CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Educational institutions are mandated to use education as a tool for social transformation.
The success of a school is measured by the quality of students it produces. The success of any
educational institution is measured by the performance of its students in both academic and non-
academic tests. The measure of academic performance as a symbol of school success can be
traced way back from the Victorian period (Bell, 2013). Since then, academic performance has
been used to grade schools and most importantly to determine ones career paths. The ‘good
schools’ are acclaimed to be those that are able groom the students well enough to achieve the
set standards. This is measured by use of students’ academic performance both at school level
and nationally. Studies found out that academic outcome of students who spent most of their
time interacting using online applications are positive because they were able to share and
generate ideas and conceptsrelated to their studies. They also use these sites for having fun as
these online applications are helpful in their academic work [3].
A similar study revealed that online applications had improved the communication
between the faculty member and students which facilitate the communication of the correct
information and improve understanding and the development of the ideas and the courses. Based
on the information collected, it is noticeable to say that the use of the social media during the
lecture time is not recommended [1].
According to the study of Owusu-Acheaw & Larson [12], it was revealed that the use of
social media had affected the academic performance of their respondents negatively and further
confirmed that there was a strong positive relationship between the use of social media and
academic performance. Their study further revealed that most of their respondents uses online
application to chat rather than for academic purpose. Based on the study of Alwagait, Shazad and
Alim[2], it was found that online application usage on weekly basis displayed a positive skew
where most students do not use online application excessively.
Study in Kogi State University found out that the exposure of the students to online
application have effect on their academic performance. Evident show that online application
have negative influence on the academic performance of students. Students who spend more time
on online application are likely to perform poorly in their academics this is because instead of
reading books, thy spend time chatting and making friends via online application and this will
definitely have negative effect on their academic performance [4].
Another study shows that students are not only affected by online applications,
employees and employers too. A U.K. firm released a study showing that people who use
Facebook , Twitter and other social networks while at work extracts a heavy cost on their
employers [14]
According to Kolan and Dzadza[8], the nature of online applications as a useful servant
but a dangerous master and a two-edge sword has been revealed in the findings of the study.
Despite the benefits that students can harness from online applications such as sharing of
information, building relationship, partaking in group discussion, there is to some extent
addiction and distraction of attention caused by the use of online applications which could have
serious consequences on the academic life of students. One of the negative effect of online
applications is piracy. The primary motivator for Australians of all ages illegally downloading
movies and TV shows is that it is free. According to Landry [9online application a tool that
could be used for good or bad, it all depends on the person. Online applications has its layers of
good and bad. Yes, it is easier to remember the bad rather than the good but, online application
have created opportunities for people all over the world.
66% of all adults aged 16 years and above have a profile on at least one social networking site
and Facebook has more than 1.86 Billion monthly active users, you can view that as an
opportunity.

CONCEPTUAL Framework

ryryn

Online applications Impact in academic

performance of selected
(Google,youtube,facebook) Junior High School Students

Figure shows hypothesized relation between variables on the Impact of online applications to the
Academic performance of selected Junior High School students.

Independent variables are the Online applications (Google, You Tube, Facebook). These
online applications are the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the
performance of students, which is depemdent variable.

This study is about the impact of online applications in academic performance of selected
Junior High School Students S.Y 2018-2019 in Sandiat National High School.
This will benefit the Teachers, Principals, Staff, for they will be more aware if online
applications will affect the academic performance of the students. And for students to know if
they are abusing it.
Further, Keol and Meier (2012) mainly constrained themselves for only two research questions:
How do these international students use Social Networking Sites? And how do these
international students perceive the impact of Social Networking Sites on their affective and
academic adaptation? This research was conducted in the United States with Asian international
students, all from Korea, who were not raised in a western culture. In a study
entitled “Social capital as Facebook; differentiating uses and users” Moira Burke and Cameron
Marlow (2011) discuss extensively about the perspective to look at the uses of Social
Networking Sites. It says though usage of Social Networking Sites is often treated as a
monolithic activity, in which all time is equally social and its impact the same for all users. The
study primarily examines how Facebook affects social capital depending upon: types of site
activities, contrasting one-on-one communication, broadcasts to wider audiences, and passive
consumption of social news, and individual differences among users, including social
communication skill and self-esteem.

