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101-Electronics Projects-1974 PDF
101-Electronics Projects-1974 PDF
101-Electronics Projects-1974 PDF
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Practical
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Our simple schematic e
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101 Electronic Projects for Under $15
1 Crystal -Transistor Radio 26 Speech Scrambler
2 Communications Rebroadcaster 27 Speaker -A -Mike Preamp
3 SWL's FET Booster 28 Wide Range Funk Box
4 DC Coupled BCB Radio 29 Fancy Guitar Fuzzbox
5 Pep Up a Pocket BCB 30 Budget Mike Mixer
6 Flea Power CB 31 Hi-Fi Mike Mixer
7 Walkie -T for RC 32 Tape Dubbing Filter
8 CB Modulation Lamp 33 Automatic Hi-Fi Shutoff
9 Totable Skyhook for CB 34 Tape Dubber's Pad
10 Dynamic Mike Matcher 35 Hi -to -Lo Z Mike Amp
11 Get BC from a CB Antenna 36 78's Hiss Filter
12 Parasite CW Monitor 37 Headphone Control Box
13 Basic Color Organ 38 Audio Z -Matcher
14 Standard 100 -kHz Oscillator 39 Add -A -Tweeter
15 No Parts BC Booster 40 Remote Volume Control
16 SWL's Crystal Marker 41 Hook-up Remote Speakers
17 Hi Z Earphone Booster 42 Big Voice
18 Earphone Limiter for CW 43 Audio Wattmeter
19 Audio Peak Limiter 44 Audio Distortion Meter
20 29e Mag. Phone Filter 45 RF Probe for VOM
21 SWL's Simple Squelch 46 RF Probe for VTVM
22 Ham's Electronic Keyer 47 Easy Field Strength Meter
23 FM Knockout Filter 48 Transistorized FSM
24 Mike Input Generator 49 Slider for CB Receivers
25 A Budget 800 -Hz CPO 50 Simple Mod. Monitor
2
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
www.americanradiohistory.com
ELECTRONIC
PROJECTS
FOR UNDER $15
Pages 14-71
76 Fire Up a Nixie
51 CB Modulation Monitor
52 455 kHz Alignment Osc. 77 Simple Signaller
53 Test Osc. for Crystals 78 Easy Auto Theft Alarm
54 Appliance Tester 79 Fancy Flasher Lamp
55 Miladaptor for VTVM 80 Power Failure Alarm
56 Low -Voltage Diode Tester 81 Auto Ignition Maze
57 Sine Wave Squarer 82 Open Circuit Burglar Alarm
58 Budget Scope Calibrator 83 Latching Burglar Alarm
59 Better Scope Calibrator 84 Doorknob Security Alarm
60 Scope Your CB Signal 85 Foil -A -Burglar Alarm
61 Time Base Reference 86 Slide Show Stopper
62 Active Square Shaper 87 Variable Flood Lighting
63 Twang-A-Matic 88 Photo Print Meter
64 Magnetizer -Demagnetizer 89 Remote Flash Trigger
65 Angler's Bite Booster 80 Action Freeze Photo Trip
66 Useful Tone Oscillator 91 Light Power Control
67 Lights -On Alerter 92 AC Line Regulator
68 Lo -Parts Treasure Locator 93 Dry -Cell Charger
69 Lo -Cost Lamp Dimmer 94 NiCad Battery Charger
70 Yelp Oscillator 95 Basic Power Supply
71 Light Controlled Relay 96 Lo -Hum Power Supply
72 Commercial Killer 97 Zener Regulator
73 AC Motor Power Brake 98 Make A Voltage Doubler
74 Power Tool Torque Contrcl 99 A Regulated Nine
75 Vari -Rev Motor Control 100 12 to 9 for Transistors
101 Low Power Control Ckt.
Pages 72-91
C 17 The Basic Amplifier C 24 C Boost
C 18 Carbon Mike Simulator C 25 Notch Filter Oscillator
C 19 Tape Head Preamp C 26 100X Instrument Amp
C 20 Bargain Tape Preamp C 27 Protect -A -Volt
C 21 Porta -Groove Amp C 28 Audio High Pass Filter
C 22 Stereo Mike Amp C 29 Bi -Polar Power Supply
C 23 Groove Booster C 30 Ten Meter DX'er
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EXPERIMENTER
International EX Crystal and EX Kits WHO'S WHO ON
OX
$
OSCILLATOR
2 95 101
ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
FOR UNDER $15
JULIAN S. MARTIN,
WA2CQL/KGK3915
Editor -in -Chief
OX OSCILLATOR Crystal EX CRYSTAL Available PETER L. DEXNIS, WA3LOQ
controlled transistor type. from 3.000 KHz to 60,000 Technical Editor
Lo Kit 3,000 to 19,999 KHz KHz. Supplied only in HC
Hi Kit 20,000 to 60,000 6/U holder. Calib. is STEPHEN B. GRAY
KHz (Specify) $2.95 i-.02% when operated in Project Editor
MXX-1 TRANSISTOR RF International OX circuit
MIXER A single tuned or its equivalent. (Specify JEFFREY APTER
circuit intended for signal frequency) $3.95 Service Editor
conversion in the 3 to 170 BAX-1 BROADBAND AMP.
MHz range. Lo kit 3-20 May be used as a tuned JIM MEDLER
MHz. Hi kit 20-170 MHz. or untuned amplifier in Art Director
$3.50 RF and audio applications
SAX -1 TRANSISTOR RF 20 Hz to 150 MHz. $3.75
AMP. Amplifier to drive IRVING BERNSTEIN, Cover Art Director
MXX-1 mixer. Lo kit 3-20 RALPH RUBINO, Associate Art
MHz. Hi Kit 20-170 MHz.
$3.50
INTERNATIONAL Director
DAVE MILLER, Advertising Director
PAX -1 TRANSISTOR RF
POWER AMP. A Single CARL BARTEE, Production Director
tuned output amplifier to CRYSTAL MFG. CO., INC. GERTRUD BORCHARDT, Production
follow the OX oscillator. 10 NO. LEE OKLA. CITY, OKLA. 731.2
Manager
3,000 to 30,000 KHz $3.75 Write for FREE Catalog MARILYN BONILLA, Assistant
CIRCLE NO. 6 ON PAGE 9 OR 109 Production Manager
WILFRED M. BROWN, Instruments
Division Manager
DON GABREE, Newstand Circulation
Director
ROBERT V. ENLOW, Subscription
Circulation & Marketing Director
GEORGE ROWELL
Subscription Circulation Manager
B. G. DAVIS
THE SHOPPING CENTER FOR ELECTRONICS
President, Chairman of the Board
(our catalog index of Mfrs extends from ADC to _XCELITE) (1957-1972)
... ... JOEL DAVIS
.
HOBBYISTS EXPERIMENTERS SERVICE
TECHNICIANS ...
ENGINEERS President & Publisher
LEONARD F. PINTO
ÇÌ Your Satisfaction is Our Target
Vice -President & General Manager
...
Low Prices.
Top Name Brands
AMPLE STOCKS-including
VICTOR C. STABILE, KBPF 681
Vice -President & Treasurer
those ha -d -to -find Parts
R whether you want a 15c capacitor, 101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS for under $15 Is pub-
a $50 FET-VOM, or a $450 stereo lished annually by Davis Publications, Inc. Editorial
system-you can get it at EDI! and business offices: 229 Park Avenue South, New
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New
Products
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII LAFAYETTE
TTL Integrated Circuits
A complete assortment of digital displays, 1974 CATALOG 740
logic and TTL integrated circuits have been
introduced by Calectro Division, GC Electron- 1974
ics. Pictured is the Digital Counter/L.E.D.
Display Kit, Cat. No. J4 -950E, which includes
everything needed to build a complete decade
counter (0-9). From this can be built such
fascinating and impressive devices as a digital
lAFAYEYTE e
Speech Processor
A new microphone accessory for both mobile Send Lafayette Radio Electronics
P.O. Box 10, Dept. 74093
and base application, the model M-260
Speech Processor, is being offered by Ascom
Today! Syosset, L.I., N.Y. 11791
Electronics Products for amateur, CB, public
address, and similar commun'cations sys-
tems. Unlike conventional built-in amplified Send FREE 1974 Catalog 74093
microphones or pre -amplifiers, the Speech
Processor provides not only exceptional gain NAME
but effective speech compression to produce
full modulation without distortion. Variations ADDRESS
in voice pattern as well as distance from
microphone are automatically compensated, CITY
resulting in strong but completely natural
speech intelligibility; the microphone may be LTATE ZIP
held at arm's length or within 1/2 -in, of the
mouth with no change in mic output. For CIRCLE NO. 7 ON PAGE 9 OR 109
www.americanradiohistory.com
DO YOU OWN
IMPROVE IT!
A LOW COST SCOPE?
New Products
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Professional results. By
building an "Easy to
Use Vista Kit".
Circle
No. 9 on
HOW TO OBTAIN OVER 400 Reader Service
MONEY-MAKING PUBLICATIONS Page 9 or 109
.for less than a Quarter Apiece... .
Stocks...Real Estate...Oil...Commodities build such interesting and practical digital
...Business Techniques projects as the Digital Dice Game, Digital
Receive 1-5 issue current trials to well over Clock, Digital Burglar Alarm, and other appli-
--
400 different, high-priced, money -making cations for all Calectro digital components.
publications newspapers, newsletters and Cost is only 50e. A complete line of digital
magazines covering virtually every con-
ceivable money -making area from SELECT components is available under the Calectro
INFORMATION EXCHANGE, America's
leading financial publications subscription label, including the most comprehensive
agency covering almost 800 different finan- assortment of TTL integrated circuits readily
cial publications. Their regular annual prices
range as high as $325 apiece. Your price for available to the hobbyist, as well as hundreds
the entire package under this one-time -only, of other electronic accessories for both home
bargain -packed offer is $95, or less than 254
apiece. D check here if you wish to receive and auto. For more information, write to GC
them spread over a 6 months period, rather Electronics, 400 South Wyman Street, Rock-
than all at once over a two -month period.
Send your name and address together with ford, Illinois 61101.
this ad and your $95 remittance to receive
all 400 publications.
DAVIS PUBLICATIONS INC. 101-74
Transistorized Dip Meter
229 Park Avenue South Battery -operated, portable convenience, and
New York. N.V. 10003 Package xz A transistorized accuracy have been incorpo-
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rated in the new
Leader LDM-815 YOU CAN AFFORD TO WITH EICO
Dip Meter. This
RE test instru- The more you know about electronics, the more you'll ap-
preciate EICO. We have a wide range of products for you to
ment is ideal for choose from, each designed to provide you with the most
shortwave appli- pleasure and quality performance for your money. If you
cation as well as prefer, you can "Build -it -Yourself" and save up to 50% with
TV and radio ser- our famous electronic kits.
For latest EICO Catalog on Test Instruments, Automo-
vice work. The tive and Hobby Electronics, Burglar -Fire Alarm Systems and
LDM-815 facili- name of nearest EICO distributor, check reader service card
tates easy, rapid or send 25¢ for fast first class mail service.
checking of re-
ceivers, transmit-
ters, and anten-
nae in the 1.5 to
250 MHz range Circle No. 10
and may be used on Reader Service
as a signal gen- Page 9 or 109
erator. Other applications include use for de-
termining LC network resonait frequency,
receiver alignment, wave trap adjusting, and
location of parasitic oscillaticns. The unit
utilizes a 9 -volt battery. Price is $89.95. Get
all the data from Leader Instruments Corp.,
37-27 27th Street, Long Island City, NY
11101. i
Over million Eico
instruments in use
since 1945.
Trumpet Speaker
Exceptional clarity and sound reproduction,
indoors or outdoors, is promised with two
all-weather Trumpet Speakers from Calectro
Division, GC Electronics. Pictured here is the CIRCLE NO. 2 ON PAGE 9 OR 109
5 -in. horn type, No. S2-245, an excellent
The CB Antenna
With The Highest Gain
Any 3 -Element Beam
Can Produce.
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ORDER NOW & SAVE!
electronics books
from the Davis
Magazine mart
Lowest price! Guaranteed
delivery despite paper shortages!
Single copies home -delivered at no I Hope It's Not BBC
extra charge! Protection against Could you tell me if it is improper to send for
future price increases! a QSL two or more times to the same short-
wave station?
ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS-For newcomer
and hobbyist. In each issue theory articles and -H.F., Bronx, NY
construction projects. General rules of electronics Sure you can, provided you have accomplished
trouble-shooting techniques, much more. a difficult feat. For example, a 1000 watter in
the Congo is a rare find, and if you hear it on
COMMUNICATIONS WORLD- For shortwave a different frequency at a later date, let 'em
listeners to overseas radio, and to local 2 -way
transmissions. Serves users of monitor equipment. know. Also, hard -to -pull -in stations are worth-
Includes complete White's Radio Log as bonus. while logging once each season as DX condi-
tions change. Now, I'm talking about toughies,
ELECTRONICS HOBBYIST - For. beginner and
advanced buff. Information, complete plans, tips, not Radio Moscow or BBC.
instruction on projects for home, car, out-of-doors
and on the job. Wants to Learn
Iam very interested in electronics. want to
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS UNDER $50-For
I
beginners and the experienced. 100 -plus projects build kits and learn more. What kit should I
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r 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
ELECTRONIC 29
36
30
37
31
38
32
39
33
40
34
41
35
42
46 47 48
PROJECTS 43 44
City
State Zip
mentioned in this issue, and keyed and want it fast. Please arrange
I
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U.S. MAIL LITER.ATORE
LIBRARY MIR
101. Kit builder? Like weird prod- 112. EDI (Electronic Distributors) that embrace many sciences and
ucts? EICO's 1974 catalog takes has a catalog with an index of man- fields.
care of both breeds of buyers at ufacturers' items literally from A to
prices you will like. Z (ADC to Xcelite). Whether you 121. Cornell Electronics' "Imperial
102. International Crystal has a free
want to spend 29 cents for a pilot- Thrift Tag Sale" Catalog features TV
catalog for experimenters (crystals, light socket or $699.95 for a stereo and radio tubes. You can also find
PC boards, transistor RF mixers & AM/FM receiver, you'll find it here. almost anything in electronics.
amps, and other comm. products). 122. Radio Shack's 1974 catalog for
113. Get all the facts on Progressive
electronics enthusiasts has 180
103. See brochures on Regency's
1974 lineup of CB transceivers &
EduKits Home Radio Course. Build
20 radios and electronic circuits; pages, colorfully illustrated-a
com-
plete range (kits & wired) of hi-fi,
VHF/UHF receivers (public service/ parts, tools, and instructions in- CB, SWL equipment and parts.
business bands -police, fire, etc.) cluded.
104. Dynascan's new B&K catalog 123. It's just off the press-Lafay-
114. Olson Electronics' 244 -page all -new 1974 illustrated cata-
features test equipment for indus- fully -illustrated 1974 catalog car- ette's with CB, hi-fi com-
trial labs, schools, and TV servicing. ries leading national brand products log packed
ponents, test equipment, tools, ham
in all electronics categories. rigs, and more.
105. Before you build from scratch,
check the Fair Radio Sales latest
catalog for surplus gear. 115. Trigger Electronics has a com- 124. Mosley Electronics reports that
plete catalog of equipment for by popular demand the Model A-311
106. Get Antenna Specialists' cat. those in electronics. Included are 3 -element CB beam antenna is be-
of latest CB and VHF/UHF innova- kits, parts, ham gear, CB, hi fi and ing reintroduced. Send for the
tions: base & mobile antennas, test recording equipment. brochure.
equipment (wattmeters, etc.), ac- 125. RCA Experimenter's Kits for
cessories. 116. Get the HUSTLER brochure il-
lustrating their complete line of CB hobbyists, hams, technicians and
107. Want a deluxe CB base sta- and monitor radio antennas. students are the answer for suc-
tion? Then get the specs on Tram's cessful and enjoyable projects.
super CB rigs. 117. Teaberry's new 6 -page folder 126. B&F Enterprises has an inter-
presents their 6 models of CB trans- esting catalog you'd enjoy scan-
108. Compact is the word for Xcel- ceivers (base and mobile): 1 trans-
ite's 9 different sets of midget ceiver for marine -use, and 2 scan- ning. There are geiger counters,
screwdrivers and nutdrivers with ner models (the innovative "Crime logic cards, kits, lenses, etc.
"piggyback" handle to increase Fighter" receiver and a pocket-size 127. Avanti antennas (mobile and
length and torque. A handy show scanner).
case serves as a bench stand also. base for CB and VHF/UHF) are
Burstein-Applebee's 1974 cata- fully described and illustrated in
109. Bomar claims to have C/B 118. log has 276 pages of radio/TV elec-
new cataolg.
crystal for every transceiver ...for
every channel. The catalog gives list tronics bargains. Selling for $2, it 128. A new free catalog is available
of crystal to set interchangeability. is offered free to our readers. from McGee Radio. It contains elec-
tronic product bargains.
110. A Turner amplified mike helps 119. Besides Browning 's colorful
get the most from a CB rig. This leaflet on their Golden Eagle Mark 129. Semiconductor Supermart Is
a new 1974 catalog listing project
free brochure describes line of Ill base station, their packet in- builders' parts, popular CB gear,
base & mobile station models. cludes other surprises. The LTD
is pictured in actual size on a card and test equipment. It features
111. Midland's line of CB (base and for you to test on your car's dash. semiconductors.-all from Circuit
mobile) equipment, and marine Specifications are given for both Specialists.
transceivers and accessories are il- the SST and LTD. 130. Heath's new 1974 full -color
lustrated in a new 4 -color 24 -page catalog is a shopper's dream-
folder. There's also a separate 8 - 120. Edmund Scientific's new cata- chockful of gadgets and goodies
page. 4 -color flyer on scanners. log contains over 4000 products everyone would want to own.
r 101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
1
1 Box 886 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
1 Ansonia Station 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
1 New York, N.Y. 10023 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
1 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149
1
1 Please arrange to have this lit-
fIndicate total number of booklets requested
erature whose numbers I have Sorry, only 10 circled items maximum.
1
1
circled at right sent to me as Are you a subscriber to this magazine? Yes D No
soon as possible. am enclos-
I
1 STATF ZIP
1 Not Valid After October 15, 1974
www.americanradiohistory.com
ASK HANK, HE KNOWS! ohms secondary. They come in all sizes and
power ratings. It's easy to select the correct one.
(Continued from page 8)
their plans. If you want a complete kit, write to Yes and No
Heath, Fisher, Scott, etc. Bozak's address is: Does the design on a printed circut board have
Bozak, Inc., Box 1166, Darien, CN 06820. The anything to do with the circuit operation? Can
address for Electro -Voice is: Electro -Voice, a circuit be wired on a board like it is on a
Inc., 650 Cecil Street, Buchanan, MI 49107. schematic with no problems?
-M. B., San Antonio, TX
Ham ID There is nothing in electronics that introduces
Where can I obtain an up-to-date list of ama- problems when you attempt to place it on a
teur radio station call-sign prefixes, world- printed circuit board. However, simple circuits,
wide? I don't give a hoot about a call book, power supplies, low-level audio amplifiers and
just a list of the prefixes. the like can be wired-cops!-drawn and
-D.S.M., Oak Ridge, TN etched onto a copper clad board with success.
