI .• ~i .)1
    ,,'" J'"-l) .
    , •• " N",omb", 1,9. i~iJ.. JJ'-'1 .
    ", FrO"" Ap ,; l"~ to tJ IX«mb." I~I , P_ Kd" . MGIl. Dipt. ,';,. K .. " J ('9, 0) .
    )0." ,od ' l3_a, "'''' fo,mul" n No,,"ml><, 137 tu 9 Octo"", 391. i~' '_'9 . "d .
    ')1."_
    ,. , s.o. <.g. C,"". d I. IJ"l y91S (d", form" i.), od. T . Si<kd. MGII. Dipl"" , ,, "R"m"
    ;.."""',,"'" G" .."" iot. 1 (1S79-!.). j>.J7, Hon, >' I. 1 J"'u"y ~p, ;hiJ .. 66,'0'
    9 M .y 9Jj. i!i'.. nJ ' 0 " 0 I, t l s.pt<"' b." 9J6 {d,,<). i.id.. 9". ) " • Noo<mh<"<
    9J6, ;oil.. 9J-" , "U .
    devclopmmt of ruler symbolism north of the Alps. In the eighth
    and ninth centuries. papal custom influenced thc epistolary unge
    of ruler and ruled in Francia. The changing nature uf p"p,,1
    addr,,,n und,ncores once ag.in how, for the p.p.e·y, Chnle-
    magne's imperi"l coronHion mnked " deci~ive rurning point.
    Fin"lly, it . ppened that chancclkry adoption of victory titles
    tmded to follow trends at work outside the cou rt. r.ther tlnn vice
    vcrs •.

    CONC lUS ION

    The e.rl iest victory celehr:aion of a Merovingian king was. I,,,on


    in romanization, the I.st provided insight into the aristocracy's
    growing power. Duth refleaed the appropriation and .dapt.tion
    of traditional forms of celebration inherited from the I."r Rom.n
    empire. ~ome of the difference! between Carolingi"n and Mao-
    vingi.n victory celebratiOn< . re due to tbe differences in the
    hi,torical :md s.ocial circumstance! of the two dyn:lSties, as well as
    the distancc <;:overed by • developing society .nd rulership over
    three centuries. [n the sixth cmtllrY, the application of the victory
    ideolog y to the Fr:mki,h kings was in one w.y . n attempt "t
    domestication,.n effort to tr:mslat,· into old terms the realities of
    new political power. These term. had the . dv:IIl!.ge of being
    familin to the Gallo-Romans and, we may think, impressive to
    the Franks. When the Carolingian. redi.covered these term, and
    u ..ge" the ethnk dilemma was long ,ince past. The new king' had
    to rl·furbish the prestige of a monarchy which had lost it. luster.
    bohtl'r their stand ing among the " ri,tonats over whom they
    presided, strengthen their :ltlthority over newly conquered ter-
    ritories. fmter the rl'vi val of ancient litnary. liturgical, .nd ",tistic
    forms. They had to cxcrci$c their power through new soci.1 .nd
    milit.ry in., titution., him. of which may be detected in royal
    victory cmtoms. And, above .11, they turned to the church.
    Perh.p. the mmt 'ignitic:mt finding is tbt the neW involve-
    ment of the ruler and hi, entourage in obtaining and celebrating
    royal victory pe.ked in the decade pTccc'ding the imperial
    coronatiO!1 . On thi, point the liturgical manuscripts, ritu.1
    innovation for the army, triumph~l audienCe< and letters .d-
    drosed to the king agn·e . This suggests th.t the royal emourag~'$
    J"
    Conclusion

    conception of the king '\ victoriom quality helped pave the way
    for the f~teful events of Christma, Day ~oo. It testifies to a lively
    interest in royal Staatssy",bolile in the years leading up to them.
    Triumphal returns to the palace elicited SCOInt atlention from
    cuntempurny writer> , But, in an interesting parallel to the first
    imp<'tial coronation, triumphal emries were staged by Fra nkish
    kings in their Mediterranean tnritories. Noncthdc.., the liturgy
    nnw served a, the prim>ry vehicle for ubtaining and manifesting
    the king's victory, compkting a development begun under th e
    Roman empire four cent uries earlier. Triumphal audiences
    a\serted the king'\ role in distant victories .. nt! the present ation of
    the sy mbols of victory re .. fflttlled his personal tics to his
    commandn •. In the course of the ninth century, Carolingian
    chancelleries experimented with victory tirles , reflecting in Ihi, the
    epistolary etiquette of the king's correspondents.
    By and large. the Carolingians :I voided aping the customs of the
    court ofConstantinopk, although the)' were doubtless aware of
    them and even influenced by them. R:aher, they created out of
    indigenous ceremonial, tr:lditiuns and ancient Iilerary forms; they
    eclectically appropriated some imperial custums and transformed
    them . The whole was powerfully cemented by the haughty self-
    awuenessand ethnicity of victory echoed so loudly in:l document
    li k<:, the prolugue of the Ln Snlica,14Q
    The most 'triking "'pect of Carolingi,n court rito.1 is its
    liturgical contt'nt and chaucter, which fa r out,trip even the
    medieval court of Constantinople _ The next is the way Carolin-
    gian ritu .. 1 is fitted into, specifically Ftankish institutional and
    social context. Another impurtant point COncernS what borrow-
    ing did take place. Nor a little ofth .. t c.. n be traced to It .. ly , p~rts of
    which would remain a provincial outpost of Byz,ntium for some
    time to Come. Mu ch of the borrowing involved Rome. the
    prestige ()f the pope and the prince of the apostlcs. But Frankish
    fa,ein:ltion with Petcr doc, not diminish the fact thOlt, down to the
    rcign of Hadrian I. Rome waS in spirit :lnd in faci a provincial
    town of the c",tem c mpirc_~'" In one sense, Romc's creative role

    ,. , Lu S,(i", , .... Til.!· TtXI , I'roloX .... , . nd <, ,d.


    &koudt, 1( .... . Cn.,,,,,,,.mhu.
    n,F, (Wdmu. 19j)). 3>.,-3<_6 .nd U .' - 90 ." 00 wOKh s« K.IlIO'O ... ;"', 'Lmuk,
    '",M', pp, )3-9,
    " . P.E. s<h"mm. 'l>" A",,,k<nnu"g 1(.,,,
    ok. C,"""" .1> ",.j"", Ei. I(' p;"l .... ok.
    F.anltillr viclory ct/tbralions

    in fonning Carolingian court culture ought to be vi~w~d a. a


    particularly distinguished ~xampl~ of the wider phenomenon, the
    fascinacion the Byzantine provinces exerci~d on their hrbarian
    n~ighbon,
    The liturgy of war and imperial diplo matic poim the way to a
    problem which lies out.ide OUT scope, the Ottonia" reception o f
    the Carolingian contribution to the afterlife of the Roman
    empire's eternal victory, A final avatar in th ~ anci~nt ideology',
    transformation which emerges in the $Ccond half of the ninth
    cemury will serve a. an excellent concluding point to this enquiry,
    for it announces an even mOTe importam development, New
    weial and political trend. triggered by a disinteg rating Carolin-
    gian empire were de1lined to demonstrate once again the infinite
    Aexibility of th~ ancient tndition of triumphal rulenhip, In this
    regard the Sacramentary of Aries (Paris, B,N , lat. alll) which wa,
    probably copied at Lyons early in the ninth century is mon tdling.
    A Caro lingian hand o f the late ninth or early tenth century added
    a 'Missa pro persecution~ paganorum' on a fly leaf. The prayen of
    thi s supplementary Mass are identical to th ose found in the
    Sacramentary of Angouleme's 'Mass for the King on the Day of
    Batde', with a slight but significant exception. In Ihe service for
    victory over the pagans as it was heard in th e cuh~d ral of latC
    Carolingian Aries, the officiant nO longer prayed for the king'.
    success. l"'lead he lobllituted the vaguer word. ' thy se rvants' .a..
    In the cont~)ft in which it waS performed, the prayer for 'thy
    s.o:rvants' can only r~fer to the real rulen of Aries, the powerful
    hishop and the coun t or his representative •.·" Some tWO ceuturies
    earlkr, Ih~ s.o:rviccs imended to secure the Byzantine emperor',

    G<><hKh" d<-t mi,,,bl,,,lki'><n S''''''rmboli~'. Hi...n"r.. z.,"".,(II. '" ('91 ' )'
    U9-J 'J: 0«., 'V""m:h,,', p...,m • • nd P. Clo""" • •R _ _ . ," ,........... , i......,-;. ..••
    z.," Koj"' .... /Co." 4<, G .." .... pp. 0-'9.
    ,It (CLLA, 7..). r. , •...." 'S-nl pi«"" "in"..
    Dcu •. .. I"'W.,,,, h«<Inlo' (,r. S.. ,.
    A . "",_, no. ')"7): 'Omni"""",' .. mpitt:m< d<u, ...... ' .. . .. ad proprio .. mat<'
    (i~~ .. no. 'jo' ): 'Quo> «I<>ti, domi .... dono ,,<U,,; . . . • ,,,uloti 101000' (,r. i~.,
    "". 'J '0). For .he <oid<nc< of d•• 1X"m<n'''Y', "'" " Arb. C.,.1ofot< tIM,1 4<r
    _ .""', Uri,.. 101< 10 l.Iibliotl>tq... N"k>n.1<1. 1 (P,"" (911). lOS·
    m On ,r.. ,,,,,,nl', .".hon'r 'nd ill mnofo, m"k>n." Min in th. ninth .nd '<nth
    <at .. ""', ... J.R. I'<>lr , Lot p,.....,."I. _ihl PH_1< (I7r" H). C..~_.
    rl'" I" _"'" Ii", 1'0141<, '-' 1< M;ii (l'''''' '976), pp . ..,K: d. ilo~ .. p . 6, on
    .r.. ",iii".,. o«i."y of ..chbilbop Roll,"".
    victory had been ado pred and adapted to inSllTC the military
    SUCCeSS o f thc Franki,h king'. Now. n ropl authority mc1{~d
    away in Ihc upheavals of the nimh C"'tury. the '0(";1' amhorities of
    a moribun d Carol ingian empire quietl y fashioned to their own U'""
    Ihe Man fo r ropl viClory and ,",sumed the lilurgicaltrapping. of
    royal power. The poetry of CCT.:mony mi rro n Ihe ucnmentuy's
    1~limon y on rhe devnhuion of Ihe viClory ideology. Scduliu$
    SCOUUI. (or enmpk. IUmed hi. talent! (0 a theone whO<C'
    application would have been unthin kable in the world which
    produced th e vocabula ry and gmrc hl' manipu la ted: the victory of
    his bish op. Halitgar of Lit!;e who. rcsplcmlcm wid, the sword of
    ,alvation, crushed th e reb.,] Viking and d'"llpcned th e f,eld with
    ca mage. lll To Ih e po werful COunt of Fri,,1i and 'victor inntm is'.
    Seduliu, did 110 t hesi tate to apply th e :selfsa me "pithe! he u ~d for
    the sovereign: dC)ltf "j"'"ph~Ii•. 2" The liturgy, poe try and
    cere monial o( victory were now applied to the new territorial
    potcnutcsdeslined 10 suppla nt Carolingiall supremacy and ..,1 (he
    (one (or med ieval ci viliulion .

    •" c...... '. I. T,,"b<. '76.1,-,61<1<1 177-,, - ,1; d . I>Il<hll"" StJoIio, s...,.,.
    pp. 11_ ' . ",;,h ,he ",u<>t;"" ,lui ,h;, pK<. w", . . . ' " "'", ...
    , .. C......" " ,~. T""b<. lO,.j-f; ct. >O).fJ- I ; e,,'" .... Iry. T"" ",,, '>0- 1, "",.
    ""1-'. cr. IJil<:h""8. -Stiwl,", S"".'. pp . "'-4.
    Epilogue

    Though symboli.m of state had clustered around the ruler',


    victory .ince the establishmcnt of the Roman empire, the fourth
    century brought change and fresh vigor. For half a millennium
    thereafter, ,hi. symbolism contributed much to the conceptions
    and public manifestations of rulenhip among the empire's heirs
    in Ea.t and W est. Bm because this enquiry moves within such
    broad geognphic and ch ro nological limits, its findings On
    rulership. government and ,ocicty ineyitably pmse" a proyisional
    character.
    Three main condusion. docrye mention right away. First.
    sei zing the legacy of three hundred years of imperial victory
    ideo logy. the rulen of the Constaminian empire presided oyc r a
    renaissance of triumphs and triumphal rulership. Its aftereffects
    reached far into the Middle Agel, both eanem and western. Not
    infrequently, the intensity of the cdcbution was inyn...,ly related
    to the significance of the victory. Thrcats from within and with-
    out provokcd defiant usertions of imperial inyincibility-
    sometimes forceful enough to ,kcw contemporaries' perceptions
    of the siwation's Bra vity. Official bluster and entrenched attitudes
    cushioned the realiution that. in the West, the days of the R om an
    empire were numbered.
    In part. the lCcond concl usion is methodological. Despite a large
    measure of continuity from th e fourth to the eleventh Century, the
    shape of imperial victory celebration. changed ince'lS2ntly: there
    was no such thing as a 'typical' Byuntine triumph ceremony.
    Assemb led from a large repertory of symbo lic gC5lures, each
    performance responded to the specifiC need. of th e moment.
    Eyery descriplion of a triumph opellSa window on a ,",ene of greu
    ,88
    FpiloJiue

    freshness, ~nd itl surprising details are linked to its historical


    context, connete :md immcdi:lte, in btc Roman ~ nd llyuntine
    eiviliz:aion. Tracking various ch.nges ovcr the ceremony's long_
    term d"vclopment h.sshown how ceremonic. rcfkctlargcr trends
    ill • society" ,kveloplll<"llt.
    The third conclusion concerns the destiny of victory ideology
    in the western Sllccessor societies. Th;lllks no doubt to the bsting
    preqige .nd power of Constantinople, the collapse of imperial
    authority in the West h.d little effcct on this destiny. When
    Gnmanic ru lers celebr.ted victory, late Ilom e .nd ByuntiUIll
    profound ly sh.ped the public manifest.tion of their kingship. To
    cite only tw O examples, the Visigothic triumph ceremony and
    Chademagne"< epithets 'victor ac triulllphator' reve.1 how
    puwnflllly • specifically Roman tradition could .ppe.1 to the
    e.rly mediev.1 West.
    The history of victory cdebr.tio"" r.iscs qucstiOll' on cert.in
    broad <kvdopmcnts in bte antique .nd early mediev.1 civili7._
    .tion. From the end of the fourth century, for exam ple, the
    victor y ceremony tellded to ,hift fr om the strc~u into the circus.
    Thou gh future reICarch on the I.ter Roman circus m.y further
    clarify this change, it i. already evident that the new setting
    changed the emperor's role in the victory celebr.tion. By
    ~ppear ing in the imperi al loge md receiving rhe homage of the
    victuriou~ general .nd defeated enemie<, the suprem~ victor .nd
    triumph.tor rcm.illcd the ceremony', fueu. and fin.1 cause. His
    pusition in the imperill box neverthele~, removed him (rom the
    ,kf,lerneTlt o( bloodshed .nd the pO!~ntial responsibility for
    defeat. At a time when a professionallTmy of mercenaries fou nd
    less favor with. population burdened by he.vy t.xes .lld
    requi~itions. the triumph.11l emperor in hi, loge hpt • cert.in
    di",ncc from the tTO"pS. Moreover, this form of eclebulion
    offered the general:l mc.mre of celebrity, even if- a, the calC uf
    lldi",rius ,how, - it could alsu umkrline the gener.l's subordi-
    n.tiun tu the ultimnc triumph.tor. In any event, by combini ng
    a political spect:lde with a popular form of m;>s, entert .. inment. the
    .uthoritie~ of a declining empi re gu.nnteed • • iz;>ble :ludienee, if
    nut full credence, for their message.
    Although the more tradition al form of vi ctory celebr.tiOll
    probably persisted aklllg>ide this new form of extr:lV'S:lnU, it

    .1 89
    Epilog~r

    attracted Ie" auention. In the eighth century, ho we ve r, as the


    army again pan ded in the .ueen of Comtaminople, the pen-
    dulum began to twing in the opposite dirCClion. Ci rcus edebn-
    tions IliIl s.erved as a s.eu ing (or imperial lTiumphs inlO the
    elevemh century, bUI they were again p....alleled and $Ometimcs
    replaced by pandcs through the sn eelS. Both (orms o ( tri umph
    might include a celebration - for example, a banquet o r
    reception - imended for a more s.elect body o ( plrlid pan ts. And
    both forms indicate thlt the emperor' • .lubordinatn gained a new
    centrali ty in Ihe ceremonics: (rom the eighth cenlu ry 10 the
    eleventh, victorioul general.l (requeml y played the lead ing role. In
    medieval Comtantino pl e, thaI is, com manden commonly in (ring_
    ed on the imperial monopoly o( victory. A. these lubordinatn
    oflen succceded in dominning One of Byzantium's grelt political
    ce remonies, one should reconsider the usua l u sumption thn the
    Byumin, monuchy preserved the aboolulC chuaelCr ofthe later
    R oman Mate . W hen the emperor celebrated a u ium ph ove r a
    rebellious arislocrat. he increasin gl y rel ied more on Iymbolic
    punishmCTII than o n real penalties. apart (rom con fiscation. Ifthe
    midd le Byuntine monarch y's growing tolerance o fariSlocratic
    dillidencc ICCms to diKe. (rom Lne R oman practice, it docs
    n:s.e mble royallll itudcs in the med ieval W m. where a great lord
    o(ten trut ed with his rebellious magnatcs, fined them, and
    rellored them to his fav or.
    Here we confrontlnOlher methodulogical - or even epillem.,..
    logical - prohlem, Th e $Our"s' visio n of victory ce lebrations
    and, to some extent. the staged evenlS them se lvcs. gudually
    Ihifled their focul from the manes to an elite. In the fourth , fifth
    and sixth centu rics the emperon conveyed their mess.age o(
    victory pri marily to the urban audience of tt..: IIfCCtI and circus,
    whereas laler emperon like Thcoph ilus or Buil I began their
    celebration with Ihe empire'sclitc , nd concluded it with a banqlK:t
    for the bureaucracy. Ccruinly. late R o man emperon d id nOI
    spurn their scnuon, bureaucrats and bishops. BUI Ihei. em phas;'
    on the eireus suggCSl! thai, in tho5C ccnturies. the public display o f
    rulcnhip Wl$ geared 10 the cro wd. In .hon, bte R o man ruknh ip
    loah mall-oricnlCd. whereas thaI of the early Middle Ag". and
    nOI only in Byzantiu m, looh more 10 the elite, through whom
    the ruler hoped - indeed wu (orced - 10 go v(m.
    The imperi. 1 provillcel phyed two roles in thc de,tiny of
    triumphal ruletship: on~ within the nnpite. One beyond its
    borders_ In the empire's intern,,1 development. their .ignific"ncc
    "ppe"," to h:l ve ch:mgcd over th,- c~murie,. The provincial townS
    of late antiquity witnessed 10c.1 victory celebrations. T hese
    provinci.l festivals were intended to Ipread ueWI of imperi,,1
    lUCCCIS. displ"y loy"lty to " triumphant "mperor or honor "
    victorious rq;ional commander. But from till" dghth centllrr to
    the eleventh. when B.silll celebrated hil victory over the Bulg,,,
    in Athens a' well ,,_, Constantinop le. little is heard from the
    provinces. An obvious conclusion ,ugg'-Sts that the e<"onomic and
    soci.1 vit"iity of provincial life ,agged during the,e centurie •. But
    perhaps thi, is too ,impk. It i, ,carcely wincid~mal that. during
    this period. Byzantine generals enjoyed great triumphal hono," in
    the c.pil:ll. The provine,. a),o reinlure<- evid"ncc from the capital
    that the mOlt prev.lent :md potent form of imitar;o impr,;i
    occurred not out,ide the imperi.l froruier>_ hut wi,hin them. a.
    imperial olliee,", loo ked up the hienrchical ladd"r and tried to
    p"ttern their own ritual deportment after wh"t they ,"w "t th~ top.
    The twin pillars ofimpcri.1 power in the provinces. the Hmy
    and the church. rebyed the message ofimpedal victory. Htlt they
    allO served as forces for i",,,w.tion in imperial victory celebra-
    tions . Miliu ry c~remoni,,1 al'p",,·nt l)-, influenced the rite of
    prcsenting captiv c enemy leaders to the victorious emperor. It
    might be ''''pected " well behind the grim ritual, involving the
    heads of vanquished rebel,. for ,imilar display, can be traced back
    to Julius C"es;,,\ time. when they werc used for mut;neers.'
    Victory celebr;ltions also tap!"'d the Ch ristian thought world and
    its public e:<pression in the liturgy. The first clear cortiunction of
    Chri.tian celebration and illl!",rial victory appears late in the
    fourth ~e11l"ry. And .• Ithough a <ymbolic ge""re like rhe ,al·
    raliQ celli had" long hi,tory in "la~,i<""1 ,·ivilization. the sound of
    P",lm 9D reverberating around J u"inian JI. L"o,uius and Ap,imar
    shows Christi.. nity could reinforce an ancient tradition. But the
    actual int'-gration of lilllrgic.l practin-, into imperial victory
    p.rades - or at least. those which derived froll' the .ncient Rom .."
    triumph - i, fint ott(\led Dilly in Her. clius' reigll. Before that .