In this study (2011) a survey was conducted using 415 Facebook users, which revealed that
receiving messages from friends is associated with increase in bridging social capital. The major
goal of the study was to observe how different uses of a large Social Networking Site influence
different types of user’s social capital. Social capital is the actual or potential resources which are
linked to a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance
or recognition.

Bicen and Cavus (2010) evaluated the usage of Social Networking Sites among students in the
department of computer education instructional technology and found which social networking
sites are the most preferred by students. The study revealed that use and sharing of knowledge on
Internet is made an integral part of college students’ lives. Results show that Live Spaces and
Facebook are the commonly used sites by the students

Folorunso (2010) conducted a survey among students of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
in Nigeria and tested the attributes of Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory towards usage
pattern of Social Networking Sites. Demographic data of the study revealed that majority of
users were college students. The five constructs i.e. Relative Advantage, Complexity,
Compatibility, Observability and Reliability were used to test the impact on the attitude and trust
regarding Social Networking Sites and to determine how attitude would impact on the intention
to use it.

Miller, Parsons and Lifer (2010) conducted a survey among students, about the use of social
networking sites and the appropriateness of the content that they post. The responses indicate
that students routinely post content that is not appropriate for all audiences, especially potential
employers. Considering how extensively the press has covered the negative impacts of
inappropriate posting, the fact that students know of continuing the practice is surprising.

Lack, Beck and Hoover (2009) investigated the usage of Social Networking Sites by
undergraduate psychology major. They found that majority of students using Facebook and their
account information have publicly accessibility and some user profiles have content of a
questionable nature on their publicly viewable accounts. They suggest that formal education
must be presided to students regarding the usage of these sites.

As Won Kim and Sang-WonLee (2009) rightly pointed out that today the college students use
numerous Social Networking Sites, to stay connected with their friends, discover new “friends”
and to share users – created contents, such as photos, videos, blogs and etc. In order to explore
factors affecting college students’ motive for using Social Networking Sites.

A study conducted on “West Virginia University Students” (2011) illustrates that the impact of
Social Networking Sites on interpersonal relationships between students and their members of
their families are quite significant. The study used 221 college students along with members of
their families to analyze interpersonal relationships.

Keenan and Shirile (2009) conducted an exploratory study of four Social Networking Sites and
their features that encourage sociability and social interaction. The study (2009) finds that
Facebook and MySpace, as the largest social websites, receive the most coverage.

Englander (2010) proclaimed that internet usage is negatively associated with academic
performance of student users and destructive impact of internet usage is far more momentous
than its advantages. Internet addiction has come forth as a result of striking boost in internet
usage over the past few decades.

An academic research was conducted by Wilson (2009) through which he proposed that
university results are harmfully affected by Facebook usage. Likewise, Khan (2009) found that
Facebook users had poor performance in exams. Pasek and Hargittai (2009) examined Facebook
usage by undergraduates and Facebook use in relation to grades. The study revealed that there is
no negative relationship between the use of Facebook and grade point average.

Kirschner and Karpinski (2009) state that users of Social Networking Sites devote lesser time to
their studies than the non users and subsequently had lower grades in their academic courses.
Further Karpinski (2009) says that among various unique distractions of every generation, Social
Networking Sites have been proved as the major distraction of current generation.

Social Networking Sites also provide a rich means of interaction between teachers and students
as stated by Roblyer (2010).

L. Alvin Malesky and Jr. Chris Peters in their study entitled “Defining appropriate professional
behaviour for faculty and university students on social networking websites” (2011) examined
the role this rapidly evolving method of communication plays in an academic setting. The study
projected that the vast majority of university students have profiles on social networking sites
including university groups and academic departments. As a result this increased utilization
enabling students and faculty to be in contact in ways that have not occurred in the past.
Dickson and Holley (2010) examined the use of the Social Networking Sites in academics in the
USA in order to examine the concerns about their use both from students and teachers. The study
finds that Social Networking Sites can be an effective method of student outreach in academic
performance

The study of Kevin P. Brady, Lori B. Holcomb and Bethany V. Smith (2010), titled as “The Use
of Alternative Use of Social Networking Sites in Higher Education Settings: A Case Study of E-
learning Benefits of Ning in Education”, was based on the educational benefits associated with
the use of Social Networking Sites. The study focused the graduate students enrolled in distance
education courses using Ning in Education, a non-commercial, educational-based SNS. The
study emphasized on the students’ attitudes towards the sites as productive online tools for
teaching and learning. The researchers found out that education based upon social networking
sites can be used effectively in distance education courses. They are an excellent technological
tool for improved online communications among students in higher distance education courses.