Visit your library and copy the list of prefixes As the gain goes up, as the frequency goes
found in the front of the call book. That's what up, so do the degree of difficulty and probability
I would do. of failure. However, practice makes perfect. I
make my boards all the time now with no
Too Many Ohms trouble. You get better as experience piles up.
I have a project that requires a 2000-ohm im-
pedance loudspeaker and I can't find one. Plans Space Trip
What should I do? Can VHF hi -band (146-174 mHz) antennas (1/4
-R.N.., Charlotte, NC wave ground plane) be co -phased for better
You didn't send me the circuit along with your long distance reception?
letter so I'm taking a guess as to what is your -J.C., Venice, FL
problem. Most 2000-ohm sound reproducers Yes they can, but to no good purpose. Your
are electro -magnetic headphones. So, use a receiver -antenna combination is good enough
headphone. However, if the audio output of the to pull in any usable signal reaching your
circuit is more than a fraction of a watt, you location. Since signals travel in straight lines
can use a loudspeaker with a matching audio at this frequency, I assume you are either
output transformer. These transformers come listening to signals from other planets or plan-
rated in ohms, like 2000 -ohms primary, 3.2 - ning a space trip.
www.americanradiohistory.com
101
ELECTRONIC
PROJECTS
( 1974 EDITION
ELECTRONIC
PROJECTS
II FOR UNDER $15
1974 EDITION x
The best idea in the world is of no value however, this item will be available from
if no one can put it to use. Similarly, "surplus" component dealers who advertise
the best construction project is useless in national hobbyist publications such as
if it can't be built. In this age of blister and ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS. (It iS a good
pegboard packaging, computor inventory rule of thumb to send away for all the com-
control and general scarcity of components, ponent catalogs you can get before you start
it is not unusual for an experimenter to find building projects.)
the most critical component needed for a About Those Parts. Most of the projects
construction project is unavailable at any are non-critical; they can be assembled in
price. any type of enclosure or no enclosure: that's
But you will not have this problem with breadboard style, with any wiring layout.
any project in this book. We have expended Where the wiring or enclosure might affect
considerable effort to make certain that performance or safety, specific details are
every project will work, and that the parts provided. When metal or plastic cabinets
for every project are generally available in must be used, we tell you so. The same
your local stores. Every project in this book thing is true of heat sinks for solid-state de-
has been constructed and de -bugged. The vices. When nothing is said about a heat
parts lists have been checked and double- sink you don't need one, even for power
checked to insure no oddball or industrial- transistors; when a heat sink is required it is
only components are used. When a project specified.
originally called for an industrial -type com- All components have been safety -rated
ponent we have searched out a suitable for voltage, current and power. If you decide
"hobbyist" equivalent. to make a substitution, say, for a transistor,
In a few instances an IC (integrated cir- make certain the transistor can handle the
cuit) project might possibly utilize a com- circuit voltage and has the same current or
ponent not yet available at local distributors; power rating as the item specified in the
14 101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
www.americanradiohistory.com
YOU CAN BUILD THESE PROJECTS IN ONE EVENING
parts list. While you can always use higher capacitors in place of 5 percent or 10 per-
ratings, never go lower. For example, if the cent types. But keep in mind that none of
silicon rectifier used in one of the projects the projects will "work better" because you
has a rating of 30 PIV, 0.5 -amp, there's no have used more expensive components. The
reason you cannot use a silicon rectifier only thing a "better quality" component will
rated at 100 PIV, 1 -amp You should not, do is increase the total costs; all the projects
however, substitute a component with a will work with the tolerance and precision
20 PIV, 0.25 -amp rating. Similarly, if a given in the parts list. When special tolerance
capacitor shown is rated for 25 VDC you values are required they are specified.
can use one rated 50 VDC, or 100 VDC, To make construction as easy as possible
but do not substitute a capacitor rated less and goof-proof, two types of capacitor sym-
than 25 VDC. bols are used in the schematics. The symbol
The exception to this rule is Silicon Con- with a straight and curved line, having a
trolled Rectifiers (SCRs) because their gate "---" over the straight line, means electrolytic
sensitivity often depends on the reverse volt- type capacitor and must be wired into the
age (PIV) rating. Always try to use the circuit with the polarity shown. The
SCR specified or an exact substitute. Check curved line is a warning that the polarity
the substitute's specifications carefully. must be double-checked as the project prob-
Tolerance Tips. Resistor and capacitor ably won't work if the capacitor's connec-
values should be exactly as specified in the tions are reversed.
parts list. If a 10,000 -ohm 10 percent re- Those capacitors indicated by two straight
sistor is called for use a 10,000 ohm value, lines mean the non -polarized type; they can
not 9200 ohms or 12,000 ohms. You can, be installed without regard to any markings
however, always use a better or more precise as they have no polarity.
tolerance, such as 5 percent resistors in Quite often a capacitor voltage rating
place of 10 percent tolerance, or 1 percent might appear excessive, such as a 500 VDC
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disc specified for a project with a 9 -volt specified bias resistor might be incorrect in
power supply. In all instances we have your project. 1f you build an amplifier that
specified the most typical lowest-cost capaci- distorts at high level output, or an oscillator
tor. A 500 VDC disc would cost less than, that fails to "start," try changing the bias
say, a 10-volt miniature one. resistor within a 20 percent range either
Since electrolytic capacitors often repre- higher or lower in value than the specified
sent the largest expenditure for a project, we resistance.
suggest you use the least expensive type you Integrated circuit projects require extra
can get. care in construction and checkout. Whereas
When a capacitor is a critical component a short circuit or incorrect voltage polarity
we specify the specific type and tolerance, can possibly damage a transistor, you can
such as 5 percent Silver Mica. almost bet on the slightest mistake ruining
Potentiometers can be any taper unless an IC, with no second chance. Before apply-
audio or linear is specified. When batteries ing power to an IC project doublecheck all
are recommended, do not substitute a power supply connections, capacitor polari-
smaller current capacity: the current require- ties and signal input levels (if the circuit is
ment for a project has been taken into ac- an amplifier). Be absolutely certain there
count and the model or type number speci- are no short circuits, and take extra care
fied will give the longest service at the lowest when working with power applied to insure
cost. your test leads or wires do not short circuit
Transistor Tune-up. We have tried to -even for a brief instant.
insure that every circuit will work with the Reasonable common sense will insure
specified solid-state devices, but there is a each project works as specified, We'd like
normal variation in the operating char- to hear from you concerning your favorite
acteristics of transistors that can affect per- projects and circuits, possible modifications
formance. For example, a 2N3391 transis- you develop through experimentation, and
tor, or its equivalent, has a possible gain- any other thoughts you have on 101
range of 250 to 500, a 2:1 difference. If the ELECTRONIC PROJECTS.
solid-state device you obtain has a gain of Now plug in that soldering iron and get
500 the base bias becomes critical and the started-time's-a-wasting!
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1000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor. Connect a .1 to the amplifier input. Then be sure to con-
mfd, 25VDC capacitor from Ql's collector nect radio's ground to the amplifier ground.
s Communications
Rebroadcaster
Build the rebroadcaster in a metal cabinet.
- 9VDC
05uF
C4
1 WIRE ANTENNA
NOT LONGER
THAN 10 FEET
The power supply can be a transistor radio
type 9 volt battery, though a line supply is
preferred for more dependable continuous
LI
4
operation. The unit draws about 10 mA.
UNUSED Power input and antenna length are limited
by FCC regulations. If the input current ex-
ceeds 10 mA, increase the value of R1
in 20% increments until the current is be-
01 low 10 mA. The antenna wire cannot ex-
HEP -720 ceed 10 feet. Adjust slug Ll so the re -
TI broadcaster operates on an unused BC fre-
AUDIO INPUT)
FROM CB SET
C5 quency. The audio input connects to the
.01 u F
EXTERNAL 411 speaker or headphone output of your com-
SPEAKER munications equipment. Adjust the volume
OUTPUT
15000 on the receiver for a high, undistorted
transmission by the rebroadcaster.
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TO RECEIVER
Diode D1 protects against excess gate volt- must be handled with a short-circuit across
age caused by nearby transmitters, while all leads until just before power is applied.
Q1 serves as an emitter follower to match Also, a soldering iron must not be applied
the medium output impedance of the FET to Ql's leads unless they are shorted.
transistor to the low input impedance of Ll's connections are specified in the in-
the receiver. structions supplied with the coil. An RG -
Since Q1 is a MOSFET type with a gate 174U coaxial cable should serve for the
that's very sensitive to static changes, Q1 output.
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During construction, carefully note that age can destroy a transistor.
npn and pnp transistors are used. Don't Batteries B1 and B2 are the penlight (AAA)
intermix them since reverse polarity volt- type-good for many hours of service.
ANTENNA
s-) C2
e LI
when you opened an account. Assemble the HEP 641
365pF
unit in a small plastic cabinet with coil L
cemented to the side or back of the cabi- C3
.05uF
Flea Power CB
Small enough to fit into a cigarette pack,
this pocket pager produces a low -output
signal on the Citizen's Band (27 MHz) suit-
able for paging inside a building. The signal
is strong enough to be heard on a standard
transceiver, but not enough to cause re-
ceiver overload.
If only one crystal frequency is needed,
socket SO1 can be eliminated and an over -
www.americanradiohistory.com
carbon microphone can be a telephone few times to check crystal activity. If start-
transmitter. ing is intermittent, slightly alter C3's ad-
To tune; receive the signal on an S -meter - justment until operation is consistent.
equipped receiver and adjust trimmer C3 The power supply can be a standard 9V
for maximum output. Key the transmitter a (2U6 type) battery.
Walkie -T for RC
BI
S1 6V
--cró--1Il+ RY1
R3 100 uF
C3 y CONTROLLED
CIRCUIT
R2 10K
220K
t
C1
INPUT 10uF Q2
C2
FROM
CB SET
100uF Dl R4
EXTERNAL
R1
i+
Ql
T IN60 22K
SPEAKER
10K
CB Modulation Lamp
+9 TO
JI + 12VDC
TO
TRANSCEIVER
TO J2
ANTENNA
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Less than $2 is all that's needed to be ulation. If 11 will not flash regardless of
certain that what you put into the mike is R2's adjustment, substitute a higher gain
really getting to your sky hook. Working transistor for Q1 (try a 2N3392).
directly from a minute sample of the trans-
ceiver's RF output, the Modulamp will glow
only if there is a carrier output and mod-
ulation. So if no one replies to your call and PARTS LIST FOR
THE CB MODULATION LAMP
the lamp glows in step with your modula-
tion, you can at least be certain it's not the C1-5 pF, 500 VDC ceramic disc
transceiver that's at fault. If the unit is C2-100 pF, 500 VDC ceramic disc
built into a small metal box, jacks J1 and D1-Germainium diode, 1N60 or Calec-
J2 should match the existing transmission
tro K4-550
11-6 or 8 volt, 30 to 60 mA miniature
line connectors. If you build the Modulamp lamp (Calectro E2-475 or equiv.)
directly into your transceiver, simply con- J1, J2-Coaxial jack.
nect capacitor Cl to the RF output jack Q1-NPN transistor, 2N3393 or equiv.
(and forget about J1 and J2). To adjust, (see text)
R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
simply talk into the mike in your normal
R2 -10,000 -ohm potentiometer (Calectro
voice and adjust trimmer potentiometer R2 81.683 or equiv.)
until lamp 11 flashes in step wTh the mod-
GLASS INSULATOR
RG -59/U
COAXIAL LINE
TO CB RIG
A large antenna always beats the small one, the cable. Attach a glass or ceramic insula-
so why use a dinky loaded whip for portable tor to the end of the center conductor and
work? Make your own coaxial antenna from hang the antenna from a tree, roof, pole
a length of RG -59U coaxial cable. or window. Attach the lower end of the
Cut away the outer insulation for 108 cable to your transceiver. Keep away from
inches and fold the shield braid back along metal poles and buildings.
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R2
MIC
TO ORIGINAL
CARBON MICROPHONE
CONNECTION
12 Parasite CW Monitor
Here's a self -powered CW keying monitor plifier can be used. Simply connect a 2000 -
that doesn't require a direct connection to ohm, I/2 -watt resistor in place of the
the transmitter or transmission line. Sim- phones, and connect the amplifier input
ply position coil L1 near the transmitter across the resistor. Start with a 2 -turn coil
output tank until you obtain a dependable made of #16 enameled wire wound on a
key -down tone. Then tape the coil in posi- I/2 -inch form. If the signal pickup is not
tion. While the signal is generally moni- sufficient to produce a steady tone, in-
tored with headphones, a small monitor am - crease the coil one turn at a time until the
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01
HEP253 A Ti
PARTS LIST FOR
PARASITE CW MONITOR
TI
AUDIO
INPUT 500
14 Standard WO kHz
Oscillator
Few shortwave receivers below the deluxe producing sufficient signal through the air
class have really accurate dial calibration. if constructed in a plastic cabinet. With a
But with a 100 -kHz frequency standard metal cabinet, a short antenna approxi-
you'll know with great precision where the mately 12 -in. long should be connected to
receiver is tuned. Q1's collector through a 50-pF capacitor.
The calibrator is a common -base oscillator In some instances the antenna will
23
FOR UNDER $15
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XTAL
PARTS LIST FOR
STANDARD 100 KHZ OSCILLATOR
01 LI
HEP- 641 81, B2 -1.5-V AAA battery
C1-0.01-uF, 10-VDC capacitor
C2 C2-220-pF silver mica capacitor (Ca-
lectro Ai -008 or equiv.)
L1-Coil,
RFC T 2-18 mH
91-HEP-641 npn transistor (Calectro
b
L R1
K4-051 or equiv.)
-750,000 -ohm,
-2.5
1/2 -watt resistor
+81 3vDC RFC mH RF choke
S1-Spst switch
RI CI 82
XTAL-100-kHz crystal
( . .2v:' T
nave to be connected to the receiver an- If you want to zero beat the crystal against
tenna terminal. station WWV, install a 50-pF trimmer in se-
Wiring is not critical and almost any layout ries or in parallel with the crystal. Use
will work. If the oscillator doesn't start, whichever connection works since the spe-
change R2's value by approximately 20% cific crystal type determines the series or
until you get consistent oscillator operation. parallel connection.
15 No Parts BC Booster
25 TO 100 FT
Just about any transister radio can be LONGWIRE ANTENNA
INSULATOR INSULATOR
made a "DX hound" with the No Parts BC
Booster. Simply bring in the end of an out-
door "longwire" antenna and wrap the end
around the radio about 5 times. Even bet-
ter reception is possible if you open the
radio and wrap about 5 turns around the
rod antenna immediately adjacent to the
antenna coil mounted on the rod. Make ANTENNA WINDING"[
(ABOUT 5 TURNS)
certain the ends of the antenna are insu- FERRITE ROD
ANTENNA
lated with glass or ceramic insulators. IN RADIO
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nents must be firmly mounted and well
soldered. A common 2U6 9 -volt battery in RI -_L 9V DC
the circuit will last for months, if not for its
total shelf life.
Crystals in this circuit are fundamental C4
type, not overtone. Many low-cost surplus 01
crystals are available, but even if you can't 2N384
get the correct frequency, 25e might get
C3
you right next door. A few dollars for a new
crystal will put you directly on frequency if SO
you want the utmost accuracy.
RFC
A connection between the spotter and re-
ceiver is not needed. Simply position the
spotter near the receiver antenna and start
tuning until you find the marker signal.
17 Hi Z Earphone Booster
2000n control R3 can have any taper. Make cer-
MAGNETIC tain C2's polarity is correct; the positive
Cl HEADPHONES
.fuF terminal connects to volume control R1
(wiper terminal). Adjust distortion control
R3 for best sound quality. If you use a jack
5001<
R1
and plug to connect your headphones to
INPUT
this amp, you can eliminate on -off switch
S1 because power is removed whenever the
headphones are disconnected.
Quite often the audio output from small PARTS LIST FOR
projects is just barely sufficient to produce HI Z EARPHONE BOOSTER
a recognizable signal in standard experi- BI-Battery, 12 volts (two RCA VS068
menter magnetic earphones. Yet a hand- in series or equiv.)
ful of surplus components will provide C1-0.1 uF capacitor, 15 VDC or better
enough gain to turn that whisper sound (Calectro Al -082 or equiv.)
into a roar. Specifically intended for use C2-1 uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
or better
with magnetic earphones of from 1000 to Q1-PNP transistor, 2N2613 or equiv.
5000 ohms impedance, the Headphone R1 -500,000 -ohm audio taper
Amplifier can do double -duty as an audio potentiometer (Calectro B1-689 or
signal tracer. Transistor Q1 can be any equiv.)
PNP of the 2N2613 variety. Even the 10 - R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
for -a -buck kind will work. Volume control R3-1 megohm potentiometer, any taper
(Calectro B1-691 or equiv.)
R1 should have an audio taper. Distortion
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PARTS LIST FOR
some distortion, the limiter should feed a
EARPHONE LIMITER FOR CW headphone Qpeaker (described in another
Dl, D2 -1N60 diode (Calectro K4-550) circuit). The value of Rx should match the
R1 -5000 -ohm audio taper existing speaker impedance and power. In
potentiometer (Calectro B1-681 or most cases this will be equal to 4 ohms at
equiv.) 2-5 watts.
Rx-See text
C2
RI
MIKE
PREAMP
OUTPUT
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receiver's low output impedance from re- ticular headset. Try different values in the
ducing the "Q" of the headset circuit. range shown until the desired resonant fre-
The exact value of Cl depends on the par- quency or peaking action is obtained.
percent
and two resistors are all that's needed to SI-Switch, DPDT
squelch your SW receiver. And if you can't
PADDLE
O QI
HEP -253
O
DASH
I2VDC
+
O
-
I
This is not the equal of a $50 electronic tor current pulls in relay K1, thereby keying
keyer, but it's a lot easier to use than an the transmitter. When Kl grounds the pad-
ordinary hand key. dle terminal, Cl discharges, causing Ql to
When the paddle terminal connects to the stop conducting and dropping out the relay.
dot terminal, Cl starts to charge. When When K1's paddle connection is restored to
Cl's voltage causes Q1 to conduct, collec- ground the cycle repeats until the paddle is
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released. drops out the relay just before Q1 stops
Dashes work in similar fashion. Potentiom- conducting and has a slight effect on the
eter R1 sets the dot -dash ratio, potentiom- dot -space ratio.
eter R2 sets the speed. Potentiometer R5
23 FM Knockout Filter
RFCI
assembled in a metal cabinet with 1/4 -in.
access holes so you can adjust the trim-
mer tuning capacitors. The metal cabinet is
grounded to the receiver's chassis. Switch
Si by-passes the filter for normal opera-
TO 300 OHM i TO tion. If your antenna's downlead is coaxial
ANTENNA TWIN LEAD Sib' RECEIVER cable, only one filter is installed-in series
with the center (hot) conductor. To adjust,
VERY tune in the offending station and use an
SH0R7 insulated alignment screwdriver to adjust
trimmer capacitors Cl and C2 for minimum
signal strength.