    .19 ,
    specifically C hristi >tl pra ctices tend~xI to r<:main dinin et from
    secula r observanc",. Even Justinian 's vi sit to Theodora's tomb in
    the Holy Apostles' during the triumph of 559 is a. much an
    o.tematio", act of personal devotion u a public synthesis of
    Christian worship and ancient ceremony. In other words,
    alth ough we Can trace the first .rcps in the christi.niution of
    imp<: ri.l victory ritu.ls back to thc (ourth century, the .hirt wn
    protracted through three centuries.
    When victorious Burgundian or Lombard trOOpS raised a
    toppled ruler's head on a lance, they paid homage to the victory
    customs o( the btc Roman army. When Visigothic Or Frankish
    biJhop. organized large-scale supplications for their kings· mili_
    tary success, they marched in the foomep. of the imperial church.
    lit othe r times, the channels arc le... distinct, but th e imp<:rial
    mooers influence remains unmiuakablc. Temporally, the contri-
    bution o( contemporary imperial victory conceptiOn< and prac-
    tices to the West's naSCent monarchies cluste red in the f,(th
    through the seventh centuries. Prccisdy in thi, cra the neW
    iOCieties clta blishcd monarchies and made thei r first efforts at st.te
    building. Bo th the empi re', power and its hold On the minds of
    thne: kin gs and their Roman subjects were greatest in thi. period.
    It was also, roughly speaking, the era during which Con<tan-
    tinopk could still realinically claim more than .imple leade .. hip as
    a regional power. All the Mediterran ean kingdoms , eVen tho§(!
    about which the least i. known, adopted and adapted imp<:rial
    victory customs and concepts. There Can be little doubt that the
    central role of victory in the imperial idea and the many forms it
    took helped fashion the image of ru lcrship in the new socict ie •.
    But this imitation of em pire raises in tu m further questions: its
    causes and it! nalUre.
    In the Albertini Tablets, the Pomptine Mar.h inscriptio ns and
    royal panegy rics, we sec Rom . n subjccts taking the initiative and
    applyin!! to their Germanic king. Ihe imperial tra ppings of
    victory. Mu ch like the development of the imperial cult under the
    principate, this 'imperialil.1tion' of the G~rmanic king' came, at
    least in p.rt. (rom below. Wilh this adoption ofimperi. l victory
    ideology, the R.om.n population itsdfintegraled its foreign kings
    into the prestigious traditions of the p.. t and voiced its newfound
    loyalti",. Theooeric'. medallion, Huniri". areng. or Clovis'
    '9'
    EpiloXUf

    parade at Tours show the oth~r s id~ of th~ ",in. The s.ame process
    moved in th., opp",ite diren ion, for by manipulating tr. clition.l
    forms and pres<:ming himscl f as onc of' them', the ruler created a
    favorable e1ill"'te for conscnsus b~twcen Gam:.nic ruler ;II1J
    Rom :1I1 rulnl.
    But the bulstning of roy"l pn'stige n'quired morc than sim pi y
    winning over the Roman population, for [he turhulcnt clTeers of
    .,. rly Gnm.nic rulers ,how the we.knns of king,hip :! mon g the
    newcomers to MediterrancJn civilizatiun . The Agilulf visor or
    ArginlUlld's pa.,de ofinf;uny at Toledo offer th ..' \:1I11e Ic",m: by
    explo iting the tr"pping. of imperi.l victory, the new ruins
    burnished their prestige and power in the eyes of their Germ.nic
    fullowers a, well as their Rom.n subject,. Hence thr p .."dox that
    imperial power enjuyn\ high esteem among those credited with
    it. destruction, Though the crise, of the late sixth and ,evemh
    centuries shook royal and imperial authority .like, the imperial
    ritu.1 model continuc'd to eekbr~ te the [kfeats of usurpers and
    regicides . When kgitim.cy w., in question, Byzantium provided
    r'.Slurante .
    Thi~ Wl> nowhere truer th.n in Visigothi" Sp.in. T hrre, ""
    :lmhiti om monnchy and a powerful .ri'lUnacy shared J deep, if
    implicit. appreciation for the civilization and political institutions
    of Constantin ople. At the ~~me time, the competit ion between
    mon. rchy ;lnd ari,tocracy fmterrd the roya l imit~tion of
    Byzantium.
    Only in in ("aT])' ph,,\(, did the kingd om of the Franks .dhen· to
    the pattern of the other r(~"~. The written muree. suggest th . t
    roy~ 1 . ppmpri. rion of imperi~1 ceremon;,,1 form ~ pe"ked in the
    sixth ami early s.c~enth cent urie,. Aftn th{" ini tial drc"dcs of th e
    ",vemh century, the p.ucity of evid{"nn' on ruy ,,1 ~iClory
    cclcbr>tio n - .p ..t from th e ~mbjgunm t~"imnny of Wm~ J.tn
    liturgical m;!lIuseript, - ,,",verel), hi"ders judgement on sub-
    S<:tjuent borrowing' from the imper;;! ] model. 2 When the clouds
    lift ullder the first Carolingian ki ngS , w~ lind a (Oun which, if
    surpr isingly 'orient.!' in son,.- .,peets of its life-style, rdic'd

    'K,user, K"" '~J,~'''ki".", PI' . • '''r,h",b .... J"cco" """",i,o'''8 M<ro""~""


    f, ,,,m."OH ",,01, co",,,,,,,,,upk' n, 'h< eyU"" of ,h, ",,,,, ,10 W""'y. IlUl V,,·rel..
    'Ch,II,' . P<>'" '' H' 01" YPP<>"O< J " w"",, ,ht J"'Y " " ,II "'"' .
    393
    Epilag"r
    none(he1eI5 on (h e local (radi(ions of Fr;ltll:ish G~ul, ~ ugmen(ed by
    borrowings from Byzantine Italy, Eighth-century Frank5 rudy
    looked <0 contemporary Consuntinople for the sy mbolic forms
    of their public life, Thei r debts to the imperial tudition differed
    from thore ofthc fint kingdom., In their coins, Ic~ls ;lnd titles, thc
    euly Catolingi~ns commonly mrned away from eighth -c~..,tury
    Constantinople ~nd toward a more dilt .. nt imperial past,-' In part,
    Italian influence on Francia explains this. And in patt, the aura of
    Byzantine power was still I.rnished in preci",ly those dec.dcs
    when Funkilh dom inion reached ils apogee. Eighlh--ccntury
    Franks found in the fourth and fifth centuries Ihe new model of
    ruJcrship which they sought. Only in (he co ur", of the ninth
    century did a resurgent Byzantium begin to ch.nge th.t . It is no
    accident that the first Carolingi;1n to don 13 yzantinc imperial robel
    in Francia did 10 during the .ucecl,ful reign of B•• il I. Franks and
    Visigoth. differed ma rk edly in their receptivity to Byzantine ,t.te
    symbolism and correspondingly in their bro.dcr cultural orient-
    ation. Note for example that in Spain some Goth. look Ron",n or
    even dillinctly Dyunt;n, name., while Rom . ns t<:nucu to
    maintain their traditional ones. In Franci. , the oppmitc t(ndmcy
    prevailed and Germ anic nameS gai ned a clear upper hand. ' At any
    tatc, Carolingian appropri .. tion or renewa l «'Rcned new develop-
    m~nn in Franki,h <-ociety and military institutions_So much w, in
    fact, th .. t customs lik e speci~l propitiatory ,ervic", for roy .. l victory
    took on a life of rheir Own and were in turn u,urped by the
    territori ~ l powen th~t emerged out of a collapsing Carolingian
    emp1tc.
    Between the sixth and the ninth centuries, two parallel
    developments in hst .nd We~t h.v~ contradictory implic.tion,
    worthy of note . In the liturgy of vinory, rhe transformation of
    Roman liturgical texts ma kes ~ x plicit what w~s implied when
    Wenem armies and churches developed special war supplications.
    Here, the imperial church I~d (he way and fumi.hed we.ccm rulers
    wi th a tool for State building. The final appraisal of this connection
    must await .. thorough philological .nd liturgical analy,is of the
    L~{in texts. Once the appro ximate date and circum't.nces of

    , CbU<n, 'Rom"".m I uM."", ''''p''iNm', p. 'J .


    • X< 00'" H_ Ebli"~ , J- J.rnUl .nd G. K.mpcn. 'Nomm <1 8<n,', f.""i• . i ( 1')1-0).
    611 - 7H_

    ,0<
    origin emerge "nd ~he
    co rre;ponding ~vidcncc for ~hc orthodox
    liturgic~1 ~r~dilion h"s ocen a,!.(" rnbkd .nd n-~lu~~td. ~ com-
    parison nuy oc .tI~mpled . Non<.'lhde", ,ome puts of Ihe nory
    seem c.-idem: L,'o Ih,' Dc.con\ I(·rnh...;enlury ~cCOUnl ofTz",,-
    is(''5' dep.rture ,crvicc ' Iriking1y r("Semble, Ih" sevcmh"';"mury
    profufio b(IIi{~ of V isigothic k i"fls, whose roy.1 errc mo"i.1 owed
    SO much to Com,. "fi"o pl,'. I" gelln.J the b"rbui." kingdom s of
    Ih,' !<,'vcnth cen!>'ry ,n.y pres.·rve d"ull( ,'ehoc, of devclopmnllS
    111 lip'l1ltium whkh . b,uu!<,' "" few Hyuntine SOurCC" Su rV'V,·
    from fhis pniod, .ft .tlesled.~ hom e only I, ter .' Thi, n,. y b.:
    anOlher inll.nce.
    Imifmio imp"ii, docs not, however, expl.i" .11 panllel,. Frum
    the' sev"mh n ' ]] IUry , hut It G,-rmanic ."d Il YZ'n, ine ru leTS incrc ~,_
    mgly soughl IU impre" Ih,';r power .nd m.je' ly un Ih"ir
    U i'tOefll" ulher Ih." un Ih"ir mnr,' humble' ,,,bjat'. Hen',
    Med itcrulle . n- wld" Ir,,,,fomut;o,,, Commut,- r~lhC't th."
    otpl.in Ihe lin k. Differently ".tcd, par, lId dn'dopm""t 5 m
    ,ibling ",ci"tie, may trigger pn.lkl cunsc'lumccs,
    These ,i mibnt ic\ corre'p'lIld to cc·rt.in cO"I;nuili"" For . 11
    their differen c,",. ""Ille "p.:cn u f t"nth- .Iul d",'cnth_cetllury
    Byuruinc cc.enmni.1 .em. in true 10 !he It't!n. if nO! till' spim, of
    Ihe I~ te Rom.n modd . N o doubt, the ;11Ip'·.i.1 gov" n""e"t" ,
    tradi!ion .nd ..,ut"'c' show m,,,:h continui!y, Slill, for lU "w',
    political. soci.! and cultural aim" Ih,' lJy z~",i"e ruling cI."
    Ilrit\cn tly ~ s"' r!ed th>! cOllli"'1II), .nd thneb y nu gniticd .nd
    disturted it.& Though W,', rem rulers borrowed f. om Ihi, tradition,
    prior to 800. "onc d. imcd!o mcanut, ;1 .. C"",I.minupk ,ltd,
    In both Ea5t ."d W e, t. vinor), seemed the prerog.tive of a
    pH!iculu p"opk. y,·t, " ','Slnn ItOIIOn , uf I'I(~ory's ,· tI,ni';! )'
    di,-ergcd from easlern unes. Granted, the 1.1<' R o m~m pnc<-ivcd
    ~heml-c1vcs a, • ,ockl), which nniquely ""joyed I'ictory, . nd
    Byzantine "d.m.t;o", ,-cho.:d that cunn' p!ion. Hut the "HIO" ,
    Ger!".nic peoples , trcs!-Cd mo. e "igoromly the elhnic monopoly
    , f,," ",u..,1 b~ II. ,S, lur<'. '11>'''''''''' t.,,· .n,1 ," ' '''r'W"' h ~ ' h< (;'-",,,m .no ' h,
    A"t.., Hr'" ,~(, '" . sl, .. \ ~'. on ''"'"'''~''' ""nh 'u""n"' ~ I"" '" ~y"""u,,,-
    • H. A",,,, ,,I<,, 1:'''_'''1'' ,..,f,',,/,,< k I'f"r'" iF"""" (1'"" , ' ~7jI, PI' .~- 'O U
    p""",h N,d,,,!,, t', «P'''«" ,,, S~'n"H' of Ih'l ~m •. ('" " .• ""'~ .bu",·<t, ' f<' ,~, ....
    who ." t.~ d;,,", ""''''"' ,",,,,,,,'0 "",n ,.. ""ty '"' P'" wo"h God n" f" "J
    mdi,,,,,lubb", ""h', ~r. 'S. ,J. ,"J" II. J H J''' ' '''' ",J l.G W""""l, C;(' UM, "
    (W,,"mg''''' ' lJ C , 19'/J) " , '0\ 7. ' f " , '}] '00 .

    .l9~
    Epj/ogu~

    on victory. Lombard5, God.. and Funks all celebrated victory a5 a


    special privilege of their o wn crhnos. One Can n~irh~r disprove nor
    demonstrate that these claims gtew 0111 of ancient Germanic
    conceptions. Hut Cveo when - witness an Isidore of Seville - the
    new pcopl<'!l' btin historiographen boasted the ethnicity of
    victory. they had onc~ again reacted to the enduring myth of the
    Roman empire's eterul victory.

    ,96
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    Mcndel,,,,h,, (Lcipzig. 'R~1)_
    Select biblio,Rraphy of secondary sources

    Thi' h,,;, not ;ntended~,. gene..! guide to the lite ..,urc_ It i, moant
    only to .id the re.der by ,upplying the full referonce for 'ho," nud, ••
    which uc repea.edly citcd in nOI1---<:omecmivo chapt... ,

    [j,hdon,j.P .V.D" L,jt .nd Iti,urf in .n,i"l/ R,'mt , Now York, 1<J69,
    B,rn." T.V ., ConH.llline and b u,b i"" C , mbridge, M , ," ,, j~8J.
    Bury , J_E .. Tho CrrenlOni. l Buok of Conmnline Porrh )'togenn<w . ',
    ""gli'h Hi'I",i(#! R,vi,w, l2 (J<)<l7), 20'i-27 :Illd 4'7-)9.
    His/orr of III< laI" Rom,,,, <''''p ir< f'o<n ,/" d,",I, of T/""Joj iuj 1 10 ,I"
    D,ali, 0{ JUl lin;on, london, '92J _
    Th, impm'a! odm;""I,",;"< 'r<ltm in lilt ";,,11, ttn l"'r, Lond(>n, '9'"
    C.me.on, /I" Cifm,ja"iom . Ill"" mId C", m 01 Rom•• nd By;,"nl;",".

    Porphyri"' I".
    Oxford, 1976.
    CiI.rioU", Oxford, '973_
    Ch ,,,,gnol, /\" L" jaH" dt I. p"jm~" dt Rom, ." H. ,.Emp irr , ~)udc>
    pro.opogrophiq"c" " f'ori" ,y62 _
    La prifw"rr urbain. " Rom, jOU, I. /J,,,-Empi,,, i'ubh,.tion' do b
    hellit" de. lome, cl ""ienec'> hum . in", d'Alger, H. Pori>, ' 9f>o-
    Class. n, 1-'" 'K,rI de. G.oss. , dao l-'.p.<tUtll und Byz.n>: Die E<_
    g.;indung dc, karolingi,eh~n K.iICrt"m', Karl d" Gro,,. . L,h,n' ·
    work "nd i',,,i/,/, I,,", ), Dii,,,,ldOTf, '9"i 5, 5J7- -60H .
    D'g",n , G_, ' L'<mpi,< rom,in d ' Orien! 01' IV' ,i.d... I•• !"di,iotlS
    poli'iyue, del' hell"ni,",. , lo ,emoignage de Themi"io,'. TM, 3
    ('968), ' - .42 ,
    Deer,]., 'Vie Vorroeh,e d., K.i .. " in Rom (771-800)" [~nd <dn l, Z"m
    K.;,m"m K.,I, drs G,""en, ed, G. Wolf, Wego der F".sehung. J S,
    D,m",.dt, '972, pp . JO-, '5,
    Volgu, F" Rrg.wn do K.i,.""h"d,n d" o"'omi"h", R.ich" von
    ,6:l-'~jJ. Muni,h. ,y24_
    Frolow, A" L4 ,diq"' d, 10 ",oi, croix . N,c/,,,,!.,, , ,,r I, d'".Jopp,,",m d'""
    ",I", /I"hiv« do l'",icnt chretien, 7, h ri. , '!J6'-
    G,,,",,U, J-. 'Le< i",to""""" de i"!-lippu.lrollll· "n f:~)"pte nY'.Il'''''''.
    B"I/(I;" d, !"I,m;!"! I'onroi, d'o,d,;"I,'gi, ,"i",/~Ir. 7~ (197~) . 1~ _\ '
    ~I2 .

    (;, .• b,,,...... L','ml'"m, ,I,,,,, 1'. ,/ "r"'''Ji'''' 1(,'d,,,,l/c, "" r,." "tfind ,),'
    1'""/",, .1'0,1"". 1'"blL(.""m d,' I. hn,1tr d," I"",., d,' rUm-
    \'<"c<"" de StL« I"',,,~, 7j , 1'"",. ",_,1>.
    l;,ic",'n, 1'_. ",d 1I,·llin~'·r. A.le. C"','I",~"e "{II,,, /ly.,,.,,;,,, C"'-"_'!PI ,I, ..
    D","","'"" O.,k, ""J;" Ii .. , Whillo'''''w C-.'liN, .. ",. W,.nm~'''''.
    D_C . 1<,'('(,-,
    (;",11",,<1. R __ Ro"Cl«"I ..', "" In ;"" "",;,,,,, ")',-.111"''''' , Ikrlj"er by,.,,,-
    ,jlli"i",he Arb,·i"'n . j\. 1",.1"" "i<">7
    '"
    I b hn. W .. ,\ I.'''f I<> 1I''1''',i; HF ,m';,, '- _ R1'1""';' ,to~''' ' ,in /""X",,,, II" ''''',. ,w I
    ')""'r,,,r/,-,,,",'lld,;,,h,, (;"""iI".~,·. Vle llnJ , '~7 _1-·
    H .. llj". l.. L" -,"ppl"d'io" J' "",i,,,,
    J.- ~"k<"J ,I,,·. I" R"""""" Blhh"th" ~''''
    d,' I> F.n,lt".I. phd""'ph'" ,., I~tt ,,·, de ru",,,,",,,,<, ,k L,'·)!". '! ~ .
    1'.111', ")I~
    H.uck. K .. ·v"" ,·i nn 'p:i, >"tlle" 1l."Jklllt", """ b,ol"')!l,,-h"ll
    Emo p' . fA/S, , ( "J" 7). l 'J_I ·
    J"",,,- A.H.M_, "1'/", I""" R,,,"",, coup'"'' '' " >(,,,1. ,'"""""" ""J ."Im;","',,·
    ,,,., """'y. Nmmm . ' ''''' 4.
    K.' '" I",n. (; _. Pc,"'''l'' JC I, i (lor /Ie I" , ,~,,,,/", '", ~ <II" j I " " .~,,,,. '"",,10 '" .\ P""'!, "_
    Sr.lI",,-he l:o"d1\\\l~c" JeT G(;"C'~ l·,dh,h "tt. 2. ' 7 , Miimll",
    I~N,

    ".""""w'o. E_H .. "Th.· " K",!:', Ad""It, " . "d ,h,' "ltt!:"'''1<' 1'"'1<"1- Llt

    d'e .1""" of S.l\\'., S"b",'. S.-/w,·,/ -"",1i(>. Lon," V. ilC)'. "'~\.


    PI' ]7-7 \ ·
    K" ')'''''''''I", lo'. J../)d' Fo'ltd"""" '''"'' J.., );"!oo)'"'",,,;,,,-,,I,,,tI " '"" ' ''_''
    S" d ''''~'''''l' .. ",h~ A,h""~Il , j !, /l.-hll",·h_ "J_\~ .
    K I" \J "'"' . T .. G "d'" 11\1' Ire A,~,," ~ ~ ,.. L"" '!I"',~\' ,.-/" ,-111,'. /,; i,.-h,'"gf ,.-/" ""'-
    ",r,/ cI"o',lii,h,." .~""",' I,'g"'. j Ac' r'~;iT"H1t~ , h " "d . .I, MU""<"T.
    '~7 4,
    K "e '" I. I'" /) i, .\ leg"';'" I,,, '" ,/" ", '"i"I"·,, 1(,,; m . I '", ,', ,' I " I,Jj tI.~"" 0Jj ,I""
    S<CX").c ;""",,,, df ' ,',,'m ,,,,,I Z"','"... , -",I"{",,,J.->l.', H VI'""l\l<·",.lI " ,
    !J. G;;"",~en . ",("' _
    K"lIw,t" J-, 0"""",,,1,, [,I"",k
    <In ,I,c"""".",,,.-I,,·,, ;;:,.;" S,udu'" ""
    'p',.ntioen K\Jn"~,·,,'I".-I,,,· . ". Ikrl ",. '')~ J.
    Kfii~ ef. 1(.1-1.. I("";,~'.~,abki,dOf"
    do Fr.",km, :l".~,I" "',,m J",d L,,,,-
    X"~""I""",, ~ ", Mm, do ~_-'dl"!o""d,,,-,. M\I\\,,",,, hc M,nd.it<"T-
    Sri,,,(,,·1l. 1. ,\ 1""""" 1')7'.
    K,,,,e . II.. SIl,.IJOP «IT o!Ji.id/..., (;<I""'g J(j I"-J Jiol.iIJ,·j ;'" ,om"d,,',"
    II,i(/" . S" "h on 7\1[ Cn,-n,d"" Ilnd 1("1",, ,k' Ahrt."",. "), .I.
    I'.Jrrlr"Tn, "1.14-
    Bibliog.aphy

    lounghi., T.e., Ltl ambauadrs "Fanlin .. rn Oeddr,,1 d'pul, fa fondatlon


    drs hal! barba", j'''qu' aux C,oi,ad" (~o7-'.",,). Athen •. J \180.
    MacCormack, S.G .. 1'1., and ",.m."y In lal' anliquily. The r.. ,,,form-
    a,;on of rhe d ...ial herir.ge. I, Ikrkoley. 1981,
    McCormick. M ., ·Odo.c",. emperor Zeno and the R.ugian victory
    leg"tion·. By"" 41 (1\117) . zU-lz.
    M>.ngo, C .• Th. Brau n Hows<. A nudy ojII.. vwlbul. oj Ih. imp"i.1 palact
    0JCon,lamlnoplt. Copenh.gen, '\119-
    M. nhew., J.F .• Wrsl,rn a';'lo"a"" ."d imp"'al ,0u'l. I'I.D. 36~-f25.
    Oxford, '\l7S.
    O.trogorsky. G .• G",hi,hu drs bFamini,,/,," Sla.'", Handbuch dcr
    Alr..rum,wi"emch . ft. I~, I. ~. Jrd cdn, Munich, 1\163 .
    PI.",er, S.B .•• nd A,hby. T .• 1'1 lopog •• phir.1 ai<li." •• y of and. nl Ro,,, • .
    London. 19Z9,
    Pelit. P., Li'a,,;u, ' ila "i, municip.l. a Amio,h, a" IV' ,i'cI. ap.i sJ.-C. ,
    Pari •• '9H .
    ReydeUc,. M .• u. .0yaUlt dan, I. lillira'u" larin. d. Sidoi". /lpolli"a'" ~
    I,ido," d, Stvill. , Bibliolhoque de, Ecole. fran,.i,e. d' Athon .. 01 de
    Rome. loO. Rome, 1981.
    R<;'ch. G .. 'OVO~(I P(l11lli.lJJr.. Swdim "u", offi",i,lI.n G,b.au,h a"
    K.i'tTIiul i" 'palami/". "nd J.;;hhY"amin;f(her Z,il. By~.ntin •
    .. indobonen';". 10. Vienn •• 1\178,
    Schl..inger. W .• 'Obe. gcrm.ni"he, Hoerkonigtum·. Da, Ko"iglu,",
    Sti", gti'ligm u"a ..chllo'<h~" Grund/age". V orldSc und For<clmng_
    en. J, Const.nce. 1956.
    Schneider, R., Kiin.-gswahl lind Konigmhr'u"g In' F,u),,,,imlallrr. Umfr.
    ,~,hung'" "". H ....ch./I"'",hfolg. bri d", iAn"obard", und M ..",<'ing'
    un. Monographien zur Gcschichle d.. Mi"el olrc .... 3, Smltg.rI,
    1972.
    Schmidt. l .• Grschi,hu air W."dal,.. , 2nd Mn, Munich, '9(2.
    Sch.. mm. P.E .. e, .L Humha/l,,,,i,hrn u"d Slaar.. y",bolik. Beitrage ",,,
    ,'/".. G.,c/,irhlt "om d.IlUn hi' :ru,n ",/o,,,,lml' " Ja/lf/ownderl. MGH.
    Schrifton. lJ. Stultg,.t. 1914-78 .
    Stein, E,. Hi'loi .. du Bas·Empl ... ed.J.R . p. J.nque, Pari, . '959-(9.
    Thompson. E. A .. Roman, and b".barianl. The dedi", oj .he w<Sl~rn rmpi ...
    M.di.on. 198a.
    T",.dgold. W .. 'The chronologic.1 accuT.cy of the Chronicle of
    Symeon the Logother. for the yean 813-845 '. DOP, J] (1\179).
    '59-97·
    Tteilinger, 0 .• Di, O$I."",isrh, K",',.,- una Rrirh,idu nad, iio ... Ct1lallUng
    i", h;;jilChrn Z . ..",,,,,i, lI. Jena. 1938 .

    ."
    W.II :K c-Haclri]L J,M. Eorly Gennalii, hlig,iJip iii EIi.~lalid olid "" rh.
    CO,,,,,,,"r, Oxford, j~7'_
    Wolfram , H. 'Goti sch .. Konigtum ,,,,el
    Romi,eh" K,isr 'tum .on
    Th~odOli,,, clem Grown bi'J"'linian t ', EllS, 'J (1 ~7~), 1- 28.
    Z"m Kaimu"" Kil'/; ,Ir, C;'O'''''' ,~e Docr.
    Descriptive list oj figures

    Fig"" I (p.)8). Rome, Arch of Comt.mine. Ea.t .ide. A.D. JIS


    (courtesy of Deunches Arch.o]ogi,che, lmt;tm Rom)
    Relief .howing Conn.ntin • • triumph.l entry into Rome on ~9
    Octo~r ]12, after hi, "icwry over Maxentim. V.tiom uniu of the
    ";,(oriom .rmy U(: p.r.ding through the C.mpu. M'rtiu" tlying
    vexill • • nd dr. gon st.ndard. on their w.y into the city. At the extreme
    righl . the p• .,de ent." tho Arch ofDomili.n; "" the left, in the pl.ce of
    honor OJ the p. rode·, end. Cousr.ntine emerge< frnm the city . ide of the
    Port . Fl. mini •. He is seated in • fou,-wheeled c.rri.ge, pulled by [he
    tr.di[ional four ho"e tum. See Ch •. 2, I .nd 1. I .nd 2.

    F;g~rts:t-5 (pp. 52-5). P.ris, Mu,ec du Louvre. inv. 4951, sixteenth


    cClllury (Photo: cliche de< Mu.e .. N.tion."x)
    One of several e. rly modem drawing. of the relier. of
    Con51.nt;noplc·, lost fourth_century triumph. ) column!. Thi. one may
    depict >culpture, from the ~ol"mn of Ar"dim. ,hawing the triumph.l
    entry of Fravitt., M.,ter of Both Service., illlo New Rome. Figure ~
    ,how. the procession', conclmion, with rhree captured b.rbari.n le.de"
    in a p... de of infamy: they srraddle c. me], and have th eir .rmS bound
    behind their b.d.•. Figu re] ,how. the comm.nder". group •• it enten
    wha, seem. to be. ciry gare. figu re. 4 and 5 depict the opening .egmeat
    of the p. nd e, barbarian pri.one" esconed by viuo[ious Romon
    ,oldicr$. See Ch. z, J .

