Owner-S: Permanent Lining and Support in Fault Zones

r-s
ne
Site Investigation, Design & Construction
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
of Hydro & Transport Tunnels
e
sp e
re itz
Kathmandu, Nepal 19 - 20 December 2013
ir w
he - S
Permanent Lining
ft n
O tio
and support in fault zones
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
Chief Scientist Professor Eivind Grøv

st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
BRIEF OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e

re itz
Basis for implementation of sprayed concrete based
ir w
tunnelling
he - S
 Active design, a concept of hard rock tunnelling
ft n
O tio
 Sprayed concrete linings in adverse rock mass
conditions © a
n nd
tio ou
 Some miscellaneous aspects to be noted

ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Site investigation, Design & Construction of Hydro & Transport Tunnels | Kathmandu, Nepal – 19-20 December 2013
Basis for implementation of sprayed concrete
r-s
based tunnelling
ne
tiv nd
ow
Some specific principles that we take into
ec rla
e
sp e
account in Hard Rock tunnelling and unlined
re itz
tunnelling
ir w
he - S
 Self supporting capacity of the rock mass
ft n
O tio
 The thermal capacity of the rock mass
© a
n nd
 The impermeable capacity of the rock mass
tio ou
 The drained concept

ra F
st T
These are fundamental principles in Hard Rock

llu E
lI C
tunnelling and indeed all aspects of tunnelling

Al ITA
needs to reflect and take these into account

©
• Basis for implementation of sprayed concrete
r-s
based tunnelling
ne
tiv nd
ow
Fundamentals of tunnelling
ec rla
e
sp e
 The construction is a reversed process
re itz
ir w
 The remaining from the construction process is the
he - S
constructive element that takes loads, absorbs stresses and
ft n
O tio
is tight
© a
n nd
Challenges:
tio ou
• Understanding the capacity of the rock mass

ra F
st T
• How to possibly identify the variation in capabilities?

llu E
lI C
• How to obtain sufficient knowledge of the rock mass?

Al ITA
• How to take these variations into account in design

©
/construction?
Basis for implementation of sprayed concrete
r-s
based tunnelling
ne
tiv nd
ow
 In this context sprayed concrete is an ideal material:
ec rla
 Sprayed concrete offers a variety of properties!!
e
sp e
re itz
 Identify project needs/site conditions, specify requirements
ir w
he - S
accordingly;
ft n
O tio
Geological conditions are given; sprayed concrete capabilities can be
© a
n nd
designed
tio ou
ra F
 For some typical projects the following requirements apply;

st T
llu E
 long term durability of 50 years or more, moderate final strength,

lI C
Al ITA
ductile capacity, bond strength 1MPa or above

©
 Observe the variety in stiffness for steel bolts, rock mass and
sprayed concrete
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
 Postulate: “Sprayed concrete is basically water, cement and
e
sp e
re itz
aggregate. Start from this basis, identify required properties and
ir w
use additives and fibres where required to obtain them”
he - S
 Materials properties
ft n
O tio
 Bond, strength, stiffness, ductility, permeabilitet
© a
n nd
 Product properties
tio ou
 Durability, frost resistance, erosion resistance, surface treatment, HSE

ra F
st T
 Can properties be selected?

llu E
lI C
Al ITA
 Bond; Partly (?), Strength; Yes, Stiffness; Partly, Ductility; Yes.

Permeability; Yes.
©
Basis for implementation of
r-s
ne
sprayed concrete based
tiv nd
ow
tunnelling
ec rla
e
sp e
Clarification of a term
re itz
ir w
he - S
”Unlined” Tunnelling!
 Permanent rock support consists of rock
ft n
O tio
bolts and sprayed concrete
© a
n nd
 Primary support is approved as permanent
tio ou
on the condition that it meets the material
standard
ra F
st T
 Active design of support to fit the

llu E
encountered geological conditions

lI C
Al ITA
 Water control by grouting

©
Basis for implementation of sprayed
r-s
ne
concrete based tunnelling
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
Some call it;
ir w
he - S
 Sprayed concrete based tunnelling
ft n
 Single shell sprayed concrete lining
O tio
 SCL – Spray concrete lining © a
n nd
tio ou
Its basic philosophy;