RFC2
A simple filter is all it takes to remove a PARTS LIST FOR
strong, local FM signal that is blocking or THE KNOCKOUT FILTER
cross modulating other FM stations. The C1, C2-40 pF trimmer capacitor (Ca-
filter connects in series with the FM an- lectro A1-246 or equiv.)
tenna's downlead. Just be sure to use the Misc-300-ohm twinlead, metal cabinet
shortest possible length between the filter's RFC!, RFC2-0.22 uH RF choke, any type
output and the receiver. The filter must be S1-DPST slide switch
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connecting cable, jacks, amplifiers, etc. case-nothing is critical. The speaker may
The beeper can be built in a small plastic be any size from one to three inches.
-4.5-V battery
B1
C1-0.02-uF, 10-VDC capacitor
C2-0.22-uF, 10-VDC capacitor
E1 -2000 -ohm magnetic earphone (Ca-
lectro J4-825 or equiv.)
Q1-HEP-641 or Calectro K4-501 npn
transistor
R1 -2700 -ohm, '/s -watt resistor
R2 -1500 -ohm. '/s -watt resistor
R3 -27,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
Components you have lying about might R4 -50,000 -ohm potentiometer (Calectro
B1-685 or equiv.)
make this simple, budget CPO (code prac-
26 Speech Scrambler
1 1
MODULATION DOUBLE SIDEBAND
INPUT OUTPUT
1 P
--0 O-
CARRIER INPUT
Feed audio modulation to one input, a car- speech scrambler. Feed a scrambled
rier to another and the output of this side - signal into the modulation input to un-
band generator will be upper and lower scramble a speech -scrambled message.
sideband with supressed carrier. Where is The carrier input for audio scrambling is
it used? Try a sideband rig or a telephone usually between 2 and 3.5 kHz.
www.americanradiohistory.com
oe suosntutea it the Battery ana (;1's po-
larity are reversed. No other changes are PARTS LIST FOR SPEAKER -A -MIKE PREAMP
needed. B1 -9-V battery
8
9v DC
oo SI
1
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29 Fancy Guitar Fuzzbox
BI
1.5V DC
SI 1I1
OUTPUT
Add that 'way-out fuzz sound to any elec- PARTS LIST FOR
tric guitar by connecting the Fuzzbox be- FANCY GUITAR FUZZBOX
tween your guitar and amplifier. Potentio- 81-1.5-V AA battery
Cl. C3-0.1-uF, 50-VDC capacitor (Ca-
meter R3 sets the degree of fuzz, R8 the lectro Al -032 or equiv.)
output level. C2-4.7-uF, 10-VDC electrolytic capaci-
Since the fuzz effect cannot be completely tor (Calectro A1-103 or equiv.)
91, Q2-pnp transistor-HEP-632
eliminated by R3, fuzzy -free sound requires RI, R6 -22,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
a bypass switch from the input to output R2 -18,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
terminals. The switch should completely R3-1-megohm pot (Calectro B1-691)
disconnect the fuzzbox output; the input R4 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
RS, R7 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
can remain in parallel with the bypass R8 -50,000 -ohm pot (Calectro Bi -685)
switch. S1-Spst switch
R3
INPUT I
RI
-+ g
9VDC
OUTPUT
R4
INPUT 2 R2 S
C121
1
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learn by doing!
Perform more than 200 exciting experiments
with CIE's fascinating ELECTRONICS
LABORATORY PROGRAM!
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You get your own 161 -piece electronics laboratory...
with authentic electronic components used by industry!
You learn how to construct circuits and Testing and troubleshooting are an im- Modern space-age components like this
connect them with a soldering iron, which portant part of your learning experience. IC (integrated circuit) are professional
is part of your CIE laboratory equipment. Included in your laboratory is a precision quality and can be used again and again
This "hands on" experience is extremely "multimeter" to diagnose electrical and in many of your projects. Lesson by lesson,
valuable in applying what you learn. electronic troubles quickly and accurately. piece by piece your knowledge grows!
Prepare now for a high income career in Electronics...the Science of the Seventies.
Electronic miracles are changing you complete our Laboratory Course, facturing, Inc., Scottsbluff, Nebraska,
today's world with breathtaking which provides FCC License prep- moved from TV repairman to lab
speed. aration, you'll be able to pass your technician to radio station chief
And with this growth in electronics FCC exam or be entitled to a full engineer to manufacturer of elec-
technology has come a brand new refund of all tuition paid. This war- tronic equipment with annual sales
need ... a demand for thousands of ranty is valid during the completion of more than $500,000. Ed Dulaney
electronics technicians, trained in time allowed for your course. says, "While studying with CIE, I
theory and practice to build the You get your FCC License or - learned the electronics theories that
products, operate them and service your money back! made my present business possible."
them during the Seventies. Marvin Hutchens, Woodbridge,
You'll have high paying Virginia, says: "I was surprised at the
Don't just wait for something to
"happen" in your present job. Get job opportunities relevancy of the CIE course to actual
ready now for a career you'll really Electronics is still young and growing. working conditions. I'm now ser-
enjoy with a good income and plenty In nearly every one of the new excit- vicing two-way radio systems in the
of opportunity for advancement. ing fields of the Seventies you find Greater Washington area. My earn -
electronics skills and knowledge are ings have increased $3,000. bought I
Experience with experiments in demand. Computers and data pro- a new home for my family and feel I
is your best teacher cessing. Air traffic control. Medical more financially secure than ever
"Hands on" experience helps to re- technology. Pollution control. Broad- before."
inforce basic theory. When you casting and communications. With a
CIE Diploma and an FCC License Send now for 2 FREE BOOKS
learn by doing, you discover the
"how" as well as the "why." You'll you can choose the career field you Mail the reply card or coupon for our
find out for yourself the right way as want ... work for a big corporation, a school catalog plus a special book
well as the wrong way to use elec- small company or even go into busi- on how to get your FCC License. For
tronic components. How to construct ness for yourself. your convenience, we will try to have
your own circuits, to discover trouble Here's how two outstanding CIE a representative call. If coupon is
spots and learn how to fix them. And students carved out new careers: missing, write: Cleveland Institute of
with CIE's special Auto-Programmed® After his CIE training, Edward J. Electronics, Inc., 1776 E. 17th St.,
Lessons, you learn faster and easier Dulaney, President of D & A Manu- Cleveland. Ohio 44114. Do it now!
than you'd believe possible.
CIEs fascinating course, Elec-
tronics Technology with Laboratory,
teaches you Electronics by making
C4E Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc.
1776 East 17th Street. Cleveland. Ohio 44114
Approved Accredited Member National Home Study Council
it work before your eyes. And you do
it yourself, with your own hands. under Please send me your two FREE books:
G.I. Bill 1. Your illustrated school catalog, "Succeed in Electronics."
Importance of FCC License 2. Your book, "How to Get a Commercial FCC License."
www.americanradiohistory.com
1 megohm, the low frequency response of
INPUT
O
OUTPUT
For serious recording of anything other than dent (stereo) mixers, current drain is on the
speech and sound effects, two mikes are order of a few milliamperes and two series -
always better than one. Our hi-fi mike connected transistor 2U6 -type batteries
mixer does its mixing after amplification so can be used.
the amplifiers compensate for the mixer
loss first, thereby improving the signal-to- PARTS LIST FOR HI-FI MIKE MIXER
noise ratio as compared with simple mixers Cl, C4-0.05-uF, 50-VDC capacitor
that mix first and amplify after the mixer. C2, C5-22-uF, 10-VDC electrolytic
Using FET semiconductors with their high capacitor (Calectro Al -128)
input impedance, this basic mixer can be C3, C6-0.1-uF, 50-VDC capacitor (Ca-
lectro Al -032)
used with high impedance crystal and ce- Ql, Q2-HEP-801 or Calectro K4-634
ramic microphones. It does not attenuate FET transistor
low frequency response whatsoever Rl, R6-2-megohm, '/2 -watt resistor
through low impedance loading of the mi- R2, R7-6800-ohm,'/2-watt resistor
R3, R8 -560 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
crophone. The mixer's response is 10 to
R4, R9 -500,000 -ohm, audio taper poten-
20,000 Hertz.
tiometer (Calectro B1-688)
Two mixers can be built into the same cab- R5, R10 -100,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
inet for stereo use. Even with two indepen-
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R2 frequency attenuation as needed. For prop-
RI 100K er operation, the recorder input impedance
100K
FROM SIGNAL
TO should be at least 100,000 ohms. Some
RECORDER
SOURCE Cl C2 solid state recorders with input impedances
30opFT 300pF1rINPUT less than 100,000 ohms will reduce the
degree of high frequency noise filtering.
This unit should be built in a metal en-
closure.
he'll never know wh' hoppen' to the noise
-it will all be gone. The filter connects PARTS LIST FOR
between the signal source such as a record THE TAPE DUBBING FILTER
player and your tape recorder. It's cut-off
C1, C2-330 pF disc capacitor, 50 VDC
frequency starts at about 5000 Hz, attenu- or better (Calectro A1-011)
ation increasing at the higher noise pro- R1 -100,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt resistor
ducing frequencies. Control R2 allows R2 -100.000 -ohm potentiometer, any
you to shift the "corner" frequency slightly taper (Calectro B1-686 or equiv.)
up or down to obtain more or less high
AUTOMATIC SHUT-OFF
SWITCH ON PHONOGRAPH
St
PHONO
MOTOR
SO)
matic turntable shuts off-but the ampli- lay K1 closes and applies power to AC
fier stays on until you happen to pass socket SO1; when the turntable shuts off,
by and notice the glow from the pilot removing voltage from the motor, K1 opens,
lamps. Yet, this simple circuit, which you disconnecting power from the outlet. Be-
cause the turntable automatic shutoff
switch might not be able to carry the am-
PARTS LIST FOR
AUTOMATIC HI-FI SHUTOFF plifier load, the AC power for SO1 is taken
off before the automatic shutoff switch.
K1-117 VAC relay with contacts rated Switch Si bypasses the relay contacts and
at least 5 amperes at 117 VAC (Ca- applies power to the socket even when the
lectro D1-980 or equiv.l
S1-Switch, SPST (shutoff bypass) turntable is off.
S01-AC socket (Calectro F3-100)
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34 Tape Dubber's Pad
SHIELDED cord provides about 50 dB attenuation in a
CABLE
Rt TO MEDIUM single, easy -to -handle assembly. Connect
FROM PLI 100K PLZ IMPEDE NCE resistor R1 in series with the shielded cable
HIGH
(GOO T010,000111
LEVEL MICROPHONE
E
hot lead. Connect the free end of R1 to
OUTPUT
R2
INPUT recorder plug PL2 and one end of resistor
10K R2. Fold R2 back adjacent to R1 and solder
the free end to the cable shield. Loop a
Many cassette recorders do not have a high wire from the shield to the PL2 outside
level (aux) input; they are meant only for (sleeve) terminal. PL1 should match the
use with microphones. If you try to dub di- output jack of the recorder you dub from.
rectly from another recorder's "line" out-
put, or from across the speaker, the rela-
tively high signal level overloads the micro- PARTS LIST FOR TAPE DUBBER'S PAD
phone input, causing severe distortion.
PL1, PL2-Plugs to match existing tape
Good dubs can be obtained by attenuating
equipment Shielded cable
the high level signal almost 50 dB, so the
R1 -100,000 -ohm. 1/4 -watt resistor
attenuated signal is essentially equal to
R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor
microphone level. This recorder bridging
Try to run a high impedance mike line for B1-1.5 volt AA battery
more than 25 feet and you're sure to get
C1-10 uF, 12 VDC electrolytic capacitor
(Calectro Al -104 or equiv.)
high frequency losses and hum pickup. Q1-Field effect transistor (Calectro
But this simple junk -box project mounted K4-634, Motorola MPF-103, etc.)
in a small metal enclosure on the mike RI-2-megohm, 1/2 watt resistor
R2-150 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
stand will convert the mike's output to a
low impedance that can run for hundreds
Sl-SPST switch
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RI
270K PARTS LIST FOR 78'S HISS FILTER
1/A.
Cl. C3-0.25 uF mylar capacitor (Ca-
IN
CI C2 C3
0.2uF .02 uF 0.2gF lectro Al -083 or equiv.)
C2-0.02 uF mylar capacitor (Calectro
OUT Al -080 or equiv.)
R1 -270,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
> R2
50K
R3
50K
r R2, R3 -50,000 -ohm potentiometer, linear
taper (Calectro B1-685)
inet to prevent hum pickup.. Connect the potentiometer R3 for the most pleasing
output of yo':r phonograph to the restorer sound. If R3's adjustment is too little, or
input. Connect the output of the restorer too much as evidenced by a "hole" in the
to your tape recorder. Set potentiometer sound quality, trim the restorer with R2
R2 to maximum resistance and adjust until you get the optimum equalization.
STO LEFT
SPEAKER
FROM STEREO
AMPLIFIER
TO RIGHT
7111.> SPEAKER
LEFT CHANNEL
COMMO\Ñ ) Rl R3 JI
RIGHT
\lb.\
R4
-" ^
STEREO
HEADPHONE
OUTPUT
JACK
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38 Audio Z -Matcher
T1 matching transformer, and you can use just
about any phone on any circuit. Don't let
the 4 and 10,000 ohm markings fool you.
Any low -Z phone from 4 to 20 ohms con-
LoZ nects to the 4 -ohm transformer terminals;
Hi Z
any high -Z phone connects to the 10,000
ohm terminals. For example, if you are
using 8 ohm hi-fi phones and a recorder
with a 5000 ohm phone output connect the
Headphone outputs aren't standard. On 8 -ohm phones to the 4 -ohm terminals and
some equipment the phone output might the 10,000 -ohm terminals to the recorder.
be low impedance such as for hi-fi type An exact match isn't critical.
headphones; on other equipment the phone
output might be "high Z" such as 5000 or
10,000 ohms. Connect low -Z phones to a PARTS LIST FOR AUDIO Z -MATCHER
high -Z output and the volume level will fall
to next -to -nothing, and distortion might Tl-Audio output transformer: 4-8 ohm
soar to unpleasant values. primary, 10,000 ohm secondary
(Calectro D1-741 or equiv.)
But use a Z -Matcher, actually a low -to-high
39 Add-A -Tweeter
out of the tweeter, the highs come out
TO EXISTING
AMP WOOFER
cleaner, and there's no chance of the
greater low frequency power "blowing" the
tweeter. Potentiometer Rl is used to match
NEW the tweeter's output level to that of the
TWEETER woofer-because small speakers are gen-
erally much more efficient than large speak-
Any single voice coil speaker is hard ers. If you eliminate Rl, the highs will lit-
pressed to handle both low and high fre- erally scream in your ears.
quencies simultaneously-and it's the
highs that suffer most. A much cleaner
sound can usually be obtained from speak- PARTS LIST FOR ADD -A -TWEETER
ers 6 inches or larger if the highs are Cl, C2-22-uF electrolytic capacitor, 50
pumped through a tweeter. It can be any VDC (Calectro Al -152)
small speaker rated 4 to 6 ohms of ap- R1 -50 -ohm
wirebound potentiometer, 1
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speaker, then run the transceiver gain near-
ly wide open. The L pad is a special impe-
PARTS LIST FOR
dance -matching volume control that lets REMOTE VOLUME CONTROL
you adjust the volume at each individual
Li. L2-8 ohm L pad (Calectro 52-176)
speaker from full off to full on, without af- for stereo; Calectro 52-175
fecting the volume at the other speakers. for mono, or equivalent)
Regardless of the impedance of the speak- PL1-Plug to match your external speak-
ers you're using, best results are obtained er jack
with 8 ohm L pads.
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ilar transistors can be substituted for those ohm range. Adjust potentiometer R1 for
in the parts list. The speaker must be rated minimum distortion coincident wth maxi-
no higher than 8 ohms, though best results mum volume while speaking into the micro-
are obtained with speakers in the 3.2 to 4 phone.
43 Audio Wattmeter
+ic
BPI
M1
INPUT CI C2
100uF 100uF
BP2
I MA
METER
MOVEMENT
Here's an easy way to measure an ampli- meter (VOM) across the binding posts. Set
fier's output power without trying to con- R2 to off-full counter -clockwise if correct-
vert voltage to power measurements. Re- ly wired. Adjust the autotransformer (or
sistor R1 provides the load for your ampli- amplifier) output until the AC meter indi
fier and should be rated at least twice the cates 20 V rms-the voltage for 50 watts
maximum amplifier power output; for ex- across 8 ohms. Adjust potentiometer R2
ample, if your amp puts out 25 watts, R1 for a full scale indication on meter Ml.
should be rated at least 50 watts. The Seal R2's shaft with a drop of Glyptol or
meter scale must be hand calibrated, and nail polish. Reduce the voltage across the
will take some time and effort, but once binding posts in accordance with the table
done it's done for good. Remove the shown and mark the meter scale accord-
scale cover from meter Ml and borrow ingly.
an AC variable autotransformer, or connect
a 1000 Hz signal generator to the ampli-
fier output. Connect the output of the auto - Watts at
transformer (or amplifier) to binding posts Voltage 8 ohms
BP1 and BP2, and connect an AC volt -
20.0 50
PARTS LIST FOR AN AUDIO WATTMETER 17.9 40
15.5 30
BP1, BP2-Insulated binding posts (Ca- 14.1 25
lectro F2-926 or equiv.)
Cl, C2-100 uF, 50 VDC (Calectro A1- 12.6 20
154) 11.0 15
D1, D2, D3, D4-Calectro K4-557 9.0 10
M1-0-1 mA DC meter 6.3 5
R1 -8 -ohm,
100-wattf resistor, see text 2.8 1
R2 -5000 -ohm linear taper potentiometer,
Calectro B1-680 2.0 0.5
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INPUT
FROM TO AC
AMR METER
I
DI
TO VOM
PARTS LIST FOR RF PROBE FOR VOM
C1-500-pF, 400-VDC capacitor
RF
INPUT
¡Rl C2
C2-0.001-uF, disc capacitor
D1-1 N4149 diode
I R1-1 5,000-ohm, 'í2 -watt resistor
Assemble this accessory in a metal can, MHz on a 20,000 ohms -per -volt multimeter.
add a shielded cable and you'll make rela RF voltage must not exceed approximately
tive measurements of RF voltages to 200 100V, the breakdown rating of the 1N4149.
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capacity of the shielded cable provides fil-
tering. The output of the probe is positive,
with the VTVM indicating the peak value of
TO the RF waveform. To determine the RMS
RF TO
VTVM value, multiply the VTVM reading by 0.707.
SIGNAL The maximum RF voltage that can be ap-
plied is limited by the diode. A 1N60 is
limited to 30V peak RF voltage. For higher
voltage -handling capacity, substitute a
higher voltage small signal detector
The diode rectifies the RF voltage, while the diode.