    Fjgure 6 (p. H). M~r1~b"rg , Archiv d~, Dombpireb. Cod. 202.


    eleventh century (co"rte,y of Kurt W~itzm.nn)
    fragmentary medie~ .1 copy of Ion lifth-century co",,,l.r .nn.b of
    R.venn •. In an .ro of murp.tion, the tr.dition.l triumph.l di'play of
    defe.ted pretenders' h.ads become . disturbingly cOmmon fe.ture of
    imperi.l cerentoni. l and propog.nd •. Pictured here >Te rhe he.d. of the
    u,utpers Jovinm .nd Seb •• ti.n, .nd th.t of their brother SoU".riu •. They
    figu,ed In.viclO'y .. 1.-1>.,"01\ <uged hI' Ih,' cour! of I~,,'.,,". In II 1)_
    4!Z, s.,~ Ch •. 2, ~ ;md J, '-

    Fi.eur< 7 (I" 'J9)- W .. h;n!l"'''' f),C. f)umb""", O, h C"lkW"n .


    A_P . 778 - 80 (ml >rged: mune,)' ofPu",b',"'n O. k.)
    The obven" uf ,hi. gold nm,,,,ma ",u~d " C""''' n'in()pl~ ",,,,k ' L,'()
    IV .nd CO" ... """', VI may ,ep'~ocnl Ihe ITiumph n 'kh ,.t,·d by till"
    theme (nmm>l"le" .It the Soplum,e 1'.1 « " III the ~ .pi .. [". A"",
    mburh. (l>le 778), Pu,ing th" c"'~"'nn)'. l~o ,,,d hi, infmt .on wCf~
    enthroned in a O'to{<I<: . Th" nn" n,.y lIn'e he"n ' I,u"k for Ih,' large"
    d,,,,ib,,tcd ,juri"g tl,,· "'<lOr)' ,·<-I~b.,,,,,,, . s..... Ch . 4. ~ .

    F'gur< ~ (p_ '(1) , M.drid, Uibh"tt,(;, N . ... "".tl. C"d , V", . ~(,_~ . (ul.
    37«(\0 r M.d,id Srylitz"f) . twdt,h UtnU,Y. Si ...! Y' (I'hoto: U,hholCc,
    N .e;on,!)
    The mini.ture .'(()"'P''')''''); Scyhlle, . n",,,,, "f M,d •• cl 1[",
    triumph over ThomOl th" SI , v .tlldn."nple ill O ctohe, ~~J J,·pi .. " tll<'
    '4J,«,;0 'oW. the " . dlt,o".1 late R um,n g"stu," uf ", .. I victory O'T'
    nnqlli,hro ,",urrr" , So,, eh, 4. j,

    hgu,,~ (1'_ '(9), W.,h'ng'nn, fl .C .. Dumb, rlo" O.b Colle"",,", ,


    A.I) . 8jo/ ' - 42 (enlarged: (oum,y of Dumb.flon O. h )
    Th;, cop~rf~!I" w"I',ol"hly ,.. ued.r CU""'''ti''''pl,', p"rI,.!', ,,'
    co"nr<,iun wi,h Theuphilu> triuntph, "vet ,h~ At.tb" The i" n"I'>",'e
    obve'''' h", ),,If_port'''' ,,,he, tllln rhe <T.d",,,n, ] b",1. Thi' .lIuw,·d
    the ci'''g'''' '0 dep;,·, ,h~ e"'I"''''' ' /""" ., wdl .. rhe """"1'1,, 1
    he.dd,c» n, ruf4 . The ,~v.,oc ]eg" 'ui, Wmten "' G"" k '" the "",.1
    La rin ch ar.eren. erh".·, ,h~ ",urnph.1 ,,'r,.. ~c: 'Y"u r()II~\le,. ,)
    lIug",,,, . Thcoplulu." Sr~ Ch_ 4. J-

    F;,f"" J~ (I' . ]7')_ M.dml. ll,hh,,'ec. N,,,,o,ul. (:,,,1. VIt,. ~ Ii_ !. (" I
    '7H·n",. ,wolf,h <c""" y (l'h"I<" IlIht.o',·" N ,,,,,,,,ul)
    Thi. illul""'o" ofSq-li .. n· . ceoun, uf John T,im,S(e, . 'l"'(ucllIJrl y
    o"'nt.,io,,, ,et of hUn,il"y ,ho,.-, the t,,"mph,1 en"), mW (;on'''',_
    tinopl. i" Y71 .• ft,·. tI,,· ""'rrr<>r" "'etMy Ow, <lu' ll u<,i,,,, . ",1
    Buli'..i."" Th. p... de· , foe.1 poi"t w><. '-' ptll,cd in'" o(th,' V"!(,,,
    ,nd rhe Bnlg •• i,,, '''I\.li • . The"" Tzi","ec. pl ' ced in • W'I\O" .".i
    roll"wcd "" hn".h"k ",to ,h. <·'pn,l, '" ord", ,,, "ft·" h" " ..... "
    ",ooe<'y .ud di"in" ' 1'1',0".1 of hi' .CltO"',

    /")("" " (I'. lHJ ). M.dnd. ll,bli",~n N ..,o",d, 'od. V",- ! " -l . f"l.
    U 4,'e"o, twelfth ,en'my (Ph"",: ll,hl"'t~r. NK'I)''''\)
    Lisr ojfi:;'I"(s

    The eunuch "b4,r'phe.wI Stephen Perg. men", i, .hawn in the pl.ce


    of honor" th. end ofth. triumph.! p1T.de (contrary to th. mist.krn
    implic.tion of the Gr..,~ caption). riding the tr.dition.1 white ho .....
    The triumph celebrated Stcphcn', dd.at of the u,urp<'r Grorg.
    M."i.<c •. who,"" hrad wu di.pl. yed for> 'otCand time in thi. praa.sinn.
    held", Comuntinopk b.:twc.n M.tch .nd July 1041. The "i«oriou>
    offici.1 cdeb uted hi. uiumph in imperi.1 f"hilln. as the i';nn.. y led
    ,hrough th. c.p it.l', b..... to ,he church of 'he C h.lke. where
    Con.undne IX Monom"hu • • nd th. 'wo purple-born .mpr..... were
    enthroned. See Ch. 4. 6.

    Fig"" I~ (p . >90). Flo rence. Mu ..o n•• io n.k del Bargello. A.D.
    ,9 1- 6I l·
    Thi. remark.hle .d.pmion of . t ..dition.1 Roman triumph.l .. h"m.
    i. the udieS! kn own pert .. it of .n enthroned c;.,rnunie rul ... The
    gilded helmet "ioor .how. two winged Victories presenting R om.n and
    Germ.nic suppliants to the triumph.nt king of the Lomb..d •. H. i.
    depicted with th. long h.ir .nd beard eh.rae •..,i.tie o f hi. people.
    wilhout • crown . • nd gra.p ••• word .. the .ymbnl of hi •• uthority . Th.
    word 'VICTOR Y' i. inscribed on each ofth •• t.ndard. carried by the
    Victo rie,. The damaged in ><ription >round the ki ng'. he.d completes
    thelescnd 'TO OU R LORD KING AGILULF" . The king may h."e
    presented the helmet to one of hi. followers . Sec Ch. 1, 4.

    Figur( I) (p. JJ9). Pari •• Biblioth,>que Narion.k. D~p.rremrnt de.


    mid'ill ... A.D. lH- H (Photo; Bibliothequc Nation.le)
    The obverse of this gold ,oliJuI imita... ;mpori.1 ;"u.. but .how. the
    Mcrovingi.n king Thcudcbett in the milit>ry uniform of Rom.n
    ~mpero", including the triumph.1 ruJ~. T he !~gcnd avoid. the roy.1
    .id~ .nd reads: ·OUR. LORD THEUDEBER T THE VICTOR'. S..,
    Ch . 9. !.
    JI/dex

    T ... L.,," I"'"·"'o<d, of I... [))'7'''''"' ,0"""''',,'',,'' 'PP"" m ,hoI ,,,,le, ,,,,,k, ,h,,,
    L,,,,, fu.m .... """ bo<h G,,",,~ ,oJ! "'" f,,,,,,, h,,-< 1><,,, u,,-·J '" , ... "" (; ,,,-~
    '"hm",1 '"m, ,>lC"' " '""" pl.e< ,,' ,f>< f_"FI"" . 11,h."', •

    A" .. ", l\j, J~j , 1""""<, ]"70"" 1"'''''''' ' l<' p,,,,,do- u-.''''I!",I..,
    "" <<><1,,<,1. I i , ,mg'" 11,nS6. I""",n"" 'l) . 'l j .
    A" ,,", I.S ,p....,,"""y o"J",,,bk . " ]' ",Io"J
    Anbo , "'II. r"",." "'~" . );1 ,,, m Com,"""" "I , """"ph,. '_' .
    Ab".m"". '" V"~m "r n ~~, '1"'''1. '~J"" ] ' ,s" '" ...
    Ab •• h,," . !4J, H~ l lQ;M,d"dlll" j' >;11",11,
    AbU I,,,., .I·t.hnlci;no, ";,on , '0 'SJ - fi, ,]., coml""""''', " J: ro", ·
    Abo; ~I".f,. 's. pm , .oJ, ,.", "'roo"h,l"y "f
    Abu'I' A!>';" ,,",,, '" ' . oM. '"] , ' 6S. 1""'1" """ '. "I: ,,,",,,ph, uf ~<r","1o.
    ",
    A<","" 'lin!" "'""n' , ,"0
    ,,,y.1 ~'),,,,,~, .. h",_ ' ''''''.
    ' j). ,,,:
    0". I,nmb",t, ""II><.d ,j"pl""
    .",<u""" ,mp'",I, ,<0, '9,. 100. ""'. '~I -. , V"'K",h.c. I ' ' . chu •.-h
    ,,,,,,".,0,,; 11. 'I' J. N ""'phuw, ,,,.,,,nJ.. "'~' 1'0. YO<"~ l' ",J
    II. ,61- 9: "",r,,
    '0 H'PI'".Ir""",, ~ ., "'U,P"","" 1' 0 " M,,, ... ,,,~,,", . ,"
    '"'1""" »0. I"g"', "9: '~Y'I ~"h~r' , JJ""!'
    ,,,\,.1, C" .-.I ",~,," ,
    lomb" d. , Ij, A~ilul( '~ ' . JJ'. ""1"'''' 1. U."km.~.~, by
    V;"~n,h",, )00. ) 0'. J'-"'. jol "ll: 11)"""",,< .."b,,,,J.,,,, -'''''''''''
    C"olio~"o, JM. I"J. JM . ,,,J A, "'1'" IH. Coo". " "nor l<. '1"" '"
    """>II"' ]1'0- 1. ,.C!i ,,~, J61, A" ,um, '". '"
    Ch"""" ' Ko<. ""P'''''I. 1M. 1". J" , Ad . h·.hl. ,,,
    ,oJ 1"1'.1 kIt,,,, , n ';; In",, ,"" AJ"" Lj.
    p,,,,,,, 1M, Ch,,1n ,I>< 11,1<1. HO '. .Jd, ..., 011;,',.1 ' 0"""'''''''''''''',
    lou" ,I>< St.",m'''', )7 <: '" .1,,, 0" '" , J' , 1'J ~: ,-ic'", y "k.,j~ y.
    ''''''''''''''y. ,<):,,,1 0)6- 1 , '11""' >; V",~~'h "- , ]'1;
    «d."",,,,,,,, ,mp'".. I. ' • . , ~ . .. ,. C.,ol,"~ .. ", no ' J
    ' 1j , 'I). I~I. M",",., of N.«pho"" A<kkh,,_ , ' 1
    II , '09: .""",,"wnc"". '~l, 'J): ..sl.. ~,,"_ ' " g'''U"''
    <!f(U'. I. OJ, " " '''''''K.I>. "0. '16, oJ... "_.I,,, "'"'<7
    ''''<''P''''", ","lh" l,"n. """u,)' .. A~';.nDrlc , " . " , <J. W. ''', 1>- '"
    H.g,. Soph". ,,<>on m""k, ';. "J. " •. , _,;"" •. , 17
    oJ"""" i"'p<",I, ~J. ,(>!\, ",nu,": Ab.nd<t ,he G,,",, "
    1);", 17"7' TIlu" 100 ", 'Y'"41: AI<:<>l1o,; •. 7• ." . ,. r9!n' l: p.,ri",h ,
    Con"'"""' I, 3<: C,.","n, II. 'J); ' JJn,06
    L,o V. '<>y, ><"i'''}6: Th'''philu •• Ai<>iu, Mu><k. "', '47, IJO
    " 7"JJ: NI«photu, II . 'jM9'. '6<.>. ....If""'" II. J76. ),1
    "17"." Con'''n'",< IX. """9')' .11<i'"tr"", )73
    b,n,l" C""",",,,,op l<. 9' - ): .It.., 140. JD\I. 1'0. 1<>: .nd ''''!NY
    oo<"I0",,""m. 'l l n, )0: ,m,1I 10""", bulk,;'" "'7-1 ; tu 'KtO'y Df
    ')" ""'" of "' y. ".>9' .tld ","mph.l <mp<ru •. ,I
    "",')'. J~ . . . 7nj). 90: off..:i.I,'. Am,l"un.h., '1j-6
    "7,,,6~ , 'j', 'J ' - jn'" , p'p,1 .... m.kk, 14)
    i<~"M, "In'02; "'pt Th""hK ,
    >7). >7)nOO; I...,m b,,". ,8!:
    "'"'""U'. Sr. JJJn19
    .....""'i.non. >I !
    Vi " ~o.hK. )0>: Moro',og;,n, JJ'. .m\>,> .... <10" , <>8It'o), ,06- 7. '!I. )60:
    CIo,"" PI"l', Gumh"m, PI''''. BYll""r><. lCd,im CIu,k,n'gn< ,
    bi!h"p', Jj<t- J. orf!cl. I,. )1' , «I"" J66t, ,,,., '" .1", .ud;"o«,.
    J) J"9: "'1'1, C.,ul"*i.,,. 161. "«p';""': k~"ion,
    17'- 4, Ch"km'~o' " Romo .od .mbo.1I, '"I. ""': «< .1" H.gi.
    <xm h', oJ"",",, 'JJ"" ' . po<o". Soph;,
    )., '-1: '" .1", O<CU"",, triumph Anlb,,,,,, of Mi l.o. oJ. ,,., 14 j; .no
    d~,,~roc, '): '" .11. InvK,", v;'-,my bulletin, ">7-!: comp' ''' , i•
    Af,,,, •• '1, 6 J , "I. 'j), ' JJ: '" .1", •,1,,,.. '0 "iO"lph, ',nJ I
    V.0d.1> Amm""u, M.«dh,,", . ... , 15. 37. "I.
    Af""nu" .': '" ./" <"~n"min. ,?, ,,I: R" t"'ot 10. '0. ,->: e, - ):
    A~"h ..". »1 ho!tlli,y '0 C".",,",iu<. I" 00
    '\gIlulf•• '1, 'oJ .•.,..: vic"" . od ,uk, v«,o'y bulletin. ,,, p,oyi",,,, ..
    of Rom,", .od b"b .. i.m. '9>: Amo,i," dyn."y. '44-)'. 'JI-6
    • i "" , '89-9), '9), 19J . .. !: An" .. ~",I: )''9.71.94 , ,,)", , 6. 'H •
    f""m"" , '9'-) l)M'4. '4"",0. '5701:10. )0<:
    Agab,," . )1,. )i'0')7 ";umph" 0'_' , yi<to.y ,nd f,,,,,,1
    'Kon"'K ","<OP'''''''. '" 'PO'" pol,ey. 6'; .nd Cloy; .. JlJ: ord<"
    .sou. '77n ,l ) op .. ,h to p,,';,iplt< in p,o«uion"
    A;""Ir. >'~ •• n61; '01 .. ,,<,.6J' "'" Thro<k,ic,
    /11;"",,,,..
    Hy",n, 76 ',<np , llJ. >7~, '77"e •• ' _ ' , JJ'

    AI.h", 'OJ - )
    '""<I'''
    .... I;,,,.y, '''' A"",,,iu,, p."',,,h, 'll
    A"",,,iu, B;blio,o«.. iu" <i6ol'D\I.
    AI.m . ",,""" " )4, ')0. ' 71 ,)S"... '09"96
    AI,m .. "",u,. "I, >77: If< .1", Anatoli., JI~. 'n",!6
    "'g"un""• Ao"ohku" th<m<, 117, 'J'
    n61. 'Hnl ,
    .... l.mund". '9jn)' Ancy<> , 'JJ"j
    .... I.ni<u" 63: '" . 1", co~numin, .... n&,.."h. lJJ. 160
    AI.n, . • ' And,onicu. r:>uc••• ,!7
    AI..,c, j6, W. ,,' .ngd, ,n" ,II ,,;nt>, Ii'"'ginl ro.", )60,
    AI.tI( II. '76 '"gcl of v;«o,y. '09. )47 , J79
    .... Ib,,'ll , 2,& A"goukm<. HI' ,« .1", u< .. nt<n",y
    Alo.""" T,Ok". ,66. )9'
    Al bi""" ll<"~)
    /lleti'n. 149. )70, ]7'. J7J, )!" m .1",
    "'
    Aoi."" Suppkm<nt, )1'.
    Ani",u>. HI"'"
    16Jo'~j

    .... "..n. >uppk.,,"", d'IK~ "'''. 'J, ..nM: u<.11. invi",",


    AI,pp", Jlo. '6!: <mi" Il9 .",m. l" p",d<d, 's.
    ,<i6ol'l<:
    Index

    ",,,uiL.hk ,,, ,,";<m , " " '" 0 1", "'po llin,,;,. Sidonio', >93 - 9
    . .... , com,]' i~o~",tl . 'I1n,, 1
    ,1.,,/t, /1<"'"'0'; , Joo ~~o!w.""". 'J6t\<),
    ,1"."1" /;;""'''/;. JJJ "'1"".I.. h. 'jin ,o.
    04 •• , 1" AI""",,, f,i"". J'" Hj , )76 i "",'''~I', , S]
    04"",1" ,,~; F,,"'","m. H'. "'po<tk" Holy, C"","n';nopl,. 'J 7 ,
    . "m v...."'y' "" p<", I. v''''''y ' 'u 1'. 'Oin9' , U>!n9). ">0), ,, ~: P"""" .
    <. - j. 7J- <. 71> - ' . 'u' , .nd ::oS; Th,odor" 10mb. J9'
    « I<b ,,,,,," ef m ''''I.:, "" ' l ', "'p"m". N L
    )""vm,<",. J'" "sn. l. ,i , 3j,,22 . '1>9. "'qu<duc'. 'w,'h w"" , " 7
    ,_,<;>6. 'Joo , ! 6; my. l: vic"",', "'Guil, i" ". '". J", 6). '}6; P'''''''o o f,
    C"" lin~ i .n. )"'> - >; ,<so,l, V,nJ, I, ;~
    ,6J. O",o ~ od.><. '.,J. V"'g",ho< , A ~u'''n'., J < ~ , )1<
    JO' . C . mlmg;"n , J I>" M,mv ;ngi.n "'"b<, ',n" '!'. 'l,n,. ')7. '""
    bi ,hop. H'; '" ,I", bi"bo. y: '.I n<J, 'Jo. ' J ,n6l . ' jJ. 'jl , 10 "
    c.lend,,, <I<<<no,l ;o; h"lid. y.; ,OJ, "10, , ~S , ,6<,>. ",on! , wo.
    ,,,«nn.Ii.; vi«on,lo, , 06--]. ' J<"", ' <J , 'I '. 'n. J"J.
    . nnoun«mm,,: ,nlp<';.1. d, ffu "," b)' H ~ , H 6; ' '''S'' of C""",mmop io,
    '~u,c" , >J ~: '0 •• <1<:. '9" of 7~ - i : li,u'gK.I ""PO"'" '" , ,,,, , ,,
    ««mon;«. '99-'00; ;n'p< ,;,1 JJ" '" .1", m"d"d,
    vo«."y . .. nl1 , .1>. J". J !, ,,6, "',,,d'u,. ')' , ~n ... ,I. ,,,,,,,,,h, f ' ~.
    190-• . 1'1<",. '9. '><p,;mi." Sow"", , ,0. ''' . "): ",umph,1 <n" y. jO:
    ' 7. O,"".n,;,,<, J6. ! J . Co",un';u, pt<V""1! <on fr,,", " "'p.'s";ns. H
    II. ' 0, Th<odo! ;u, I. <'->. "' "h or Artopol'" >lj , ' 19
    V.b'",;,n II . " - J. M . ThOO<!",iu. A,d, uf Com"""".,. )1 , S.n ' ~. S".
    II. \i079 , An" , ,,im I, N, J"",,,,,n, '\if •••. <)D. " " . ,'h;.0<1 "W" .. fro m
    M, "T, Ni«pho,U! I. '9'0' " T'i b"",I. !!
    . nm.« .. ,y , '9: <01)"8"li,y. <' -> , AfCh "f Do n,;, .. ". 36.• ,6
    IIj-16 ; "'lting , 19J; ,,, prov,","" '", A"'h uf I luno';" " " I ; I", tri umph . l ,
    J", )7n7. , 0 . .. "<0, 0l. 'J"""
    ' H j, .nd , .. h "", U' An"""h ,
    ~'''9'' f<M, 'J.' '" , I,,, \n,lk"m.
    "
    Arch of Mi!ion. 'H. ,., . 'n . 3 •. ' 07.
    "jn,, ). ,, 6. " , , ,.on' "
    "GO'1 "',,~ of Po"',o. l ••
    A"« gau" JW"" M,h of So P""';u, S<.«u,. ,i
    ,,,,,,I., ,OJ "',d, ofTh,"""" ", . >lj
    ~ ,,~pH ..'<I<:, " S"'"V; '" ol~ ,""ch ufTo<u,."
    "'gnomon.
    A.,h.I"l" 1... ".0. ,~,
    "'"h of X" ulophoo, r"", "S
    ", I" "'"m po,l. 'j. <6. 6) , 79. "jn"9
    ", ,, ,K,,,. 63; 'u .1", «>gnon .. ", "d"«",u,, , I.o mh"d .nd ««mOl,i , l,
    j.,I"""" " 'n, •. '>?n ....' ,", - ~, Vi, ;.o,hic ,06
    Am C'p',o!;o •• ,0
    "' ,u joch, J9, U ' .6. 6,,,y • . '''''.
    ' ''''' IM , '9J. '9;nJ'. ",. 'JO""; "'''R', ,6., ,6J"'" J9'
    pm",,",,m . 'V)",) M<th", 'ji
    An"'"'n. , ,,~ ,",t~ " "uO<l . JO) . )07n<9. W )
    Am"""'«. " ,",,;, n,. A';'n"m. '00. '~" ,6 1,
    A"to"j "u, I',u" ,.n M ,S""'",. 'VI , J'o, JJ7: _ .1", A"uI
    "'p. m>< •. "9. ' . ' "' ';, hi" >16
    a~d~"Kol a,p~,'T'I'..o'. " ' "' '! "'''oc,,,,, il ,< Rom.n. 6. 79, Jl9, )6\.
    ', o K6~/l,o. , .. S )9) , v.h"" <pHorn;"d by «",mon;.!.
    "'pollio"" s.". N"ovo , " , 'H, lif<' ''1k '6' ; Ily"n';"". " 0.
    Ind~x