ra F
st T
 Utilise the capability of the initial shotcrete lining to

llu E
lI C
form, or be part of the permanent structure to the

Al ITA
extent the quality of the materials allow

©
 All based on sprayed concrete

What characterises a hard rock regime?
r-s
1. It’s selfstanding capacity, i.e. the ability of the rock mass to
ne
tiv nd
maintain stability even after being subject to cavities being
ow
ec rla
made, man made or natural.
e
sp e
re itz
•“Stand-up” time implies that the rock mass is not a dead load.
ir w
he - S
Engineering approach to take this capacity into account.
•Rock strengthening may be needed to secure specified
ft n
O tio
capacities
© a
n nd
The mining industry learned
tio ou
us numerous cases with large

ra F
st T
span:
llu E
lI C
* Were 60-80 meters wide

Al ITA
* Were Stable
©
* With no rock support at all

HOW? WHY?
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
2. It’s impermeable nature, i.e. the actual permeability of the rock
ec rla
mass and associated discontinuities: vary 10-5m/sec to 10-
e
sp e
re itz
12m/sec.
•A typical jointed aquifer, water
ir w
he - S
occurs on the most permeable
ft n
discontinuities.
O tio
•The permeability of rock mass
© a
n nd
may be in the range of 10-8 m/sec.
tio ou
•The most conductive zones must

ra F
st T
Neither homogenous nor be identified and treated.

llu E
lI C
continuous, but suffering: •Prevent the tunnel imposing an

Al ITA
Cracks and joints adverse situation in the ground-

©
Weaknesses water regime.

Weathering
r-s
3. It’s stress induced confinement, the in-situ stress situation
ne
tiv nd
may vary from stress released rock bodies through a pure
ow
ec rla
gravitational stress situation to stresses resulting from long
e
sp e
re itz
tectonic history of the rock mass.
ir w
he - S
What made the Gjøvik hall
ft n
feasible??
O tio
Sufficient high horizontal
© a
n nd
stress!!
tio ou
In situ stress measurements

ra F
were done; σh=3-5MPa at a

st T
llu E
lI C
depth of 25-50m which is far

Al ITA
more than the theoretical

©
gravity approach
r-s
ne
tiv nd
4. It’s thermal capacity, i.e. the capacity to store energy
ow
ec rla
over significant amount of time.
e
sp e
re itz
An useful and important
ir w
he - S
property for:
ft n
•Cold storage eg. food
O tio
•Cooled/chilled gas storage
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
 The Scandinavian host rock: poor
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
to extremely good rock.
e
sp e
 Folding, faulting and high tectonic
re itz
ir w
stresses influence the quality of
he - S
the rock
ft n
 Weakness zones can exhibit
O tio
© a great variation in quality, Q-
n nd
values; extremely poor to good
tio ou
ra F
 The width of zones may be a few

st T
llu E
The same conditions can be found centimeters to tens of meters

lI C
a lot of different places and is

Al ITA
certainly not limited to Norway or  Permeability may vary

Scandinavia significantly
©
It is more a philosophy and courage

to utilize the rock mass properties  Hard rock not necessarily “good
rock”
A postulate
r-s
ne
tiv nd
 The rapid (???) technological development of
ow
ec rla
e
sprayed concrete enforces the users to specify its
sp e
re itz
correct applications
ir w
he - S
 Incorrect specification and application may cause
ft n
O tio
more harm than good, particularly as far as
© a
n nd
maintaining a positive reputation of the method
tio ou
A critical view on specifications and need is

ra F
st T
llu E
required, indeed
lI C
Al ITA
©
Sprayed concrete is basically water, cement &
aggregates. Start here, identify relevant
r-s
ne
properties and add fibre, additives as required!
tiv nd
ow
Typical specifications:
ec rla
e
sp e
 40 MPa final strength
re itz
ir w
he - S
 45 MPa final strength in e.g. sub-sea part
ft n
 Min. thickness of 80 mm (Norw. Road Authorities .spec)
O tio
© a
n nd
 MA-very aggressive, W/C ratio < 0,45
tio ou
 Ductile capacity/energy absorption according to 500-700

ra F
st T
llu E
or 1000J (E500 to E1000 resp.)