48 Transistorized FSM
A kilowatt transmitter may pin the needle amplified FSM has a sensitivity of 150 to
of regular FSMs (field strength meters), but 300 times that of ordinary models. It in-
you need high sensitivity to get readings dicates full scale when other meters can't
from low -power oscillators, flea power trans- budge off the pin.
mitters and CB walkie-talkies. This simple, Dependable frequency range is approxi-
www.americanradiohistory.com
mately 3 to 30 MHz. A metal enclosure is signal transistor can be substituted for Ql.
recommended, with a stiff wire antenna
about 6 in. long. For compactness, RFC PARTS LIST FOR
should be a miniature 2.5-mH choke. TRANSISTORIZED FSM
To operate the unit, sensitivity control B1 -1.5-V AA battery
R1 is adjusted for 1/3 to 3/4 -scale reading. C1-0.001-uF disc capacitor
Avoid working too close to the Top of the DI -1N60, Calectro K4-550 diode
scale, since it can saturate transistor Q1, MI -0-1 mA DC meter (Calectro D1-938)
producing full-scale readings at all times. Ql-npn transistor-HEP-726
R1 -50,000 -ohm potentiometer (Calectro
Back off on R1 as you make transmitter
B1-664 or equiv.)
adjustments to keep the needle at approxi- RFC-2.5-mH choke-J. W. Miller 6302
mately half scale. Any high -gain npn small -
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CB Modulation Monitor
R3
RI DI C2 MOD.
`
RF D3
INPUT
en R4 R2 C3_ T D2 C4
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the receiver will be primarily determined by Turn the power supply on and off several
level control R2. times to make certain the oscillator starts
To align the completed circuit, adjust L1's consistently. If the oscillator fails to start
slug for maximum Smeter reading in a every time, adjust L1's slug slightly until
receiver or connect R2 to an oscilloscope you obtain immediate and consistent start-
and adjust L1 for maximum output. ing each time the power is applied.
Ri
100K
A fast way to see if the crystal from your ohm, 1/2 watt, 10 percent resistor in series
transmitter or receiver is properly "active" with meter M1.
is to compare its output against that of a
known good crystal. This crystal checker PARTS LIST FOR
will handle both fundamental and overtone TEST OSC. FOR CRYSTALS
type crystals. Socket SO1 should match the
pins on your crystals. If you use more than
B1-9 volt transistor radio battery
C1-50 pF disc capacitor, 100VDC or
one type of crystal, install two (or more) better
sockets in parallel. The unit can be as- C2-0.005 uF disc capacitor, 25 VDC or
sembled in any type of cabinet. better
To test a crystal's activity, first plug in a C3-33 pF disc or mica capacitor, 100
known good crystal, depress push button VDC or better
switch PB1 and note the meter reading. D1-Diode, 1N60 or Calectro K4-550
Then install the questionable crystal, press M1-Meter, 0-1 mA DC (Calectro D1-905
PB1 and note its meter reading; if it's good or equiv.)
PB1-Normally open push button switch
its output should approximate that of the Q1-NPN transistor, Calectro K4-510
reference crystal. Take care that you don't R1 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
compare apples with oranges; the reference R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
crystal should be the exact same type as RFC -2.5 mH RF choke
the crystal to be tested. If good crystals SOl -Socket to match crystals, see text
drive the meter off scale, install a 1000
54 Appliance Tester
A simple circuit consisting of a 50 watt To check for opens, first plug the tester
lamp, fuse and power outlet is all that's into a live outlet. Next, connect the test
needed to check out appliances such as leads to the appliance's power cord; if the
toasters and electric coffee pots. lamp lights the circuit is good (not open).
www.americanradiohistory.com
ard, connect one test lead to the appliance
frame and connect the other test lead first
to one prong of the appliance's plug and
then to the other prong. If the lamp lights
with either connection there is a short to the
frame. If the lamp fails to light at all, the
appliance frame is safe.
After the repair is made try out the appli-
ance by using the fused power outlet, PL1.
This way, if the appliance is still defective
Because the appliance is in series with the it will blow fuse F1 rather than a fuse in
lamp the lamp may not light to full bril- the basement.
liance. You are only interested in whether
the lamp lights at all-not the level of PARTS LIST FOR APPLIANCE TESTER
brilliance.
If you suspect there is a short from the ap- Fl-Fuse to match load
11 -50 -watt lamp
pliance's motor or heating coil to the appli-
ance frame which can cause a shock haz-
PL1-AC receptacle
0 TO
CIRCUIT
C PARTS LIST FOR THE MILADAPTOR
meter. To use the Miladaptor you simply R2 -10 -ohm, watt, 5% resistor
1
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the diode is reversed, the diode is shorted. To test diodes rated under 60 mA, a lower
If the lamp stays dark when the diode is current lamp must be substituted in the
reversed, the diode is open. checker.
d
SINE -WAVE DI D2 SQUARE WAVE
INPUT OUTPUT
II /Z/
Two reverse -parallel diodes of the ger- of the sine wave input a 1000 -ohm resistor
manium type provide an emergency square should be connected between the squarer
wave generator. Since a germanium diode and the generator.
has an approximate 0.2 V breakover, any
sine wave applied to the diodes will be PARTS LIST FOR SINE WAVE SQUARER
clipped at 0.2 V. It provides a 0.4 peak -
to -peak square wave. It's not perfect since D1, D2-Germanium diode (almost any
type) (Calectro K4-550 or
the "rise" of the original sine -wave is still equiv.)
present, as shown in the waveform. R1 -1000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
To prevent loading and possible distortion
TI
TO SCOPE
V INPUT
J fie.
SCOPE TRACE
You can make accurate voltage measure- actly fills one vertical division. This pro-
ments with your oscilloscope if you cal- vides a calibration of 10 V peak -to -peak per
ibrate the vertical input with a Scope Cal- division. The scope's vertical attenuator
ibrator. then provides multiples of the calibration
When the top of zener diode Dl goes nega- such as 1 V/div., 10 V/div., etc. Since
tive it conducts and voltage across the di- calibrator output varies from zero volts it '
ode is essentially zero. When the voltage may be necessary to adjust the vertical cen
at the top of the zener goes positive, it tering when the scope's DC input is used.
builds until it reaches 10 V. At that point
the diode conducts, dropping five volts PARTS LIST FOR
across Dl. The result is a square wave BUDGET SCOPE CALIBRATOR
which varies from zero to 10 V, as shown. D1 -10V, 0.4 -watt Zener diode-HEP-101
R1 -270 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
The scope's vertical input is connected
T1-117 to 12.6 VAC filament (Calectro
across the diode and the vertical attenuator D1-750)
control is adjusted so the square wave ex -
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DIGITAL COI.
Bell & Howell Schools
announces an ,Vp,cNre.
pi
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
F'N
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It TVIS HERE!
Build it
yourself... Digital
SQ° electronics is
the perfect way
to discover the '
'4 '- # changing
our lives!
exciting field o e There's a lot more to digital elec-
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of digital that's what you see on more and more
products like digital calculators, clocks
electronics! and watches. But behind the numbers
lies a fantastic technology that's
It's part of a complete creating higher standards of accuracy
1ti and dependability. The versatility of
,
learn -at-home program!
digital electronics has begun another
imagine spending your spare time
actually building your own 25 -inch industrial revolution. Its growth and
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4 ® 4 a.`
p ter ways of doing things and spectacu-
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enjoy the challenge... exploring the
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forming experiments to test what you
learn.
There's no travelling to classes, no You'll receive a special Lab Starter Kit Pick up valuable skills in
lectures to attend, and you don't have with your first lesson so that you can
to give up your job or paycheck just be-
electronics that could lead to extra
get immediate "hands on" experience income, full or part time...
cause you want to get ahead. When you to help you better understand newly -
finish this new Bell & Howell Schools learned electronics principles. Later,
perhaps a business of your own!
program you'll have learned new skills, you'll use your new knowledge and Once you complete this new learn-
plus you'll have a great color TV to learn valuable skills as you build the at -home program from Bell & Howell
keep and enjoy for years! color TV. You can take advantage of Schools, you'll have the specialized
our toll-free phone-in assistance service skills to service color TV's plus the
You need no prior electronics knowledge that you can apply to repair
background! throughout the program and also our
in person "help sessions" held in a variety of home electronics equip-
We start you off with the basics. major cities throughout the year where ment No better or more practical at-
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tors and fellow students. able anywhere!
These skills could open up new in-
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Get the complete story on this excit-
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ing digital electronics technology!
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59 Better Scope Calibrator
PARTS LIST FOR A
RI
BETTER SCOPE CALIBRATOR
D1, D2 -5-V, V4 -watt Zener diode
R1 -270 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
12.6
VAC TO SCOPE
INPUT V INPUT
0- _ 10V p -p
Back-to-back zener diodes provide a scope The voltage across D2 builds until 5 V is
calibrator with a zero reference output. reached and the output waveform is 5 V
Whether the calibration voltage is fed to a positive. The reverse action takes place
scope's AC or DC input, the baseline will when the top of D1 goes negative, provid-
not have to be readjusted. ing an output waveform of 5 V negative.
When the top of D1 goes positive D1 con- The total result is a 10 V peak -to -peak
ducts current through to the D2 cathode. square wave to calibrate the scope face.
l
TRANSMITTER
OUTPUT LI L2
- CI
TO SCOPE
C3 VERTICAL PLATES
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61 Time Base Reference
R2
TO SCOPE
VERTICAL
INPUT
Operating on exactly 100 kHz, the Scope too far off, you can make precise measure-
Calibrator provides a reference for calibrat- ments of an unknown pulse width, length
ing the variable time base oscillator of gen- and frequency.
eral purpose scopes. If the scope is set, for
example, so one cycle of the signal fills ex- PARTS LIST FOR
actly 10 graticule divisions, each division TIME BASE REFERENCE
represents 1 MHz, or 1 microsecond. If the Cl. C3-0.01-aF. 25-VDC capacitor
scope is adjusted for 10 cycles on 10 grati - C2-0.002-uF, 25-VDC capacitor
cule divisions, or 1 cycle per division, each Ql-NEP-720 npn transistor
R1 -100.000 -ohm. Va -watt resistor
division represents 100 kHz or 10 micro- R2 -1000 -ohm. '/a -watt resistor
seconds. Now if the scope's time base oscil- Xtal-100-kHz crystal
lator is sufficiently stable so it doesn't drift
SQUARE
SINE WAVE WAVE
INPUT OUTPUT
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63 Twang-A-Matic
Cl
Ji l ' --0-00fuF
/I
INPUT
R3
20K
J2
OUTPUT
It seems no one cares for the sound of a PARTS LIST FOR TWANG-A-MATIC
plain, unadorned guitar. First they added B1-9 volt battery Eveready 246 or
fuzz, then big -boom bass, next it was re- equiv)
verberation and screaming highs. Now the C1-0.001 uF disc capacitor 25 VDC or
in sound is twang, a guitar sound that more better (Calectro Al -125 or equiv.)
or less approximates a banjo or mando- C2-2 uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
lin. A Twang-A-Matic produces these un- or better (Calectro Al -125)
usual sounds from an ordinary electric gui- C3-1 uF electrolytic capacitor. 15 VDC
tar by cutting the bass, severely distorting or better
the midband and highs, and then amplify- C4-0.005 uF disc capacitor, 15 VDC or
ing the distortion. It might read "bad" to
better
J1, J2-Phone jack
you, but it sure sounds good! 91, Q1-NPN transistor, 2N3394
You can assemble the Twang-A-Matic in any RI, R5-1 megohm,'/s-watt resistor
type of cabinet. Switch S1 cuts the effect R2-10.000, '/s -watt resistor
in and out while switch S2 turns the unit R3 -20,000 -ohm, '/s -watt resistor, 5
on and off. Output control R7 should be percent
set so the Twang-A-Matic has the same R4 -18 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
volume level as the straight guitar feed - R6 -4700 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
through. Various degrees of twang is ob- R7-50,000-ohom potentiometer (Calee-
tained by varying the output so the guitar tro B1-685 or equiv.)
S1-Switch, SPDT (twang in -out)
pickups with the level controls built into the S2-Switch SPST (on -off)
guitar.
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at any time; all it takes is the press of a S1 to D and depress PB1. While holding
button. PB1 down slowly withdraw the tool from
Coil L1 is an ordinary TV focus coil. Using L1. If the unit fails to magnetize reverse
an ohmmeter, locate two pa,r of leads. the connections of one pair of L1's leads.
Short one lead from each pair together and
PARTS LIST FOR
connect the coil into the circuit as shown. MAGNETIZER -DEMAGNETIZER
Assemble the unit in a plastic (not metal)
C1-40 uF, 200 VDC cap (Calectro Al -
cabinet using zip, or lamp, wire about 12 - 180)
in. long for L1's connections. To magnetize FI -5
ampere fuse
a tool, place switch S1 in the M position, Ll-TV focus coil, see text
insert the tool into L1's opening and de- PB1-normally-open pushbutton switch
(Calectro E2-142 or equiv.)
press switch PB1 for about 1 second. Re- S1-SPDT switch
lease PB1 and then withdraw the tool. To SRI-Silicon rectifier, 400 NV, 1 A.
demagnetize, place the tool inside L1, set (Calectro K4-557 or equiv.)
HEP-230 Ain
RI
NOT
USED
El
B1, B2-1.5-11
C1,
PARTS LIST FOR
ANGLER'S BITE BOOSTER
AAA battery
C2-47-uF, 12-VDC electrolytic
capacitor (Calectro M-108)
El -Crystal earphone (Calectro 94-213)
Q1-Motorola HEP -230 or Calectro K4-
CI 520 pnp transistor
R1 -5000 -ohm pot (Calectro B1-673)
Click -click might not sound dike much to R2 -27,000 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor
you but to a fish it's the dinner bell. That's S1-Spst switch, part of RI
the lure of this electronic circuit. Shove the Tl-Subminiature transistor output
whole works in a watertight container, low- transformer: 500-ohm center tapped
primary to 8 -ohm secondary
er it over the side, and wait for the fish to (Calectro D1-712)
hit the hooks.
53
FOR UNDER $15
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R2
CLOSED-CIRCUIT
ALARM
jumper across C and D and connect a series For use as a signal generator, connect C
wire circuit across A and B, which disables and D and attach a shielded test signal lead
the oscillator though power is applied. An directly across the speaker terminals.
intruder breaking the series circuit, or a Service Note: If the unit fails to oscillate,
normally closed magnetic switch, causes generally due to transistor differences,
the alarm to sound off. change C2's value slightly.
CI
i RI
SPKR
TO
LIGHTS
SI
OI II
NEGATIVE HEP -630 C2
CAR GROUND The unit can be built in a metal cabinet
DI fastened to the car's dashboard so R1 is
No more dead batteries in the morning; the
connected through the cabinet to the car's
Headlight Minder lets you know, loud and chassis, thereby completing a negative bat-
tery connection.
clear, if your lights are on when the ignition
is off.
When the ignition only is on, the tone cir- PARTS LIST FOR LIGHTS -ON ALERTER
cuit is off since there is no complete power C1-30-uF, 25-VDC capacitor
path for Ql. Diode D1 prevents positive C2-0.25-uF, Mylar cap ( Calectro A1-083 )
battery voltage from flowing through Q1 to D1 -1-A, 50-PIV rectifier (Calectro K4-
the lights. When lights and ignition are on, 555)
Q1-HEP-630 pnp transistor
Q1's collector and emitter are positive and R1 -15,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
the tone generator remains off. When the R2 -680 -ohm, '/z -watt resistor
lights are on and the ignition is off, Q1's Sl-Dpst switch
(ground) terminal through R1 and the gen- SPKR-8-ohm speaker (Calectro 52-200)
erator sounds off. You'll know you left the T1 -500 -ohm CT pri. to 8 -ohm sec. out-
lights switched on. put transformer (Calectro D1-712)
54
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
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68 Lo -Parts Treasure Locator thereby changing the locator oscillator's
frequency and changing the "beat tone"
in the radio.
The search coil consists of 18 turns of
#22 enameled wire scramble wound (which
means don't be neat) on a 4 -in. diameter
form, which can be a cardboard tube or a
wood puck or even plastic-anything but
metal. After the coil is wound and checked
for proper operation, saturate the coil with
coil dope or G.E.'s RTV adhesive. If a single
loop of the coil is not firmly cemented the
You won't find Long John Silver's buried unit will be unstable.
treasure but you will have lots of fun find-
ing bottle caps and uneaten sandwiches at PARTS UST FOR
the beach; maybe even some quarters and LO -PARTS TREASURE LOCATOR
dimes. 81-9-VDC transistor battery
This treasure locator keeps costs down by C1-280-pF trimmer er variable capaci-
using a transistor radio as the detector. The tor ICalectro Al -2481
unit is assembled on a pert -board, with rigid C2-100-pF. 100-V silver mico capacitor
component mounting a must. It is strapped ICalectro Al -0061
to a broom handle close to the bottom C3-0.05-uF. disc capacitor
C4-4.7-uF. 12-V electrolytic capacitor
where the search head is mounted. A tran- ICalectro Al -102)
sistor radio is mounted near the top of the L1-Search coil consisting of 18 turns of
handle. #22 enamel wire scramble wound on
With the radio tuned to a "weak station," 4 -in. diameter form
Capacitor Cl is adjusted so the locator os- Q1-GE-5 or Calectro K4-501 npn tran-
cillator "beats" against the received signal, sistor
R1 -680-ohm, Y/ -watt resistor
producing a whistle in the receiver. When R2 -10.000 -ohm. '/:-watt resistor
the search head passes over buried metal, R3 -47.000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
the metal changes the inductance of L1,
01
II 40502
R2 1 I7VAC
CI C2
T T
With miniature components and extreme mer right into a socket. Without a heat sink,
care you can build a low power lamp dim- Triac Q1 handles up to a 400 -watt lamp.
www.americanradiohistory.com
Instead of a relatively expensive trigger di- K4-586 comes with trigger replacing I1.)
ode, an ordinary neon lamp of the NE -2
variety can be used.
Because the neon does not trip the gate PARTS LIST FOR LO -COST LAMP DIMMER
until it conducts, the lamp turns on at me- C1, C2-0.068-uF, 200-VDC capacitor
dium brilliance. The lamp can then be 11-NE-2 neon lamp (Calectro E2-480)
backed off to a soft glow. Because the neon 12-External lamp not to exceed
drops out when the applied voltage falls 400 watts
below the neon holding voltage of approxi- Q1-RCA 40502 Triac
R1 -50,000 -ohm, pot. (Calectro B1-685)
mately 40V the lamp cannot adjust as
R2 -15,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
low as it can with a diode trigger. (Calectro
70 Yelp Oscillator
C2
RI
02
HEP -702
QI SPKR
HEP -53
R
O
BI
CI 6-12V DC
+
.--11 ii+
R3
MV1 OS2`Y-
A real screamer! Use a public-address type
amplifier and horn under the hood of your PARTS LIST FOR YELP OSCILLATOR
car and you'll punch a hole in the tightest
traffic jam. (Be certain, of course, that you
B1-6-V or 12-V battery
C1-30-uF, 15-VDC electrolytic capacitor
hold a position that entitles you to a siren.) C2-0.02-uF, 75-VDC capacitor
Build this yelper in a small box and hold 91-HEP-53 or Calectro K4-506 npn
the PA mike 2-3 inches from the 8 -ohm transistor
speaker. Press push-button switch S2 and 92-Motorola HEP-702 pnp transistor
RI, R2-56,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
the siren starts up, shifting to a higher R3-27,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
frequency. Release it and the tone slides S1-Spst switch
down until you press S2. Tone quality is 52-N.O. pushbutton switch (Calectro
adjusted by changing C2. If the siren pul- E2-142)
SPKR-8-ohm speaker or PA horn (Ca-
sates before S1 is pressed, Q1 is too lectro S2-245/6 or equiv.)