    J90 . .,f••m puni"'m",,' , "b, 'i6-! • m,d;""I. ' H . 'lV , ] 10. H" '" .1",
    • nJ ;mp<ri.1 i»nq""!!. 'OJ • • 0ln,"9; ."d,m«: booty, " ..by:
    I"lu-Rom.n . "0 , '7~. "",hm<", .0 comm.",den; 'Q"um<; " gmm,
    «"m""i.l, """, """, ' ;'''''Y ,h"m",
    id<"I,,~y f", o.''''goth;, king" 13,; At"ulf. HJ , )J6. J11"",. )a)
    Lomb"d: .nd Rum." I"~u,y 8"""'. A,,,,, JJ"" '»
    '~J; V;"g,,,h,,. 100, )0]. ) ' j , Anunh."" 'Un ' 7<
    ]><"«0, In. 1Y]. 10'< of A",b."ju>, "'"'1'<<: 'j<. ,.0 , ,16 , '0"
    «.<",,,,, ... 1. Jot, ."d my. 1 JI,."JO' of ,h. An"olik"" . ') 7
    «><",,,,,,.. 1. J' j , ","mod , )'1; .0.1101"' 1;", "J. "7n'JJ. "9' ru . 1",
    M <,"';n~ ; .n , ],0. ",n"orill . nd A"h of
    bi,hop' , Jjo. <on""n w; ,h ."""i •. '9)0». >00
    w<mo.",1, j>~-l' .•"d my. 1 A,hod. ' 91" '9
    "'",mun ... l. ])l- 40 ; C ..oling;"n , JU. 'a",:lJ.tJ> , '"
    )7J. )g" .nd .0y.1 ""mooill, ",,,mbl; ,,,, ~ ""o .. l: C ,,"hogi,n . od
    )tI<'i - 9; '" .Il, .ud;"ne,. ""mon;.I ; «rom"" .. I. )6<1-9
    '''''In''" "'0'"
    Iu,"om"h"" ' 9rn, o
    »><'. ,. 6, In. JOJ' ",."d upon
    b ock ",,,d,. 'll , 'H. ,i" 116: <a .1 ..
    Ari,hm",. '0) "m<l,
    Ariu ••• )1: " •• 1", A.i," , A"ump'i,,". pm,,,,,,;,,... 1"'0 '7'
    A,In. ] J6: ru . /" S. «.m""",y of A",,,"om«. Vi .. Hlor4o"ili P,i. J7<
    A.mo",",u,. '" '" .1,.
    eo~"umin. A,,"m. )76
    A,,",o;.ken .• hom. , ' )7, ,." 'l'nbl; A,h.I ...". ' ......... J. '0",0. 'l'nj<;
    "bob. 'jl «),,<01 "i'''''pn , ."
    "m ,. "mor. ~7 , 'lb. 16<\, 'J)",06, Ath.ulf, '09, "V
    'Y', ,~'n',~, )n: ' " 01•• h,lm"; A,l><n" "' . '7! , JO T
    •h;"ld, ""." ,,," ,d Att.lu •• )6, )!n16. iOOn. ~i, ,},) , "9 .
    "my ' ;mp"".I. '0, " . VJ , 96. "J, 1>6,
    111, ,...", I So. ' ! J. »9, '1'. >19. )39. '"
    A"iI. , 60
    lO). ,nJ ',;"mph" lJ.16--'7. 'H. ." di'nc<' for ,mp<.i.1 <mmoo'. l, 7,
    1) 8-",1<7- 1. 110. 'J I . ' 01 . 'Ol. '01. '9ijn4J. p""Clp"ion by
    Tl r. »b, l!>O. ;, 6, ,,,,,moo;" •. '1 . <omn"nd. '00, for IJ;umph', 6"
    d.91. 91. ' H . 'JJ , )9'. f".
    off";.,,. ""' o<,,,k 6<\ , 67. 70, 71, I!. ']>,
    >11 . fo. Rum." cI;""I, '"n"l ' . ne! ]90 . m." 0 1 utb, o, T6. ! J --<P, n'.
    ''t"''''';.' "',i"",,,.
    I'"'i.,", t 1 ~: ,64- \. 174. "'; . JI9-90. m; I,,,,y.
    ioflu"n<t , >!6. J91 -" 1i,",SY , '07. l JI- 9. 1.. - 6, v""ory bulk';n., I.>.
    ']yol< , " ' . ,." ',,-p, >J6, '9J . 19J : fo, ' oyd «remOllu l;
    mm y.oom , '1'-" p",de g..,u nd ~ O"'OiO,hi,. '69--'70. '1' -'. "'.
    • !, po l,,,,,.1 "n",". "' , ' .. nH; pmp' 8.nd. , >!>- ): Lomb .. d.
    pu,j,y. >H. 'jO_ ,; ,diu, >' ). "" pmp. gond,. '9' -J. ,\06,
    Vi.igo,h;,.
    , nd Thorn .. ,I>< Sl,". ,,6; ,,,y.l: triumph. J'J. J I l-' ! ' VK'O'y
    ) "<; o." ogOlhi< , , ...", '7J. >76, coin, go. ) , __ , 0. pmp'g,"d •. )06:
    Vi"go,hic. JO!. J IJ. J" . l>Jn'''. M<rovins'.n. CIo,i' '.iu mph , ))7;
    ]>6 , ]4o. l"u'g y. jO~- I>. PO'; ' Y. JI>. Cloth.. II . 1,0: C"olio~;.n, )<16- 9.
    p'yn"''',, )'9. """ I p"'f'I<.)I~-" ,,j,,,,'ph., J74-): lot< Rom,n ,
    M'<o,ing;.n, )ll. , od <<<<moni.!. IIY"""''' ' m ly mod;,v.1 comp"od,
    )JJn'V.l 'O: C .. ohngi. n. ]> 1. JJO. )90. J9)' '" .1", "mmoot.1
    ]! • . triumph.1 '"""'" 17, -j , .nd . ud;"oc<1 , "'«P';""" imp<,ill, "7. '.!.
    , ,,,,,,01' ''' , )66-1 , )61-9, 17J. 'Jo. ,,,,n7'. '''-»0, '''. "1;
    h ,",~y , 1<1-J6 , JJI. JJ9, J"": "kro.io". "omm,",xn, <\\!. 'j'.
    'j l,

    ,H
    166.167 . J9'" provinr,, 1 <>If"i,I, . ""''' <I"'''n ' . M,"'.;"~"n "f.... ,'yk.
    '1<' ..oy.t V.nJ. I. , 61; O"m~"'!' •. llJnl7
    '10, lomb..,d .• ~3; V;,i ~"'h; , . b'r ""~ : iO'p<,;,I, , 06; .0),.1 ,
    '9'}- JOO; M«Qv;ng;,n. H!; M,fO' ; O~"O , 1J); C "ol;ng',n , J6'
    C"ohnK;,n . J67. " iumpb.1 bub";. ,,,; ;O'r<,;d v;ctmy 0 " « , 61.
    ««p<ion,. )70-1 . JS • • JSj ; Juo.l, ~" 0. ,!,. 'no "', ' <1. P" Y" [0'.
    B.."i..,. , !i n' !) : ,"di<n« h, II, . ')9- \2: """.Ie,.oward. ' 14- 1,.
    V.nd.l. >61 . O",08othNo. '70. ,,!,
    <OS"''''<, JO ' ~ « God."':;, kn
    V;';goth;,. >99 d, ng"""' ,h,,, "'"'r<", I!o-) :
    AUS""'<.)7. ,,~. ' <7. Jj J. ' '' n' O. ; bd", p",d<d , . ' 0; m,Jn"" " <:
    ""no"""llif< •• 0J -< Omog .... hic .;cto'y 0"<'. nJ'
    Au~w ", um. """IJ~ Vi"g",h i, r"~" ,," "''''')' "' ''.
    Augu«in<. 5,. Ci'y of God . J6 J Ojn)~ , J" : C"ol;ngi.n P"Y" for
    AU8U!!U'. <"'r<'0'. IJ. n. ». ,6. '9 . ";'-'ory ''''e<, )<7; '" .1<, ","ume;
    ,6! •• 1In IO>. >J9: ,i,l<: Throd<,ic. p,i",,,",,
    n' ~ . Chukm'~n<. )79 n",don,. !ll. )7" H j: chu"h ,,( th,
    ..". R""", '"1"" ''" ''"'". J'oo I ) ' Huly . nd ,,"'" V;C!u,;O"' CIO" ,
    "'",<Ii,n •• ml'''''''. " . " . ,.,,61. '9' )7' - J
    ";umph . I< n"J" C,,",. 7"""' . Ijl
    A",dUn . bi,hop. JunJ6 C,,,,'. ' jo
    lIud" Ph,,,,,,.
    "'u"li,n . P,,,,,,,,,;.n P,&« . " ""') ' S"J". 1'1"", ... u""p''' , !77, 1g7
    "."""' ' ''0''''''""'.... . 6. " I ; ,01"" "",,,. U"i,,,,t"''''. ') 7
    II,,;] I Sc.m,nd"o"" p ,,,;uch . ' 7J
    '"
    ... ",,,,,; •. ,!3 ]),,,1 1. I)' ''', 'Jo, 'J' - 7, , 0<, ''''''JO .
    d'"~¢"l)P. ,," WI. ""J.
    'o>, lO7ulg. ","""" >>>.
    ~",D K P"Wpl~. ' 9& . >10 " J n llJ, » j , J90. J9<: " ,umpl,,1
    Au",o. l •• <"t!i " , 'J1. IJ; 7 , " ' - ' ' ' ' """"'y
    .... m . 'n' . •
    7nj •. 74- j . Jj" . JJJ . ""v;c"' , Ij ' - " >ew,""". 'S) , 1j7:
    )7'nl\l6. )76 . 11-0 J i,rtt> <x~d " i on , I j.; I,g,nd. 'J'
    A.i<nu" >""'9J 1)".111 . " 7, "nnW; " ;" mph nve,
    ....i'", uf V;".n, . )"9. '0 lI",b, Pho"" ' 17: xy ,h;, ,n<!
    'A"" " ie' triumph. 17~ul ! 9: tOO
    ,,,u"'pi> 'U ' 001, !,I,nS<}: ,,,umph,1
    S"I'UM ( _ H ippOOmm< 1). ,600"0 <n "y" S;n" i""" 'JJn6; BuIS"''''
    I" ,,,,,•. "''''P''';'''' I jO...... . ns. 110 ,,,u"' ph "Ad"",. '71, J 91. "
    lI.crhu,. ]> Cu","ntin"p lc. 171; U"" ;'on on
    ."<fl' mc]d~ ]> b, "]" ,,807J
    lI,h" Quu,<>. '" "'"upol .. B"il. "'"'P<'. 'Hnn
    D.]b;nu,. IV H<"m,] ;«" 'OJ
    )l .. i]
    D. bnc I~'nd,. l7<> ]j,,;1 I.<c'r<nu, . ,66 , ' 17
    ~ . . , . s« ".nd"d, {1M';./>. Imiff'p,'P" ~~,d. 'Hn;
    a . nquet H.B or J",,;n;,o . '" T ,;klio ", B" ;I;,.-,,,. ' !7m~
    b. nqum : ;ml"';'1. 61. 10<- J . ,OJnl",}. b""" , (tOld. ' )0016
    1.30J !. ",OIl) , '~7. 10)"71. ""."7>. ll""u<,. )'J. ).1 . ) 8>
    "r<nd;, um, ' OJ"!09; ,,;ump],'. ! O, both" 11.0m,n. '~ 7 : V. nd.l. ,6>;
    10J . !ojn,'"! , 'M. 'J7. 'ji. )90. r", C"o l in~i .n. jO. j
    ''''''P',
    Ij: plitt,,", 10}; ,oyol: a . "k Abb<y. ' V.
    O"'o ~ c,h,. no; l",nb"d,. ,No""y. b.uk ,~;." . <. ><7 , ' <>6n 16" su .1",
    ,6,; Vi,;so,hic. 'W; M<mv;ng;,n , .cob",,,.,.,.: p",wmd,
    lJ' .1 11nI7; V,nd.l lif<.")'I, , >6>: Ih"ou", . .. . J..
    H"'",", , J77n' 14 , . .. , '9J")0; Itom.o, "-lJ ; '9J")0:
    lhu,,,, 4)n). , T;mn , hy , ." ']7nJo. )..,067:
    H, ,,, J06 J.m" 1.'7: '9Jn)0
    H. m, J4J b",hd.y" roy.1 Y i ~8othl<, JO>;
    """~'. '" h", C"olinll;'", )6>; '" .1 .. ' "n;."'''1
    b;,),,,p>; i"'p<, ;,I, 'J6-1mS , )90: rol<;"
    .."""",
    ""w"'""'"1""'''',
    'f'«'''''-Throd,rrc. '7f"H «"mooK>, '00-1' ,n"mph •• )9 , ,0.
    Ikbd,,<h , '\'n'» '0)-3. 'O' - J; .. «I. im oml""'0". ,)6:
    Ik~o , )17 "my. '<I ; ",by ;mp<,i.J
    Hdgrum, JJ ! .nnot' "«m<n<>, '9<0 It, v<l ", "'"",
    bd;"f,;n ,ml>,,,,, 1 "<''''y. '-I •• ) , .. ' '''''''1 '" Aft""'. ')1n'9: ",-,ii,
    " '. , i on,,,, )88, )OJ - ,, jO \ . ,)6n.l; (;. 1,,;. P';m" ly,j". 'J7h'~,
    rr, ,,,f<rr<d '0 Y"son . .", 77-!. tok Pono, «kb",,, Liti" M", '" H'g;'
    vI I"u,~y , ')7-'\" ;n ",lid";,, uf Soph ... '<"")9: S;<oly, '4>; Sy';'
    ,",'J<' i"",,;;. "9 ""u"d. , ')7"'9: Toll" .." ,0y.l:
    II<h",;,"" OJ, t> j, 'OJ . ,0,16" J,",' 1" I"n , P"Y fQ' Omogod,i, kmg.
    ";""'ph,1 <""',
    C",h.S<: 'J7, 'I); y;, i~ oth,<, JOO, J07. J'O.
    SY"'UI<, 'J7, J]7"JO: 'n'"mph·. «lob",,, p"i<ai, ..Iii,.. )"9- 10,
    6J--<\. "1-7.• 6>: no hot,o" fOf p"ym for "",orY. )'0- , . ]9>;
    .;«my "V" W;"g" , M; """ul." , M<to,,;og;'o , """«0O w;,h
    "9. ))1")0; ,rip> f",m h"u", ,,, , ... mun;. I. ))Q- ', .... I;), JJ' .
    Fo,,,", I,~< p",(\<,. '>7"'0' p"yc" for ~ms, )<2 , <kf'nJ ,;,;..,
    llct><JiC!, S" '7),,60 HJ-<O C"olio~;.n. 11) , P"Y" fo,
    Ik",.,n,o. duk" of ,,,,"I.,, by .. nt;"" .;"tmy. )J'- O. jO" ," umph of,
    <ml"""",260 )'0- 1 , ,,,,,,,,,,,110ft, )66: '" .1",
    &'''_1[. '9' church
    /k'g.mn, JH BlIrhm,« Gm. '<l ; ,hd"".10 , " ).
    Il.<my , ,),rKXI. J" 14)00). 'O!09'. '49: J<t.f.. Vi1Sin
    [lq; , "!_ ,.,
    J!'~"'I";"~P~~'" 111"97. lli
    ,,'
    olo";"R. "'''y: iml"" m l, ' 4'. '47. 'w;
    11,101<, Old T",<>nl<"'. ""d I ,,",~y. ,)!. ,oy,l , Y i n~o<h!<. J'o: <': . ml"'8;.n.
    )4l , H3- 9 . )11; Pc"'i,,, ,,,,Km . ))0: '" .1", ",od.. d.
    1"""j1; pult" , ' OJ. H ]. Jh'X 0000, bhnd"'~ , J ud,,;.]; V;';gu,hi<.],];
    o"cl : ,,,,no,,, ,<."If; HJ: hO<l", M,ru";ng .. n , JJ 4
    'J " !-'I-> 0' 20- 1: JO'''36: ['OOU' b!.>od>l",J. '" m;"m.
    !J _, _ ,I, '0>; h<:>du, '].1-<: JO<"JJ : III ..... ',<n , )O\; '" ./w f", """
    hod"' ,) .6-1' JOo-), )01,,)6; Ilohhio Mi".], ]<l--<\
    E,oJu, ' 7,,811': J<J: l)"u"'<Ht"my lIo<:,h,u,. " ! ,,,06
    )) .l9' pon6" , CI,"'nkk-i r<, 'Jo; );,mif, «. S" JJ3
    P"lm j<>{)I) .!9' '95n)' ; h.lm . 0+ ",,"0 ,,; ,_oli,", "".J. Tbo"J,,;<.
    ')\Inn; P"lm ~1 . ) r: ' )onJJ; '7ij"S,
    76(17) ' ''-'1; L6>; P.., lm IKl.<J!{ 7J, 110"" •. 15
    Jot; v.... lm 9;191» ·"-'" r91")!; 000'y.6o,I, , ) S, ' .'. ))7. JJJ. Jf»,
    P"lm 9719il .r, '~l")O; Pul m )10.-): in ,,;u mph , T). '0. JO, 91 ,
    wl, ool; '0 ) : P"lm ""'I '''''J,')' HI. ')0. 1)6, '<1. ' 43. ')0. '16, , 66,
    ' o)n) " P"lm " 1' 'Jo; P",lm 'W·J, 1M. '71. '1M ' ,~ , '0" . ,,, in
    'JO"lJi Pm'coh. '. 'J - 'o; ' 9)"]0: p. I.<" M; 1« .I~ ,noow""""
    I,... h <l"l . 'YJ")O; E"k,,1 JO,'): ,;<tory ; ,ymt>ol" "C!oty
    ')')nlJ; -rub" J .• r: )09; W,,.jom of 1Io><0'' 'k. J>
    Solomon J.,g '0 ,"J ~·4; )09; ,,," Ho",. Forum. 7<'. " " " 4nlIO. ,,3

    '"
    Index

    D"g" 1 19 Vi"SCPth ic , rriumph. JIJ "" J rj03).


    n",," Ho,"" .", Ch. lk. po , P")'<f, J ' 0 ; C"o li"~i.n. loll.".
    fir""". 0. '~J 179,1'''),<1, )71
    !lnl",,". J4 "k'nJ", Ro ,n." , ...e, JO. J!n N, 6):
    H';Il>."y . ))1 . lSI. 171. J7~ . b,nd,mmon' , 7J; Il y""""" 19 ~ ;
    U,"",. I; •. 70" "'. "Y. 'Jo O<on""I." <ml"'rof'>. I)l"": dlu"~ .
    H<un"'h;hli.. 1N- <0. )< 1. J". jM 74- 7i. 16" C • ."lmgi.n , ]00- ]: J"",
    U'Y". p.I",. ' .9 "",,"ly or po><ibly ,ommcmom,d
    ,",,,lIa' ;I.'" "''' ;"'" i" ,ml"',;,1 COl<nd",' ) J'"U" Y. JI,
    Buodl,,"", . 1)7. IJ l nl\ll ,g J' "U"Y, Joo 109: ) I J"'" " y,
    Hu lK"" Iluig"i .m. IlJ. 1)7 . rg r7<' . 0""'0;' F.b, u.. y. "'0.1111: Ij
    171 . ' 79 . 1911lJJ. Iy6<!H. '96r1J7. F< b ,,,,,~. 73: 'J Apr;l, '9~n.J' S
    )yl . " 7; ,ui<.. 6J . 17<. 19>. )JJ""J. M. y. ' O)"oJ: Ij M. y. 11. 19J:.6
    m .\1'y. I,,, ' , Ju"e, ,.,: >j Juo. ,
    BOllS'" V" ;~,,,h. J" ,7t"JJ: '!J'''"'',
    )~: Jo J""' , ' H: '"
    bull'''hl. ,.i'!OIY: ""I",i.1 (Ii""'" July, Ill' rr Ausu". 0. 19! "'.: 10
    /"""""". t~"I~,. l¢p~!H~I . 1>0. A u~"". 77" 'j) . ,0,. 169. '99',.9' ' 1
    ' 90; lu Rut"<. '7-IS. ". 41: 10 AU8U'" ' ' !J """: ' J AUK"'" ')J"":
    C",,,,.",,nopk. """' . " "'7. 0• . J S.'p ,,,nbc,, 5!"79' 6 Sop«mber. J"
    M - 7. &J. 7 t. 9'. III. ,_0; ' " ,! Slp«",bc,. ! ."'5: ,3-»
    A,,,ioch. ~,ny •. 'Jl: 10 Mil.n . 4). 'i<ptembc " )",,'0; " Slp,,,,,I><,. J6.
    103; '0 P'O'""'''. ro. J""'W, N. "0; _I '"' pte", I><" I I?:)O
    ,'"". 106. '9'-J. ')4- j. d ",,,~, Srpl<ml><" ><Om OO, n 0<' 01><, .• J :
    P",V", r.I . • " .11" ."d M m. 107-~: ,! 0.-'01><" )1n7.' '' 'Y 0<1<>1><,.
    """'"'. ly, _ O; runet"'"' 191: )7"7 , '''''J: ! Nov,mber. 166: I,
    ,"R""n« h;"o'~"phy . • 9 ' - " Nu ..",bc" 4r:'. No",m bc, .•':'7
    public ",.dmg . ' 9'- •. 'H: ,worn. Novt:ml>< •• ,i: ' l Dt:«mbcr, jl; 19
    '9" "'1.1; V.nd.l •• 6) H' . 1", D«;,mbe r. ,yS"", S,," ,d. y before
    , "",,""c<mont; md;'nm . "'umph. l; 1'«"",0" , 101'''09' '" .1)4
    ,yml>ol,. victolY ,n";vm."y; .. ,lid., .
    bull,. ~ u IJ. H! C,hgul,. )0
    bu"'''''<><y. <7. IJO. "10. IJ7. "J. C.lli"i,u" S'. " ,n'"
    H!. ) OD: OPI'<"<' "m r , i ~n i ng ,mrel>, 166: " " Y"'& p,;,o,,,,,,,
    ''''l''lOr . • ,"5>: bure.u,,,,,,,,. ' 9-j"""". So, 'IS , J l •. 140. 0, 6
    ,0Jn,0: '." , I,. " '>l"" " <y; otf"'"I" C.m<ll"., .num p" of, mmpmd 10
    ..,,''''
    Ilurgu" di.m. Il",~u"dy .• 60 , ,66-7.
    T"""",,'. I)""
    C.mpu, M" " ur; R unl<. ' ,. 86. 90,
    nJ. '7" , !J9. !9' ,,0: Co<>",m;onplc; ,,'hun,l. 7j
    "",diJ.r,.,. , olI
    ""W. W. " , , "0 , '<7. '" .. pdl •. s, M""". ' "
    C,,,,,,,'. 'J ! '"1"'/1.... , J 66n '0" K< .1", ,b, 1"1
    C . "",,", of ,0. ,1 ", '1<"'" . l'y C ' p"oi: Rome. ". I" "5, 2<1. 90.
    C.hon, ).' 101",,!, '0>: Com "noinopk , " ' _'j.
    c. k<. lIIow. vicrory. J> "0, " I : .nd Typic"". "7n l) '
    c.l,b,i •. 15 . C ' pp.doc". tI",m<. IJI,,6! . 16!.
    ,""otIC "Iii, ;mp<,;,I. "'umph. 17-~ , ' 1<nll
    70 , n Y1. "<. ,M, '~I - _ . 1M. J91. C,nnll. , r3. 1). "
    " 7: fCotlO\\"p hK thomo."'" S"'''''', C ar"'.I1. 'JooII I
    11"76, k ll«>. 'J'). J7~: no"_,ml"',,,l , C""",,,,,me. )0)
    .. ,n,6: P"Y«. '),",j<: 'oy, l; C"~'m.". )!)
    CO<"""" Pi"i", "'Ii, .,",,,. ''"'~' ' ''In'!9 , 1>6. ,'.--<1.
    19', I,,,, '00''',
    "4' ... ding wk> "",;11,,<, "A«,
    '"
    ('... ,.,lin s un,. 3, .~ • • »1, ))0. JJ.,
    )47-11; , ,,i,ud,, ,o",.. d By"n"um.
    pow". ,I, ; lomb .. " . >iJ-O;
    M«ovingi,n. )'~ - H, Jo,n>; of
    )6 • • )IJ' .nJ Lm, Rom,n <mp;", off";d, , '9in4) , 'J'--<}." Rom< ,00
    '" 17, II. 4,6, '"
    "'P'",",", . 1,. ,<hick>
    Con",mmop" comp,,<d , JO-6,
    "'-0. ,m;'''< <ml"''O' , '0. 'j),
    C."h'g" .j6. 'j?, '6r-" .64 m<aning of no «"moni,l. 'JJn, 1 ' :
    C",iodoru~ \>7. '7'nJ7. '7. - j; cite> org.n; ... Ooo. '\>6- ')0' o.''''K''thic.
    V;rs,l. '7In70, Hi"",y of tho Goth" .61-7); I"'r<onnd, "'-6 ; pro"nml.