lI C
Al ITA
 Measures to deal with shotcrete in wet areas

©
 We often specify a ”super” mix

 Whilst the need might be a plain shotcrete
Typical mix design; properties & content
r-s
ne
 'Fast’; very high early strength; high cement
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
content and accelerator
e
sp e
re itz
 ‘Stiff’; high early & final strength; high cement
ir w
he - S
content and microsilica
ft n
 ‘Ductile’; high ductility & low stiffness; low/
O tio
© a
moderate cement content, high fibre, microsilica
n nd
tio ou
 ‘All-round’; moderate early&final strength &

ra F
ductility; moderate cement content & fibre

st T
llu E
 ‘Super’; high early & final strength & ductility;

lI C
Al ITA
low w/c-ratio, accelerator, high fibre & microsilica

©
r-s
Overview of properties of sprayed
ne
concrete in various geological conditions
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
Typical mix design
ne
tiv nd
ow
Improvements open new possibilities! Are we able to
ec rla
utilise these opportunities or do we specify yesterdays
e
sp e
re itz
products
ir w
Challenge of the
he - S
designer/owner to
ft n
O tio
choose mix design and
© a
n nd
product behaviour based
tio ou
on project needs
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Sprayed concrete properties should be selected
r-s
after an evaluation of whether one or several
ne
tiv nd
ow
mix designs will best fit the project conditions
ec rla
e
sp e
A typical example would be a traffic tunnel, requiring
re itz
ir w
 Allow no rock fall to the carriageway
he - S
ft n
 Allow exposed rock surface where rock mass quality is OK
O tio
© a
 Durability to ensure service life of 50 years, or more
n nd
tio ou
 Easy to clean and maintain

ra F
st T
llu E
Solutions
lI C
Al ITA
 Stiff (blocky and jointed rock)

©
 Ductile (swelling, squeesing or spalling conditions)

r-s
Sprayed concrete as permanent support, together with other tunnelling techniques
ne
tiv nd
constitute a tunnelling method ”Single shell shotcrete lining”
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
Active design
CROSS SECTION LONGITUDINAL SECTION
re itz
Previous holes New holes
ir w ~3m
1 Ground water control
he - S
TUNNEL
Probe drilling ahead of face
ft n
~3m
O tio
~20 m Overlap
Alternativ
Pre-grouting
Alternativ
with 2 holes with 3 holes min. 6 m
© a
n nd
Impervious zone, reduce water gradient
tio ou
Tested and documented to 2 l/min/100m

ra F
st T
2 Cautious blasting
llu E
lI C
Reduce the secondary cracking

Al ITA
Producing a smooth and even surface

©
r-s
Active design
ne
tiv nd
ow
3 Empirical guidelines and analytical/numerical modelling
ec rla
e
Several empirical methods at hand, Q, RMR etc
sp e
re itz
Numerical modelling is a powerful tool
ir w
Design verification and assessment and follow-up
he - S
4 Observations and monitoring
ft n
O tio
Visual observation of rock/shotcrete surfaces is first step
© a
n nd
Convergence pins, extensometers etc are second step
tio ou
These are input to revisions of design, support, modelling

ra F
5 Working procedures
st T
llu E
Ensure quality of works and ability to repeat work cycles

lI C
Al ITA
Critical work is carefully recorded and documented

©
Monitor support/grouting by experienced staff, adjust if needed
Active design
r-s
ne
6 Drained structure
tiv nd
ow
Support measures not designed to take the hydrostatic load
ec rla
e
Excessive water is not allowed to build up behind support
sp e
re itz
Controlled handling and discharge of water
ir w
he - S
7 Primary support approved as permanent
ft n
Primary support is normally securing safe working conditions
O tio
Apply rock support that fulfils the specs for permanent work
© a
n nd
Do as much as possible close to the tunnel face
tio ou
Supplement primary support; additional bolts, thicker shotcrete

ra F
st T
Permanent support close to the tunnel face!!

llu E
lI C
Approved primary support integrated in the permanent support

Al ITA
©
Active design  adaptability
r-s
ne
 Establish geological model on information at hand prior to
tiv nd
ow
excavation works.
ec rla
e
sp e
 A predefined set of rock support classes based on, for example,
re itz
empirical guidelines.
ir w
he - S
 A sound verification of these support classes by utilisation of
analytical and/or numerical models.
ft n
O tio
 A quantitative rock mass classification (e.g. the Q-system).
© a
n nd
 A confirmed procedure for the application of support classes,
tio ou
combined with rock mass classification, and rules to handle

ra F
occurrences beyond the coverage of the system.