"leaky."
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thereby increasing the base bias, which
causes greater collector current to flow and
the relay closes.
This circuit can be controlled by sunlight
so K1 drops out at dusk to turn on a night
light. Or use a flashlight to trip Kl for "kill-
i-43TO ing" TV commercials by shorting the TV
°CONTROL
°CIRCUIT speaker connections.
72 Commercial Killer
- TO
CONTROLLED
CIRCUIT
KI
A flashlight beam stabs out-the irritating returns, the flashlight beam stabs out again.
TV commercial for underarm deodorant van- The sound snaps back on. Between the
ishes. Moments later, when the program flashlight and TV speaker circuit is the light -
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controlled switch. in position even after coil current is re-
When a beam of light strikes the photocell, moved. So the first impulse opens K1's con-
the voltage across neon lamp NE -1 rises tacts, the second impulse closes them, etc.
sharply. When conduction voltage is To prevent ambient light from tripping the
reached NE -1 turns on and fires the SCR. photocell, it should be recessed at least an
K1 is an impulse relay whose contacts stay inch inside a metal or cardboard tube.
(RETURN)
to any SRI terminal.
PLI DC
D)I
Switch Si is a center-off, one side spring
TO POWER return. With Si on, AC will be fed to the
7 TOOL MOTOR motor and the motor will run. To brake the
VAC
motor, simply press S1 down and a quick
(:.,e it shot of DC will instantly stop it. The switch
a shot of direct current, and any AC
returns to the center off position when re-
power tool motor will instantly stop. No leased. This Power Brake can only be
more free -running power saws or drills with used with AC motors; it will not brake
the Power Brake. The unit must be as- universal (AC -DC) motors.
sembled in a metal enclosure as the en-
closure provides the heat sink for silicon
PARTS LIST FOR AC
rectifier Dl. This diode has only one solder MOTOR POWER BRAKE
terminal, the case is the second terminal.
Place a single strip of plastic electrical tape PL1-AC plug
on the bottom of SR1's case, thoroughly SR1-Silicon rectifier, 200 PIV, 20 A.
(General Electric IN3210, A40B)
coat SR1's case with epoxy adhesive and
cement SR1 to the enclosure (heat sink). S1-SPDT switch. Center off, one side
spring return (G.C. 35.0414)
When the adhesive is dry solder one con-
Misc-Metal cabinet
necting wire directly to SR1's case, the
RI
Il7VAC
T D2
TO DRILL
R3
R2
ol 1
As the speed of an electric drill is de- the SCR cathode and gate-decreases. The
creased by loading, its torque also drops. A SCR gate voltage therefore increases rela-
compensating speed control like this one tively as the back voltage is reduced. The
puts the oomph back into the motor. "extra" gate voltage causes the SCR to
When the drill slows down, a back voltage conduct over a larger angle and more cur-
developed across the motor-in series with rent is driven into the drill, even as speed
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falls under load.
PARTS LIST FOR The only construction precaution is an ex-
POWER TOOL TORQUE CONTROL
tra -heavy heat sink for the SCR. The SCR
D1. D2 -1A. 400 PIY silicon rectifier
(Calectro K4-557 or equiv.) should be mounted in a 1/4 -in. thick block
F1 -3-A"Slo-blo" fuse of aluminum or copper at least 1 -in. square;
R1 -2500 -ohm, 5 -watt resistor 2 -in. if you drill for extended periods.
R2 -250 -ohm, 4 -watt potentiometer
R3 -33 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
SCR1-3-A. 200-PlY silicon controlled
rectifier (Calectro K4-584)
76 Fire Up a Nixie
01
VI
1 C
¡it
CI
NPF
02 14ÌÏÍÏ
GROUND TO
TURN ON
NUMBER
Using Nixie tubes you can transmit numer- has 10 numerical -shaped neon lamps (0
ical signals or even ball scores over long through 9). By shorting the appropriate
distances. lead to ground, an internal neon lamp cor-
The Nixie-actually a peanut -size tube- responding to that number is illuminated.
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Transformer T1 is 250V center -tapped,
providing an output voltage (peak DC) of
approximately 200. Though current require- PARTS LIST FOR FIRE UP A NIXE
ments are very low, D1 and D2 should be
C1-40-uF, 250-VDC electrolytic
line -voltage type silicon rectifiers of 200 capacitor (Calectro Al -180)
mA minimum. D1, D2-1A, 400 -Ply silicon rectifier
The same power supply can be used for (Calectro K4-557 or equiv.)
additional Nixies, each connecting to the T1 -117-V primary, 250-1f secondary, 25 -
mA center-tapped power
top of Cl. transformer
The neon numbers can be turned on either V1-Neon readout tube (National
through an 11 -position (one position for Electronics NL840 or any high volt-
off) rotary switch or individual toggle age "Nixie" gas discharge -type
switches. tube)
77 Simple Signaller
When battery polarity is reversed, so the
top wire is negative, only D2 conducts, il-
luminating 12. D1 blocks the current flow
and 11 is off.
If a carbon mike is connected in series
with the battery and the lamps are replaced
with headphones, switch Si determines
which of two headphones receives the
Using diode switching, a single pair of wires transmitted signal.
controls two circuits that normally require
four wires. Though illustrated here with
lamps, the same idea can be used for tele- PARTS LIST FOR
phone circuits. SIMPLE SIGNALLER
When polarity -reversing switch S1 is set so
the positive battery terminal feeds the top B1 -6-V battery, 4 D cells in series
Dl. D2-50-PIV A silicon diode (Ca-
1
wire, the D1/11 circuit is operative and lectro K4-555 or equiv.)
only lamp 11 lights up. Lamp 12 remains off 11, 12-6.3-V, 0.15-A, #40 pilot lamp
because diode D2 blocks the flow of DC to (Calectro E2-437)
the lamp. S1-Dpdt toggle switch
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to frighten off a potential burglar. If all the you can easily install them; switches are
car doors are not equipped with switches available from local auto supply stores.
turned on the multivibrator makes the lamp R2-1-megohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3 -2700 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
blink away. Changing the capacitor's value S1-Spst switch
will vary the blink rate.
117
d
VAC
CI-
P
Never fear again that a power failure will PARTS LIST FOR
knock out your electric alarm clock. The in- POWER FAILURE ALARM
stant the juice fails, the Power Failure
Alarm's raucous buzz let's you know about B1 -6V dry -cell battery
C1-20-uF, 150-VDC capacitor (Calectro
it, even in the wee hours of the morning. Ai -179)
To keep current consumption (and oper- D1-Silicon diode (Calectro K4-557)
ating costs) at rock bottom, a very sensitive K1-3000-5000 ohm sensitive relay coil
relay is used for Kl. As long as AC power is (Calectro Di -963 or equiv. See text)
R1 -10.000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
supplied, Kl is activated and the buzzer 1-6-VDC commercial home buzzer
contacts are held open. When power fails,
Kl's contact springs back, completing the
battery connection to the buzzer. with a pull -in current of approx. 1.5 to 3
Kl is a "model radio -control" type relay mA.
www.americanradiohistory.com
81 Auto Ignition Maze
+I2VDC
F ROM than spst only to keep all external switch
IGNITION markings the same.
SYSTEM
Tracing the circuit will show that only if
WHEN ON
switches S2 and S4 are down is the siren
disabled. The siren sounds if any other
switch is down or if S2 or S4 is up when
+I2VDC the ignition is turned on. A simple wiring
TO change lets you set any combination.
SIREN The switches can be "sporty" auto acces-
sory switches sold individually or in switch
Install a combination lock on your car's banks such as G.C. 35-916. Provide labels
dashboard and a thief would have a better such as "Carburetor Heater," "Window
chance playing Russian roulette. Washer," etc. and no one will know the car
Switches S1 through S5 are spdt rather is wired for "sound."
This simple electronic latch -up alarm circuit current and a battery power source will last
handles normally open protective devices its shelf life. Either a line powered 6VDC
such as concealed floor -mat switches. All supply or a 6V lantern battery is sug-
protective devices are connected in parallel gested. Once the alarm is tripped it can
and the alarm is tripped as soon as any of only be turned off by opening the master
the devices are closed. There is no standby switch Si.
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o
KI
TO
ADDITIONAL p
SWITCHES
+ BI BELL
6V OC
When a security switch closes the series circuit. Even if the security switches are
battery circuit, relay K1 pulls in. One set opened, the alarm remains on. To disable
of contacts close the alarm bell circuit, the alarm, or for reset, install a concealed
while the second set "latches" the battery switch in series with one battery lead.
63
FOR UNDER $15
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Here's security for the traveller. Just con- alarm buzzer Bill. The alarm can only be
nect this alarm to the doorknob of your turned off by opening reset switch PB1.
motel room and a loud buzzer will sound if The alarm should be assembled in a small
anyone touches the doorknob. Transistor metal cabinet with insulated binding post
circuit Q1 is an oscillator with a connection BP1 at the top. A small wire loop attached
through binding post BP1 to the doorknob. to BP1 secures the alarm to the doorknob
As long as Q1 oscillates, its rectified out- -the alarm actually hangs on the knob.
put is applied to Q2 which holds the SCR1 To adjust, carefully set C4 in small incre-
gate almost at ground potential. When ments until touching your finger to BP1
someone touches the doorknob, hand ca- causes the buzzer to sound. If C4 is
pacitance "kills" the oscillator, thereby re- overadjusted, hand capacitance will not
moving that cut-off (holding) bias from the "kill" the oscillator. Best operation is ob-
SCR1 gate; the SCR conducts and sounds tained if the door is made of wood.
01
GE -20
N.C. DOOR
SWITCHES SCR
o
I
TO PROTECTIVE RI
CIRCUIT
WINDOW FOIL
This professional type burglar alarm can be towards 1 volt. The alarm bell should ring
used to protect windows or glass areas by before 1 volt is reached on the meter. If
using window foil that "breaks" a circuit as it does not, there is a wiring error. Finally,
the glass is broken. It's an alarm that is set R2 for the 1 volt meter reading, remove
triggered when the protective circuit is the meter and restore the protective circuit.
opened. All protective door and window
circuits must be normally closed and PARTS LIST FOR
series connected so that an opening FOIL -A-BURGLAR ALARM
of any protective device will trigger the
alarm. Once the alarm is triggere-1 it can C1-47 uF, 12 VDC electrolytic capacitor
(Calectro Al -108 or equiv.)
be turned off only by opening master
Q1-NPN transistor, GE -20 or equiv.
switch Sl. The recommended power supply R1 -1000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
is an AC powered 6 VDC source or a lan- R2 -500,000 -ohm, pot (Calectro 81.687)
tern battery; standby current is about 100 S1-SPST switch
uA. To adjust, connect a voltmeter (10 SCR1-Silicon controlled rectifier rated
VDC range) across resistor R1, open the 12 Ply or higher (G.E. C106 series
protective circuit and adjust potentiometer or equiv.)
R2 so the meter indicates a voltage rising
V1-6 VDC alarm bell (Audiotex 30-9100)
www.americanradiohistory.com
TO
RECORDER
SPEAKER
OUTPUT
O TO
PROJECTOR
QCONTROL
KI
between the recorder's right speaker output right channel automatically changes the
and the projector's remote control cable. slides.
Make a test run to determine the right -track
volume setting to make noise or tone bursts
activate relay Kl. No fancy tone generators PARTS LIST FOR SLIDE SHOW STOPPER
needed here. Just give a hearty Bronx cheer
C1-22-uF, 50-VDC electrolytic capacitor
into the mike of the left channel only! (Calectro Al -152)
Then start the tape from the beginning. D1, D2-Calectro K4-555
The audience will hear your comemtary or K1 -2500 -ohm coil plate -type relay
spectacular music -and -sound reproduction T1-4000 to 5000 -ohm CT audio output
transformer (Calectro D1.740 or
through a speaker connected to the record- equiv)
er's left channel, while the signal on the
an 8AG (fast -action) 5 -ampere fuse in se- R2 -100,000 -ohm linear taper
potentiometer
ries with the lamp or any other fuse of R3-15,000 -ohm, '/2 -watt resistor
equal action, or faster. In this circuit 3AG
fuses cannot be used. Potentiometer R2
PHOTOFLOOD
R2 RI
FI
01
40638
117V AC
CI
www.americanradiohistory.com
88 Photo Print Meter
or No. 3 negative. Then, do not disturb the
enlarger setting, but integrate the light by
placing a diffusing disc or opal glass under
MI the lens. Place the solar cell on the easel
and adjust R1 for a convenient meter read-
ing, say, full scale. The meter is now cali-
brated. When using it, focus the enlarger,
use the diffuser, and adjust the lens dia-
RI
phragm until you get the reference meter
reading. Then use the exposure time pre-
Every print a good print! That's what you viously found for the calibration print. Sug-
get witn the photo print meter. gested reading: Ilford Manual of Photog-
Meter M1 can be just about anything up to raphy, obtainable from any photo store.
0-1 DC mA. But if you prefer low light lev- Also, check Kodak publications available at
els and long exposures, install a sensitive the same place.
meter of 500 uA or less.
When light from the enlarger falls on the PARTS LIST FOR PHOTO PRINT METER
solar cell (PC1), a voltage is generated that
is in proportion to the amount of light. Sen- M1-100, 250, er 500-uA DC meter (Co-
sitivity control R1 allows the user to set the Iectro D1-901 or D1 -t07)
meter indication to a convenient value. PCI-Solar cell (Calectro 34-1011
R1 -5000 -ohm potentiometer linear
To use the meter, first make a good normal
toper
print in your normal manner from a No. 2
www.americanradiohistory.com
SCRI
MIC R2 TO STROBE
MINI-AMP RI LIGHT
c SYNC JACK
D MODULE
DI
GND
sistor amplifier modules of 1 -watt rating or lamp will trigger the flash, and the picture
less. It must have an output transformer. will have been taken at that instant.
Don't use an "OTL" (no transformer) ampli-
fier. The amplifier is terminated with a re- PARTS LIST FOR
sistor on its highest output impedance, pre- ACTION FREEZE PHOTO TRIP
ferably 16 ohms. Make certain the connec- Dl-HEP-154 or Calectro K4-555 50-P1Y
silicon rectifier
tions to the strobe flash sync terminals are MIC-Ceramic microphone
correctly polarized. R1 -5000 -ohm potentiometer
Darken the room lights, open the camera R2 -2700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
shutter and break a lamp bulb with a ham- SCRI-GE C106G or Calectro K4-584
silicon -controlled rectifier
mer. The sound of the hammer striking the
92 AC Line Regulator
Shrinking TV pictures, color shifts, hi-fi am- their rated power, photographic enlargers
plifiers that don't put out anywhere near requiring extra -long exposures. These are
www.americanradiohistory.com
PLI The autotransformer normally has an oper-
ating output of from 0 to 150 VAC, so
that's a reserve of at least 30 volts. When
MI the power line dips, simply crank up the
0-150 VAC autotransformer until the meter indicates
between 115 and 120 VAC. The device
works the same way if your line voltage
runs too high; simply crank the transform-
er down to the desired voltage.
Autotransformers come in many wattage
ratings; make certain the one you get can
handle the load. As a safety feature, have
just a few of the symptoms associated with at least 25 percent reserve capacity. If the
low line voltage. Maybe it's the local elec- load is 150 watts, use an autotransformer
tric company "browning" you out because rated at least 200 watts.
they can't meet the electric surge to power
summer cooling (or winter heating), or per-
haps your electric wiring capacity is just PARTS LIST FOR AC LINE REGULATOR
too low for all the appliances on your line. MI -0-150 VAC meter. (Calectro Dl -926
Whatever, that expensive modern equip- or equiv.)
ment pooping out from low line voltage can PL1-AC plug
be brought back to life with an AC variable TI-AC power line variable autotrans-
transformer, often called former (Ohmite type or equivalent,
a variable auto -
transformer. see text)
117
50 0-25V DC
+ 500 mA mo;.
www.americanradiohistory.com
Providing an adjustable output voltage up
to 35 VDC and maximum output current of PARTS LIST FOR
NICAD BATTERY CHARGER
500 mA, this battery charger handles just
about any NiCad battery used by experi- C1-100-uF, 50-V capacitor
menters and consumer equipment.
D1 -1-A, 400 PIV-silicon rectifier (Ca-
lectro K4.557)
Transistor Ql must be mounted on a heat 91-40-W, pnp power transistor
sink (which can be a metal cabinet). Since R1 -2000 -ohm potentiometer
Q1's case is also the collector connection T1 -24 -VAC, 117 -VAC primary filament
it must be insulated from the cabinet. transformer (Calectro DI -752)
CI OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
Though the transformer isn't center -tapped backwards, the secondary voltage must be
in this circuit, the bridge rectifier provides 0.707 times the desired output voltage.
full -wave rectification with an easy -to-filter Silicon rectifiers D1 through D4 must have
DC output. It forms a handy supply for a PIV rating equal to at least the DC output
solid-state projects. voltage. Their current rating must at least
The output voltage is equal to the secon- equal the current requirements of the proj-
dary voltage multiplied by 1.4. Or, working ect being powered by the supply.
117 VAC
Just a handful of components are needed outputs are given in the Parts List. Pick
for a line -powered low -voltage low -current the set you need and wire up. Dl and D2
supply for powering audio preamplifiers. are silicon rectifiers rated at a minimum of
The values for different voltage and current 200 PIV at any current (Calectro K4-555).
www.americanradiohistory.com
PARTS LIST FOR LO HUM POWER SUPPLY
Output V I max* RI Cl R2
12 1 mA 43,000 -ohm, I/2 -watt 250-uF, 15-VDC 180,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt
12 2 mA 22,000 -ohm, 1 -watt 250-uF, 15-VDC 100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt
25 2 mA 18,000 -ohm, 1/: -watt 250-uF, 30-VDC 180,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt
97 Zener Regulator
RI (SEE TEXT) er's idling current. Then use Ohm's Law
(R=E/I) to calculate R. The resistor's
power rating should be twice the calculated
NIGH power dissipated by R.
LOW OC OUT
DC IN The power rating for the zener diode is de-
termined by the voltage across the diode
squared, divided by diode's nominal inter-
nal resistance. You can calculate the inter-
When the output from an AC power supply nal resistance by working backwards from
is too high for a solid-state project, chop it the zener's power rating. As an example:
down to size with a zener diode voltage reg- a 9 -volt, 1 -watt zener would have a nominal
ulator and keep it on the button. internal resistance of R=E2/W, 81/1, or
To calculate R, first add the load current 81 ohms. It's not precisely accurate but
and 1/20 of the load current for the zen - close enough.
99 A Regulated Nine
Providing 9 volts at approximately 250 mA, 6.3-V imported filament transformer since
this lab -type power supply will handle many they usually give approximately 12 V peak
experimenter projects. Actually, Ti can be a at less than 500 mA output. Change the
www.americanradiohistory.com
GRN
12v OC + +
DI 9V,12 mA
When your auto radio poops out, this regu- The adapter is rated for a current of 12
lated voltage adapter keeps you in music mA maximum. A good rule of thumb is
from a transistor portable until you're ready that a radio powered by a Burgess type
to climb under the dash to get at the trou- 2U6 battery can safely operate on the
ble and fix it. adapter.