    '"
    C,,,o,. St. )j.
    ",u.l,i"" By",ntin<. comm<"'o,,,<~ on
    ')'-J9; P",llu, ",urn", f. m;h,,;,y ,
    , I ,n,"", pu'pi<, ("o",on, !,n'9'
    ,..,fottn .nd C«<mony Book. "j - ~:
    li,urgy. >j>, C>ool;nj!;,n , )6' ",,,;ng. '6- <7.\/<>, '6" tim,ng, 'I.
    C"h",ulf. Jl9. )60-, 19. '0, . 0. 70, 00. '0', '91-9'
    , ,,.lry. 86, ,31. JJJ V,,,,",I, .6,-): V;<.igO!hlC.'91- )Ol;
    c.,,"mmu •. 'Jln. ",." b"l.I,y: influ,n,", con(",<m;ty.
    <;:<ng<lkuy , ,) 1 lOJ"77, "",d mmpho";"lly. 'O')ni! ,
    «n,mg, «n",,,, )71: By"n';n, 1J J n, , " In .1", ""m",,,
    <"'P<'Q'. jO')nj<; Vi,igOlhic king, .«1>.",000: . dv<n'u" "my;
    )0.1, )f! . udi<n,": . udicn«" comm.n&",
    Ccntul.l. )<9"'1' Coo",n,;"c VII ; oo",u" f"'ion,;
    «r<monw: ' ppfop",«d by l; ;nK" li tu'gy: "",u"u" I",,<k; p,O(e>,ior",
    J.'-" ","; ,""u« ",d. ,19, ,,,", ,nump"'
    ";11"",,,k v.l .... . nd, ')); B"il II Ch.l"d<>n, 7'= Ch,I«<loni.n
    ;"diff..... , to. 'n; \oorfOwinll,n m,hodoxy, 61
    ' ''';'c proe<». I ; BU'lIundi.n,. '66-7: Ch.lk,. 1I... ,n Hoo«. '4i , IJ6. '?f.
    ll)'Un'ines UI< '"<1m, "rotd,. I)>: lOJn7! , 117. "9, i<on. <0,061;
    "pit>I,OO p«>VIn,,,,. 9'-'00. 10j, mo ..i". 6 1, '91: ,",inc, '7 • • ,i"
    '1'- 9' "p;",1 r",,,,, do"k>pmcnt;n "9,4 11
    kingdom. , .11. '9'-11. JOO , J01; Ch.mb<rl.l,n: '" pr>ipo';'O!
    C .. oIin,;,n , )61- 1. , dilfmm from ch.n" II"y: p'p.l, )71-1!<>, )! l' roy.l:
    llyunt;"". )66, ) 1 ). o<'g'"',)6,- ), V.nd,l, '6" Lomlnrd , .17:
    "",h("",ion: imp<,i.!. ,6<>-,. 17\-6. M'fOvingi.n , llS: C.rul;ngi. n. )I' _ j
    rl9-90, ><>6-7 , 1'O- lIn[OI. " ' - '. ,h.n doh"" Sff li~h"
    " 0-\, ",y. l, )00. ) .., (ontinuiry , 6. ,~ .. >Ot<<n, ), 61; ""<In in o."og",hi<
    ,nd " d,.;,m. ')', ),1. )9J, conml, 1t,ly. "m)): '" .1", ""U,
    '",""c,tion. I, «"ing .od . .,,: ch.riot, 'riumph.l. '" ,,";<k,
    <ompo>i« doKrip'ioJU J . ng<ruu •. Ch"km ' stl<, "7. )Jo. Jj) , HI.
    ,.n'., )11-0; co". '7"'116 • . »6- )0: )j'-60. )6) , )61 ,,,," , )7'. 176- I L.
    '1"'<,(1«1 , "1; d,,,,n,,,, .J"n«J
    .;1..« ]hn,!? ,19: "d,im<d by IIp.n,,",
    '0 <fKount<r, <>idone< , . nd,,,
    >< 1; .mb...,do", )66n,~: oJ""".,,,
    probkm~ I, '0, 67. 'll.,60-,. J14. Rom" 'JJM' " , )7ln 191: lIy .. n';nc
    )90, )9)M', .p«l.Il ",m'. <"",I , '<7. CO"""'<. )64' ''"l'''ri.1 <oron . ,ooo .
    )Jln'J. J7'-1: £"<1, .O J; ~"'t"'"" )M. ) i. , .nJ p.p.1 I,,,,,", 17\1; hd
    (onctOoo, 97: llit<kd "mo, ,nd ",, 1. )70; 1<"" to h",.J •. )\4:
    ""k', function. 17: g'''''''n~ . 9] . ,,,,,mph.1 <nny: P,.; •• jhjn, IJ.
    ., , - , j, ' j • • j j ' ; G"sory of Too,,'
    int<<<I' in ««moni., .od S, M.tun.
    jll--<}, U'lnov,,;on. 71--<}. 'OJ,
    '")7'.
    Ch"k, II 'hc B. ld, JJ4, Jj3, )6,-> ,
    )7), 177. JI10'40. )Ij. )94:
    j"dex

    lIy""';"' "'g'!;'. ]6" "''''0'';0"'' lO. l'. jO. 0, . OJ. !J . "'.0'- '00. ,n
    Mm. ]70-1 " ' . . . i . ' 10. 'H. J~9-90' • • ""'Y
    0",;", III. 1700,i1 'W·" ~ I . ~6 .j6. 6,. 6,. tIo.7'.n
    Ch"k. M""I. )< j"7 r. J""- r. ll! 1!.9> . <)6. "'. 119. 'J'. 'J•. 1]\.
    Ch",;,ooo. ' j 'nM ,,6. ,~ij. "0. <70. ,-,<>, victo,y
    ",,',/,,;;. ",0'10, f>«ion,. "j; .. ",,;ve,""y "''''. )<>- 1. W .• 0. ,6:
    ~1~l'<u. ,)onli6 "' 9" il<i •. w; Mil.n.' J'
    R,v,nn , .
    Ch .. ,1. )76 'J7' Rome' Ci"u, Mmmu,. ~I. 90 •
    Childebe" I. H I • " "f'<""". OJ. ']0. '1" rON ''''''.
    Ch,ld«k I. )'9. JJj ,66. 'JO: tn"'(OS"Ill . ,So; ",,,,,bc,of
    Child"k Ill. )H "en. ~,n' I. 'J '" f"'""0,,,,1 . ""''''' .
    child .. ". chBJIo.."J . ''' -' . I,~. 01. "0-6: ,oy.l, V."o.l. ,(,"
    I96nJ7. )10. J7): nfTh<"",,,iuI II O"'''~o,h" . '7]. ,So. yol",,·.1
    .".! ««""",;.1 ;nno.";",,. ''In,S<; h.n<~". 171; l omb".!. 'is. '9' .
    ClI ilp<.i< I. H'''H' ·'·;'10'. J,' 'OJ' V i ,i~o'h;e. IO'M';
    Chind.,.;n,h. pOnS •. J'I . J>J M,tov,"~;"o. J j ' - ). J)'; '" .)'"
    Chin';] •. ),<\ni6; triumph .)",. 1'0 - ' ,h"\o«<,,, f",;o",; Hippod,om<:
    ' .....' ,. H' co"um, k"hi,mo; 'f'<"" k,
    Chlo<h .. II. Jj7. 14" ,,;u '''pit. ))9-,0 c;'y o,moo ,,,rl ,ul« n,m,",. ' It. ,6,.
    Ch"o.Io"", . 1>7076. "00'7<> ,""no'
    ,ho;,m"',,. C".,Iiolli,n. 16,
    ,h,i,mon. ,0<\
    Ch.,,,. I'" ,·;c!o' ov .. dwh . 1'0: 0 ..·,
    de. il. J?)
    ,--
    C;" P"fw. '" <p",h, p, ..

    eh·ili,y. '" <mf'<'01


    CI,ud",. . • ! . M. "7. ", -,. >OJ.
    i<,,,., ' ''''

    Ch,i>,mH. 16 •. '9i '110IIS: ",,,uJ< tow"J Soo".".


    Clo,;,,;. o'. "my "f. Joe 8<)00" 00 "iumph ov" "'"'f'<".
    CIt,,,",,,,,, Lnid,,,,,,,. H, SI nJ
    eI""""",, M,;"",,,,,,. 171 CI .uJi "~ "0f"'''''. J<>. ) ' 011" ";""'ph .
    Ch ''''' ..... P"" •• t.. '''''
    ClI,)"'O";);lioo<. '01"",
    ehurch: in'f'<",1 .nd ,mf'<'o,. ,o!;
    "
    CI"«I",,. Juk<. JO,
    <i,,,,,., i. '''. '07 ,.,,~
    prov;ne;"l . onrl ,mf'<'o,. '17 Jl: 'Ok Ck,mon' . "i",op of. HJ
    ;n '"mm;uing ,mf'<,i.1 civi l,,,,,,,,,,. CI<,,,,I"i,,m. '" I'h;lor.h<",
    ')7. )9'-'. 19,-j: ";"mpl,~ ,0. ,0. CIod'u,. ,3
    67. 'O<>- Il . 'J 1-<l: V";~,,,hi< .• nd C lovi,. '6"/")4. '76. ''J7. 3'9. J1J. )0>;
    ,riu"'ph. )0,-,,; f .. oki,h. lJ~ 1. ,numph; T""" . )]\-7 . 1<0:
    )4' - 0' •• od C""I;o~;,o ««mo,,;,I. COOV,,,'''". H" ,~ i ". 1",",,"
    )6J-0. JI " ",.!so b"hop" w"neB" ho"",,,y <,,,,,ul>l<: pm lk! on •. vu .
    H,~i. Sophi" k"i< ,k;.."" I,,,n;"!; J16: ''''''.,,' ,,,","ph.1 .. m;", uf
    j ;,",~); M ...",: p"y,n: '"pp l",.""", ,mp<", 1 ~<",,,I. '" p,ov'u,,,. l)0- 1;
    Ciby""'" ,hem, . ,()(i. ,.j. >jon,o:!. ,m'g"" . JJOn,., r<m<ml><r<d wnh
    'jjOl!! .u.. J.O-" "qu""
    <>I" '''10<)..
    C;mo,,,o di P..,e,II •. l< , i ti,,, •. ,iog". ]>\10]; von,,";''' fo,
    ,i,,, ill". 'i".m.....I.,;. "'.",.,," 1oc.1 " in, 'od hio""hy ,hown;n
    ;n,f'<"']. ,.- 1. ,.,->; Vi';II",hi" p",d<. ))7
    1<); Mo",v;o~ i . n: )4)-0 CoJt, C",oli•• , . )700,16
    ,i".i,., "li,. II' ,"';i"l/i. JJj
    ,i,eum,i,""" . )""69 r """m. ,, -l.
    "!'"'''' ,", ",.k.." '"
    ci,eut: in' f"'n,l. j. ,'. >0 . "". 9~noo. "'-'j. '77-! . IJ 3: <0"[""1. " .
    'll"". ' ",,"J. l" j : .od "i",,' pn. 17. "J; numb., of " .. " .. ion>. ");

    "7
    Ind."

    ,0<.11 Fl,ptlbh"o P'''. "I' ,,;umph,;n p,oy;n, ... '1l-9; ,. . .1,.


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    SH .1,. Aftb"",, Al.m." n;,m;
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    f ""«,,uy...,.,,_I'u''')'e. lJ<, lJO '9':>")0. 'en. '0<) , ><>909Ii.
    "0- '),
    ( _ ",... '7, ."". 'lO 2Ii , "">:
    mkld., PO"' !.. '7.1 ,
    fOKTITVDO AVG, INV ICTA,'7 »on ,." p,.,c"" ,m" 71- 1;
    F",u,"' ~(A,«~;u, 0' X 'w .... p...... '" N;<.p."'"'" .<Ioon,. '10:
    forum Ik"", '" Iloo, tknov<ow. '!9
    f ot",,' of CU""'" " "". "'" '0' , S"c, P""i., .31-9
    '""'ll; "i"mph', IS6. ,6,-S , Gm , S,lv". G,." P. I" •. '''non,
    '7,-]. , I ,. "S, 109: p"",<WO"'. 7S. S"<. T"l<d" .• <I<,.""d,)()j\
    71. "9: <mp<ro. wdcome~. "" ~""." "<fO'y m"""",cn,,, '70:
    f or ",n of ,h. 0 ., '" 11<,." "n<tih«l , J"
    Forum Rom , ""m , 'J. '" , 10. 1'. 9', ~",,4i. p.ol"•. 'H' '" .1,.
    "6. "1 ,,,,"ou,,«mc""
    Fo,um T.un •• J. '10, 'IJn"O. "S , G,"I. ,", 9', ... . . 66. ,,. , JU;
    "l"'''. '"" 'JJ. "9
    Fmum ofTh,,,d,,.;u,, "lnnf
    Th<OO<rk. "" M<fo.mg""' .•.
    P&-H, J9" w.yword wom,". »6
    F..",;,u,. 6!, r,), !l~"J1: '" .J,. G... , 'JJo"
    <o~n~m ' n . (k, .. ,k. '6J"')
    F""b, 'S , H . 'Jo. ,67 , '70. )06. P), (;d.u,,,. '.eo.m""",y, )l6: G./O,i..."
    )n, )2J- 11. )"<, )'}I>; I'"~"'KC , H""Y" J<f ,lJ. E,g!t,h_C",,",y
    • ..,I"i, n
    '"",,,,,,,6,
    F...",., lnumpb. <9-}O. "J .• ,6
    he> ,
    Gd,m«. "l. """"9], , ... '6,n) :
    timed .. ",urp<r , "y
    frN<~""d, ))1 Gdloo< , JO" '" ,I,. S. mm<nwy of
    fICK OO , JOO"'. ,)6, 2J )n". J""" 'W gcn<f. I, '" <omn""d<"
    h",hll<JJ d""""'g. ' 11',60 (;."","" '_6<)
    F"ulo. JJ • . J,6; wu" ,,!. JIk>' COU"'. JI? G,,,.v;".<. ~"
    lJ'"1>9
    froJ" ) OJ ~<"ulk",,,,, , '" i""""
    !<W,W, ,,,,,,,i,,,iM"77 George M."i' m. ;on"'. ,10-<,
    fu lgc, .. ,u, of R",p< , 20j 131i-?, ""f , 'J!, .. 3
    fol .. ,.. w11i. J7' c;.,uog' P;,id.. .•
    ('",org' , Sr. '70; hOl1o"d ;n victory l Ol: uivor. ;()(j
    """a. 171 (;u",km«, J ,6<>16. PI
    Gro'g<. St. OI011"'''y. >9~ Gu"oob.d. ,M. ,t\7nU
    (''''''go. St, T rup.iopholU" ,'hu,d" Guo ,fr.muod. '6' ,
    'lil
    17?n Y' vu" ,h"m. JJJ.", 1)Y, )4 1, JP
    ' $,. ,01..,.. )J7
    (k",,,,,,,
    GElI.M "'N I'" SVB"'Cr"" >8 Ibd h<m"",, J l8n I ) I
    r",m .n;"; • • 1)7 , [ l . , IHnl ' H.d,;"" 1. pop< , )) 1- 60. J8 J
    (krm, o;,",. ::, 63. II). 114, "1 ; In H.d d ,". <m p< ,,,,. JI
    ,I" rugnu m i", H.d",,,,,,",,,, ,"n.m,.! , ,62
    (k'm ,nu,. p, tri ",h. n"'l' H.gi. Sopl,; •. 100. "06nlo. 16" ,Ii •.
    g<1IO,,,, adl",.,i• . ,,'(l; bo .... Jjo; I"'; , lOC , ""4071. >06, >2401)6,
    d i.mouo ' . > j j n , I J, ) J 0; ~..." ufl,,, ""'. ",,,n'ph, , -,.,-> , '43 , 11). '11 - 7, 161.
    'H. py, gr«l;og. 'J' . )'9- )0; p,lm '14. '1 ' . " '- '). "Ii, >17-'9. ''',
    ",,,,J, ~; '" , I" coleo,K, <011" 249; ;'i"o.-y utr<';n~'. 7> , 17<': . mbo ,
    '''' ''100;. 1; ki,,: pro,krn«" '9) . '00: ",.<1<",,", ,, ! ; "", ", bly
    (;, 100. JI, I P "".1 '. 'Y •. 100; B' pt;" , y. '94'
    gl.J i"on. J'. 9 1. 96, 97"7J ch urch of til< (OmOlOn ?<Ork. >, ! ;
    G LORJA - R,O - M"' NO R U M, ck'n. " ! ---<J. "",, 17S; <01i,I'" of
    ,00 .!om •. '<»; cr", "f .",h";,,Oo ..IV;'<,
    God, ,ok ,n vOo'my. 96. 101 - r ' . I J2. "7; '"''''''''. '4""10, ' "ol l". 11!:
    '," , )11. H' ornp<ro," dooujoo for ""nd;ng
    Go'! .. , U'"'P'''. '6. <uch."". " I; ~, Ikr"" ' 9• . ""0"1"
    GOO;~;"'I , '<\70)\ l"in M,". ,."")9; Miori.'. ::!:
    guld, ,,,; d,,, 227" ' 72 P'Y""'" of choi r. ,,8: p,o,,",,,,.';, ;.
    (id iot". 6). )O J " S: , .. 1.. ,. "S: Ut .1", Typ"nn
    Gordi.n. 19 " "" Io<" d,. ' ....... '"' , " ~ ; rmp<fO' "
    Gothi,u,. " I , " " '" .J", 'ognomio . «!I' to proVillC<I, 2)4: Lomb".! , " ""
    Go'h', jY. 4< , 4Y, )1. 73MJ4 , 77. I j, luog. JO, WI . ",0. 4 11; mou""il<.
    99. 10'}. 117 , Il l, uS. J96: l>." gu' g<. '6<); ~""g"t fr" '<'><); \hovcd. , ! I,
    2~7. w ! ; " " ' )'. ' " '" .1,. "". '.~. p " '" ,/<4 <1<:«1''''0''
    O ,rrog"'.>: Yi"go,io. H . li'g" ortiig' , )"'
    c:;" p,,,; bru,h<", ,. 1"., lI . 11 "f th, N in<tccn Couch<,. '"
    C:;" ,i.n. "). "", l IOO'JY T, iHn,,,
    K'''u";,,, Io<fo.., . " ",,"<>«m .m•. ' 14: lI.n( ',f""', )46
    ..,«;v<d for f""'''''''''''' "1 IJ'nd,l. C:; , F. , H7
    G"., hl,« , >« p,I"." Co",,,n,;nopk h",Jo . m p"""". 01n14. W; ' PP'"''
    G"gori." ,,,',, m<" ' .. y, 1-1.."",," .. . fwm d,rud. 96; hoond. JO. 7<', I.".
    ))0-" nm'"-=o""y. H"''9' , 4<6, cI' ppinS, J04' ",",","dOl;" J<\7;
    ,",,.m', , '0" ", .. h,d. ,0.,,, '" , I",
    '''' '''~'I. po!"" '-<> - ), )o' nl ', H'.
    Gr<gmy m u"I""",
    37"'''''' h",nMU<. ' " 'I',,,,,,he.
    Grego,y n . '!lOjl ,1>><I; og;, . 6 1
    G,<~ory of Ny,,,. 'jjn" I he.d" d"pi>¥. 17. 00. 'J 4 , , "'. , SI .
    Gr<~Ofy. JI""go'. 117 ' JJ . 'J1""I, J91, ., ~ , "knd"
    G«gory " f T ou ". J> ! , )"" ". J14-6, um . m<n' , "). " ". fu" " ;on , 'J.
    141 - ' Burgund;.n , ,6]. Lomb .. d. '9J - ; ,
    Gub" " . '1"" !9 19'. M<ru'ms"n. JJI. Y;,isut),,<.
    l(Uildro Cn"" ,"ri""pk. 100, ' ''"''' pl'' , )0) . )9;; p",do, 'I , J6. ". 00, ''',
    ""4-1' ",h<r ",<mon;". 100; .;I~ . ,!. j' , 00 , "". n, 7l. 8 7 . 96, I j<>-I .
    index

    ,I,. ' ) j . '1~. "'. "",h"


    R .><nn •. '17. Goli"h. ~J. monk
    , "'" "9, 1'9; '" .1", "knd"
    )o/""o,iu' , '10. <n. ' \>Onj. ,)6; 'riumph,.
    mu"k .. d by ,nob. ~J. l"ydool<>v<. 1 11-0.1< - 0' . "1-'0. '''-"
    imp"'. ~J: "'n<: ' I . '0. 0'. <\. 1~. .,;<mn. Ii •• w
    7).7)"'J< Hone<. ')
    Hcbdomon P.b ". 1J. ,am Il 6. 'll . 00,,,,'. '0, 16<5, '7). " 7. "I : <>I"n",
    " '9"jO. ><Xl. lIJ. ''''''' ' '. ,19; ,,, of roC,". ')0: om.m<n". )0. "1,
    ,I,. John. 11>1";'" chuTCh. J6! n 17J
    H.bdomon "","""i,.,. '10- '
    Hur~",ig""" 7. l66 Huncric •• 6, . • 6., 19'
    H'g,l. G. W. F., 1000lJO lIum, ", .~. Jj
    heir. 'YJ. ISIIl. 'Hnl); ";umph, " hi , hun" roy.!. ]611
    H9. '.7 . I ll; roy.l: Lomb"d , '0" hrmn~ !1O; olu ,;ng "jump"" 7'. 10, .
    M""'1I1gbn. JJJ I ~ , '7', '71 ,"" ;mp<r;.1 vic,ory.
    Hoi", of Au • .., •• lhn>oo 60, 6'"9) . Ij> • ... n )) : by .. my.
    H,;,;,. duk<. )76 ,,6-7, .,9. 'J" Vi';gornk. )0'"'''1.
    H,kn. , j') J"< ' C .. olingi.n. no
    Hekn;.n" P.bc<•• , In!"!
    H,lm,d';, .• 17 ;<<m""I..m , J". 'J'. I l". "H
    hel m"~ 'oJ. '!'rIIJ' «OW"" '9' ic""" ~"rhy ' im l"', •• I. 7, '''. j!n7". i 1.
    /1'"01;''''' 'jlnl L 06. ,)6, ' \"l; ; ,,~"<"CC on A~ilulf.
    Hen,y I. jlln .. ' pom, ,, , 'I"'-'
    H,,,du. lIO",,"" lOOn,. '''' "m y. '47-1: Mt ,1<0
    H."cl,u,. H. '0). ')""'" ,,;um ph •. PO""'"
    7<>-'.17). ) ' ) , )91; victory bull«;m. id,okogy, ;mp',;.1 v;C!o'y. ,--<i, ". 1).
    1910>7. '9) - J: jj,",SY of "'U , .. I. lI - )" -n -I. )11--9. 19J-6: fou"h_
    '\<>-'. J n : ,h.nbgl. iIlg p,,,,,,,.iom. "ntu,y, JJ--<I, )~ ~; Ju"in;.o. 67- 1,
    7j-0 D . ~II . 'I'-J: N;« phoou, 11 ,1 69--'70'
    ho"ld. , 1')1. ,3l, ,,,,,,,j, •.
    ,~ '00, ' j ) .kv<nth-<<n' "' Y. 'l ,n>; I, w, . 61;
    H'fC"k. In.kfU>. ') , '9 " " '''. ')"- 7; ""h •• ' Jj: unity .nd
    H«m<n<g,ld , JO? J17 ,oIkgi.ljj,y, '" - '9: ,oy.1 v;cto'y.
    H«od'.n. ' In)o ) 0'-): V.nd.il, ,6J-6: O"'OSOlh,.
    H",ul. p.I.e<. )7) '7] - 1): Lomb"d,. '!'rlll :
    H«ul•• ')0 Vi<i~O!h!. )oJ; '''in.g •. J'7-19. I,w.
    Hi,,,,;, P.I.e<. 71 , "7. I jjo86. '0) """'. I;"",ur<. J'J --'7:
    HiIlem" of Re;m" JJ • • lljn, " . M"nv;ng;'n. ) 40- ', lin,,~<. ) . "
    ]",n I7' C"oling;.n. J69- 1>. d;plo,,,,';,.
    Hippo,hom" Conmnunopk . H ). ')0. ) 1) - ., . nd p'r.1 k", ... )73 - ~. )1).
    '1'. 'llon. _ . "J: triumph,. other k",:n. )8<>-" I<rr;,,,,i.1
    • 1-'n'7, <9. _<. 61,".91 - '00, p,indp.i;,k>: )86-7; '" ,I, •
    '09. H I. H<I--9. Ill. ,.6. ,.~ . 'I' , mooopoly of . ;«o.y
    ' _110. ,6). 16• • ,0\6-1. ,6!, '80. 1",,".0 •• do",m. """JO
    '!7 , ,,6: ob<Ii'k, '7 ...."!IQ: S« . 1.. I~j,~o, ,,!
    c;m", <h,,;ut""": fwi""" h,hi,m>; IlIu,.60
    'P'''''' '1"'<1><:1" i.. i,./;. i"p<rii: by offoci.h. '0, 47- 1' ,
    hi"oriogroph y' 'nd "",mon;,I, I. " ' -) . ' jj , 1J~-9 , )91: Gc'm.ni<.
    '\>O' JI. ' ) l. llln,!: , nd k,ns,]"p. 6-7. ). ' - 6; V.nd.il, '6" The""",i< ,
    1'1: ,,,,,,ct~ ' 9' - ' '70-1: Vi,jg",hk '91: M<wvi"gi,n.
    J... ,jtn<> .''''''. ,or ) i<' C"oI;ngi.n, )6'-J . JO'- )' )Ij ,
    holid.y,. ' 9-Jo. p •• 6. "n"I. !). 3S , 19" '" .1., ,<remooi.1: ,u l<nhip
    ["dex

    i,",.;x,i. ,",no",". >9' hm..,l, ' W


    ;"pt,;",". '). '7) 1<1><1, I"'<l i«', IN . )U-J . ,, 1-9. )"
    lm po""nu,. '7Y 1,";0: bi,hop>, >; By"n t;",. III
    IN XPI NM . ]1 9 1"lk •. )'\>11100
    h,d",. 6, h,l y. 'J. J4 , oJ ''''.
    \0 , 10\>11J. ,. ' :
    Ing<i~<'m. pal,o:. )60. 369 II Y"''' ''I<. 7J" [J4 , 'JJ. 'll , 2l1.
    ,.1..10. )OJ
    11111<>«"'. )00'" J
    '"". "" ,,". "'. ,.0; "my , ""I.
    " I , "vol" wh", « pi,, 1 br'i<ged,
    ;n,,';p',omo ,nd v""my. lJ-,. ''"'''. 'H' vic,o,y jd,o"-,!!y , ')jn');
    j l. ~ - J.S,. [[ G. ' J7' n . """,ir. O " "'K,,,h '1Y1-~ •. )'6; l"'n b .,~"
    '71-80 ". - 0: F""k"h 0'1"'.1,,;0"'. '''''77.
    i'!>;r i. , i""i",. ]76: '" . 1>0 ,y mOO!.. lW. J l! ; Cuoliog"". J l L, J7J" '91.
    v;"o ry 117. JOo , )!, . )8J
    in, is'';': imper;'l. 7<'; <mpe,or ","d,!O Tud;),. J ,OnM
    .. "11",,,. JJ611'9: olf.d. k. so. 'SO' iUppH«. '" JuP;""
    lIulg.";.n. 17J. "1; Odo.,<I. '68, l u~.o"" •• ,6,
    O""'K"'"' . >70Il, S; Vi,;go<h,. IVIJAEA CAI'TA. ' 1
    )ol nJI; M«ovillg i.n. J' ~ . Clov~ .
    ))OO'v: C>ml;ng'.n. 170 - •. • nd
    B)'"n ,;n<. 100: '" .1" """"""" J"ob. ""8"'" <quilllm , '41
    ","um<: '.0"'''1: d "'<>",,,« ; p.. ,pk J'on« uf E<k< ... , ~ .."','
    ".nd.<d, J",u" iu, N<po,i' l\u" SJ nu
    i. ,;,.I.",. ," ,;Ii" J«"ho. H'
    inv"";,u,,,. '" "«w",, Jm'''km , '7. ,~. "J , )72
    INVICTA VIRTVS, ' 7 J<w •. '7. Jon ,,,,,. J"n,,?, I',,,,,cu';,,n.
    ;.v~''''. i~.;"i";"'"!: impc ' i,I , ;o.
    ) In' ' " ,p« .J,. 11 - 0: C",,,,,n l,n< '"
    Jul." VIII , VOpe, J70"r!6. )7<'lIi7
    "'plo", ... ;,h ';«. '. 10J - " in John I T.;",i,,,,,. 72"')1. 'J9. ,6" I"".
    p'OY"'''''', 'JJ~m J: An."" iu> 1. 176. '9Im •• 'J""0l; """"ph"
    ,II; ,oy.l: V'Old,I" ,(06: 170- ) , ''''"'''. ~'7 , ,omp.red '0
    0",080lh,. ' 7... '76, 2SI. ,I" C. ",;II",·. ')'''', I,,; 1",1''''" ..11,(0 ,
    V;' ;gOlh<. J>" M<<ov'n~i.",. J, " '<9_ )9;
    C " QI;nK'''u. )72. ) 1 ,. )"' - J:
    _ xiii.,". )2<= R,,",, " " vi".,. '7
    lo,"noo poli,. ",n,",
    .,
    John . U>U<p"'. J~ - 60. ~;n0 7 . 96. "' ,