st T
llu E
 A continuous evaluation of the geological model and the

lI C
predefined rock support classes based on experiences gained with

Al ITA
modifications if needed.
©
 An immediate classification of the rock mass quality at the tunnel

face.
Pre-requisites to tunneling
r-s
ne
tiv nd
Today’s tunneling industry sets forth a
ow
ec rla
number of pre-requisites:
e
sp e
re itz
Flexibility, adaptability, experience, cost
ir w
he - S
efficiency and decision making at the tunnel
ft n
face.
O tio
© a
The tunnelling shall allow: reliability,
n nd
tio ou
predictability (time and cost), planning, cost

ra F
control and documentation.

st T
It is typically Hard
llu E
lI C
”Active design” provides a flexible Rock, but not

Al ITA
tunnelling approach to adapt the support necessarily Good

©
and grouting efforts to the actual rock mass Rock!!

encountered
Drained tunnelling concept
r-s
ne
• Excessive water is not allowed
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
to build up behind support
e
sp e
re itz
• Support measures not designed
ir w
he - S
to take the hydrostatic load
ft n
• Controlled handling of water,
O tio
collection and discharge
© a
n nd
• Inner lining to prevent water
tio ou
ra F
entering into the traffic area

st T
llu E
• Inner lining does not interact

lI C
Al ITA
with the tunnel support

©
Reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete
r-s
Alkali-free accelerators
ne
tiv nd
ow
 Alkali-aggregate reaction reduction; by removal of the alkali content.
ec rla
 Work safety improvement; by reduced aggressiveness of accelerator
e
sp e
re itz
 Environmental protection improvement; by reducing the amount of
ir w
aggressive and harmful components being released to the ground water.
he - S
 Final strength compensation; by forming a homogenous and compact
ft n
concrete matrix.
O tio
 Alkali-free accelerators provides:
© a
n nd
 Early strength of 1 MPa after 1 hour.
tio ou
 Final strength reaching as a minimum the same level as without

ra F
accelerator.
st T
 Low rebound.
llu E
lI C
 300 mm thickness sprayed in one operation.

Al ITA
 Low corrosiveness.
©
 Reduced permeability.
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
 No difference in personal dust
ec rla
e
exposure between the alkali-free
sp e
re itz
and silicate based accelerators.
ir w
he - S
 Improved early strength
development for the alkali-free
ft n
O tio
accelerators compared to water
© a
n nd
glass.
tio ou
 Wet conditions at spraying surfaces

ra F
delay the early strength development

st T
llu E
lI C
for some accelerators.

Al ITA
 The tests indicate a durable,

©
homogenous final product.
r-s
Sprayed concrete linings in adverse rock mass conditions
ne
tiv nd
ow
 Q-value < 1, bolting as support
ec rla
e
sp e
measure may not be adequate on its
re itz
own.
ir w
he - S
 Rock mass between the bolts must be
ft n
stabilized by sprayed concrete.
O tio
 Increased number of tunnelling
© a
n nd
projects encounters adverse rock
tio ou
mass conditions, thus alternative

ra F
st T
solutions have been considered.

llu E
lI C
Al ITA
Reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete is one solution for adverse

rock mass conditions. It consists of fibre reinforced (and also
©
plain) sprayed concrete, radial bolts, and rebars.

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
The aim: to try and
sp e
re itz
extend the application
ir w
he - S
of permanent support
by means of sprayed
ft n
O tio
concrete and rock
© a
n nd
bolts
tio ou
ra F
For rock mass classified

st T
llu E
as 1>Q>0.001, the
lI C
Al ITA
application involving
reinforced ribs was
©
found to be the most

cost-effective
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Type of Sprayed Reinforced Cast-in-
ec rla
Support and concrete 250 ribs and place
The most favorable
e
results from mm, concrete sprayed concrete
sp e
UDEC invert, rock concrete, 2 m lining
re itz
combinations for support calculations bolts spacing (RRS) t=0,6m
ir w
invert,
he - S
in the Frøya-tunnel were 0,4m roof
& walls
ft n
(CCA)
found to be as shown in
O tio
Max. 14.4mm 17.1mm 17.3mm
the table: © a
n nd Displacement
after equlibr.
tio ou
Various numerical Max. axial 3.3 tons 11.6 tons -

ra F
loading on bolts
st T
calculations did not yield

llu E
lI C
Max. axial load 1.96 MN 0.88 MN 1.4 MN

any major difference
Al ITA
on the structure (roof) (roof) (roof)
between the various Max. joint 3.3m m 3.3mm 3.5mm

