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Ucsp-Module 7 - Political and Leadership Structures PDF
Ucsp-Module 7 - Political and Leadership Structures PDF
Ucsp-Module 7 - Political and Leadership Structures PDF
III. DISCUSSION:
A. INTRODUCTION
Can you imagine life without leaders or governments? You may wonder if that scenario is
even possible. In this module, you will learn how other societies organize their political lives that may
be distinct from what you are aware of.
This module is divided into four (4) main parts. The first part discusses the types of political
organizations created by humans. The second part discusses the types of authority and legitimacy
present in human societies that allow for the rise of leaders. The third part discusses the State and it’s
four (4) elements (people, territory, government and sovereignty) which technically pertains on how a
state is defined and differentiated from other related concepts, how is it created or originated and
how it manifests its duties and responsibilities to the citizen. The last part discusses the government and
its forms which pertains on the meaning, functions and duties of the government to the political
community. Ultimately, an activity will follow at the very last part of this module.
2. Traditional Authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of a leader
to rule based on the inheritance of the title.
People under the leadership of a ruler with
traditional authority accept the latter’s exercise of
power as it has been the status quo in the society
since their forefathers. E.g. Rule of Monarchs.
▪ DOCTRINE OF PARENS PATRIAE - means father of the country. This doctrine has been defined as
the inherent power and authority of the state to provide protection to the persons and property
of the persons non-sui juris. Non-sui juris persons are those who lack the legal capacity to act on
his own behalf like the child or the insane persons.
c) Government - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and carried out.
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11/12
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Question: Can a state exist without government? “A state cannot exist without a government
(since you cannot call it as a state if one element is missing), but it is possible to have a
government without a state (situate the separatist movements or the rebels who wants to create
their own government separate from the established Philippine government).”
d) Sovereignty – is referred to as the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which any
state is governed. It has two manifestations:
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to command, and enforce obedience to its
will from the people, within its territorial jurisdiction;
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to carry out its activity without interference
from other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence.
▪ SELECTION PROCESS: The (Article VII, section 18 of the settle certain disputes outside
president is elected to a Phil. Constitution) the formal court system.
single six-year term by direct ▪ SELECTION PROCESS: Members ▪ In 1985 a separate court
universal suffrage; the vice of the 24-seat Senate are system founded on Islamic law
president may be elected elected at large to six-year (sharia) was established in the
to a maximum of two terms and are limited to no southern Philippines with
consecutive six-year terms. more than two consecutive jurisdiction over family and
The vice president may be terms. contractual relations among
appointed to the cabinet Muslims. A special court—the
without legislative Sandiganbayan or anti-graft
confirmation. court—focuses exclusively on
investigating charges of
judicial corruption.
▪ SELECTION PROCESS: Justices
are appointed by the
president on the
recommendation of the
Judicial and Bar Council and
serve until 70 years of age.
5. Forms of Government
A. ARISTOTLE'S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT (According to # of rulers)
• Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and student of Plato, classified government into three. They
are:
Number of Rulers IDEAL (+) SELF (-) ITEREST
i. ONE 1. MONARCHY 2. TYRANNY
ii. FEW 3. ARISTOCRACY 4. OLIGARCHY
iii. MANY 5. DEMOCRACY 6. MOBOCRACY
i. Government based on rule by one
1. Monarchy - is a form of government in which only a single ruler governs. The monarch rules for
the benefit of the people.
a. Absolute Monarchy – In this type of monarchial government, the monarch exercises
absolute powers. He wields executive. Legislative, J, powers. With absolute and tremendous
power, he rules an iron hand. He holds the throne by hereditary right., and most especially,
according to King James I of England, 1603 – 1625 divine right “that kings are not only
lieutenants on earth, but they are looked at by God as divine
b. Limited Monarchy – distribution of power, Ruler rules in accordance with a constitution
- In limited monarchy, the monarch is willing to part with some of his powers and delegates
them to some government agencies. For example, the legislative power is exercised by the
legislative body, the judicial power by the court, and the executive the power by the king
himself. He rules in accordance with law, especially the constitution. E.g. Japan
2. Tyranny - He rules for his own benefits and ego, accumulates wealth and satisfies his lust for
power. Such a ruler is not legitimate and the people has the right and the duty to remove him
in power.