    John . "d P, ,, I. S. ;n". dmfC~. ')7: r.,,,


    iN! ";''"r~'/''. i.","
    IOYt:.AIAC EAMlKY1AC . '7
    J>v '" 11..»<"0'. ' J7
    John. $,. po""". "I"ll
    I"n<, 11:<. '0"",1" ";umph. " I: Jo kn of An'ioch. ,,'''W, '"
    00/,,,,", .. C"""'n,;nop l". 'ol nl ' , J uh" . !l.p'''', So; 'k''''h. HoWo"""".
    wmm.nd .pf'<';n'n"~". ".-, " , '0 7 " "~. ' Sl , .". "Y
    I.. " Co.,o,nu" ",umph. 179 J"h n, R'p'i", St; ,hurch , Pl .. i •. 'i9
    I ..bp; M<"';o.;. ",n' '1. ' [,nI13 John, !l.p">!, SI. feu,. 'OJn77 ' " '/i" ,
    l.. u.i,m , 00. "'.l j" 'M.l'J
    bid",< of&,·ilk. '\'9.
    )00. )001116, J\>6: John Bieb •• Chroniek. j'~
    HiJl,,;. COl"",",". W."d.lo,.", . John Ch'y..,,,om. ' _'0. 'Y). 'J i
    S","".'"' '93-)00. l,6-7, ,d,p" John CU«u". 'Jl n ' 02
    ,""U"". l' jll l>l, l"n ')), Uoo' John. do ' < " f 1,,,,, , JJ<
    S, ........ ),6, o.il;"" on 'numph. Joh n Gibbm. 6,
    lo>: R"'p;',/"i" 117 John. J" .. " I,", . p."i",h of. ' 30017
    1,I.m. 72: ' " ./" A,.b, Joh" Lydu" ~., "J
    J"dex

    John ,\hump""', "vnL~> )"''''' U" proro",ol of C"""'''';nopi.,


    John S<ot E,iug<n., l7) '9)"'9
    John S<ylit'"" H,,,,,,,o, '"70 ''' .
    '70-,. '!""O'). ' !7n><l. ,'7 K.k"d", Un , . ,
    J.... ,n s<y,out. 0, ~>;,J.I"KO<, 4"'" ~~,I;i .."o,. ~k1mo'
    J.... HL , TI"" .. I"",c. , m hbL!oop of. ,., .;;-,,,",,,01, 'Hn,)
    Joh n VLLLw"" lut, ,))"".LI K,looymo',70
    John Vl<d"I", w,f. of. ", . ,,.i, i •. ~ «).<Un"
    ).,J,n, Thcot"~", , S" ,h",ch, r,ph"",. ~'"P'R''' ,,' CO>!o n'<
    ',J",) " P"'"'" " ', ' 7)
    J"'''' of O , in".. )7' K."~j, Eyuk. 'lln i l
    Jor~'"<' , "5. >H J,''ILI ~tanlJoJ. JnLI
    Jo><ph I)rn ' ~ • •. ,t,J. ,67<> , ... ,6! m~'P'la""" 'lJ
    J""pho ,. f l,,',o ,. '4-'7 ~ ~,d""'oc. '\K>!l)
    J",hu " )O J .~,~~da"""','; i~1 ,~~, " j
    JOt",. " a ndanau:. '~mJ?
    j"""", '))"J , 'J6ml ~"~"m., 6J. 7). Y4 , 96- 7, "l'''9l.
    ) OVLnO, . ..""''''' of M .. ;""", J9 1>7 , )S9: '" .1", Hippodwm'
    jo.. n"" '''"'J'''', 5". J7, .'" ~"YO: ", I)"",i. , "7: Rom', 66. '~In !:
    Jol" [}omn" .. n6! To",,,.. )n: V"OfI', 67
    Juli,n e .."", ,l n22 : .oiv,""" ,
    ')'nO: kLo,g<h,p, '" mb<h,p
    C hnoOom ... v" I17n,6; d.n",d kin. 'po"". '''' J'Q
    '0.,"0"'''', , ll-' J, "0-,, h"d .ki""'''~J. 'J' 068
    p""Ic. ,"'''0, p'~'" p''''''' .."t Kumbin",,,,,..., , m"'low. ")n",
    oJ""'"'. 'J4Ll J t o ~ 6!<~c, ofOp>ikioo: ' )0; t<il' ,<IX"".
    juli. n. Pm'"",n Profrt,. 6. lL"'199
    jul,," ofT"kd o. )00. )0<\, )O~ , )'J: Ko"". ,
    Hi".,i' IV, ....... ),7, ).s ; 1."1..,, •. KO" ;go" , 6]. 77
    ",
    Julio, C .... " ". )9'
    ~."'kl'i,". '" ",,"",olum
    Ktum . 'JJn31 , '9.
    joli'" · Pm'. i)"I>
    jup,t«, rl , v ,. LOI; Vic1"'. ,S, v"""'Y
    K,."", ,o'"~,
    K y"'g>un. 7)
    0"'" G"n" , p, ~"u<", ' 0') Kr';' ,k;'... 16" " '. . .,. , , 9. JJ4,
    Ju><in I. '!("'''' n": vi<to,y bulk,i,,? ,
    6J"'0,
    ,"
    JOlt;" II. 'n' , ' v,nv. ''''''''H, '0,,,74, l, G", .. , CO," h"",d , )1'"9j
    ' )4''' 0. 'jOn,,, ,,"umph •. "". ,,~ _ 'o I"",;,;., r •• I"4t, 'JO: .... I~
    Ju"hn.n. )6. 'OJ''',,,). ,)6"'4. ' , "";0. .n"Dun«m<n "
    'l6, '7""40 , '9 ', JJ'''!?; "'umph, , bLnp-li~h "ng. '" Iy<hn .p';'
    6, - i . 9), I" , "l - Y, ,y8, '00; .b!<~r<i'c. , ""1 8
    v"'tory id< .... ogy , 67-!: h . "ci<t.,. I""p>. '" ligh .. , lill"t;"~ ~"u'"
    JjS: .""ud< to ..·,rd ""bon'n L .n ~ob"bi , H' Lomb",d,
    k",~Jom" ,,' -~: column , """')! : I•• .,.,. J7J
    I)'g'!! ' ,61 : ,mf'O'<' new <kponm'n' '~4< , "n,)o. 'll. '~' , '~4"'7
    ooo/l",,;. k. " <: I."" M: novd '''' I"g'''' ,m".,.i.l. I. ", 'OJ. »1- jO:
    p'ovin,; . 1 .cim'n'''''';'Ln. '9J - <: ,,,omph '9 •• 0, 40. ; ).!y, 1> ,. 1)1.
    te,,.,,,., V, ,,d . 1 '''y,,6, "g. 'J!, ')7, lJ7")0. ",: «mfU>«!
    )U>1 ''''''' II , ,oln,"') , ")' ,M, '9. , >Jj: '0 P.I" •. » ! : (o",to,'my, "\ILL " ' :
    " i"mr~'. 7!. '\4, '3J , J'). J~' "'pic O .. rugo,hi<;,;7]. V;,igo,hic.
    j"!! i",.to. T ,i kIi"", "f, ," -r " kl in". )'9- ,0, M < ' ov;p ~ i.n. JJJ. n6: 'u
    Index

    .1., m in' : endow""n'. ,k",,)" : ,;''"')' '''In. 2Jh. , ,,,,ud.. ,ow"d


    m«hlll"",, ;m ro.;, 1 ,,"'C<. 'H""I'
    L"mm. l!k> <011&",,,1,,,,,,,, fo, "K'O')' , .,. ' J.
    1", ;«" wi,h b ",..<k, .nd dun<kl"",. .,n,O, " ". , n" ,... hI. > ,~ . "I""' Hn~
    ' ''7: ," .1," ~,.,.de. .nd '~"inK ""(.,,nw to V'(lO' Y,
    /,,.,;,,, Jyi , ]7': "y"',i"i' .... jJ6, )7,-1: l)6- ,: fwm ""),<<0" '0
    "Ki" . Hh. H7'",h, )71 C"o]"'gi.m. nS, V,,'g,~hK .nd
    1, ,, ... 1, " . ,~. "n. ' <no ll~ ; w,wh" vict"'y id'o)OKY. l'J: Mo,o,""S''''.
    ' 1, ' 9. >10 J.'"J'" C"oIins"n , no V" 'Ofy
    L.u«nt iu,. )no Ld ,-o lo~y ,
    )71 -!<: Ch"km'Kne ",
    i.w: triumph »J: pmmul~"i on '" b""d •. JJJ -. ' 1<. ,1' 0 bulk"m.
    ""1'<",1. 'J. v"oo,)'
    h,,,,,, . I. ,o,""""i,,,,, X,"' i" ,". '~JnH L<~ ~,I;c •. JI J
    k K"""" <"ng" ,"I,,< v",,,,,i,,u> I~~ 1"",~"I,,,"," , 1J. J2J
    <mp« m , 19. ~ (}-I . "n.O. ~ ". ~,; Ii!J. Jjn"J
    r<'""'" ""1""'0'. ~ 5n~0: to fo," sn Lih,n ;", Un<" , 0'. ~)n7h
    eo"tu. J. )00; p. p.1. >"n,o> : L,b" .i",",,,, )71-~
    M<ru","si. n to I."mb"d •• ,,~ : to L,b<, """'"'". Joo
    C'fOl", ~i,"" !"""u,,, ]76. 0 <1 ... " , ,i,""
    Lib<, "",,,,-,,,,,),,. v;cto,y "moo
    )67" ' 7 '. J1]' '" ,IJO .mb" "Jo", p'p,1 '·tt"", 3)
    ."J",,,w Lib)". '"n ,,". """",
    L"d"d . )1' L;,i" i"'.)7. S"" I , ' 0., "). ' "
    Lru III, f"-'I"·. J67,, '6) l if"."yi<: I,," Ron"" , OJ"J " , Ii".
    Lro IV. 1'''1'< , )Hnl' j , J"",,16. J!J wd'K .. V,,,d.h. ,6, -"
    L"" I, ,)6"l<, lJ6nM. ' J "'''!, ')7n'9 M "o ""~", ,, , Jl9. JJl. Up."'i,,,
    Lro III . 7. , 'll. IlJ. '0"06, , "', ' )j : ."d C"ohn~"" , JO.-J
    t'<i"1l". 'jO I;~I ",. l i ~h';"g IiXl"'". J ' , J6. 7J. ,~.
    l<o IV. 'J~. "J, '0)"7" ''''''''ph. , '",,-'0. ,,~. '00-3, III iOlr<,;, 1
    ')7-.', " 7 e<lo"""" "" . 7 "" ) ,
    Lou V. '9' , ' 9')nIO, '09. 21 ".,.1'). Li,b."" )76
    "J"'IO I" .. i<" "iu"'p h, '"'' "'~<. 7< _1 ,
    L<o VI. 'W. ,,,n'O,. ''I n,)) , 'J o: '<)n j'. ' .. nj j , )<1 - <: 'S.in.'
    ,';u'"rh. 'j7- 8: h." ""t o!f'm l>. b"b";,,,,. ';' -<' .pp.u •• 1 .nd
    'Jon ' " ",,""" u" IJ.~ I. 'J' d"'"fb",,,,. '.<"J<' ;"'1'<,;.1 "my.
    Le" Du<,,". ,~, n' . '. '" ,. 'H. , .~. ><y, "St; C"uling i.n "my. JJ '- ~'
    vlC""y" Rum<. )19-60. "i,i,.
    '"'
    )J):
    t <" M. ld ,,",. 'J9 '" . 1", Ky,k 'I<i",", 1,"<1<:"
    1<0 M<li,,,,n,,, , ,nn ,M, ' ~ 1 P,oe<",o"" "'ppl,,·,,;om
    l<o ['h OCl!, pmK ;'" , 'J9. ,66 I"e"w ,o; vi«o,y. i"I'<,i.l. ,.6. llJ -.:
    Lo., of Sy".J" , .0. Dom" i,,,U!· """,.Iy, '0''')<. ' 0" '07'
    l ro To, "iei"' , 179'1 ' 9>, ,~8" .. V,nd.l, . ") - ~ : O",o8",h. , '7,- 6:
    L""kg'''u,. J .. L"m""d,. '9J ' Vi';goth,. )' J-7;
    l<:of,k Mi,,,1, M, Oxford. Bodl. l ib,. M""v"'g"" , ).0-2; C.tul;ng;.n.
    II<.>dI. )79 ' >« ""nL"Clip" ""d J"'J. )7'->: '" . {'" . « I'm"i",,:
    Leon""'. U'UlI'<', A.D. ,! •. 00. '9Jn» p,n<KY" "
    Lo. ... t iu,. mu'l'''' , A. D. ")J. ,~ • • W' /;""".. I•• "".... ,.... bulk"IlI • • kw,y
    Lrovigild. '91. )00. )"'''''' J 16 , J I7-!. litursy : i"'I'<,;.1 rriu"'ph. 6J. "', 'J',
    ) 10. J"""OO. J'J""" (",,,,,.,i.l. ,6J' ,,~U<, " """"Y' imp<ri.l .
    '9 3 - Joo 'J ! ,n. ><), ,.~ -~. ,oy,1;
    k:""",.o <"'1""'0" . • dd ,,,,,,,, ,,,d O",~o,h,. ,8). V,<i~o,h,. Jo}-6,
    fnd~x

    jO! - ll. J" . M,rov,ngi.o,. H.--6. lOl. )6;-j. )0! '''76. )6<). H'-' .
    C"olin~i,". )<1 - 1) . l!tl-7 : )7); "i"m ph . 17'- 6. l.,.,: vk!O,y
    th,nk'g'v'ng . v'<lory: ,mperi.l. u. "'1« . ) ! ,->: co,,,,,., ...... 166.
    j'. 6,. ' 07-9. 119. 'lJ. ,)6 . '61 . ,I\; . l""'" '16
    '71. '7lm'9'. , I , . ,II . '"o'j6. >lJ. LooLl.h, Stlmm<"". 17'
    'J'. 'I': roy.l; l<>mb .. d. Lou •• ; •• 1""011,
    '9)- 4. Vi,igorhi' . 10<-). )oti. Lou .. , dnwi"H. <l"J" .• v. jO. )",,6,.
    )' ,- , >. C ' roling",n . lSj-!. J )'>--60. 'II; «lmp ...,d with fI<>hfJ<ld. '9!ltIo
    n <- ): of a"il. »1: amoos 1o)"l1,) , !O "01"""'. "'. ,61 . 'JI. )9':
    Bu' gundian,. >67nJ7: Carolini i>n p,oof " .. d<J . r", o;;vil wU. I) ;
    ,,[o,m of. Jj<>->. )6): of ",,,,d. di'pl.yed . ~J. 'J!'
    'n p"y"'.
    Chry.""om. 'J9' of COfll"nlinOpt. .
    '0"''''''''0''''' ",.. ,I,On, ' P. '" •.
    '"F"r j6. 'OO}-II O. "9: "" ,&.
    ,u,h.ri"k 7). ')6, 117. houf!. '6>. I'gh"
    ,,0. )O jnJ6. J7)"'9!. p,<>«,Ilon.l. ."~ .. ~6' . ,,0
    ' .... ..odo.l fun<lion. ' 4J. >JI; L"ciu, Vcru,.". ,r8n9'
    G. llie,n . lJO. 1<,- 6: of j.m". I,,/;, ... "",i. )7"7 •• 6. '''!Ml : P""i';.
    'l9nl O; I;,,,,,y ,lIu,;om '0. J7J; )" R""", i. 17"' 7; """"F•• I". 19.
    MOIII.bk loo. )04. )0'-"; pow« I,", J' Vi".,;"" CM,..i,. J!; v~''', ..
    ovOl crowd. ll" Rom.". »9-, 0. CM,.. i,,, CI,",Ii;. JI' 1',,<1,,1...
    ]16. ))<>- 1; ,~. p< , provincial 5"111...... )'
    «l"<<ption of ''''1''''0', ')1-40, ''',,: u.J"',~ ,I;,-J. ll<. J<19
    imI"'riol •• ) 1-40. ' <9. )90, L"go. )t 1-'9
    Mo"" bic. ,00. ''''_I>. F".";,h. Luitp,,"d ....
    I",,,,,;,, H'
    ) " - l'. , 10--7. we,. .nd "". 146,
    '" . 1.. , oni"".. y; K yrl< <I.;"",: Lyd ... . )7"'9
    Ii"o;',,, M"" p"yOl~ p"IC"';oo" Ly.,.,'. )11, )16
    " '"mcn"oo, ,UpphC.lIOn,
    Liutp" od of C r<moo •. ><,.".,J M.e«!onll. 'J m6i
    L,"vo II. J T6n !6 "''Ii'''' .,il,,",". 6j
    Ljublj . n •. I I ."1;"" 'ffi<i"","' J.. dittg w<moni, 1
    Lobbn.l"'n'J" offici.1. "' ->. "J. 'JJnI06:
    l.ogo'~<le of 'hc D,om,. 16> . ,6J. o.'rugothi'. '70: '" .1,. Po-!"H poc
    '9,n " . " l"Jl ,"" I"" . ,""''''' ""I,,;.... . ,. <• . J' .• 66.
    Lomb"d,. )n6. I .•"nll. '!.--¢. ) ' 6.
    1)<. )j9. )1>n,06. l7l. W' . 19li;
    OIdIUM' "",.. ud imJ'<';,1 ,ivili",ion .
    '".,'n,,!
    ~~ I"' poc . 'JI. '71" ,'6 . r!,,,, ,,.
    >I J. " " duk", '9' . '9) : M'g"'""u,. <""'''. " .!'
    L.ngob"bi . 191i M'gy,". )6,0 I jo
    LonS W.II!. >lo.",'! M.;",. l hn')7
    LonlinUl ofs..u"u,. 61 I"I("'I'~<. ~~,~it<: 'l !n" . ,6)0" )
    LO"linm. p"f«,. ,I., M.ium ... [",;vol . ')7- !
    /0,,,,.66. "Jo'\I7. ' ,9. 16l. 4 '7 M.l,~ •. )06
    l.oll<h . '" S.c"m.n,,,y of M.m " . S,. p,b«. '17
    Loth., I. H o. )61. )7>: c!o.n«lIcry . )h Mammln"'. '9
    l.o"i, n . cmp<'o, of h.ly. ! JJ. 177 ~ ..Mn. '9)n') . III'}
    Loui, m. )H-j. 16,. 16'0 149. ) ! l ~,vMfOp<e. "i
    Louis lb. c;",m'n. JJ • • lJin') , . ) 6•. M"'Rl"'i"i. 11. 0><>7
    )6,. 167n'7'. 17'.)71 P''''~~'O'' ,17""7
    l<>ui, 'hc Pioou,. )"". !9J"'9. JJJ . )60. "",nn •• ),9
    l"d~x

    M."u.! A,m,ni"" r,,,,,J9 /0-1'''1'"""1,, , '9)")'. "-1""<1


    M.",,,II Cun,",,,u,. 111"1.10 /o-1""n" )0 1. 10<, )11
    m."um,,,i,,",. JJ)"'9 /0-1",: f", ;ml"" .1 V' ''o<)' , . ~. ' ''7 - ~.
    m'"u><,"p" n"d; C.m~"i, II, M, ,~.! 1.,"n. in Ihgi. Sophi •. 'l""W,
    ",J ,6) , 1\0: G6<,j"~,,,, U,,",' ,. C",I, Ro,,,,,, 1'''''8) . ')9- ,0, b. "I<,
    ,"",1. 'l" lJ1; Grotufm.,. , r,p, ,,1>-7; ",),,1: V" '~",hl<. """".
    VII, ')9'l)); K"I"uh<. l."J<,b, JO ). p o, d,iI), fo' "''''''y. l'''
    Cod, Aug_ CClIlI : ) .. ,,60,0, F"" .,<h, vo<;"," , HJ-6, pro "t< , " ' I t
    L<ningr>d, G, 1', It. Q _ v , l " m>, H ' ..,11" l<~ . ' j,',
    )Il0l , '" p'oJ"'i",,, ...
    )Jo: M. d,id, Il ibliot«. N"iom l. H] - ', JJ6,,,,6. 'g. i,,,, p, s. n,.
    Cod. Vin, (,6-,) , ,,7: M""Io'''g. '~.n' '1 . j j ' _ 1 . )il>, b,,<I,. Jl<- 6.
    A"h;v.J., lJo",bpil<l~ Cod, '0>: ocm>on for C"oling;.n ro)'.J pomp,
    .r6; Oxfo,d. Bod !. lib<., Ilook), _,)9 ' J "'; o."",;,n. h.II", ) j " ' " ,I"
    ) J""9'. , ,,; 1''';'. II_N .. g'- '7" : <",~""!; hw,SY
    >()9"1><I; 1..,- 1,6: l.a-y, HOI'Y • • l!', M,,,." uf Ilod, <;''''<''. " , '".~'''''
    )16; I" , ,In: Jl', )36: I", YOlO; utr,u"i'" m'Ii,'••
    Jll"'>9: \,,_ 9 ,]]: JI'->; \", ,o>l1 n .'.1"',"' of C<r< mo,,)' . '" "".~'io""" ,
    )00. )6," .. ) , J"9: 1,,_ I10<! : ).7-9. !J ;,)
    Jj""9 • . JI'; I", 1»<6, ).j"70: ", M."" uf 'h, 1""',.«1'''''_ JO.
    >«1,10 .. 11 89: )J'''''''' M"«<: d" M",,", of 'h, OIfK<I. '" ""8"'"
    Lou,"" ;"v , .91" .9 - H . • ,6; B_ S" "IfK,,,,"m
    eo",v"'.., "" ]\1; 5, 1"" Arch_ .: M"."""h • . 17'"J 7
    J"'''j" V"."n, II. Apo"_, 1'.1. I" , M.ur,,<, ,"ml"ror, ' -' , 'i6. 'oon), '~' ,
    ,6; 'Hnl" 1', 1. 1,,_ <" : I\,n,o). 'or n' o. ,)6",<, ,." " i"m p"',
    )61; lI.'i! ' 1,,_ '17; J,6, J.6: R<g, I" 69-70' """"g<. 10 \n l 09; C .. ",. 69,
    ">1,: 690119: V><. I" JH: "<,,,,,. g<" ,,,J, 0<) : o,~",,"> ""'V,r<-,..jJ<
    HI: V.. , lot. ,8,: )6' - >; V,,_ 1.,- ",.""... '<l; ,<1i" fo' "my, "7"7"
    , 9j : JI,nro); V<""', B. M"c. g' , w",,, w umr"~" , .,fij>
    11: '7!n'9' .'.1,"",<. ~ I""g i',," , '.~ - 7
    M'n,;k,rt. "9 M"""iu" JO. Ijn» , II>""J, .'6; h<>J,
    M.r«lIlnu, Co",<>. 91,,\1 ~ . '\16, «","on,,1 fun""",. I J;
    M"chf"ld , JJJ. JH mock,d, i,
    M..-.:;'n , ''In,<I>. ')""" M"imi.n . b;,hop , R,,'<nn" '1)noo
    M.«u, A""I;u" », 'J. ,3 , )0 M";m; , ",, ''''1'<,0',19
    M.l<u" 'J7n,3 M";m;,,u,. <ml"ror, ,I
    M,,'. M'~ii<"" ~ .n". J""'" "',x;'"'" ."d "«"'y "'snOl""" , '"
    M"m"",,o" "f Milin". ,,! Mox'm",. b;,h"p "f Turin. '-I'
    mm;.~,"" ,ml,,",i. I, ,oJ"''''', ,"". ""; Mmmu,. Sp''''>!> ",u'I"' . \9
    toy.l: Omogo<h!. '7'1017: lo""b"J. ,\1>.i","" Cl"J;u> Pup;"nu,. 1!-'9
    "7' M<<<>v;ng;'''' JJJ, HI>
    C.,0Ii08;.n. )6', )6,; d,.","" ,
    M"'n"" , M'gnu" """p' '', .,-J. ",
    9 1"79, 'OJ,,I0\1
    ,oIn91 m.)'on of tho p.b«, lH
    M", V;c,o" ,i M<>"x, Holy C,"'. mQn.<I«y , j<'
    M,,"'II<>. mi"t, Jl9 ""~. I I>O,,,· ","n'ph" J9. ,6, 6\, 7~'
    M",;,I , >J.)' ',"umph, J ')'1"' " In , ,8; v.'i,h
    M.rr;n I. POP<, ')7n' ! . 'J7">9 V;ctory. '1: .,j,.,""". ,I, II< li",,",;
    M.rt;n. S, . 10\nl09. ) ' 9; <or,II" Jl7; ,,,,,,,I <v iM"", ~)n' O) ; (OorJ""'
    O,di"",iD , J'''''' 97079; Tbeoo,,;,. ,I, . J02
    M",;n, S" mo",,,,,y, JJ6 M,dK"'. 2>; ,," .1", <ogno,ni".
    mu'y,d"m, ;ml"';'\ ""<)I". '1' - ' M,\ , n'. , 2 1I nlOl
    Index