In addition, companies have begun to use Social Networking Sites as a medium of

communication with the users. According to the studies of Hyllegard, Ogle, Yan and Raitz
(2011), majority of the consumer goods companies have adopted Social Networking Sites to sell
their goods and it invariably influences the consumption patterns of college students. One major
feature of these sites is the ability of users to “fan” particular products or brands so that they
receive information about these products. Further, this feature also allows the users to express
their satisfaction and dissatisfaction towards a particular product or a company, which can be
shared with other friends. Facebook, a leading Social Networking Site, reports that a user can
express interest in over 900 million objects, and the average user follows 80 such pages (2011).
Pempek in his study (2009) points out that the average college student belonged to 24.58 groups.

A joint collaborative work by Mauri, Cipresso, Balgera, Villamira and Riva (2011) which has
analysed implications of Social Networking Sites on the lifestyles of individual. They have used
psychophysiological measures to point out positive and negative usages of social networking
sites. According to the study (2011) the use of Social Networking Sites can have both positive
and negative influence on the lifestyles of individual. However, the increasing use of Social
Networking Sites might reveal that people look for Social Networking Sites because they have a
positive experience when they use these sites

Shaheen (2010) in a study analyzed the usage of Social Networking Sites and political activities
of the students of three universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi during the political crises and
the emergency imposed by the Govt. of Pakistan on November 2007.

Kluemper and Rosen (2009) evaluated the use of Social Networking Sites in employment
selection through accessing the personal profile of-candidates on the sites. This study was
conducted at a large public university in southern USA.

Mohamed Haneefa K and Sumitha E (2011) attempted to explore the perception and use of
Social Networking Sites by the students of Calicut University, Kerala. The study finds that
majority of the students are aware about these sites and used for communication purpose with
friends. Orkut is the most used site among the respondents. The students' activities on these sites
are sending messages and meeting new friends. Lack of security and privacy is the main
hindrance in using these sites.

A study by Krishna (2011) analysed the importance and benefits of social networking to library
and information professionals. The study analysed the US communities which have been
developed on the Orkut site for sharing professional information and problems. It also identified
some problems which hinder in the way of communication among LIS professionals.

Parveen (2011) explores the usage of Facebook in creating awareness among library and
information science professionals. The study investigates purpose and main hurdles in using
Facebook. It found that Facebook is the most used site, it uses for keep abreast with current news
and information. Lack of time is main hurdle in using the way of Facebook.

Faisal (2010) discussed the numerous benefits of Ning social networks and its applications in
various fields. The study evaluates the general features and activities on Ning platform.

Neelamalar and Chitra (2009) investigated the usage and the impact of social networking sites on
the younger generation of India. The results of the study indicate that majority of the youth are
members of these sites. Most of the respondents registered on it to maintain existing contacts.
The study further finds that majority of youth state that Social Networking Sites act as a platform
for reconnecting with lost friends, maintaining existing networks/relationships and sharing
knowledge, ideas and opinions.

Their research (2012) was conducted on college students between the age group of 18-30 years
with the motive to know the level of awareness on the social issues and how far Social
Networking Sites awakened today’s youth in expressing their views on current and burning
issues like corruption, human rights and etc. in India.

Xia (2009) surveyed the Facebook Groups at two major research universities in the USA to
.discover whether these groups are good practices for library marketing by examining group
discussion transcripts and history. The study found that the success of Facebook Groups can be
controlled by the active organization of librarians and by using more general topics to keep
discussions alive.

Pempek, Yermolayeva and Calvert (2009) in their study found information about the use of
social networking sites by college students. It also evaluated how much, why, and how they use
these sites. Results showed that Facebook is the most popular website among young adults.

Fox and Naidu (2009) evaluated the usability of three of the most popular Social Networking
Sites; Myspace, Facebook and Orkut with first-time users. Facebook is the leading network
among these sites. The study revealed issues related to confusing terminology, inadequate
feedback and error messages, improper link location- impacted user performance and
satisfaction.