Power is taken from the 12 -volt auto bat-
PARTS LIST
tery through a cigar lighter plug. The zener 12 TO 9 FOR TRANSISTORS
diode can be anything with an approximate
C1-0.05-uF, 400-VDC capacitor
rating of 9 volts. For example, you can use Dl -1 -watt, 9.1-V Zener diode-HEP-104
a 9.1 -volt unit (common in Zener kits), or or Calectro K4-560
even one rated at 8.6 volts. Make certain PL1-Cigarette lighter plug (Calectro
the Zener is correctly installed; the end N4-029)
R1 -150-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
marked with a band is the cathode.
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INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
0 PROJECTS
is i Hi -Level 4 -Channel
CI
Mixer
200jF OUTPUT
NOTCH
(16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ICI
TOP VIEW
www.americanradiohistory.com
be well filtered, or, use a battery supply. Any 50 to 50,000 ohm dynamic micro-
The current requirements are approximate- phone can be used. However, crystal and
ly 30 mA total. The power supply is inter- ceramic mikes won't work with Pro -Mix; the
nally connected to the amplifiers. medium impedance IC's medium input im-
To prevent high frequency oscillation, pedance will excessively load down a high
components C3, R2 and C5 must be in- impedance mike, resulting in sharp, low -
stalled directly at the IC's terminals. frequency attentuation.
IC z Super 15 Amplifier
+30 VDC
INPUT
4-16 OHM
OUTPUT
o 5 6 0
0 4 7 0
O 3 8 0 ICI
oz 9 0 TOP VIEW
01 10 O
Just 350 millivolts input is all it takes ground. Adjust R1 so that the meter
for the Super 15 to push 15 watts output indicates exactly one half the supply
into a 4 ohm load or 10 watts into an voltage; for example, if the supply voltage
8 ohm load. Frequency response is better at pin 7 is 30 volts there should be 15
than +0/-3 dB 20 to 20,000 Hz and volts from pin 8 to ground.
distortion at full power is a smidgen over
0.5% THD. The input impedance is PARTS LIST FOR SUPER 15 AMPLIFIER
about 20,000 -ohms, and should be driven C1-0.22 uF, 75 VDC Mylar capacitor
by a low impedance source such as a C2-250 uF, 3 VDC electrolytic capacitor
600 -ohm output transistor preamplifier. C3-50 uF, 30 VDC electrolytic capacitor
The power supply should be rated at C4-2000 uF, 30 VDC electrolytic
least 1.2 amperes for mono and 2.5 capacitor
C5-0.05 uF, 75 VDC Mylar capacitor
amperes for a stereo pair. Bias adjust IC1-Solitron BHA0002.
potentiometer R1 must be set in the R1 -2000 -ohm trimmer potentiometer
following manner-set R1 so the full (Calectro B1-643)
resistance is in the circuit, then connect R2 -470 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
a voltmeter (0-25 VDC) from pin 8 to
R3 -22 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
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14 13 12 II 10 9 8
+9VDC
R5
10
-L+C2 +9V+9VDC
2
I 2 3 4 5
ICI(TOPVIEW)
RI
5 Z 50NF
R7 I+
81
3600 9VDC
INPUTS FROM ' T B2
SPEAKER C4
TERMINALS -9V
R6 50pF Mt
100K IOK `+
R4
10K o Cj3
-9VDC 5011F
reading). If you cannot obtain a null it in- When an amplifier is in perfect balance
dicates there is a phase reversal-which there is no difference in mono output volt-
should be corrected-between the signal in age between channels. So our differential
put and the speaker terminals. This cir- amplifier indicates zero difference on the
cuit works on the differential principle. meter.
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C5
C4
250pF
IK 16-OHM
INPUT OUTPUT
IMPEDANCE ICI
TOP VIEW
DOT
IOK
INPUT
C5
2
I - o
ICI
-8
TOP VIEW
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can be at line level. Output is 500 -ohms and the bi -polar power supply can con-
at line level with a built in VU meter sist of two transistor radio type 9 volt
indicating output level. When the distance batteries.
between the remote amplifier and its
associated equipment is less than 25 PARTS LIST FOR
feet the amplifier can be connected to PRO REMOTE AMPLIFIER
any hi-fi type high impedance input C1-220-uF, 12 VDC electrolytic
(10,000 -ohms or higher). For long line capacitor
or professional applications, connect a
C2. C3-47 uF, 50 VDC electrolytic
capacitor
500/500 line matching transformer to C4-0.1 uF or 25 uF, 12 VDC capacitor
output jack J2. Capacitor C4 is 0.1 uF (see text)
for all applications except when used Dl, D2, D3, D4 -1N60 or Calectro K4-
550
with a line matching transformer. When ICI-Type 741 operational amplifier
a transformer is used C4 is 25 uF. (Calectro K4-590 or equiv.)
Better results can be obtained with a line JI, J2-Shielded jacks
matching transformer if the transformer M1-VU meter with internal rectifier
removed (Calectro D1-930 or equiv.)
primary replaces R4 (eliminating C4). R1 -50,000 -ohm audio taper potenti-
M1 is a standard VU meter whose ometer
internal rectifier has been removed (open R2 -100 -ohm, '/2 watt resistor
the case and unsolder the rectifier). R3 -15,000 -ohm, '/2 watt resistor
R4 -560 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
Total current drain is less than 5 mA
IC Microphone Compressor
Operating directly from microphone level (essentially distortion -free limiting) and will
and providing a nominal 1V output, this give ultimate talk -power to P.A. systems
compressor delivers 20dB of compression and ham or CB transmitters. Fact is, some
www.americanradiohistory.com
DI
QI
CI +I2VDC 1D2 I
.25pF
- 1
S
BOTTOM VIEW
D
R3
I00K
lpF +
C6
C4
.INF
R4 ICI
C2 RI 4700 BOTTOM VIEW
.IuF
IpuF IOOK CIO
5
I I----.
C7 ,IpF OUTPUT APPROX
IV. 50K OR HIGHER
C8 50pF LEVEL
-I I-
DM R2
CII
47K I
50 pF
-I2VDC O
R5 100p
IM
CB Receiver Booster
C2
100 F J2
FROM OUTPUT
520H M
(SEE TEXT)
ANTENNA
BOTTOM
VIEW
OF ICI
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antenna input common to CB units will particular, solder capacitor C3 right at pin
sharply reduce the booster's gain. 4. Integrated circuit IC1 can be soldered
Typical of all RF amplifiers, the booster directly into the circuit or a socket can be
requires very short connecting leads. In used. Battery B1 is a 6V Z4 type or larger.
R8 R9
CARRIER
INPUT 7
RI C2 5
ICI ICI
'
CI MCI596G BOTTOM. VIEW
558
SIGNAL .42---11 RIO +C5(
INPUT AUDIO
4 IO 5 9
l OUTPUT
R2 R3 R7 C3
ÏC4
R4 R5
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C2 +I8VDC C4
IOyF 25pF
C3 ICI
O¡N F
I
BOTTOM VIEW
o
10Kí2 INPUT l o
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE
IKS2OR HIGHER
1 C6
250pF I
desired. The 18V power supply can be two possible. A socket holding the IC is sug-
series -connected 9V transistor radio bat- gested but not required. A soldering iron
teries. Since the IC is a high frequency de- rated no higher than 25 watts helps you
vice, its leads should be kept as short as whip it together.
IC 11 SCA Adaptor
/-1.10 TO
\+24 VDC
R6
R 1C4 -05 C6
R7
C7
CI C2 R8 R9 RIO JI
8 10 AUDIO
ICI OUTPUT
TO FM NE565A 4
t
DETECTOR
BEFORE /R3 9
14 13 12 II 10 9 8
DE -EMPHASIS R4
CIRCUIT
?R
1C3 ICI
TOP VIEW
R2
i I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
This simple but very effective SCA PARTS LIST FOR THE SCA ADAPTOR
Adaptor can be assembled on a section
Cl. C2-510 pF, 500 VDC ceramic disc
of perf-board about 2 -in. x 3 -in. in size. capacitor
All components should be firmly soldered C3, C7-0.001 uF, 75 V Mylar capacitor
to push -in terminals. The input must C4, C6-0.018 uF, 500 VDC ceramic disc
connect to the FM receiver's detector or Mylar capacitor
C5-0.047 uF, 75 VDC Mylar capacitor
output before the de -emphasis network. IC1-Signetics NE565A
The SCA output at J1 can be connected J1-Phono jack
to any relatively high gain amplifier-the RI, R2, R3, R4 -4700 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
output level is about equal to that of a R5 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
R6-1 800 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
crystal microphone. The FM receiver must R7 -5000 -ohm potentiometer
be tuned to a station you know has SCA R8, R9, RI O -1000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
programming. Then adjust potentiometer
R7 for a clean SCA audio output. critical-the subcarrier is pulled in when
Potentiometer R7's adjustment is not R7's adjustment is near the correct
www.americanradiohistory.com
setting. metal cabinet is suggested. If
A tuner so that the normal (after de -
desired, pre de -emphasis output jack
a emphasis) output can feed the hi-fi system
can be installed on the FM receiver or independent of the SCA output.
INPUT SPK I
Is0
NOTE:LEAD 7 OF ICI IS
CONNECTED TO CASE
INPUT
OUTPUT
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A log amplifier is a device that takes a large PARTS LIST FOR
change in input signal and converts it to a THE COMM-PRESS LOG AMP
small change in output. Hook cne into a
communications system and both low and C1-1 uF, 6 VDC electrolytic capacitor
C2-10 uF, 6 VDC electrolytic capacitor
loud sounds come out at almost the same C3-0.1 uF, 75 VDC Mylar capacitor
level giving you a lot more talk power; it Dl, D2-Diode, Silicon, 1N914
sounds just like the hard -sell commercials IC1-Signetics SE501
on TV. The input level should be about 0.1 R1-510-ohm,'/2 watt resistor
volt peak for an output voltage of about 1
volt peak. Since this is a high frequency mentation will be needed for optimum P.A.
device, lead dress and good power supply operation. Because of the much higher av-
bypassing at the power supply terminals erage voice power, a P.A. system using a
are required. Keep the ground leads short. log amp compressor might appear to be
If a microphone preamplifier is used before more sensitive to acoustic feedback (howl-
the log amplifier, connect a volume control ing). Actually, you will have much more
before the log amp's input. Some experi- voice output before the howling starts.
2
LOCATED
POTENTIOMETER 90 dB as the control voltage is increased
to 6 VDC.
46] F-3
ICI-TOP VIEW
PARTS LIST FOR
THE FAR OUT GAIN CONTROL
One of the problems of locating a volume C1-0.47 uF, 25 VDC capacitor
control in a remote location is that of C2-50 uF, 25 VDC capacitor
C3-680 pF, 500 VDC ceramic disc
hum and noise pickup; as a general rule, capacitor
the greater the wire length the greater the C4-0.1 uF. 75 VDC Mylar capacitor
hum and noise picked up. With an elec- IC1-Motorola MFC 6040
R1 -50.000 -ohm potentiometer (Calectro
tronic attenuator the entire problem is B1.685 or equiv.)
eliminated, for the volume control wires
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QI
BOTTOM VIEW
FLAT
10ma IDLE
BASE MASTER +22VDC IOOmA PEAK
EMITTER' R3 STATION
InEMOTE
SPK I
COLLECTOR STATION
22K
C3
20- LISTEN
R2 100pF 459 C6
C2
= 200
SPK 2
R4 pF
12
20-
IOOK
PA234 4512
.02uF
QI
2N3391 TALK
SI
L.
R7 7 5 3 I
10
C5
.00INF T R6
IOOK
8 10 12 14
HEAT SINK TAB TOP VIEW
station always monitoring the Remote. The single -shield ground at Rl.
speakers can be any "intercom type" rated If an AC power supply is used, it must
from 20 to 45 ohms. Though miniature 16 be rated for at least 100 mA drain. If a
ohm speakers can be used, they do not battery supply is used, figure the 10 mA
have the power handling capacity of the idling current; the batteries will be able to
"intercom" speaker. If there appears to be deliver the 100 mA maximum output peak
some high frequency instability, use a current. Solder a 1 inch square tin heat
shielded wire between S1 and R1; make a sink to ICI's tab during construction.
is 16 Mighty Mite
R3
9VDC OI FLAT
CI BOTTOM
.lyF VIEW
ICI
TOP VIEV.
I?0305PF
5 IK
,-rs C5
IOOpF
DOT
82
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
www.americanradiohistory.com
Featuring extremely high gain suitable for control Rl is always started from its off
tracing signals directly from microphones position. Regardless of the size speaker
and magnetic pickups, our Mighty Mite used, Mighty Mite's speaker impedance
signal tracer can be made small enough must be 16 ohms minimum, though higher
to sit directly on the back of the speaker impedances work better. Power output is
magnet. Though intended for checking tran- approximately 250 mW; more than suffi-
sistor circuits, Mighty Mite can be used cient output level from a solid-state signal
with tubed equipment if capacitor Cl has a tracer small enough to hide on the back
600 VDC minimum rating, and if volume of a speaker magnet.
urations.
This general purpose amplifier fea- PARTS LIST FOR THE BASIC AMPLIFIER
tures a power gain of 100 (20dB) and
can be used as a preamplifier for a C1-0.1 uFMylar capacitor. 25 VDC
microphone, receiver, signal tracer, etc. ICI-Type operational amplifier
741
(Calectro K4-590 or equiv., see
The IC is internally compensated, pro- text)
viding stable performance with a flat Rl, R3-1 megohm, '/2 -watt resistor
frequency response to about 10 kHz R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, (see
with a gradual roll -off to 20 kHz. The text)
overall gain can be reduced to 10 by
www.americanradiohistory.com
R2 R3 of 100,000 ohms to R2 and R3 (use 1/2 -
watt resistors). To avoid hum pickup,
the unit should be assembled in a metal
cabinet. Potentiometer R1 serves as the
Q -control; it determines the degree of
boost at the center frequency. Adjust
R1 for the desired effect. R5 connects
to the non -inverting (+) input of the
IC, R1 between ground and the inverting
(-) input. No pin connections are given
because the IC is available in many dif-
-15V
ferent configurations.
1.735
6.28 XRXf
CIN FARADS PARTS LIST FOR
f IN Hz CARBON MIKE SIMULATOR
RIN OHMS
C1, C2, C3-(C1 equals C2 equals C3,
cy boost-presence, as it's called in see formula)
hi-fi terms. ICI-Type 741 opamp (Calectro K4-590
The center frequency of this bandpass or equiv.)
amplifier is determined by the values R1 -10,000 -ohm pot (Calectro B1-683)
of Cl, C2, C3, R2, R3, and R4. The exact
R2, R3-(R2 equals R3, see text)
R4-R4 = R2/ 12
frequency can be determined from the R5-10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
formula shown. To start, assign a value
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is ºo Bargain Tape Preamp R5 C3
ICI
TOP VIEW
O
DOT
FROM
TAPE C ---111To
) AMP
CI C4 AUXI LIARY
HEAD INPUT
25pF lopF
From time to time you'll find bargains at supply can be anything from 9 to 18 volts
dealers selling tape and cassette deck at approximately 3mA. Transistor type ra-
mechanisms at rock bottom prices-often dio batteries will do; if batteries are used
less than $20! Complete with heads, these they must be bypassed with a 25 uF ca-
decks need only the electronics to get them pacitor. And, be sure you observe proper
working. The preamp provides both the battery polarity.
amplification and equalization. You can
feed its output directly into an amplifier's
auxiliary input. Overall frequency response PARTS LIST FOR
is suitable for cassettes and 33/4 IPS reel- BARGAIN TAPE PREAMP
to-reel tapes. Since the actual required
equalization is determined partially by the Cl. C2-25 uF, 6 VDC
C3-0.005 uF
playback head characteristics, it might be C4-10 uF, 20 VDC
necessary to modify or "tailor" the equali- C5-0.001 uF
zation; this is done by small changes in the IC1-Motorola MFC-4010
R1, R4-3.900 ohms,'/2-watt
value of capacitor C3 and resistor R5.
R2 -39,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
If assembled on a small printed circuit R3 -560,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
board, the preamp can be tucked under the R5 -56,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
tape mechanism's base plate. The power
7
C6
_ .005
yF C2
ICI R-6
5pF3
I-
BOTTOM
VIEW 4700
+f
C3 C4
.OINF 5pF
www.americanradiohistory.com
Just add a battery -powered motor to or AA cells; they cannot give even reason-
our Porta -Groove Amp, and you've made a able life with the 20mA idling drain, 140
portable phonograph of considerably better mA peak power drain.
quality than you can buy. Phono pickup X1
must be the ceramic type-either the usual
PARTS LIST FOR PORTA -GROOVE AMP
high impedance or so-called low impedance
(actually several thousand ohms) ceramic Cl. C2, C4-5 uF, 6 VDC
type can be used. C3-0.01 uF, 10 VDC
C5-50 uF, 15 VDC
Transformer T1 should have a primary C6-.005 uF, 15 VDC
impedance anywhere from 150 to 300 ohms R1-Potentiometer, megohm audio
1
center -tapped. The secondary should match taper (Calectro B1-691 or equiv.)
the speaker impedance. Do not use a sub- R2 -470,000 -ohms, 1/2 -watt
R3-Potentiometer, 3 megohms
miniature Ti; for good sound quality T1 R4 -510,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
most have sufficient "iron", so make cer- R5 -1,000 -ohms, 1/2 -watt
tain it can handle approximately 25mA aver- SPK1 -Speaker, 3.2, 4 or 6-8 ohms
age current. Tl-Output transformer, 150 to 300
center -tapped primary coil to
ohms
A 6 inch speaker will deliver remarkably speaker impedance (see text) (Calec-
good sound quality, at least the equal of a tro D1-729 or equiv.)
good quality table radio. Two 6V lantern IC1-RCA CA3020 or CA3020A
batteries or eight D cells easy give Porta XI-Ceramic phono pickup (see text-
-
Calectro S2-288 or equiv.)
Groove Amp enough oomph. Do not use C
MICROPHONE
INPUT
JI 2 3 4 5 6
ICI( TOP VIEW )
OUTPUT LEAD
IOKS2 OR HIGHER
C2
= 25pF
I+
C3
25yF IK IOOK
www.americanradiohistory.com
ance. It should be of such value as to pro- pedance output loads (100K and higher),
vide the desired overall low frequency re- while 10 uF is suggested for low impedance
sponse; 0.1 uF is suggested for high im- loads.
Groove Booster
14 13 12 II 10 9 8
C3
rl }o
.IyF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ICI( TOP VIEW)
RI
4/0.
C6 OUTPUT LEAD
10K OR HIGHER
I
5MF
MAGNETIC
PHONO
CARTRIDGE
C4 C5
.006uF .0015p F
Using a dual operational amplifier IC, the pins 7 and 14 to ground-and get their
Groove Booster will provide a fully polarity correct.
equalized 1 V rms output from standard x1111.11,11111,1, 1111111,11,111111111111,11.