    Mell"enu, d,n, ' 11 M,lv;'n Ih;dg< , >0. i6. )0<


    ",;,'crol, 'lj - i m'me!. 9 ' , 910; y,nd.1e '0>; ,,' .1",
    MeI"cn< {M, I,!y' )' "0. ' H, ' Hn" P""'O"H",«
    Moll", nf S"d.., ).)7n)O Mm"v, II.",; •. "
    m<<<h, o", I6i, ,16, ,0,n7), "'; mtn'" eoo", ,,,jnopl< , M""""" ><1 ;
    !I",o" 16\ "''<'''' '" Mm"I1", ll O: Rom"
    Mc"d,. )0'. ), 1. )19, )'Jo,,); .ynoJ. 1>1; m"", J'9
    JU). I" m ... d,,, oogu., l7lnI6" <itS" ",, !«
    M<rovinS""" p8- 47, 1<9, J~7. Jl i , . 1", "'n"
    )6J, J0\7, )<i<) , J'"
    ",",ud<, 'ow"J Mi,,.I, , '".,,,,",". MS y" . "'g. ),,_
    ~yun'ium , )29. jJ!. )P. J64. '\7' '" m'nUK"p" ci,,"
    J91n" ,nd lIu .gundi,n., ,M; .n~ M;,o,,;.m , '0
    tomb .. d. , '~J. ,87; F.. nx. .,,,,me M()"u>. St , n~
    ,he;. 'n""""un.Rom.n, JJ' MoJ io" "7, ,, '
    M, ... ny'''' ,I.n, 177 M"n,,,'. "I
    M .t<. M,ddle "'vonu", Com"n ';nopk; mon ", mo""',,;,,. 'JJ",06;
    ,,,umph,.oo, ' 47. ,64, [7J. 'IJ-6. ;,oooduk, ',>:
    p.Ie"mc. ',00<0,
    ''''- '7:
    ""'om du"n~ , '1.-7: P"Y'" fo, ,",pe, i.1 v,<t"'y, '40:
    Jccormrl. '7'""',,,,,-i : ,,",wO[, C"ol'''g'.n. MV,""", J6j: *"1<';,
    " 1; m"k« , "" [~" J!J-6 , .,J:
    old, "7"')!; uppe' , >1\-,i
    ,"
    mooo~"m; co,,",. ,80
    m" .. ngen, ' 0. '0'. 'H, '" """,0!"' 1,. ~f ,,,'pe,;.1 ,;"o.y. 'J. 'So
    ~~f~p ~"~~f"" ~'P"""I.lw" ,,06! ''',19'. 'll , ,S): i"f,mg<m'nt , ~ , .
    M«" )7<'-' 0,. ~ ' , ' I' j. ']7, ' ll. " <' )\10 ,
    M",,"u •• ll"' H C"oli"~;'n, 177: «< ,I", ,drolo~y of
    m,,,m" w . . . nd ,mpe,i.1 ,,,umph •• v;"o,y
    ,oi --<,l , )i9: V";g",h,. ") ; S,
    P""c', l .. n~
    """."''''l'''' 'HO " '. 'l7
    monum""" v"'''''y. '4-l, 46.
    j, I>.~"
    M'ch,d I, )n9. "9 Com,,",mc, J7n7' C""",m;u, II, . ' ;
    M,d.. d II , '16, '0 \. '~J n7', ')7n29; Thcod.~;", ], <' ; Ju>tm,," , /,S , , , !;
    "iumph '4i-6, 411 Co",,,n,;"" Y, ')0-7' N>«pho,", II,
    M" hMl III. 'J7, 1900J : triumph"~ '70, oolkgLlIi,y of victofY. "n- I7;
    1\0->: bmh. [i",,6) u • • 1" .«1><" columm: <noowmcn".

    '.
    M;ch.oJ IV , I77n,16, ",,,,,,ph, '79 - ~,

    M;ch"J II, >00


    M;,h.d Loch.n oo,,""n.
    M;<ru.,l. ~"oo P,,,,.
    'J'
    S" fm,. Joo
    v;e,,,,y; ~"u"
    Monn. ,89. ).9'nI,I. '9l
    Moon. _'00),
    Mop,u<";" '10
    '\l. 'l6n,,! , ,6\

    ..",bu, Gotlo~", )'~


    M;d"on, ' Hn!l M"",Ii<. )10
    M;ddk Av,nti<, '" M<I< M"", •. ,6,. Je>< , J4j. lOi
    M; I.n. <l. <6, ,01. 'n. ,,6, , SI. ",oo"'m~, public , 'Ol n'09
    '9.01.1; b;,hQI". ,o1. J 3I mou,,,ch<. ," h. ;,
    m,Ie"OO<"J • • on", ton,h f.om M uh.mmed , •
    Com""';TK>pl<, >!In'O> Mundo. 6)
    mili""i., I\7nw. "'"'Si , "~n'fIo. Mum P'j' C'''';'. "l"tt9
    » 1, ""nIh: >« .1", co,n ' Ke mu,.lmon, SO, 70. ' u, )0); '" . 1,.
    M;I;on. ' H. ,, ~; 'U .1", Arch of h,nd.
    M;!;on My",l"um. >!\
    Mili'uy In"'u,,;oo,. 'u L'P"''I"i,d MYfon, 103
    ",~Ol"'n
    I"d,.~

    L..,,,,h,, ."""
    N..,,,,,u, JJJ. C ""lmgi,n. Jj<"' p; pur< l<u
    N.~, ,I K,,,". ,r.; lIl. JO,,, ,,,,
    N",<,. ,. M. 'lo OI><li,k in Ci",., M"imu,. I j. '"
    N".. , "m"' Ol",li,k <>I' Ct.""n"", VII . .."",,,inn.
    N,,,,, Ih~l. 'll . 'l~n'.)7 '700,80
    No:>. ,"""h. ,,,",.,,
    N,,,.. ,8
    OI><li,k '" Th<.-.d.~'m. <J. 9'. "7" ,b,
    "" " '.'. '0 .• ~, 17J: Ji",no:< ,,,,,k.
    N"u I>,,,,,,,. "i",. """"'. lJ 0: ''1;.'. )""",6: ,u~,J fOf
    N .."",,,,,, "0 I{"""" <10m, ,uk,. 'H""): '" . 1",
    N..", y<.r", "i<h",~"". "" '" ,I" ",u,
    ><I ..
    ,',., O:,Kul"m, ' (on,)
    N" .... , ,,-,,,,,,,,I. "" ): ...<noJ. ,)6. ClOO>w , ''''-!. no. n " 'ymb"h '"
    'l . noo ""'<o<y. "i": ,nO "'"" <. ' ' 'J. >79
    N'«ph"'''' I. '"'. '"I. """'ll ()d,~h<"" "
    N"'rh..,m )[ I'h,~'''. I W. 010. ,"', "fl, "my p"'''''''''''. ,"'"' .0
    " ,u"'ph,. ,M, '"7-1<', '97<>J'. ( H"",,",'&', T",""". '! l "'"
    'J'""". ,,.,. '07"'"
    .J",~, ••. oIi .. < b"",,,,",, l '
    'I J" , r" ",." Y'oo"' fo'
    '?~" 'I. ,'I.",~ ... <1./"",.,«"
    1'"
    ",,(JP'· 'I ' """"" >lUY'Y , 'l' , """6,, <kfm,
    N""pOO,u, U..""" ,,,,,nor",1 ""'Y.
    ", 6+""l'
    ..- ",~, 'Hm,,)
    N"'-r l,,,,",. c""" , " onJ' , ' . ' ('r<"!on, 'H- ')7. '1,"'>3. 'SI" i j
    N"<ph",m. p."',,,h.,'n rJ). '0' '-' ",." 1'" '.m,,' •. 1<0: "''''' o"h,.. "" ,
    N,,,,,,. ' Jln l"" 1'"n"1
    NKIK>I" L pur<. In " .Ioe "'/'''''''''';'. ' H" 'O': fo.
    NO<"",,,,<I,u> 1-1"'"",,,. ",., "I.·b",;'., ,,( "."Kil. Joo; ",<Ii ..."
    N",,,,,,,,I,,. ' ''''1 H'
    N",kr"i~"" g.. '" ")0, "J! {),(,tu!, ,,,,, '"
    ,I". I'''~ m g "". Jhl
    N,.., ~ ,01" ,<0/1 Ih,,,~oc uj ,til. O ,ig'". '17")0
    ·I·",~.I<'''. 'l7""0: '" .1 .. '1' 0.;11" .... '"'' lomb .. J, '96
    Nib "",,II . 01. '1<. "). 027 0..,,",. PI"". 14JO"<. )"1'-" ,ootKil
    N", ..--.. JO,,',," J,,"n,' , JOJ . J'l (HO), H'
    ".,,,d. .,. ,,~""'" 0<,"",10." ro." <>1'. >0."7'
    0""",•. ,.on,,,
    Non"'''''' '. '
    N,,,",, , 'lS. ,,6; ' ' '''. ",To", 0... '" ""'~
    .mlk ... 1,0,.,_"'". '" 0"",, HI"'"
    N",,,", (;.11"" M.. '1"" o.",-,\!,."" 66, ,60, ,67-! l, '!l.,96,
    N""hm<n. JJ •. HO. H7 , l1Y. J ' 1: '-07. JJ !
    h'"'g,.. 1 ""I'0m< , H' - '
    ,,,,... ...,. >0" J'"
    0.", I, "J"'"
    ,-",,,.,,," "''''J'!''''' of C.ro-I'"Ki'"
    Nub ... ,.,'"00 >"''''Y '""""'" JM
    ".,"' •. 'oro .... J on'"",. 100. . . ,n'9j
    N'nnwi •. ".""1.. ,,, ' l"""" {hiJ, 'J, J, n".
    O')"h)" ,,' h"~ Jan,,,,,
    omm''' .•..-I'''r'",,1 V"",1. ,oJ 0 , 1" P,,,,m.". JH Jo,t",h<<<
    0 . ." " fo,m"I". ~r '"'1',,,,, 1 >k,o,y,
    'J' 0.1<,,,,, «00. 'J~: ,H,~"n", 1'"-,,",, '"
    "'"I""i'''' .. Ih~i. St'P"" , Tt<>-!. !',d<tbu,", Jl"
    V~,~",h ... )FJ. J". M<'Y""~ .. n. P-'~"'" r'g.n'.m, "-, ,. "-9- "'".
    Index

    2j4m". )7 ': .nd ,,,,,mph. ,) - ,6. V;"g<>,h,<. )Q) - O, )07n<9, l'O. J9J.
    '~ - '9. '0. '0'-< .nd ,,"umph, J' O, M<loving;.n,
    P'g'no. M", Ai.in". H ~ --<J . J!.ri: "'omph. HO: ,nfo,,,,.1. 2jJ' off,," I,.
    . dd,d '0 G"llo,i.n .. «,m<""'y. ' 1) " '0l>: 'o,ch l;gh,. 110; ,'" .1",
    Jj'-' .d,,",u,; ,>«unu" b<.d"
    p.l a=: CQn".n';n"pk. G",.. ~.i>". p";"",,,,, P'OCC";"IlI: P'<>«"UI
    70. 94. '40 •• 0<n1). "on' 0•• "7. <onwl";,, ,,;ump"
    ljJn'oo ... iumph. 66. ,\6, , 61. np.J""c"oo..,. "6'"~
    174n ,] " 11~. <huf<h<" ,0In92, ~~pno,pw)Uw,,:.. 166
    >>In'74, d<co..rioo. 200--8. <n'"n«. p, ,.;,. ))1, JJI. )J1. J6" J77
    ,,,n,O'. " on' <7, f""ifi" ,jon. '70, r."",,,,,,,, '75
    in";'u,ion. ,8<,1--90. 1?9, 10~. ", , r ."hi.l",. '7, ,g.jOO,'o. H
    'J9<>J 4. 1"'''''''''''1. '!J, >OOI1J1,
    " 9- )0: ,ub",b.n p. I><CI, Y), ' 47;
    P",hkUl. '"
    (ogoom;n,
    "''''"u', , 3; '" .1"
    '" . 1", Ch'y"", ;lthn"': 11<.. ,n p"""",d•. <
    Houl<; H<bdomon: Itd,n;,n.<: "~~ ..c, ,o3"y'
    Him;" M.m" , S" Phyla.: p'" imh" Com"lIImopk. ','h,O,
    'JJ.
    T,ixlinol; ]{umo; , 6, 'O'"Ol. lOO. 2)6h'7. 2Jj, Jl" . od "'umph.
    '6,n9, '7 ) : my. ' V. nd.1, ,6>: ')6--7. '6'-). ",d""n' " ",umphllof.
    o.'roll",hi,. R.ven" •. '70, , 3>; 71 - 2. '1): "'""" , m p<"". )00)1>10:
    u,mb, r<I. ,11 - 9; Vi';g",hi,. J<f.,<o", : ,mp<,i.l, 72nl J'. '1\n'67;
    T""lou.<c '?9, Tokdo , )I J; ;n" . Il.d. 'OOn"" p.ym"", 10.
    M<,ovinlll.n, JjSnH: C .. olingi.l n.
    J7i, ) ! j : «,.,mon,.I. )"1- ' ; A"h<".
    "'-10: '''ll',uppl,mion" "j--7. '"
    p.o';';.n" " ' . " ' . , ,_. I, •. ,6,. "< ,
    l~J, )1'- ) : H«",], J1J ; lngdh<,m , ,o<nn " <, '61. ,,1. )19' ",iv«,
    l"\I; duc. l, Ikn<v<nlU , '19: <p;><op,l. 'Olnl!; '" .1<, .,;~o< ,.cy; 1<,""
    M<rid •• JO' P,,";ck, S,. ) .. n<\3
    p.i<,mo, '<1n)' 1''''')'''. P"""u~<, ' _91 , ) ' J. lJ'
    P.k"inc, '400 40 P,u , D U WfI, ,3S. 'Yl
    1'.II><1iu,. JI"79 r. ul. Ju k<.I , J07nov. )1)-). )'On3O.
    ~,jm Sund,y, J70. J1Jh'~S po. Pl, PI
    I"lm: b ,,",h<>, ""' , 'II. l7<>-I. Hl r,ul. s,.• hd John, '" • ..1<, John
    I"h, bromo p<dum" J1 r,olici.n. '''. ' 97
    p' tI<gy,i<1; Imp<';'1. 4, I. 'l.n 'O; p.ulin", "f Aquilri., )10-,
    'riumph,. J7, <'. < j--6 . ~, 10m'}), ~. ul inu ,of Nolo. ,,-6 , loll
    '0'. ,oll, ,,.nlJO. """'9>: offoci. I" P• • i., >1' n l <. ,11 .• 31--<;1. '9,n"S.
    '14-~: ,oy'" V,nd.l, 'OJ: 'Yl' Ch"km'g""', ,,,,,m ph.1 <""¥.
    But~undl'", "n: o.troKothic, 27'-', )6)n'I \. )"lO.l7l
    ,,.--6: M<lovihg .. n. HI; PAX H llflERTM, l)~
    C"olingi>n , )"": '" ,I.. " • .k, ."..,,, pox p;",ip'''. J,,"67
    P"moni •. J' - ) . ,6!. ,10 , , SI p'y." n". "<h' )! , ",n'72. "~ _ )O: w
    ,,,,.],~i,. n. """'I' ~p"~ba,,o, by pm"'i,n,. " "
    p,n 'Q m;m" 91. '1'nll f' <qu<ncy w f.Cllon" "7n '70
    P'phl'II""'" 'J,n6' p<>e< ,,.,,,i<,, wi,h 'mpi ... ',29)
    1",><1<: imp<,;.I , "".'.'. ' 1><). P",hn'g'. '79<> '92
    o.'IOIIO,hl<, '7)' "P';v<" 19. 6" 0'. I'<~<, ,,~
    9'. 96, .kpiu,"" '>Ii: of ihf,my , p<n.nco: publi<. )M
    ')<"'0. 'HnU, '<'.
    ,"n>06. , !6, ~t"!'<C. "S
    "9. 'J I •• nd triumph.. )9, ')<. "" P<nt<cO>t. '02 , ' 9J . '91: S"",J.y
    ,<6. '19.0 , 6. V.Iod.l , ,6,. befot<. 101"'09
    Index

    Per<"',;', "9 Pok",io" S;I. io" '-"""",I"" 1'>'l79, 1'.