▪ Dictatorship is a form of government ruled by a person who comes from military or civilian
class. During the period of stress or emergency in the past, the people were sometimes
vested tremendous emergency powers in a military commander, to be withdrawn after the
emergency vanished. But the ambitious dictator with many pretensions would insist that the
emergency still existed.
ii. Government based on rule by few
3. Aristocracy – It Is defined from the Greek etymology, aristo which means best and kratia or
kratus, rule. In essence, therefore, aristocracy is a government by the “best” members of the
community.
▪ This implies that the aristocrats are presumably men of the highest intelligence and integrity.
They belong to the elite classes. Their social status, wealth and political power are inherited.
These qualities correspond to that of Plato’s philosophy – viewed the ideal state as
governed wise and devoted rulers.
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11/12
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
4. Oligarchy - The wealthy few in the government or the oligarchs, believe that the most important
requisites to the claim of power are wealth, good social position and education. They use the
government to economic empires for themselves and for their families.
iii. Government based on rule by many.
5. Democracy – “power of the people”, political power is exercised by a majority of the people,
“A government of the people, by the people and for the people”
Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos, which means people’ and kratia or kratos,
which means rule.
• 2 TYPES:
a. Direct Democracy – One in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly
and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly. (e.g.
Ancient Athens.
b. Indirect Democracy – one in which the will of the State is formulated and expressed
through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the
people to act as their representatives. (e.g. Philippines today)
6. Mobocracy – “In transition Government”
• Mob – disorganized kind of crowd that causes instability. Over the years, the Aristotle's polity
became synonymous with representative government or democracy and his perverse form
of polity was renamed as mob rule or anarchy.
B. AS TO CENTRALIZATION OF POWERS
i. Unitary Government – the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or
national government (e.g. Philippines)
ii. Federal Government – the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one
for national affairs and the other for local affairs (e.g. USA)
C. AS TO DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
Category i. Parliamentary ii. Presidential
Head of State/ Prime MInister President
Government
Legislature Parliament Congress
Term of Office Indefinite, depending on confidence of MPs Fixed Term
Power There is the fusion of power between the Powers of government are
Distribution executive and legislative distributed to the executive,
legislative and judicial branches
of the government.
Selection Members of the legislative are elected by The chief Executive/President.,
process the people who is also the head of the head
The chief executive/prime minister is of the state, as well as the
elected by the members of the legislature, members of the legislature are
from the majority party. elected by the people.
Removal The chief exec. stays in power as long as he The chief exec. Can be removed
Process enjoys the support of the majority in the from office even before the
legist. He can be removed at any time expiration of his term only through
when the members of the law-making body impeachment.
cast their vote of no confidence in him. ▪ Impeachment has been
▪ Vote of no confidence - a vote in which defined as a method of
Member of Parliaments (MPs) from all national inquest into the
parties decide whether they want the conduct of public men.
government to continue. It has the power
to trigger a general election and could
see a new prime minister appointed.
Dissolution The chief exec. can dissolve the legislature. ✓ The chief exec cannot dissolve
the legislature at any point in
time
Example Japan USA, Philippines
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11/12
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
D. AS TO LEGITIMACY
i. De jure - (government of law) is an organized government of a state which has the general
support of the people.
ii. De facto - (government of fact) is a government which actually exercises power or control but
without legal title.
GOV’T SUPPORT PEOPLE SUPPORT
i. DE JURE ✓ ✓
ii. DE FACTO ✓ X
IV. ASSESMENT:
A. Provide examples of world leaders for each of Max Weber Tripartite Classification of Authority. 10
points; 3 points each +1.
a. Traditional (3 leaders): provide 1-2 sentence/s of justification
b. Charismatic (3 leaders): provide 1-2 sentence/s of justification
c. Rational-legal (3 leaders): provide 1-2 sentence/s of justification
V. REFERENCES:
• Aguilar, M., et al. (2016) Society, Culture and Politics. Quezon City: The Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
• Alejandria-Gonzalez, M. (2019) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Module. Second
Edition. Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
• Carlos.et al., Politics and Governance, Manila: REX Book Store. 2010
• De Leon, H. Philippine Constitution. REX Book Store. 2014
• Melegrito et. al., Philippine Politics and Governance, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
2016