IC 24 C Boost
Suppose you needed a 10,000 ELF capa-
citor; do you think it could squeeze on
your project's printed circuit board?
The answer is yes because it need be
no larger than a transistor. By using a
www.americanradiohistory.com
capacitance amplifier, the value of any 10 id the effective capacity that
capacitor can be boosted by a factor of appears at the output terminals is 1000
1000X. Capacitor Cx is the value to be x 10 iF or 10,000 µF. Any capacity
boosted; the effective capacity appears value can be used for Cx.
at the terminals indicated C. If Cx is
C4
.IuF
r-
I
--
FINE
R5 OUTPUT CONTROLLED
IOK OUTPUT
.1
Every experimenter's spare parts box has fine output control is desired, add poten-
the necessary components for our Notch tiometer R6. When your Notch Filter Os-
Filter 1 kHz Oscillator. It's suitable for cillator is connected to a DC circuit, con-
testing audio equipment, signal tracing or nect a DC blocking capacitor in series with
tape recorder bias adjustments. Integrated R6's wiper arm. If the oscillator is to drive
circuit IC1 can be just about any opera- circuits of less than 10K ohm impedance,
tional amplifier sold through "surplus substitute a 1 uF non -polarized capacitor
dealers." The 1 kHz "notch filter" from for C4, rated to the power supply's voltage.
the amplifier output to the inverting or neg-
ative (-) input determines the output fre- PARTS LIST FOR
quency. Notch Filter Oscillator's non -invert - NOTCH FILTER OSCILLATOR
inn or positive (+) input is grounded. C1, C2,C3-0.005 uF, 75 VDC
The power supply is bi -polar; use any C4-0.1 uF (see text)
voltage up to ±15VDC. While resistor R5 IC1-741-type operational amplifier
is not needed in many instances, its use
(Calectro K4-590 or equiv.)
R1-10,000 ohms pot (Calectro B1-683)
insu es your Notch Filter Oscillator proj- R2, R3 -47,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
e t s success. Potentiometer R1 sets the R4 -3,900 -ohms, '/2 -watt
cr n level; its maximum value will ap- R5-10,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt (see
text)
p, o,ch the total power supply voltage. If
R6-Potentiometer, 100,000 -ohms, audio
taper (see text)
www.americanradiohistory.com
+12VDC
RI
10K
1 - B2
12VOC
-12VDC
OUTPUT
INPUT
ICI
BOTTOM VIEW
level for undistorted output is 100 mV 0.1 uF capacitor can be connected between
peak -to -peak. Naturally, higher input the 100X Instrument Amplifier and your
signals can be used because of the attenua- VTVM or scope.
tion provided by sensitivity control R2.
After you've completed the 100X Instru-
PARTS LIST FOR
ment Amplifier, connect a VTVM across 100X INSTRUMENT AMPLIFIER
the output, adjust R4 for a zero DC
meter reading. From time to time check 81, 82-Battery, 12V
Cl. C2-100 uF, 15 VDC
the DC output; if it has drifted off zero, ICI-Motorola MC -1456G
simply readjust R4. It might happen that R1 -10,000 -ohms,'/2 -watt, 5°°
changing R2's setting over a wide range R2-Potentiometer, 1 megohm
might cause the output to drift off zero; if R3-1 megohm, 1/2 -watt, 5°ió
so, simply readjust R4. If you are primarily
R4-Potentiometer, 10,000 ohms linear
taper
concerned with AC measurements, the out- R5 -10,000 -ohms, '/2 -watt
put DC zero drift is unimportant, and a
IC 27 Protect -A-Volt
SRI
A simple turn of a knob sets Protect -a - PARTS LIST FOR PROTECT-A -VOLT
Volt's output voltage anywhere in the 3 to C1-2000 uF ,25 VDC (see text)
20 volt range-and with full short circuit C2, C3-0.1 uF, 75 VDC disc or Mylar
protection! Should there be a wiring error in ICI-Motorola MC -1461R
the powered project, this supply automat- R1-50,000 ohms pot (Calectro B1-685)
R2 -6,800 -ohms, '/2 -watt
ically shuts down the output voltage until R3 -3
-ohms, '/2 -watt
the overload is removed. The maximum out- R4 -27
-ohms, '/2 -watt
put current (short circuit protection) has SRI, SR2-Silicon rectifier, 50 PIY, IA
been established by resistor IR3's value to (Calectro K4-555 or equiv.)
200 mA. Power transformer Tl's rating Tl-Power transformer; 117 VAC pri-
mary, 30 VC.T.: 200 mA secondary
should not exceed 200 mA as extra current (see text)
capacity could not be handled by the in -
www.americanradiohistory.com
tegrated circuit. To make this project easy center-tapped; 15V rms if there is no
to build, and to sharply reduce total cost, it center -tap and a bridge -rectifier is substi-
was necessary to eliminate a fully off, or tuted for silicon rectifiers SR1 and SR2.
zero output, setting for Voltage Adjust con- Capacitor Cl's voltage rating must be 25
trol Rl. The minimum output voltage is 3V. volts minimum. Do not eliminate high -fre-
The maximum voltage from Ti's secon- quency -compensation network components
dary must be 30V rms if the secondary is R4/C3.
I
<_l kHz
and the inverting (-) input.
-16.8VDC
COMMON
OR
I C2
+ IOOOyF
GROUND
90
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
www.americanradiohistory.com
voltage is 24 volts (rms) center-tapped; the PARTS LIST FOR
voltage on each side of the center -tap (Es) BI -POLAR POWER SUPPLY
is 12. The supply's output voltage is there-
SR1-SR4-Silicon rectifiers PIV rated to
fore 12 x 1.4 or -t- 16.8VDC. Always re at least twice the supply's output volt-
member that each Bi -Polar output is derived age (Calectro K4-555 or equiv.)
from half Ti's secondary voltage. Cl, C2-1000 or 2000 uF at the supply's
output voltage
Tl-Power transformer with center -
tapped secondary (Calectro D1-752)
CI
L2
50 OHM
OUTPUT
7
the very high gain, careful ICI
wiring and short ground BOTTOM VIEW
leads are essential. Also,
capacitor C5 must be con-
nected directly at IC1's pin 7. Potentiometer
R2 adjusts the DX'ers gain, and should be
adjusted to just below the point where the
DX'er overloads. To align, tune in a signal
in the center of the desired frequency
coverage and adjust trimmer capacitors
C2 and C4 for maximum signal strength.
91
FOR UNDER $15
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Install Your Own
BurglarAlarm System
F YOU'VE HAD OCCASION to investigate a sive transmitters instead of inexpensive wire
burglar alarm system for your home you just to trigger a bell.
now know they don't come cheap; In short, your best protection is an in-
$1000 is not an unusual fee to fully protect expensive switch at every opening into your
the average one -family home. If you're an home with all switches terminating in some
apartment dweller, $200 to $500 would not device that will sound a bell or light a
be unusual-the exact price depending on lamp. Most important, the bell -ringing device
the particular layout of your apartment. must have a latch-up, so once the bell rings
In actual fact, however, most of the cost it must be deliberately turned off by a spe-
of a burglar alarm system represents labor; cial switch. No purpose is served, nor real
the hardware and components can easily protection obtained, if the alarm turns off
cost well under $50. when the burglar closes the door or window
If you're the least bit handy with a screw- through which he entered.
driver and pliers you're qualified to install Basic Systems. There are two basic types
your own alarm system, and the fact that of home alarm systems: the open circuit type
you're reading "101" and building the proj- and the closed circuit, or supervised, type.
ects shows you're qualified to tackle the The open circuit system is the least expen-
family's burglar protection. sive and easiest to install, but it does not
The first point to keep in mind is that, in
the end, the only function of the burglar
alarm is to ring a bell, sound a siren, or r
OTHER
flash a powerful light. You might have been SWITCHES L.
NORMALLYBELL )DOOR)WNoow) WINDOW TO
ALARM
impressed in the past with advertisements OPEN
4
CIRCUIT
for burglar alarms that flood a room with I I I
ultrasonic waves or microwaves to detect an An open circuit type alarm system.
intruder when he interferes with the normal
"wave" pattern in the room. They are cer- provide maximum security. In the open
tainly great devices for factories, but if you circuit system all protective devices are
use one of these gadgets in your home, you normally open; when a window or door
have already allowed an intruder to enter is forced, the device closes, actuating the
your home. The purpose of an alarm should alarm bell. A typical open circuit system is
be to keep him out. shown. Note that all device switches are
With all the complex circuits in the wave - connected in parallel, and the closing of any
type alarms, they eventually have to sound a switch activates the alarm bell system.
bell or siren, or light a lamp. You can wire The major problem with the open circuit
your home so the bell is sounded before the system is that it cannot tell you if a switch
intruder gets in. is defective. Let's assume the door switch
Another expensive intruder detector is the gets corroded contacts. When an intruder
radio transmitter-a burglar entering your forces the door the contacts don't close and
home activates a transmitter which sends the alarm doesn't sound. For this reason,
the alarm signal to a receiver. The receiver, open circuit systems must be periodically
however, must eventually sound the bell, tested, with every single protective device
so little purpose is served by using expen- specifically checked for reliable operation.
92 101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
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A Better System. On the other hand, the supervision circuit. (This is the same material
closed circuit, or supervised, system shown is used on glass store windows and doors.)
checks every protective device on a 24 -hour If an intruder attempts to break through the
basis; at any given moment you can look glass, the foil ruptures, the supervised cir-
at an indicating meter and see if the switches cuit is broken, and the alarm is sounded.
are active. You are also told whether every More Supervised Protection. The super-
window and door in your home is secured. vised circuit also lends itself to protection
Here's how it's done. Each window and door of passageways and doors to which a switch
cannot be attached. All that's necessary is
The closed circuit alarm system TO
to stretch a thin, easily broken wire across
is used in professional systems. ALARM the passage or door with each end of the
BELL
NORMALLY CLOSED SWITCHES CIRCUIT wire connected into the supervised circuit.
WINDOW A 0-5 mA
An intruder trying to enter would break the
- -
wire, setting off the alarm system.
6 VOLT 1. DOOR WINDOW
LANTERN = KI Where you need passage or door protec-
BATTERY
T
tion that must be periodically disturbed,
é the ends of strong wire can be connected to
a special clip which fits into a small clamp
is protected by a switch that is normally -the clip and clamps (called a trap) are
closed when secure. The switches are series both conductors. An intruder trying to force
connected. At one end, called the start, his way in would cause the wire to pull
there is a 6-volt lantern battery; at the other the clip out of the clamp, opening the circuit
end of the circuit there is a sensitive and sounding the alarm. You, however, with
hobbyist relay (Kl ), the type requiring from the alarm turned off, can remove the wire,
2 to 5 milliamperes for pull -in. Meter MI , do your work and then easily restore the
which is mounted in a convenient location alarm system by simply pushing the clips
for inspection, indicates the current flow back into the clamps.
when all circuits are closed and, therefore, As you can see, the supervised circuit ac-
safe. When an opening is forced, its switch commodates many more protective devices
opens, thus interrupting the current flow than the open circuit system.
t
through relay K1. Kl's contacts close, acti- The Floor Mat. Some protective devices
vating the latch -up alarm bell circuit, and
. .TO
the alarm sounds. Note that if the intruder SUPERVISED
attempts to defeat the system by short cir- CIRCUIT
cuiting the wiring, say across points A and
B, the current is again interrupted and relay
K2
K1 sounds the alarm bell.
The reason the circuit is called supervised Floor mat circuit
is very simple to
is because you know the condition of the 6v
install and every
system at any time by simply observing the doorway should
meter. If there is no current indication, the have one.
protective system is open, or a component
is defective. For example, assume the door are only available in the open circuit con-
switch contacts corrode due to weathering; figuration; for example, the common mat-
the switch won't close and there will be no switch-which looks like large rubber pad
current flow-you'll instantly know some- with two wires sticking out one end-can be
thing is amiss in your alarm system. concealed under the carpet (at the head of
Another advantage of the supervised sys- the basement steps) While the mat -switch
.
tem is protection where you can't use can be used "as is" in open circuit systems,
switches. For example, a switch cannot pro- an intermediate relay circuit, as shown, must
tect entry through a glass pane; if the in- be used if the mat -switch is used in a super-
truder smashes the glass he can get through vised system. Relay K2 is the same type of
the window without raising the frame, which relay used for Kl. The 6 -volt battery can
would be poorly protected by a switch. be a separate one, or the alarm bell battery
Since the frame isn't lifted, the switch (using the alarm battery is preferable).
would remain safe. But if you are using a Relay K2's normally closed contacts are
supervised circuit, you can cement a strip of connected into the supervised circuit. An
thin foil along the edges of the window, with intruder stepping on the mat -switch causes
each end of the strip connected into the relay K2 to pull in, thus opening the pro-
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device might have a relatively high closed
Install Your Own circuit resistance, which could prevent the
latch -up relay from operating. It is better
to close each device in turn and see if it
Burglar Alarm System actually will sound the alarm bell.
Getting The Hardware. Switches of all
tective circuit contacts and setting off the
alarm. \ /
The alarm bell circuit for both open and
supervised protective systems is the Latch-
ing Burglar Alarm. Both systems connect
across switch S1 in the Project. Switch S1 SWITCH
I MAGNETS
.e////
can be a pushbutton switch so you can test
the alarm bell. You will note that Latching
Burglar Alarm relay Kl is connected in
such a manner that once the relay is
tripped, it latches -up through its own con- SWITCH
///
MAGNETS /
tacts and cannot be silenced unless the
battery is disconnected; therefore, you must
install a disconnect switch in the battery
\
circuit-an SPST switch will do; even a Typical window magnetic installation
normally-closed pushbutton can be used as
only an intermittent break in the battery types, window foil and alarm bells are avail-
circuit is required. able from local radio parts distributors and
Wiring The System. Virtually any type of all major mail order houses. Whatever com-
wiring can be used for the protective sys- ponents you choose to use, the alarm bell
tem; as a general rule, No. 22 or No. 24 or siren should be standard burglar alarm
gauge is preferred because it is easily con- equipment, not experimenter -grade bells
cealed under paint. The wires from the and buzzers. You want something loud and
latch -up relay to the alarm bell should be reliable, and the best bell or siren is the
at least No. 18 (lamp wire) for runs up to same type of equipment your local stores
50 feet and No. 16 for runs over 50 feet. would use. Many local distributors also
Magnetic switches are the most convenient handle burglar alarm wire, an extra -flexible
to use for doors and windows. These switches wire that is easily snaked through walls and
consist of a magnet assembly which mounts around tight corners.
on the door or window and the switch de- If you intend mounting the alarm bell
vice which mounts on the wall molding. outdoors, mount it as high as possible-well
The figure shows how to use an extra mag- beyond reach of possible intruders and in
net so the window can be left open for a metal alarm box if possible. The alarm
ventilation. When the windows are closed box protects the bell against the elements
the opposite magnet sets the switch to the and also serves as the first line of defense
safe position. For ventilation, the bottom against possible tampering.
window is raised until the bottom magnet is Keep in mind that no burglar alarm sys-
opposite the bottom switch; similarly, the tem is complete if there is any possibility of
top window can be lowered until the top unauthorized entry. If you have some odd-
magnet is opposite the top switch. Now the ball basement window, or perhaps a milk
windows are open for ventilation, yet the delivery door, which won't accommodate
windows are protected. a standard burglar alarm switch or wire -trap,
A supervised circuit is easily checked out do not hesitate to use standard electronic
by simply observing the meter. As each cir- hardware and accessories. Any dependable
cuit is opened (door, window, etc.) the switch device is satisfactory as long as it
meter current should fall to zero. If the does the job. You are not limited only to
meter circuit doesn't fall to zero, either devices which are touted as "burglar alarm
the protective device is defective, or, more equipment."
likely, you have made a wiring error. Interested in installing your own system?
The open circuit system should be Then check your nearest GC Electronics
che_ked ;t each protective device. Do not dealer for his Audiotext security system (bur-
depend on an ohmmeter check because the glar and fire alarm parts and equipment.
9t
101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
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0UIITE0o; :
3113ZU2
Turn a
Mc:T MATZ
few parts into the darndest digital calendar -clock you've ever seen!
by C. R. Lewart
You can see the advantages of a digital clock! Particularly this one!
It has big, bright, bold numerals that display time, date, and your
electronic interest and skill to all who view it. And as you would
expect, we turn a complex electronic instrument-the digital clock-
into a very elementary electronic project!
How did we do it? By putting together the ideal marriage of a
popular clock -on -a -chip IC (integrated circuit) and a new fluorescent -
anode type display tube that can be driven directly by an IC.
What does that mean to you? A set of twenty driver transistors you
don't need; extensive wiring on a high-priced circuit board you don't
need; an extra high -voltage power supply for cold -cathode display tubes
you don't need. And there's more.
Convert to a 24 -hour clock in a snap. Flip a switch on the rear
panel to convert your clock immediately to a 24- or 12 -hour time
display. Plus, a pair of ordinary 9 -volt transistor radio batteries keep
things ticking electronically while you move from one outlet to another
or until a power interruption or brownout is over. This little trick is
done with a built-in oscillator that feeds the counter until 60 (or 50)
Hz voltage is restored. Yep! there's even a switch that gives the
correct time from either a 50 or 60 Hz power line.
As You Can See, the electronic clock described here was designed
to provide a large number of features and make construction simple.
95
FOR UNDER $15
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ELECTRONIC
CLOCK QI
BOTTOM VIEW
Eight of the ten connections C41
made to each display tube are JUTC31
shown opposite this page in the OIMF
shaded area. For example, the E B C
R2 =
68K R4 --
SA segment of a display tube 47K
(pin connection 9) is connected to pin nine
of all the display tubes as well as to IC RI .. _
pin 15 and R13. Only grid G (pin 5) of
1
50K SI23--
OSC ADJ$R3
each tube has a separate connection to the
integrated circuit. For display tube DS HOLD
it
1
2
is IC pin 3; for DS 2, it is IC 1 pin 4, 3 9K
D
1
et cetera. A
CCAC
K1
BI DI 02
B2T+
D4
I+ BLUE
a x
f12VRED
CI+40MF o U ox
co
TO BLK BROWN lQ +
II7VAC C2- z
- 12VSLATE
D5
50 OR BLK, IOOMFT+
60 H z GR/YEL R5
tC)
t6V 8211 N / o
s x ft
YEL J
=_ CC
`°
N
O
3 63 63 6+3 6 3 6 63 N
OSI DS2 DS3 DS4 DS5 0S6
HEP7I5 10K 1.
e BRIGHTNESS
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llmn111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I1111111111Hm111111111111111111111111111111n
ICI
MOSTEK 501788 12
18
21
R20
8.2K
17
22
8 C5
15 14 13 12 II 10 9 I100pF
D1,02, 04,D5
-1
A C ---
D3,D6,07,D8,D9
SASBe SC. SD, SESFS
G OSI I SEC
G DS2 10 SEC
G DS4 10MIN/TODAY
www.americanradiohistory.com
DIRECTION OF INDICATOR TUBE VIEWING FACE
ELECTRONIC CLOCK
DS6
e
TO PINS 2 (SE)'
TO
TO
PINS
PINS I
(SD)
I
(SF)-I
---=`a.