    P<ribt<pI<»' m",,,,'cry, '14n, ,~ ~OAft". 'lJ, '74. """'1
    Pm;" P"'u'n>, >. Ul. J9, 0'"". 60. iI9. ~oAIf'"!,., '''Jn7J; '~e ~o.i.twc , , . Inj?
    '10-',\16.,06. "9, "9. 'J", 19J. Pollc""., jl. ".
    " ' . " I, ,.S. >1"" S9' .mba",oo" Pol)"",,,"',,", ,6J
    Illn"'J Poly,,'''''"' ' '70. '7]
    POlO", D<n;l, 7>"'ll 1""""'.'", ' 4, ,6
    P.."" Sr , >7); r;,,,td'1, F"nki,h 1"""1'". ,'X.li,. )"i'''
    .;';<o:y. )60 PQnlPO Y, Tho".,. '7I1'H
    P««. Sr, ""''''Y /y '1' ~<tA'"'"'" I"""P;''''. J")-4
    ~~. Pomp',"' Mm"e,. >?!, )9>
    "',or .nd P,ul. P,,<!o,i.n Chmch of Pont< 5, Angolo , ,, !
    ,"" ApOl,k,. T okdo. )015 Pon,hion , «>un,i1 (37"). 1"0. 11)
    P«". or Akx>nd,u,. >l.n)1 PCI'<" ch>nc<it<,y. ' 17n.'. 171-9;
    Pe,er Dolj. n. '79 d,,,;on , 'j9; k "e" '" C"nl;nK"n
    Peter 'ho Pm;';i,n , 9. o6J, >7 JnJ": .nO ,i<to,y id<0k>tcy , )71- 11<>, 11<:
    " .. ,,'" on M'I"'" -ffiMr.'", '"
    P«ru",~ p. <rKi>n. 'J', I lln"!. 'M,
    I<lld p.il n". )1'0' v,li, ro funcj. ,
    j_'lJ' H' ,)", Rome. ,"""h
    " ' "7)
    P«,,,,,;",, )'
    Pmp~yr;"" '~ " M:>r'«, 6,
    P"'phy'y Cnl"mn. '" Cnl""," of
    Ph",,,,,. )"4"]4 Con"'n,in<
    PhiL.d<lphion, "J"" '. "7"'ll. "" Po,,, fl" mm •. , ,6
    p~'I .."'.pi•. '" f'Oru "nrmph.li" lI.om< , "
    Ph;I,,1UI Syn."""u" 'II PO"","' Ow,,,<. ' J
    PhiHppiru,. ''''PO<O'. 7), [OJ"'09 p","o TV"e>. 'J7
    Philippic",. M,u,;«', h ,,,,her_; n_bw, Pono. '<"").
    "47. >47n 1 I><,,,,,i,, ,mp";'1. 74n'", 11 , ,,,.
    Phi];ppopcli,. ,'n>j , '77n'l" ' ''" .0,. 'H ' Pho,,,,, .dored.
    Phili".,." J7' • .-d.",,,J. 'Hn''' ; ,opl ' V,nd.l.
    Philos,orgiu,. J! "70 ,,"po.i'>-" yk. ''''; O"'Qgolh .. ,<,><) ,
    I'h ilos""" '. Oe,,,,I"t,",", 'J'
    n68, '''''',!.'7" Lombard, '19- 9] , .1 ':
    '_I,"j. "j M<rG.;ng"o, "" I'<.i.I-"1k. jJl,
    Phoc><i<,. "loj9, 'J9. 'OJ -6. '70 pu.i .. ,h" ,.,n, o; ,.;n", on Ihi<ld,.
    Phoa.,. 70. '77.
    ..Iv,",.,.
    '_I. >00. ')""' "
    ,,)n "0; pc",. i" >J .n '0
    ,,'
    P." """,i" , P" Y«. HJ
    Ph"';"'. p"".. ,h. 'jol-'r. >O J,,. ' P",'co mmum"". )49
    <pO<tP""'I'. ,w.
    t. ><lnU' Purr"mi", L.mp.diu" ,oJn,,,,, uJ.
    Phylox. i",po"'!. _ n9' H'''IJ
    Pippin lll. J11. 37 1-&0 p"'I""" , ..,"" •. 41 . ,inJ" IlJ.
    p;PP"'-. "'" br<;:h"l<m.~n' , )J ' ",n,o. , "'. ,,, .•,0 , "0
    PIVS EMER ITA VICTOR. ]'7-1 p""/""" .,hi, 110""" , _ ' " , , )n." '0).
    PIVS VICTOR. )O~ "". '9'. '7 '"}', '71 ; ""f"'",ibk fo,
    PI.k",," of Mili"n, "9 ' ;<10'1' «kbranon , '). ""'. " 1,,,61
    pi>q""', ''''', II r'''I'''"'" ,." (; ,""...,i"'1"'1"" . ,.. 'p,,<h
    Pliny", 'J ""..'~""rroc. ,i.
    1'''''1''''''"' ,.... '; ("~{.I'.
    Plu ,nch. 1_,>0. ' 7'n'") , '7. 'I", '"l. ''', "4, ,,6. 117nl70:
    Pox, of ,I« BiU<l, ,,'" d"con, "'''' 16, ",.ng« trIumph , '"-): ' pp,o,«
    Mt ,1>0 fw;"", oed.",,,;,,,,, .nO "";on,. "),
    ~o'~nl. ")- <: ,,,.1>0 [",ion, ." i",d. "J'
    .nd f."i"'I<, ") - 1; .nd
    P""",,,. l)7"Jj Hippr><hom<, >1)
    Index
    P".,o,i. n ,h,,«h. ,<t Pot<r . nd P,ul, 'JJ, ')7' '",'o,y , (omm<n,o",ion ,
    ChUJ,h " - 1, 'OJ' b.p''''" , "']"'" r",,,
    P,,«mium, C",,".n'onupk. .t? , "9 Mund. y. ""on7>; Elk""ioa,
    p"y<", 'mp<';.! v;<!my. J, ,0. '08. "'k .."d,u. 1<nI ,I; Eli" I),y , ' W,
    "', "~ , 'J7-\>; P''''''S< ofL>"n. " "JO'll' gmu" .... "" oou' y',
    C"",,,ntinopl. , >, onJ9; pol"kol fUIl< .. I, <oj, my.l; Vi';g",h;< ,
    n"U", 'J8. '59, priv",. mOf< ''',,,,y, 10< - j. J' I , E",<,. 1"1;
    "n«" , 'J~nJ" "qu;"~ by M«ovingi.n. H" C""lingun, H',
    Co",,,,,,i,,,,. ,]Sn]I . ";' u,iy )J6,]6,. J6in'7t: '" .1", """"u,
    Ch ">li,n'. ']7. llO"67. roy,l; rn" ' '''Um; Ii,.";"" litu'H' pn"'<uu,
    Bu,sundi'n, ,6-)"]7, ';<lO'y , '07' ''''''uu,;" ' uppi",,,ion,
    OmC>go,hl<: ,u,m, by b~hol" ,g), 1""''''.'' l ";n, .dopt«l ,n", 1,,< G,« k,
    V,,,~othl<, )00n)6, v,<,my. JOj, WI. 9J"J !' ",.,.1",-" 1>7"<0'. 1>1,
    ]>'-" M"o' ; n~;.n, ]lJ , H'-j. :tQ 4" 7~, l<><S. JJO, JJ6
    \,I<to,)', ] ,,---<'i, . d.pI Rom.n '<,It. p""du,. pmi .. ,", OlOj!
    1<0; C"oling .. n. 1'7- 6" coon ' .nd P,oo;opiu" ",u'P<',,,, ySm9
    b;mop , )S<\ - 7; '" .I~ I"."i<~ Procopiu, of C."" ... , oj. " 0, '67 ,
    I"u'gy, M"" ,u pph,,,;om ,6" '71 , ]>3. JJ" "" "iumph,
    p"'«kn«. Joo6" 800'1, ,I" ''1- 9, v.nd.l docu""",, •• 61 -~
    M "ovio~"o , <""""v"'Y, »9- j"' Pnxopiu, "fG . ... 'lJn07
    C . ", l ,"~i .n , J67n I7I ~p",,~M,~. t:l , ""7
    p"f."". H6. H Y, H ' P'"j"';" ,"' p<.i.l. 'p; off,ml,. 'J. - J;
    P",h!l.v. , '77n,!6 JOy.l, C>roling' .n , )~j ; ..11;10,
    p'"''''. p'~'" ."J """",.1.' ".'H'.',
    'l . n' , " fOJ Ch,i,,,." .. my, '~7
    ,ml"";'" , . 6_y. ,." J9J : ,0y'l.
    Vaigo,h". "11""',
    )<JII-" , F ' . H ),
    "!"p,~<jPI"" '1~ .".IIt<;, »&,,61 ]9J: (;"ohns"n, HynSo, ) 41- )"; '"
    p,inc'pil;" .., 'mito,;.I, .dop' ''''!O'y . I<o.d.,",",
    '~"Om' , ]16-7 p"lui .. ,n ... , 16 • . ,6.
    PTi,.".n , 6'n9' ~pJ~<>~o>< , 9)nJI. >OJn7J. ""
    p,;","" <1\1 /.o>pd~'""", " ,,' d ~pJ~ ... a •.
    p,i""",," "nl'<",1, ')), 1)). ,,;umph; "7 0 '1'
    'j , )9. JO. 6J , I>J. '~7-'. 'j6, p,on""ioa>. ' )0, " ,umph, )7no. , . 1,
    ,6: - j , ,M, '01 , 119. "nn~' , '""g", 'J' , I JJ. 'J7, 'JI , 167. ,6!, t;ming ,
    '0, g<n ... l•. 'JI; "" "m,b, '00
    ' 9- JOnOO. 'JI, '" ClJCU'. Wn ' lt , 9" P,,,mo,",. ~<u< .. I, 4)
    1",1." p""",,,d '0 <mp<''''. ~" 91 , f'.P'S".' R_""; _ i,j,. Thcod<,.,.
    ""'''76. ''In!'J1. ''1-0, ' H . ,M - J, l? !nl?
    ,o ,nl; Ilynn'''''' in "'"b h.nd,. p'.p';.' , )7 1
    '6J; ,yy.l: V"igOlho< triumph , pr"' r"";" l?, 7l. 9"/. " , , "S, 'H,
    jM , ) ' " C""lmgi.n , kld<" 110, )09. ) ... ) ~ 6, ,mp<,;.l PO''''; ',
    p", .. n.«I, )1""'10. J9 " ,.. 01", ,)",,'0
    b"b.".. ,,, p",d<, ,,;umph ~""OJH "" y of ,I.< D,,,,n,,,, 110
    p , ;.ik ~ <" liMgy .nd ph",..()lo~y "f ~pw< ... na~p'"", ,o'n">
    M ..."iogi. n. 106;.n<! p .. y« fo' ~pw<o."p,j-r,"p ,
    ~pwrofi, a,tfp, oc.
    ,6.'J7091
    ~'ng', l<l
    PJObu,. [ '1 ~i'<'"o/l'6'''pif~c. »6o,6J
    proc<>l;om; ,mp<';.l. '0'), " 8, '1'. ,6,. pro, inc ..: ,mp'", l, .,«o,y ;<kolollY,
    '96, !\I1 - I . '0'00', >o~nl'. lt~, ><9; '7. jO-). ' H -J>, "ctO'y
    1t,,,O"', 'J" ,;o<o,y, ,h.nbgi,ing , monom",,", 1j- 6, v'ctmy
    60. M - ,. 69-70, 7)-6, " ' , , '9. 'J'. 'n"oun"m,n". J1. H, ,~. 11 , I> ,

    ."
    'H-): ";""'Y " I<b"."..,m. '", ~6 , )( "'m'gim. Joo
    02. 'oJnoJ. 'JJ. 'J o- j. '" ~ , lO " R<n;,,,, , JJ9
    ,noi,m fu!\>,< trrnd, .... 77. 'J'J. 10) : R 'pu o!i(", Rom . o, U, ' 7"'7. 2!. 'So
    ,'<'<m,on"I."J publ", lif<. ' J' w ;" j'. roo. '9" I", Rom.n '",W O, 0•. , '.
    <b . n".!, Qf in~ ... ",< on ki"~oo"". ",p"hii,•. , . • ,n'j , " 6.')0
    '1'-' , ,&0- 1. l" , )80 , l SS-';. )~, ,".mOl<, t26, " '. ',!-.:
    lomb"d ,
    ",uJe"""" '02 '9'-): V;"gol"k)1J
    ,.';.n., '6' ' . '''""''
    ''''''I"" O '''''''l ''phi" ' !''''''7. '')6n)7 ,
    R EX TlIFODEI\.ICVS PIVS PI\. INC
    IS.• ! ,
    'WnW R~X THEOD£ RICV S VICfOR
    P" 'I~... "',,,,' <Ii "" ,:> ,,,,to,,.
    '''in, 0 , GfNTIVM . 11>
    pu'pic, 1 S. ,,6. ,6, . ,6! , '70, '99. JJ(\; R h." i., '77
    f''''''",,", 270 R"r,h", OIl ,he A,'" Vicw,y, '"
    Pyl.." ' 0' C"men
    R ic;n",. ,M
    q"<"<n; V,"d, l. ,6" L"",b"d .• nd Ri",lf, ))' '''0, l""'~ l
    h",b."d', W""O", ,3S ; V'''g,,,hic. ,ins" ~ ]2. '6<»'_J
    )DJ. )'J; M<mv;n~"n, 100 ; R ot,,,,, th, S l mn~ , )77
    C"ol i n~;",. JJj p"p. l> ,
    '1',;" w i,,;,,",". ) .."<\'7 lI.og' ''un , Grr .. . 16.
    Qm,;"",. JOI Rol l, "" . ","h h"h.,p. J~"'"'j'
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    ..... 7'. ,.0. '9''',.: A.M.
    J607>; A.M. 6op .• nd M,I.I,,,
    J"",. roy.1 V.nd.l , ,6" Lnmh .. d. ,19;
    V"'SO'" ",. '~ - 9. ) ') ; M"ovi,,~ i.n.
    O\n'OO; A.M. roo< . " ", """IO'" ))o:!" .1., « 110: ~t.'oc
    II .M. ""'~. ;"""P"''' Th«>rhyIK'u, ThucydKk, , 6,n,00
    5,moc.<t«, '.w- ': A,M . 6<)4. Th"""m . ibn W, k '17
    'I'«of"" Con",n",,,, V ,,",,d. 'Jj: ThUli"gi. n,. , I,
    A.M. '"'6 ' . ' ~)"7" A.M . 6,IJ. J,tc fI'",-. 'J..,.,ol
    IMdfx

    Ti!"'';~ •. ''''1''''0'. ') !!;umpho impc,i.l: By"nt'o<. '1, - S3:


    Ti!,.,';u, Coo",n ,in,. 9J . 193n.6. By,,"'; .... "" Rom,n. ')" Ch",,;,"
    ,]r.."" triumph,. 68-9. "9, w;f,. ,n.o)•• ",.",. 67. 'OO-It ). >08- 9.
    >0)",,' , nd p."i..: drou,. 9'- '00. '79.,<\6.
    ",I<>: "",,o'y . '011"'';'1. '1-•. M. »6 ."d """i.,,
    <ombin<d ... ;,h "'h«
    '''- 'J. 'lJ-7. ' «co,«i. "J"'ll. ,d,b",""". IS. "'. l '. )1.•0- '.
    )88, u",d by Melov,ng;' " So- ) . 90' oo01m,"<I<,,· • • S. 110-'.
    d"nedl«y. HI, ", ,,I: V,nd.l . '61. ,IJ. '9'\. ,))-1; "",,<li" on •. I>.
    lOS; O"'ogoth"'. ,.,6 • • n-I . .h.m. ~_ , ; <"" "no;,y. n. "". ' J>'
    "P"""" T~,;<·, "'I"',,,,ri,y 0'" ""'. p"p"""",,. &j . " '- )0:
    .ml"'t<><. ,I"
    V;,igo,h><. JO"I. <l<r>dong on . '9'\- 7: du","'". ,6.7' .
    )l3-'9: M,m,;ng;,n. ]]3 - 9 . J-O<>-" "0-,, ",<1<,,«. •90'j ! . IJJ;
    C"oling'.n . )79-1 • • )IJ. )9. : '" .1,. f'«J",n<y. )1 . 4). j9. 91. 'J). ,$";
    <ognomio, o\<v"''',um gm,;om : fu", .po!1;ng . n<l m;Ii"'y V><10'Y. ) .
    invictu" ,riumph.li. vir: or;umph"or; 9'. 'p. 'Jo, G<,m.nk k'"S<lo""
    ';«0' , 00. ,6; -<i. ,<\6- 7 . '9'-'. '9l - 6 .
    oMi. 17. 'J!. )o)n]o )0'-' , . JJI-"7. J)9-". o. )7<-3. )!y.
    Ti,u •. " -' j. I"" .. )9' - 0; ;ml"";') ,ct P" ,,,elko«.
    lOt' "i""p••Ii,. " ,yOOJJ;j<>inl. )). '9->0. liS. 119.
    Tolb .. ,. )oJoI UO-)o. 1)1-. , . IJJ. 'jj-li. 'n.
    Tol<do. )00, )O In», )0) . )". )'~-<). n!n'!?: bt< Rom,n. '9 - >0. jJ- ')O;
    )"; <oun,;": TI,;,d. )lo; ru..,ili. ""nOI .U<W= . nIl). " - 1. j6-<,>.
    )').)>0. ) " . F'f'h. )0"1. )>0. S;"h. ' iI: pmd, lOUt<. "Co",u",onopi<.
    w,. '''. T .... I(,h. '''. Si"""n,h . 201-"." RQ"". 'J- '6. !~ . 01-",,,
    )2" .,0, "~'. JO' ;" Rome. "-9" emph .. i,ed by
    To""",. )0): 'ey~ )T1 «<0,<1 •• :19; p,;n,;p"'. ' .. -19;
    Toou. >7on.l . >7Jo60. '91; 'n.i8n;•• M " ' g,n;","",. , Sr. ' ! 9-"'Jo: ou",<I,
    ".", ",hf "~'''''''. ,,3n,61 Rom, . 01-'00, 0 .., U""PC" Of
    Toole,,«. >97. '9!, III bub";",,., 79. _J. 136: prill<;p"'.
    To ..... JJ7nll.J4 I. )1'.
    In. J9J' rl- '9; PWVI"'''. 'JJ-J. )9' . by
    CIo,;'· ";um ph. ]]j- 7 <"",mulde". 'jj - I . JJ6-7:
    To"n. ,.",men,,';"'. )J' R'pubh"". ' 0; ,;m;ng. 'i.
    t~. ' ''.
    /!... <. '9 79. vo. 'Ol. ,y!; ,"pI: V,nd,I,.
    T".i>n. ». ". 'S. J" p,n'8y,i<:. 'H: ,6J-6, DUIRu"d'.m. >66-7:
    ..,.Ii,. J9 O","g01h •. '61.l7'-" I.omb>rd, .
    ""cic•. ,. " . '9S. )660,6. '1.9- 9j: "'"so,h,. )0'-'):
    Tml'. '9) M<to",,,si.n •. HJ - g C"oling"",.
    T«.in. 'J JJJ - 7! ; «h;';,I . 'oA. ')7 . HO. n".
    TI;boni,n. 119 H'n )b. J7<l: ,,, .1$<0
    "eh ; .udi,,,«:
    TI;bouo,lion. ,06 ,udien"" bull«.". Vl<1ory;
    ,.-ib"n,l: C.ml"" M",;" •. IJ: Rom,n «remoni.l: endowm""' . • ;«o'y ;
    f o,um . !3 id,oIogy. ,;';<OIY: p.",k; ';1k>.
    ,';mm,li,. 19. ,I, '';0<0'1
    T,;tr. H.)7. .b. 111. '9107
    ')7.
    '''","p",li, ,i,. Throdtlk. '7) - •. ,So
    T,iklinoo of ju"in;,n II. ,.SnJ I . ";."'P"""':Th<od<,ic. '7<; , .......1,....
    '""pt''I''' i. 0";",, i",lf'"'.
    '"
    Tr;klinoo ofll1e Ni ... t<en Cou""' . Ch"km 'g"'. )80; ,. 0",·",.
    'oJn'09 Chinlil, . lO"" I""i.",. CIo.i,. ), 0;
    Tr;n;1y. 6). '16. )03; f"".
    160 "'x,",",. Ch"l,m ' gne. )!o; '" ,I",
    T , ;>h'gK", """. 6, 1;1k1•• ;ctolY

    .50
    Index

    "i."'p"." n, ..", '.pl<ndid pm""', f""m i,"i,,,,,., )0), )1]-'1'


    '7"'19, b« .. <iqLl< "ymol"ilY, C . ",li"~'.n , H'. )~) : mOlo' of
    )0>,.,,6; 1'"1'<",..1" . nn «",moni.1 'pproPfllllOO, )9J
    TRrV M PHVS PAR T lll eV>. ' 7
    T",,,d<,i.,, 1'"1"1;""',, Con". n.mopl< , v.1 di N ievot.. 'I<>. ly'
    >I)m IO . , k .. "i,. J6J
    ".pl. .... 'j-6. )1 . )7>: "ymology. V,l<n, ...... ] , 9gn79 .•• )
    Jo,n16 V. I,n,ini,n I, " ), 11 9
    T",I1". cou"cil in , 74"' " V. I,n"" "n II . • ) .• In.'. ~> , ,, 0,
    T• • i."".
    91 ""'" lY, '"
    '"f" , . 9. '7! . • '7 . • , 1 V.I'n'm"n II I. 91 , ')0: ";umph , I~
    T urS •• J.oo86 V.I<,i.n, I Sn76
    ' urm"d.... 6, V. him M,,;mu,. 1)""
    Toy, )'9 V.nd.li"". 68, '''' . 1", cog!)o!)"n,
    <'l~. 1)6 V'nd,I" Il~. ,60. >6' -7. '61. '"' , 11) ,
    T ypku... , Groll Chu.<h . n 161.• 6,. >i j , >9')
    m v. ",I!. IOy'1. C"o lo n~; . n JI) , )69. )71.
    ,op".. k .. '!7 J77- 1
    'Y""". H"
    T, ..o , 16)
    VU'ngi,,, •• '!'n">7
    och"l<" .numph. l. ') , \7. !7. ",. 17J.
    "" Ikli,.,,", oc""'d. "7: ,>if"i.)"
    Uldin , JJ >IJ" ,06. ')" "'pi V"nd.1. ,6" '"
    U lfLr., '69nu ,I,. ''>'I'''".um: no"u,
    Ulm«ugi. ,!) ....h i,.!"'". ) ' . n77
    un<lion. '" ,<0"""'" ' ·o'h, ,i ll; , ,06
    un if<:><m , '" «"'"m< ,dum; impcrlli. '14' 10),.1 , '99
    UII"<iropoli •• ,6, V',,' n,iu' Fun"""u •. p!. ),' - 1
    liuroc. )J6r"9 V,n"iu! ofC"do , )bn'J 1
    i!II:ool'li",. 'JOrt 116 Vorin., '9)0')
    U " n;m. liOn, '7 V<""' Vk,";x. >S
    • .h, "li. , JOl V<mn" J ' , " " .S I
    Unu" Ep .. <h . jl. Hon.OO V"p,,;,n . ,.nM. 16 7: 'riumph, '4 - 1]
    o.h«, j64 v<!I"''' , '" hmlgy
    U'p<IIoky T,«ic<>ll , '111.61 V""" ,u," , '17"97.»1 ; I"'"",m,l.
    u,u 'p<r~ u'"' p"iuno ;mp<ri.l, ,06. ' 9 •. ')""fM: "m K ,,'.",," , '"~no'
    OJ ' '''''; triumph. OV« , lA- '9. , 0- '. ",,,,,"i1i.,,,i•. '" /I'~tv~,;, .. p~~"
    "".. "1.li' "'."pAi' p"w.r.. , ..,,,i• .
    .. - 6. j _ I. 61. 70, 7J. 91067. 97 ,
    [14. '79. [80, ,I I; [riumph .nJ
    , i"ory Kk<>l"ilY in",umcn" of. )6,
    ,.
    V<I"n;", 91n7~
    '1'-7. [7<>-., '77, 19>; ,,;u"'pl!> vo. "!'p i•• 118. 11Y
    "V<I. ro'"porN ", .. ,<111.1 <0<.''''', V.. H. nll,,, •. 86
    80- ) .• ! 6: <lfo"" on m<n",I"Y. 6) , Vi. I... . M
    '))--1. , '6; <n"'" " I1'" «<om""i.1.
    1)),1<>. ><'oldy pun;,ON ,n
    v,. iIIl
    "cu ,
    ,l«nn.I;,. '0, ,0. 'Of •• 06
    iJY"nli"ln. '16- 1, J90' R"£"", ». Vi"" '" ' ,i"m,""''''' ;n'p<,;,.I , . 0. 6.:
    , 3 , U1-): "" l<~oi. ')9: ",y. L Th""hK , ,]3- ! 0: C""lin~'.m. J79.
    V,nd.l , 16) - " 0.''''11'''"'' ) 1 ., )'19
    T~ri, . .. oid. ''''''. '1": ,ill'" ,,""I,,,, 1'""",", J6r ••. "1
    Lom b.. d•• 19)- ' . i.. i,,,,,,, i,"p"ii. ,·i,,," iml"',;. 1 ,i.1<, ,,0: m<"ning of
    '9J--.6; V',ig",~,. )0)- 7. ).)->6, 'o,,,,duCl;"" . '0)-<: roy>l, J""J6;

    '"
    _ .. ,,, J17: .. " • • j,. JJln, ,; ..... _ •.
    II' . ..J,~. Jjj.'j. ,,~. JIIo
    VICTO R, VICTORIA,
    o 'm. ~ ,. l,li - ,~
    V"'; ~ "'hK V". I..... 6, - '. "J..,.,. 'J,n'7•• J,.
    1",'Jj
    VI CTO RI /I AHEIlN/I /lve. <n'l V"dl;"" '1
    VIf...TUIlI/l /l VeVS1·1.
    A VeVSTOR VM . on, J. '1. " . H.
    'J6. Jjl
    '~""'. b..ttk "Y. Onll
    .
    ...., JJ. JJ. 74n,.,. lOll;
    "
    ..... ,,' o lkt"'R"
    'KIO'1
    I<'<
    ro. TI>tod<.IC,
    endow"' .....

    V"."' .... gr;rdok., On ". 'j, ' •. '7, .1" 'OW .• ictor,. ,,.. ' 71. '90n' "
    ' yo- '. jJ !, 0 ,1, <ul", "
    VICfIOR IAE) /I~ Tf.RN/I£ , '1
    ,.,
    ... , lk'"II , 51. 16n ' 7.1I. "1. "~' '61,

    .;,.w""....._',,',_"'0, tKr_._.
    ,,, JIo; " - " '. W.mb •. J06-7. JOIn5" Jr>. J'~16 ,
    uoumplt. ...... J06-7. JOI.l'I-'l.
    ''''''''Y' df'ortIru. " . '09. ,_".. 1'7. J_ bu~"'n•. )OII,
    y.J>d.I • • 6,. o..' .,.o<bi<, '1);.n<I .... , . nd ..... . ~ .)Il
    f" 'h, ,oa. )<>: m"",ulo"" " . ... " ,,, holy. I • •
    ' 71"'1<= '" . 1,. 'n;>I"" "'''1'' 00. ''' ""'.
    .~"i.: C"'/uto , >til : , _ ... ;. , l" "1 0 """'r>, KoId, "1"'1'
    VICTVRJ/I CHLOTARI. Jl~ W ,do. 176
    ... ~. 76. H J W,U .. ", III< C""'I"<""'. '\>1
    V,.U. ,6J W,IIu ... ofT""""' ... HI
    V,kmM .'" N" .. bn .... W ,R;b,ord. S,. C . knd., . ....... II. N . .. "
    V'"8""'" 1l'.II. llY ,0317. ' " MSS ,il<d
    Y" M" · J', "0, '11" 70 W'nl , hun.)·"' , "7. J' t

    Y"8in of ,1'1< Ab"'m" ... m"""",y. W;,ig". M; mmi,~. 'u M"'.. n,h.,
    '1<1, >lJ."<>' U' ,,'nn
    V"~'n of 8i><1'1<m><. "' ....... <11'. 76. W""n<. JI6n'<l
    'OJ· >OII .........~ w .......
    V"l' •• 'h>p<l., II", ...... J6(O,, 6.0 , J71 W"",",. ,,6. """), 175>. "'J- •. '1'.
    Vif~", , hu"h of ,bt. Epbtron, llO H l: ..",,,,,,,, ,,,.J>d <,",,,",,,,;.J.
    Vi'~1 ",, h""h of ,bt I'h",... ' OS"9' '0) - 0
    Vi'M" : ,.It, """ ,<.,f Il.,,,,, •• K,,-,, y. "'''''h', >06, >lj : _QId"" im.,..,;. l 011'"
    7<1 -1. 'I', '6\1. '7'. "" 'n. "I. "Goidm ell •. , "_,>:,....1 ..
    'J>n9\I: .... d ''''''''1 ,.,n,""",,,,,,,""'. '",wn" Bow.n: ...,,1
    1j- t . <von. '7'1: ........ 7)-6. "J"'J . x.mhopoub.. Nictphonr> CilIiKur..
    '?f: "'" S, Thro;,du" In""""" 101"","" ""1...." ..6. 5'1176
    ' K'''''Y '" .'''''''. "" '''m" 'lJ. X"oIopho>, 117: '" .1,.
    f orum of
    '71"'~1. "i. 0' 1 /I,udiu,
    V"K'''· m.' .... Fo,u., . , "u" •. " ••
    Xylolr:«koo. 60
    '6J " , ..... >lJ ,6. u ,
    V"R"'-p ur.>lcm. Chu..... 01. 1.... huy. p<>p<.... nu
    c...""'onopi<.7'1 1...1'<'''' 'H
    VIR'T VS IMPERI. H 1......... 'JlnJ" ..... , ", • ..,pI>. 60
    Y"'~01h" I. j6 •• 60, '1'6. '1I\I •• on J' 1. Z"""ppor. "9
    Ill. ll1. ,,' nJ), Ill. J19. J9' , J~t Z<><, , mp''',. , '<I, ",, lOt
    Vi" (.' ....,i; A"" ".,i,. H' Z"" mu,. lIi".,i...... " "Jo
    1',,. !:'<oM,,";i. '0' ,_,~ n'p'~t... >0,"11

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