Social media refers to the means of interaction among people in which they create, share,
exchange and comment among themselves in different networks. Andreas and Michael (2010)
are of the opinion that social media is a group of internet based application that builds on the
ideological foundation and allows the creation and exchange of users – generated content. Social
media has become one of the major channel of chatting through platforms such as 2go, BB chat,
blogger and wiki a. There has been an increase in the mobile social media which has created new
opportunity for browsing.

The internet usage effect of social media, in views of Nielsen (2012) is that, students continue to
spend more time on the social media than any site. The total time spent on social media across
mobile devices iA social media is an online service or platforms that focus on facilitating the
building of social network among people who share interest, activities and background on real
life connections. It is a website that allows users to share information within a selected group. It
is a great way to stay connected and a convenient way to share

photos from trips (Awake, 2012). It consists of a representation of each user (profiles), social
links and a variety of additional services. For detailed analysis of social networking, the
following terms will be discussed:ncreased by 37%, 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared
to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.

Several website are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for
philanthropy. In 2011 HCL technologies conducted research that showed that 50% of British
workers are banned from the use of social media during office hours. In this view, when one is
chit-chatting, the content of the message reveal a lot about an individual. In chatting, comments,
photos, and status should speak less of an individual. Kim in summary says: “if you are mindful
of what you are doing, you can maintain a measure of privacy on a social network” (Awake,
2012); and, in reference to this, Proverbs 10:19, states that “In the abundance of words, there
does not fail to be transgression, but the one keeping his in check is acting discreetly”.

“It’s a vortex that sucks one in and one has no idea you’ve been trapped. One of the ironies of
the internet is that it keeps you apart from the most important things’. It is a great way to stay
connected with people but you just have to know when to shut it down. Raquel concluded that it
seems that when people go on a social network they lose their mind” (Awake, 2012).

Social networking and their educational uses are of interest to many researchers. Living Stone
and Brake (2010) in their opinion said ‘social networking site, like much else on the internet
representing a moving target for researchers and policy makers’. Recent trends indicate that 47%
of American adults use social network. A national survey in 2009 found that 37% of online
teenagers use social networking site which increased to 555% three years later (Len Hart,
Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr, 2010). It has also, shown that it provides opportunity within
professional education but however, there are constraints in such areas

Each person who joins a SNS must choose a picture to post on their personal profile, which is the
picture that will be used as a representation of themselves (Barker, 2009). Some people use a
recent picture of their face or a photo of a group of friends, while others choose a different image
that they want to represent them or their values (Barker, 2009). Either way, this picture is
significant when looking at a SNS because it shows how each individual would like to be seen
by others (Barker, 2009).

Not only does joining a SNS help gain and preserve popularity, but selecting the perfect pictures
to post are also very important aspects of the experience (Siibak, 2009). According to a recent
study done on visual impression management and social networking sites, approximately 60% of
adolescents will spend more time selecting which pictures to post on their profile than actually
communicating with others (Siibak, 2009). This shows that these SNSs are not just for keeping
in touch with classmates and meeting new people, they are used to build adolescent identities
(Siibak, 2009) because social networking sites are used primarily by adolescents and young
adults.

According to Vitak (2008) there are various reasons as to why individuals use a social
networking site. The first reason is for them to meet strangers and become friends. The majority
of respondents of her research paper (57%) said that they were initially introduced to those
“friends” through mutual friends, which increased the likelihood of such relationships
developing into strong ties.

A study conducted on “West Virginia University Students” (2011) illustrates that the impact of
Social Networking Sites on interpersonal relationships between students and their members of
their families are quite significant. The study used 221 college students along with members of
their families to analyze interpersonal relationships. Researchers of the study (2011) pointed out
that the interpersonal relationships of college students improved significantly due to the
increasing percentage of students using Social Networking Sites to communicate with their
family members.

Keenan and Shirile (2009) conducted an exploratory study of four Social Networking Sites and
their features that encourage sociability and social interaction. The study (2009) finds that
Facebook and MySpace, as the largest social websites, receive the most coverage. These
websites offer an extensive amount of social features and require a thorough analysis. Linkedln
and Twitter represent a niche application of social websites, focusing on professional networks
and micro-blogging respectively.