TO PINS 10 (SG)
TO PINS 9 (SA)
Underside of display
board. Seven lengths
of bare No. 18 wire
connect certain pins
of each display tube
together as shown (1
2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11).
Let's go over the list of features: More Info. The construction of the clock
A display of time (hours, minutes, and was kept simple by selecting an IC requiring
seconds) alternates with the date (month a minimum number of connections and by
and day of the month). choosing fluorescent display tubes which
At the flip of a switch, the display changes can be driven directly by the IC. The com-
from a 12 -hour to a 24 -hour mode. plete circuit uses, in addition to its IC brain,
A stand-by battery operates the clock four to six display tubes, a power trans-
during power failures (most other clocks former, only a single transistor (if you want
reset to zero even during momentary power brightness control), twenty resistors, five
failures). capacitors, and nine diodes. If you don't
A simple adjustment of the seconds dis- care about the seconds display, you omit
play is provided, with a hold button to stop two display tubes with associated compo-
the counting and a 50/60 Hz switch to nents. Compare this clock to a well-known
speed up the counting by 20 percent. digital clock kit with over twenty transistors
Display intensity can be adjusted. and over fifty resistors! Anybody even mod-
Multiplexing of the display tubes (a erately handy in electronic construction
sequencing time-system) eliminates a "rat's should have no difficulty building the clock
nest" of wires (display is seen without an- in a few hours.
noying flicker or blanked -out digits). How Does It Work. The MOS integrated
An economy model cuts out seconds dis- circuit consisting of over a thousand transis-
play, brightness control, battery switchover. tors divides the 50 or 60 Hz line frequency
50/60 Hz and 12/24 -hour switchable fea- into seconds, minutes, hours, days, and
tures, if you wish. months. A decoder on the same IC operates
the individual segments of the display tubes,
A handsome face for your finished clock which are operated in multiplex mode. This
means that the IC sends signals to the first
display tube, then the second, and so forth.
and then starts with the first tube again.
This mode of operation simplifies the wir-
ing to the IC, since all like segments in the
display tubes can be wired in parallel and
connected to a single pin on the IC. There-
fore, seven pins on the IC control the seg-
ments of all the display tubes. Just four or
six other pins on the IC (one per tube used)
control individual tubes with a connection
to their control grids.
Additional logic on the IC provides for
98 101 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS
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SI S5 S4 S3 S2
R2 C5o
R20¡
l -+
-r
c RI3 R14
TI
R3 [111
C2 CI C3 24 13
R6 (O ) ICI D5
IT 12 -i 1F-
DI
+
RI2-+
R4
R11-4
1--
1--
F- RI 9
R
C
R10-; I- -; F- R17
RI R9-' 1- -+ }-R16
R 81 )-
R7-4 I-
C
C4 R5
T
alternate time/date and 12/24 -hour display. Top of the board showing a suggested
When the AC power line is disconnected, location of all discrete components that are
the stand-by battery takes over and an in- used in this circuit. Resistors R 7 through
R 19 are grouped as shown to facilitate
ternal oscillator controlled by C4, R1, and
R2 substitutes for the line frequency. To their connections to the integrated circuit.
conserve power, the display tubes are not Construction Hints. Use approximately
lighted during the stand-by operation, but a 41 -in. x 6 -in. piece of perfboard or
the clock runs as usual. vectorboard with holes spaced at 0.1 -in.
Display tube mounting using push-in clips. Insert the display tube leads into push -in
Stagger the eleven clips as shown and strap terminals and run parallel wires between
like pins together with bare wive on under- the display segments. Use a socket for the
side of board. See photo on opposite page. IC, but do not insert the IC before all the
construction is finished. Be careful in han-
dling the IC before inserting it. Static elec-
tricity may damage it. The clock case has
to be grounded to the wire connected to pin
to page 112)
TO IC, (Turn
TO
PIN 1,
-w
IC, 15OKn o
O
PIN
19 2N3906
(n=
o_ v
TO
I N914 N N IC
TO °-1-'PIN
IC, 1
22
PIN 150K
5
-----J I
TO IC,
PIN 2
December display circuit for 24 hour clock
fans. Transistor 2N3904 base is same as 01.
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UHF ACTION BAND...
Clever
nothing -to -build
technique puts
UHF action band signals
on any 30-50 MHz
low band FM monitor
Ir You already own a low band 30-50 bration moves up. There is a limit to this
MHz Action Band (public service) mon- of course, but it is far enough below 450
itor and would like to tune the UHF MHz to make a hook-up like this work the
public service band as well, here's a simple way we want it to.
solution: Just connect the output of a The connections are simple. We just sub-
standard UHF TV converter to the antenna stitute the low band monitor receiver for
input of your low band monitor. Since a the normal TV set connections. With a con-
UHF television converter must cover a verter output of channel 5 or 6, tune your
broad frequency range (470-890 MHz) and monitor to about 49 MHz. If your con-
since its IF output is also broad, it is pos- verter's output is channel 2 or 3, try around
sible to tune -in UHF Action Band (450- 40 MHz. Now tune your UHF converter
470 MHz) signals on a low band monitor. slowly around channel 17. If there is UHF
A Little More Detail? Most TV converters activity in your area, you should be hearing
are designed with an IF output on channel it.
5 or 6; a few use 2 or 3. Whenever the Final Hook-Up. A regular UHF TV an-
converter is fed into a lower frequency IF, tenna should prove suitable in most areas.
the tuning range of the converter is effec- Of course, an outdoor antenna is preferred.
tively shifted lower (the dial calibration At my home in Chicago, many UHF sta-
moves up). While tuning a UHF TV con- tions (including police, taxi, radiotelephone,
verter connected to a TV set, you may etc.) are "solid copy" using just a low-cost
have already noticed the effect. If your con- UHF converter, regular UHF TV antenna,
verter's IF output is adjusted for channel 6 and either of my two low band monitors,
and you switch to channel 3 or 4, the cali - one of which is an $18 portable!
www.americanradiohistory.com
By Lars Jorgensen
ùltrodRci, ..
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Input Polarity Controls Output. Ob-
CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
41/
NON -
(SUIVAIENT
Y+
G
CIRCUIT
A H
J
INPUT
INVERTING
INPUT us
A N
INVERTING
ZIA
Raur
°N-INVERTING
6
NO
r UUiIT
LAG
INVERTING
INPUT
ew
Fig.1. Schematic and equivalent circuit of IC operational amplifier. Since device is DC coupled, it can be
used for both AC and DC amplification. Output can be either in phase or out of phase with input signal.
www.americanradiohistory.com
when feedback is applied, the inverting (-)
input bias resistor becomes part of a feed-
back voltage divider consisting of Rf in
series with Rb 1. It can be shown mathe-
VAC
matically that, when the input signal is
applied between the inverting input and
ground, the closed loop gain equals Rf/Rb.
When the input signal is applied between
the non -inverting (+) input and ground, the
Fig. 2. OpAmp boasts two inputs: inverting input closed loop gain equals Rf/Rb+1. Since
indicated os "-" and non -inverting input indicated the factor of +1 is generally insignificant,
as "+", DC output from power supply is half total
supply voltage and of two differing polarities.
we can consider that, for experimental use,
the closed loop gain is as previously stated.
Open Loop-Closed Loop. Open loop
If Rb is 1000 ohms, and Rf 1 megohm,
as shown in Fig. 3B, the closed loop gain
gain refers to the gain of the OpAmp, or
will be equal to 1 megohm/ 1000 ohms or
any amplifier, as rated by the manufacturer. 1000. This is equivalent to gain of 60 dB,
Open loop gain or maximum gain, is since gain in dB equals 20 log voltage gain.
achieved by connecting the amplifier as
Regardless of the linear OpAmp used, re-
shown in Fig. 3A. Closed loop gain refers
sistors having these values will always pro-
to the gain of the amplifier after a feedback duce the same gain if the amplifier's open
network has been connected from its output loop gain is greater than the closed loop
to its input. Fig. 3B indicates how negative
gain. It is not possible to get a closed loop
feedback is derived by connecting amplifier gain higher than open loop gain. For ex-
output to the inverting (-) input. If the
ample, an Rf/Rb ratio that produces total
amplifier should include both negative and gain of 60 dB for one amplifier will not
positive feedback, which is unusual in ex- produce 60 dB gain in another amplifier if
perimenter's circuits, the closed loop gain the latter has a gain of only 50 dB.
will be the total resultant gain of the device.
Bear in mind that regardless of whether
It is easy to calculate the closed loop gain. it is an open or closed loop unit, the OpAmp
Essentially, it is derived by dividing Rf by
output voltage will be in phase with the non -
Rbl (where Rf = feedback resistance and inverting (+) input and out of phase with
Rbl = its associated bias resistance-see the inverting (-) input. For example,
Fig. 3B) .
assuming the OpAmp in Fig. 3B has a gain
When the loop is closed, which occurs
of 1000, if 1 millivolt is applied across the
input, with the positive voltage connected
A to the non -inverting (+) input, the output
voltage to ground will be +1 volt. If we
reverse the input (-) the output voltage to
ground will be -1 volt.
Offset Voltage.-What Is It? An im-
portant consideration is the offset voltage,
which usually refers to the inherent differ-
ential voltage, but can also mean a desired
Fig. 3A. Open -loop gain results when amplifier is
DC input voltage difference.
connected as shown and is maximum gain available. In normal operation, if both inputs are
Fig. 3 B. Closed -loop gain is device's gain after grounded through a resistor, and no input
feedback has been applied; it's equal to Rf/Rb. voltage is applied, theoretically the output
voltage should be equal to the ground volt-
age. In actual practice there is a small in-
GAIN = RF/Rp herent difference voltage, called the offset
B voltage, which naturally produces a slight
OUTPUT
output voltage. If you specifically wanted
a quiescent output voltage other than zero
you would apply a DC potential to the inputs
LOAD through a bias resistor and this voltage
BIAS would be called the operating offset volt-
727. RESISTORS
age. (Continued overleaf)
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can be an advantage or disadvantage, de-
OpAmp
We will spend some time on offset voltage
pending on the type of signal with which you
are working.
Beware Of Offset Voltage. An impor-
tant point to keep in mind about offset volt-
since understanding it will help you trouble age is, that for zero output voltage the DC
shoot experimental projects. In normal linear resistance path from both inputs to ground
amplifier operation a zero offset voltage is must be identical. An OpAmp's input is a
essential so that output voltage to ground transistor, and as all transistors require a
will be zero. This affords the most flexibility bias current, which, though quite small
in audio and RF circuits. If the output volt- (measured in microamperes), nevertheless
age is at zero, the output signal can swing does exist. Since the bias current flows
equally to both positive and negative sides through the bias resistor it produces a volt-
of the power supply. For example, if the age drop across the resistor. If the resistance
supply is a +15 V, -15 V (total 30 V) unit, paths to ground for the two inputs differ, the
the signal could swing 15 V peak either side voltage drop across the resistors will differ,
of ground (zero output voltage) or 30 V and the voltage at the OpAmp's inputs will
peak-to -peak. But if an offset voltage caused be different. You will have an offset voltage
the output voltage to be +10 V under no - condition. So, as a general rule, the DC path
signal conditions, the output voltage could from both inputs to ground must be identical
only swing +5 V before overload. So for to avoid an unwanted offset voltage.
most operations the offset voltage should be OpAmp As An AC Amplifier. Bear in
as close to zero voltage as is possible.
mind that the resistance for the OpAmp's
Taking Advantage Of Offset Voltage. inputs includes the entire resistance asso-
However, for specific applications, offset ciated with each input. For example, in
voltage can be applied deliberately. For ex- Fig. 3B the 1-megohm Rf resistance in series
ample, assume a 30 -millivolt peak pulse with the output circuit resistance is also in
must be amplified to 30 volts peak. Obvi- parallel with the 1000 -ohm bias resistor.
ously, this can't be accomplished with zero Since feedback resistor Rf alone is greater
output voltage and a +15 V, -15 V supply, than 10 times the bias resistor it can be
as the maximum possible swing is only 15 V ignored but you will run across many cir-
in either direction. Therefore, by applying cuits where Rf is an appreciable part, or all,
an offset voltage that drives the output volt- of the DC resistance, and it must be taken
age to -15 V, this leaves a full 30 volts into account.
available for a 30-V output voltage swing, A practical example of the Rf factor is
and when the 3-uV peak signal is applied in the tape -head equalized preamp shown in
the output voltage can swing the full 30 V Fig. 4. Since the amplifier is intended for a
from -15 through zero to +15 volts. relatively high input impedance, an 820 k
Therefore, you can see the offset voltage resistor is used for the positive input bias
2 1
3/ IN/S 820 OF
7# IN/S
i
31 IN/S
7# IN/S
-2 fl 1
Fig. 4. Circuit for NAB -equalized tape -head preamp using Motorola MC1303L preamplifier. Only one
channel is shown here-second channel utilizes other half of IC and is wired exactly the same.
www.americanradiohistory.com
100K R1
+251
2.5K +25V El t
2: s 10p(
4009 t
4009 +
Eo + r
500+F
6ÌP
+
t
)11.0-1MA I
- -_ 1.7K
1uF
M
1000 pF
___--(
Io Rf
f Iii
-- 6YREK - 3200 Hi
El Ri
Rs/
)
100R
Rs 10t
ffirr
11MA
El
Rl
10p(
+
t
4009
+25116+
s
Te
---1E1 - t
-17 44 r
s
lo Rf 1 Eo
top( .
-
its 0n
1MA
SET Iq UNA TO 50MA
B-
10IV
t+10CMIV
+2501IV
+24V
4o
OV
El
---
1K
t
4009
we+
+251
'T."0
Eo
R x
R
RC
B+
---4.T
-
N
10K.
4009
100K
B+
To
.
+25V
o
Es
Fig. 5. Six circuits using 4009 OpAmp, available from OpAmp Labs, 172 S. Alta Vista Blvd., Los Angeles,
Calif. 90036 for $10.00 ea., postpaid. Circuits, from left to right, are 1) tuning fork oscillator, 2) AC
millivoltmeter, 3) DC millivoltmeter, 4) DC medium-power amplifier, 5) Schmitt trigger, 6) fast turn -on timer.
resistor. Now an identical 820,000 -ohm re- resistor between the negative input and the
sistor in the negative input, which will be output. Since the output is at ground po-
used for frequency equalization, is going to tential both inputs "see" the same re-
result in extremely large feedback resistors. sistance value to "ground" and there is
Instead, we use a 1000 -ohm negative input no offset voltage. The 820,000 -ohm input
load (no longer bias) resistor and isolate it resistor, in combination with the parallel
from ground with a 15-uF capacitor. While RC series circuit, produces the proper
there is no DC path to ground, the capacitor equalization.
provides an AC path so that the 1000 -ohm OpAmp As A DC Amplifier. In the
resistor can be used for the AC feedback. previous example you have seen the applica-
To provide the equal negative input bias tion of the OpAmp as an AC amplifier. If
resistance we then connect an 820,000-ohm you go through the calculations you will find
www.americanradiohistory.com
leads, and you'll greatly reduce the possi-
- OUTPUT TO
-
NAG
HEADPHONES
PHONO 1
NAG
VNV
10K
PHONO 2
100K
www.americanradiohistory.com
+10V
plifier, with the half remaining as an ampli-
ZENER DIODE
fier for a VU meter or headphone monitor
20VDC FROM BI POLAR
amplifier. Fig. 6 is a block diagram to get
RECTIFIER OUTPUT you started-from there on you're on your
GNO
(SINGLE-ENDED) own. However, because locating a bi -polar
+ ZENER DIODE
power supply can be an Excedrin headache,
we'll help you out with the power supply.
-10V
Bi -Polar or Single -Ended. A bi-polar
supply is, as we have previously discussed,
Fig. 7. Getting bi -polar output for OpAmp circuitry
may pose problems, but solutions are easier
a power supply that produces an equal volt-
than you might expect. One is to toss in a couple age either side of the center tap or ground,
of Zeners: input is single -ended: output, bi-polar. since the center tap is generally grounded.
Using a power transformer single -ended
and iron out the bugs. More modern com- secondary, as in Fig. 7, you can provide a
ponents generally required one engineer zero voltage point, or phantom -ground by
and a technician to de -bug the set. Again connecting two Zener diodes across the
the design was circuit-to -circuit, so that rectified output of the supply. The junction
one circuit matched another. of the two Zeners serves as the ground, or
But with OpAmp design each circuit be- center tap. The major problem with this
comes a separate building block that will arrangement is that you must select the cor-
mate with any other block-just as toy rect series resistor and each half of the
blocks can be mated. Let's assume you build supply will be a half -wave rectifier. Also,
a front end for a receiver, you know the this requires a fair amount of filtering,
desired output voltage and the required achieved either through large, expensive
matching impedance. You then select an off- capacitors or a capacity -multiplied transistor
the-shelf OpAmp for the IF amplifier having regulator.
the required input impedance (no matching
problem), add a tuned circuit and a resistor
in the feedback loop to establish the circuit's
FILTER
resonant frequency and gain, and once again, CAPACITOR
before the circuit is built, you know the
output voltage and impedance. For the AF GND
amplifier you select an OpAmp having the FILTER
required impedance, add the correct feed- CAPACITOR
back resistor for the desired gain and your -V
www.americanradiohistory.com
Want a quick, easy method to determine 1.7 volts/0.5 mA = 3400 ohms, it follows
what component values to use when that R1 must be 12,000 minus 3400 or
you insert an additional transistor amplifier 8600 ohms.
stage in your equipment? The common emit- This leaves only the collector resistor Rc
ter arrangement shown in the diagram can to find. Any resistance should be used that
be used with a reasonable amount of sim- gives the required collector voltage to drive
plicity, stability, and dependability. It has the next stage. The collector voltage should
both voltage and current gain. be kept at least 1 volt over the emitter volt-
Get Started. It is simple to select the cor- age; about 3 volts would be a logical output.
rect values for the components in this cir- The value of resistor Rc can then be easily
cuit. Suppose we have the common variety calculated by 6 -
3 volts / mA = 3000
1
-
be:
mA. Use a 6 -volt collector supply, for ex-
ample. To obtain the resistance values of 1-.98 .02
the divider network simply divide the 6 volt Beta = - .98 = .98 = -49
collector supply by the divider current of
0.5 mA. The answer, 12,000 ohms, is the As a general rule alpha is approximately
total divider resistance value. Since R2 is at between .9 and .99; beta is usually between
10 and 1000. The negative number (minus
VDC sign) indicates signal phase inversion.
(COLLECTOR Final Tip. Now you have an inside track
c VOLTAGE)
on designing simple, one -stage transistor
amplifiers. If your computations call for an
OUTPUT 8,600 ohms resistor, select the nearest
standard resistance value. The two nearest
INPUT values are 8,200 and 9,100 ohms. Either
value is usable in the circuit (the 8,200
R2
being the closer) since they are within 6%
max. of the computed value. You'll find
±10% change in computed values to have
little effect on the circuits operation. Start
designing, today!
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proximately 30V. When Si is closed, cur-
101 Electronic Projects rent through the hysteresis loop is almost
Continued from page 7/ unmeasurable. It's safe enough for ordin-
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Whya Sylvania home training
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1 TRAINING 6 HANDS-ON TRAINING
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