©
aperture
support systems Max. shear

displacement
10.7m m 10.7mm 11.7mm
Method advantages reinforced ribs
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
 On-site materials
ec rla
e
sp e
 On-site production
re itz
ir w
 Convenient construction
he - S

ft n
Cost effective
O tio
 © a
Ductile, allowing deformations without imposing
n nd
tio ou
load concentrations
ra F
st T
 Allows tunnel progress shortly after install

llu E
lI C
 Easy to repair and custom design

Al ITA
©
Contractual matters
r-s
• The Owner carries the risk for the rock mass conditions
ne
tiv nd
ow
• The Contractor carries the risk for the appropriate and efficient handling of the
ec rla
works focusing to improve technical and organisational performance.
e
sp e
• The Owner is responsible for the collection of information on ground conditions.
re itz
ir w
All information is disclosed to the tendering contractors for their own
he - S
interpretation.
ft n
• The Owner presents their estimate on quantities on rock support, rock mass
O tio
grouting etc. all expected measures are quantified in the tenders/contracts.
© a
n nd
• The contracts include regulations for extension of construction time based on
tio ou
actually performed quantities.

ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Construction
r-s
•High capacity equipment, multi-skilled workmen
ne
tiv nd
at the tunnelling face allowing high utilisation of
ow
ec rla
the equipment .
e
sp e
re itz
•Adaptability to the actual ground conditions,
ir w
careful following-up of the encountered rock mass
he - S
by mapping and classification for a best fit the of
ft n
O tio
rock support measures.
© a
n nd
•Observation of the ground behaviour by visual
tio ou
surveying and physical measurements if required

ra F
fulfilling the intentions of the Observational

st T
llu E
method.
lI C
Al ITA
•Installation of permanent rock support as close to

the tunnel face as practically possible fulfilling the
©
criteria for permanent support work.

Co-operation
r-s
In a broad perspective there are probably
ne
tiv nd
more common interests at the construction
ow
ec rla
site than interest of conflicts.
e
sp e
re itz
•Respect for the different roles and values
ir w
as tunnelling is a complex process and
he - S
various skills are needed at the
ft n
O tio
construction site.
© a
n nd
•Constructive co-operation between the
tio ou
representatives of the involved parties.

ra F
•Experienced professionals participating in

st T
llu E
the decision making.

lI C
Al ITA
•Solve conflicts at construction site by

negotiation after the technical issues have
©
been settled.
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
 Main principle: Apply rock support in accordance
ne
with the rock mass conditions encountered during
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
tunnelling
e
sp e
re itz
 Support method can be quickly adjusted to meet
ir w
the continuously changing quality of rock mass
he - S
 Experienced personnel are actively involved in
ft n
O tio
tunnelling process to make decisions on site
© a
n nd
 Contract is flexible enough to allow revisions to be
tio ou
made as more and better knowledge of the

ra F
ground conditions are obtained

st T
llu E
lI C
 Making decisions by right persons at the right

Al ITA
place and at the right time

©
r-s
 Extensive use of bolts and shotcrete, with
ne
tiv nd
ow
steel fibre reinforcement when required
ec rla
e
sp e
 Cast-in-place concrete is only used in
re itz
ir w
adverse conditions
he - S
ft n
 Spiling bolting and sprayed concrete arches
O tio
are used in connection with weakness© a
n nd
tio ou
zones
ra F
 Pre-grouting ahead of face is a normal

st T
llu E
lI C
tunnelling procedure in conditions with

Al ITA
potential water leakage problems

©
r-s
 Very good to extremely good rock mass:
ne
tiv nd
 Only spot bolting
ow
ec rla
 Poor to good rock mass:
e
sp e
 Bolting with shotcrete
re itz
 Length & pattern are decided by size of tunnel and the quality of
ir w
he - S
rock mass
 Shotcrete with steel fibre up to 10mm thick, may increse to 20mm
ft n
O tio
for poorer rock mass
© a
 Support is installed after each round of blasting
n nd
 Adverse rock mass conditions:
tio ou
 Weak rock with high stress or weakness zone

ra F
st T
 Reduced blasting rounds

llu E
 Use of spiling bolts ahead of face

lI C
Al ITA
 Reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete

 Cast-in-place concrete for the most extreme cases
©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
CT-Bolt
st T
Spiling bolting
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
Reinforced shotcrete ribs