Englander (2010) proclaimed that internet usage is negatively associated with academic
performance of student users and destructive impact of internet usage is far more momentous
than its advantages. Internet addiction has come forth as a result of striking boost in internet
usage over the past few decades.

While using SNSs, issues of privacy, identity protection, and e professionalism must be paid
attention as proposed by Mattingly (2010) but a contrasting finding was given by Sengupta and
Chaudhuri (2010) that SNSs memberships are not correlated with online abuse of teenagers.
An academic research was conducted by Wilson (2009) through which he proposed that
university results are harmfully affected by Facebook usage. Likewise, Khan (2009) found that
Facebook users had poor performance in exams. Pasek and Hargittai (2009) examined Facebook
usage by undergraduates and Facebook use in relation to grades. The study revealed that there is
no negative relationship between the use of Facebook and grade point average.

Grabmeier (2009) observed that students having lower GPAs were mostly those who log in any
SNS. Internet abuses are increasing at an alarming rate and stressing a serious need to promote
usage regulations among student users.

Social Networking Sites also provide a rich means of interaction between teachers and students
as stated by Roblyer (2010).

L. Alvin Malesky and Jr. Chris Peters in their study entitled “Defining appropriate professional
behaviour for faculty and university tudents on social networking websites” (2011) examined the
role this rapidly evolving method of communication plays in an academic setting. The study
projected that the vast majority of university students have profiles on social networking sites
including university groups and academic departments. As a result this increased utilization
enabling students and faculty to be in contact in ways that have not occurred in the past.

The study of Kevin P. Brady, Lori B. Holcomb and Bethany V. Smith (2010), titled as “The Use
of Alternative Use of Social Networking Sites in Higher Education Settings: A Case Study of E-
learning Benefits of Ning in Education”, was based on the educational benefits associated with
the use of Social Networking Sites. The study focused the graduate students enrolled in distance
education courses using Ning in Education, a non-commercial, educational-based SNS. The
study emphasized on the students’ attitudes towards the sites as productive online tools for
teaching and learning.

Dickson and Holley (2010) examined the use of the Social Networking Sites in academics in the
USA in order to examine the concerns about their use both from students and teachers. The study
finds that Social Networking Sites can be an effective method of student outreach in academic
performance.

According to LaDuque (2010), companies can also utilize Social Networking Sites to create
personalized experiences, to increase brand loyalty, to generate sales leads, and to increase
exposure. For example, companies which provide entertaining videos or valuable incentives may
have their offerings shared between Social Networking Sites users through electronic word-of-
mouth communication. In addition, social networking sites may also allow companies to
communicate directly with customers to improve products or address issues.

Constantinides, Maria and Romero (2010) explore the profile of Social Networking Sites based
on national survey of Dutch users. It evaluates the demographic, social and behavioural
characteristics of the users. The classification of Dutch users of Social Networking Sites resulted
in four distinct segments: The Beginners, Average Users, Outstanding Users and Expert Users.
The results revealed that behaviour and. motivation is the best criteria of users for the markets
when using such -applications. The study (2010) reveals in this sense the specific behavioural
characteristics of these segments and provides marketers with- important information as to
designing marketing programs making use of Social Networking Sites. The findings present new
insights to marketing strategists eager to use the communication potential of such communities;
the findings are also interesting for businesses willing to explore the potential of online
networking as a low cost yet very efficient alternative to physical, traditional networking.
Advantages of online applications in everyday life

Students especially use the medium to stay in touch with their old friends and also to meet new
ones. Like any other technological innovation social media has its own share of advantages and
disadvantages. Schools are adopting technology for pedagogical purposes and introducing social
media into the classrooms. This is a trend that has garnered a lot of support as well as
apprehensions.

Social media has several advantages for students. Social media can enable students to easily
contact each other with regards to school projects and assignments. It is also possible for them to
work on group assignments from the comfort of their own homes. Students that use social media
can also participate more in class. When social media is used in pedagogy, students who have
difficulty in expressing their thoughts in their classrooms can get involved in the learning
process. It will help build these children’s confidence level as well. Social media is also useful
for students when doing homework. Any doubts can be cleared by posting a message through
social media. Any questions that they may have can be asked on a message board and other
students can also benefit from the feedback given by the teacher.

