Non-Communicable

Diseases
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases
• Illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to
another.
• agent-the population and their characteristics
• host-the factors that may cause disease
• environment - the physical environment, behaviors,
cultural factors, physiology, and other external factors that
impact disease.
Double Burden Of Disease

• Non-communicable Disease(NCD)-leading cause of mortality

• Cardiovascular diseases
• 58% of deaths were caused by heart disease & 30. 2% were caused by the
vascular system
• Communicable Disease-leading cause of morbidity
• Pneumonia leading cause of mortality & morbidity in terms of communicable
disease.
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) Diseases

Multicausation disease model

Visual representation of
the host together with various
internal and external factors that
promote and protect against
disease.
Multicausation disease model
1.BIOLOGIC
2.NUTRIENT
3.CHEMICAL
4.PHYSICAL
5.MECHANICAL
6.ENVIRONMENTAL
7.SOCIAL
8.ECONOMIC
9.PSYCHOLOGICAL
10.CULTURAL
11.GENETIC
 Noncommunicable (noninfectious) Diseases
Acute poisoning, injury
Acute- severity of symptoms (due to motor
occurs and subsides within 3 vehicle crash, fire,
months & recovery is complete. gunshot, etc.)
Chronic Diabetes, coronary
heart disease,
Chronic-symptoms continue
osteoarthritis,
longer than 3 months and, in some cirrhosis of the liver
cases, for the remainder of one’s due to alcoholism,
life. Recovery is slow and hypertension,
sometimes incomplete. hypercholesterolem
ia, and cancer.
An Introduction to Community & Public Health by James McKenzie
Risk Factors
• Unmodifiable
• Factor contributing to the development of a noncommunicable
disease that cannot be altered by modifying one’s behavior or
environment.
• Ex. Age, Sex, Genetics

• Modifiable risk factor

• can be altered by modifying one’s behavior or environment.
• Ex. Stress, Diet, Exercise
Biomedical Basis of Non-Communicable Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
• Leading cause of death
• Advanced Age
• Men>women
• Blacks> Whites
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Arrhythmias
• Diseases of the arteries
• Congestive heart failure
• Valvular heart disease
• Rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart
disease
• Congenital heart defects
Atherosclerosis

Narrowing of the blood vessels

results from the buildup of fatty
deposits on the inner walls of
arteries.
Cancer
• the second leading cause of
death in the United States
• Neoplasia means “new growth,”
and a new growth is called a
neoplasm.
• Tumor =neoplasm.
• Oncology (Greek oncos = tumor)
is the study of tumors or Gross appearance of ovarian cystic teratoma
neoplasms
Benign Tumors

A tumor is said to be
benign when its gross and
microscopic appearances are
considered relatively innocent,
implying that it will remain
localized, will not spread to other
sites, and is amenable to local
surgical removal
Malignant Tumors
• Referred to as cancers, derived from the Latin word-crab
• Malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites
(metastasize) to cause death.
• Sarcomas (Greek sar =fleshy)
• Malignant tumors arising in solid mesenchymal tissues
• Ex. fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcomawhereas those arising
• Leukemia/ lymphomas
• from blood-forming cells .
• Carcinomas
• Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin
• Derived from any of the three germ layers
• cancers arising in the ectodermally derived epidermis
• the mesodermally derived renal
• tubules, and the endodermally derived lining of the gastrointestinal tract
Metastasis
Defined by the spread of a tumor to sites that are physically
discontinuous with the primary tumor, and unequivocally marks a
tumor as malignant, as by definition benign neoplasms do not
metastasize.
Hallmarks of Cancer
Tumor Markers

• Biochemical assays for tumor-associated enzymes, hormones, and

other tumor markers in the blood cannot be used for definitive
diagnosis of cancer

• Detection of cancer and in some instances are useful in

determining the effectiveness of therapy or the appearance of a
recurrence.
Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases
Primary Preventive Measure

• adequate food and energy supplies

• good opportunities for education
• employment
• housing and community services.
• health promotion and health education programs,
• health and medical services
• protection from environmental and occupational hazards
• exercising adequately
• maintaining appropriate weight
• limiting alcohol use and avoiding drugs.
Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases
Secondary Preventive Measure
• provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases
• definitive diagnosis and prompt treatment of any diseases detected
• case-finding measures
• the provision of adequate health personnel, equipment, and facilities for the
community.
Screening Methods
• self-examination of skin for abnormal
moles
• testes for lumps that could be
cancerous,
• Hemoccult test (for colorectal cancer),
• Pap test (for cervical cancer)
• PSA test (for prostate cancer)
• mammography (for breast cancer)
• screenings for diabetes, glaucoma, or
hypertension.
• dental checkups
Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases
Tertiary Preventive Measure
• adequate emergency medical personnel, services, and facilities to
meet the needs of those citizens for whom primary and secondary
preventive measures were unsuccessful
• include ambulance services, hospitals, physicians and surgeons,
nurses, and other allied health professionals
• Strict adherence to prescribed medications, exercise programs, diet.
Tertiary Preventive Measure
• Example, a heart attack patient could receive nutrition education and
counseling and be encouraged to participate in a supervised exercise
program, thus maximizing the use of remaining capabilities. This could lead
to a resumption of employment and the prevention of a second heart attack.