©
r-s
ne
• Alkali-aggregate reaction reduction; by removal of
tiv nd
ow
the alkali content.
ec rla
• Work safety improvement; by reduced
e
sp e
aggressiveness of accelerator
re itz
• Environmental protection improvement; by
ir w
reducing the amount of aggressive and harmful • No difference in personal dust
he - S
components being released to the ground water. exposure between the alkali-free
ft n
• Final strength compensation; by forming a and silicate based accelerators.
O tio
homogenous and compact concrete matrix. • Improved early strength
© a
n nd development for the alkali-free
•Alkali-free accelerators provides:
tio ou
- Early strength of 1 MPa after 1 hour. accelerators compared to water
ra F
- Final strength reaching as a minimum the same glass.

st T
level as without accelerator. • Wet conditions at spraying

llu E
- Low rebound. surfaces delay the early strength

lI C
Al ITA
- 300 mm thickness sprayed in one operation. development for some

- Low corrosiveness. accelerators.
©
- Reduced permeability. • The tests indicate a durable,

homogenous final product.
r-s
ne
Q-value < 1, bolting as support measure
tiv nd
ow
may not be adequate on its own.
ec rla
e
sp e
Rock mass between the bolts must be
re itz
stabilized by sprayed concrete.
ir w
he - S
Increased number of tunnelling projects
ft n
encounters adverse rock mass
O tio
conditions, thus alternative solutions © a
n nd
have been considered.
tio ou
ra F
Reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete is one solution for adverse

st T
llu E
rock mass conditions. It consists of fibre reinforced (and also

lI C
Al ITA
plain) sprayed concrete, radial bolts, and rebars.

©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
The aim: to try and
sp e
re itz
extend the application
ir w
he - S
of permanent support
by means of sprayed
ft n
O tio
concrete and rock
© a
n nd
bolts
tio ou
ra F
For rock mass classified

st T
llu E
as 1>Q>0.001, the
lI C
Al ITA
application involving
reinforced ribs was
©
found to be the most

cost-effective
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Type of Sprayed Reinforced Cast-in-
ec rla
Support and concrete 250 ribs and place
The most favorable
e
results from mm, concrete sprayed concrete
sp e
UDEC invert, rock concrete, 2 m lining
re itz
combinations for support calculations bolts spacing (RRS) t=0,6m
ir w
invert,
he - S
in the Frøya-tunnel were 0,4m roof
& walls
ft n
(CCA)
found to be as shown in
O tio
Max. 14.4mm 17.1mm 17.3mm
the table: © a
n nd Displacement
after equlibr.
tio ou
Various numerical Max. axial 3.3 tons 11.6 tons -

ra F
loading on bolts
st T
calculations did not yield

llu E
lI C
Max. axial load 1.96 MN 0.88 MN 1.4 MN

any major difference
Al ITA
on the structure (roof) (roof) (roof)
between the various Max. joint 3.3m m 3.3mm 3.5mm

©
aperture
support systems Max. shear

displacement
10.7m m 10.7mm 11.7mm
Method advantages reinforced ribs
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
 On-site materials
ec rla
e
sp e
 On-site production
re itz
ir w
 Convenient construction
he - S

ft n
Cost effective
O tio
 © a
Ductile, allowing deformations without imposing
n nd
tio ou
load concentrations
ra F
st T
 Allows tunnel progress shortly after install

llu E
lI C
 Easy to repair and custom design

Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
Spiling bolts used in a hydropower project

lI C
Al ITA
in Vietnam for tunnelling through a large

weakness zone
©
Cave-in at Buon Kuop HPP - 5 km of headrace tunnel:
600
550 Cave-in location
r -s
500
ne
tiv nd
450
ow
ec rla
400
e
sp e
350
re itz
300
ir w
250
he - S
200
ft n
52
311
570
870
1152
1434
1717
1999
2281
2563
2845
3127
3409
3691
3973
4265
O tio
© a
Two parallel tunnels with D = 9 m
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
=9m
AC
 =9m
IT
©
22 m
lI
Al
r-s
ne
tiv nd
60m
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
- No probe drilling
ra F
- Material flows in with water

st T
- Weakness zone is about 15-

llu E
lI C
20 m wide
Al ITA
©
Support measures in the first tunnel
• Concrete re-filling
• Spiling bolts (L=6 m, f=50 mm, d1=30 cm, d2=2 m)
r-s
• Half face and 1 m of manually excavation
ne
• Shotcrete, and
tiv nd
ow
• Steel ribs
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Support measures in the second tunnel
• Spiling bolts (L=6 m, f=50 mm, d1=30 cm, d2=2 m)