Teachers have many options to share useful links and this benefits the student. Students, teachers
and parents can be on the same page with the help of social media. Sites like Face book help
teachers to stay in touch with parents and let them know about the progress of their children.
Along with the advantages social media also has several disadvantages. Social media can be a
distraction for some students. Students may be distracted from their school work and the teachers
will have no option of knowing which student pays attention. There is always a possibility that
the students will not use social media for educational purposes. They may use social media for
their personal communication.

Students that use social media regularly may lose their ability to engage in face to face
communication. Even if the world is turning to technology, students must know how to
communicate in the real world. Social media websites are becoming notorious for cyber
bullying. This has become an alarming trend. Students may write hurtful messages about other
students and this could scar students for life. Yet another problem with social media is that it is
impossible to know whether students will use the medium in a constructive manner. Students
may post inappropriate content like pornography on social media. This will defeat the purpose of
the medium altogether. Social media is a rather effective way for students to make friends and
also to get their education. At the same time there are certain disadvantages as well. The true
challenge lies in overcoming the disadvantages and ensuring that the advantages create the
desired impact.

About the Author

Author: Francisco BrannanWebsite: http://www.essaysorigin.com
 OEB GLOBAL: Experts to Debate the Effect of Social Media on Student Brains

As concern grows about the effects of social media and the Internet on young people, a panel of experts
will discuss whether education institutions should do more to try to persuade students to get offline and
get out more.
 
Although both the Internet and social media have had a beneficial impact on education in many areas,
increasing access to information, knowledge and opportunity, there are serious concerns about their
psychological impact. Britain’s Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) recently published a report,
‘State of Mind,’ which pointed out that “social media... is intrinsically linked to mental health” and noted
that rates of depression and anxiety in the UK have increased by 70 per cent in the past 25 years – at a
time when 91 per cent of 16 -24 year olds are now using the Internet for social networking. The report
included a league table of social media platforms according to their impact on young people’s mental
health. It concluded that Instagram and Snapchat were “the most detrimental...”

“The OEB debate is always both thought-provoking and fun,” says Dr Harold Elletson, who will be in the
chair. “This year’s debate is about a really important subject – the effect of online activity on young
people. About ten years ago, at the height of optimism about the benefits of new ICTs, we discussed a
similar motion and there was little support for the view that the Internet and social media might have
some downsides. Now, I suspect, views have changed significantly and the debate is likely to be much
more evenly balanced. It should be a fascinating discussion. ”
Author: Editorial TeamWebsite: http://edtechreview.in

Importance of Social Media in Education

Social media plays an important role in every student’s life. It is easier and convenient to access
information, provide information and communicate via social media. Teachers and students are connected
to each other and can make good use of these platforms for the working of their education.
In this conversation with Scott Talan, an assistant professor in the School of Communication at American
University, get insights about the value of social media in teaching.

In a survey by Babson survey research group and Pearson, 4,000 teaching faculty from all disciplines in
higher education, representing U.S. higher education professors, examined both the personal and
professional impacts of social media.

According to the report, key findings were:

 64.4 percent of faculty use social media for their personal lives, 33.8 percent use it for teaching.
 41 percent for those under age 35 compared to 30 percent for those over age 55 reported using
social media in their teaching.
 Faculty in the Humanities and Arts, Professions and Applied Sciences, and the Social Sciences
use social media at higher rates than those in Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Computer
Science.
 Blogs and wikis are preferred for teaching, while Facebook or LinkedIn are used more for social
and professional connections.
 88 percent of faculty, regardless of discipline, reported using online video in the classroom.
 What is the social media impact for students in Education?

 Increased Student Collaboration

 Increased Student Participation

Benefits:  Team Projects are easier to review

 Rich eLearning Media available

 Video Conferencing abilities

 Student distraction can become issue

Disadvantages:  Lack of control for inappropriate content

 Relying on Social Media for all contact

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
Definition of terms

 Apps
- App is an abbreviated form of the word “application”
 Software
- The programs and other operating information used by computer
 Social media
- Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to
participate in social networking
 Cellphone
- A phone with access to a cellular radio system so it can be used over a wide area
without physical connection to a network
 Computer
- An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form,
according to instructions given to it in a variable programs