• Half face and 1 m of manually excavation
r-s
• Shotcrete, and
ne
• Steel ribs
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Numerical modelling Excavation with only spiling bolts: To study the support
efficiency of the spiling bolts;
● No support: >1500 mm
r-s
● Spiling bolts: 75 mm
ne
● Spiling bolts + bolt fixed: 20 mm
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Numerical modelleing - Excavation with spiling bolts and steel ribs, shotcrete:
To check the tunnel stability with the designed support measure.
r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
All in all, the method
provides:
● With a proper tool and
r-s
input, complicated
ne
tiv nd
excavation and rock
ow
ec rla
support in an extremely
e
sp e
re itz
poor ground condition
ir w
can be modelled;
he - S
● Such complicated
ft n
O tio
support measure as
© a
n nd
spiling bolts can be
tio ou
convincingly
ra F
demonstrated;
st T
llu E
● The numerical modelling

lI C
Al ITA
tools is considered to be
very useful tool in such
©
situations.
r-s
Conclusions
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
 Permanent sprayed concrete lining in active
e
sp e
re itz
design together with other tunnelling techniques;
ir w
he - S
 is a cost effective and flexible tunnelling method,
ft n
O tio
which is utilising;
© a
n nd
 the versatility of sprayed concrete,
tio ou
 and fulfils;
ra F
st T
llu E
 demands on adaptability, predictability and

lI C
Al ITA
documentation
©
r-s
ne
Site Investigation, Design & Construction
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
of Hydro & Transport Tunnels
e
sp e
re itz
Kathmandu, Nepal 19 - 20 December 2013
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
Disclaimer
© a
n nd
A. The speakers are presenting their own personal views and are not expressing the
tio ou
view of the Foundation.

ra F
st T
B. Papers and documents displayed or handed out during the Event are copyrighted.
llu E
lI C
The participants must observe and comply with all applicable law regulations
Al ITA
concerning the copyright.

©

Owner-S: Permanent Lining and Support in Fault Zones

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Owner-S: Permanent Lining and Support in Fault Zones

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Owner-S: Permanent Lining and Support in Fault Zones

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

r-s

Chief Scientist Professor Eivind Grøv

 Some miscellaneous aspects to be noted

 The drained concept

These are fundamental principles in Hard Rock

tunnelling and indeed all aspects of tunnelling

needs to reflect and take these into account

• Understanding the capacity of the rock mass

• How to possibly identify the variation in capabilities?

• How to obtain sufficient knowledge of the rock mass?

• How to take these variations into account in design

 For some typical projects the following requirements apply;

 long term durability of 50 years or more, moderate final strength,

ductile capacity, bond strength 1MPa or above

 Durability, frost resistance, erosion resistance, surface treatment, HSE

 Can properties be selected?

 Bond; Partly (?), Strength; Yes, Stiffness; Partly, Ductility; Yes.

 Active design of support to fit the

encountered geological conditions

 Water control by grouting

Its basic philosophy;

 Utilise the capability of the initial shotcrete lining to

form, or be part of the permanent structure to the

extent the quality of the materials allow

 All based on sprayed concrete

us numerous cases with large

* Were 60-80 meters wide

* With no rock support at all

•The most conductive zones must

Neither homogenous nor be identified and treated.

continuous, but suffering: •Prevent the tunnel imposing an

Cracks and joints adverse situation in the ground-

Weaknesses water regime.

In situ stress measurements

were done; σh=3-5MPa at a

depth of 25-50m which is far

more than the theoretical

 The width of zones may be a few

The same conditions can be found centimeters to tens of meters

a lot of different places and is

certainly not limited to Norway or  Permeability may vary

It is more a philosophy and courage

A critical view on specifications and need is

 Ductile capacity/energy absorption according to 500-700

or 1000J (E500 to E1000 resp.)

 Measures to deal with shotcrete in wet areas

 We often specify a ”super” mix

 ‘All-round’; moderate early&final strength &

ductility; moderate cement content & fibre

 ‘Super’; high early & final strength & ductility;

low w/c-ratio, accelerator, high fibre & microsilica

 Easy to clean and maintain

 Stiff (blocky and jointed rock)

 Ductile (swelling, squeesing or spalling conditions)

Probe drilling ahead of face

Tested and documented to 2 l/min/100m

Reduce the secondary cracking

Producing a smooth and even surface