Introduction

Electronic Components
Introduction

Electronic Devices
Introduction

Particles of an Atom
 Electronics

Electrons
negatively charged particles that are
responsible for current flow in an
electronic device or network

Electronics
branch of science that deals with the
study of electrical circuits and active
electrical components such as vacuum
tubes, transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits
 History of Electronics

March 20, 1800

Italian physicist Alessandro Volta

1826
German physicist Georg Simon Ohm
formulated the current-voltage
relationship for a resistor
August 29, 1831
English chemist and physicist
Michael Faraday discovered the
electromagnetic induction
1847
German physicist Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff formulated two laws that
will help analyze even simple
circuits
 History of Electronics

1865 to 1873
James Maxwell researched on
electromagnetic waves theory
1887
Heinrich Hertz transmitted a radio
wave within a short distance
June 2, 1875
Scottish-American scientist
Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas
Watson transmitted a musical note
leads to invention of the telephone
by Bell
 History of Electronics

1879
Thomas Alva Edison invented the
incandescent bulb
1896
Guglielmo Marconi made the first
practical use of radio waves for
communication by sending Morse
code over 100 yards
1897
Karl Braun invented the cathode-
ray tube in 1897 that was later
developed and became the picture
tube found in early television sets
 History of Electronics

1904
Fleming used a diode as a radio
signal detector
first color television system based
on the principle of scanning three
different colors is proposed
1906
de Forest invented the audion or
triode used to amplify weak signals
1927
AT&T performed the first long
distance television broadcast from
Washington to New York
1929
Vladimir Zworykin invented the all-
electric camera tube
 History of Electronics

1941
NTSC (National Television System
Committee) standards were set
1944
Howard Aiken of Harvard invented
an all-electronic calculator also
-IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator or

1945
John von Neumann designed the
EDVAC or Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
 History of Electronics

1947
Walter Brattain and John Bardeen
pioneered the invention of the
point-contact transistor
 History of Electronics

1951
UNIVAC or Universal Automatic
Computer was invented by
Remington Rand
William Shockley invented the first
junction transistor
1956
transistors were used to come up
with smaller, faster and more
energy-efficient computers such as
the supercomputers manufactured
by IBM
 History of Electronics

1958
John Kilby invented the integrated
circuit

1971
Intel 4004 chip was developed that
contained all the important
components of a computer such as
the central processing unit (CPU),
the memory and input and output
controls in a single chip
 Electrical Units

SI STANDARD SYSTEM

System Internationale (SI)

developed by the General Conference
on Weights and Measurements in 1960
has six basic units and four derived
units that are commonly used by test
engineers and technicians
 Electrical Units

Unit
Quantity Unit Dimension
Abbreviation
Basic
Mass kilogram kg m
Length meter m l
Time second s t
Electric Charge coulomb C Q
Temperature degree Kelvin oK T
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Derived
Electric Current ampere A Q/t
Force newton N m.l/t2
Work or Energy joule J m.l2/t2
Power watt W m.l2/t3

SI Basic and Derived Units

 Electrical Units

Sample Problems:

Example No.1
How much force is needed to move a 3-
kg mass by 4.5 m/s2?

Solution:

F = ma
(
= (3 kg ) 4.5 m s 2 )
= 13.5 kg.m s 2
= 13.5 N
 Electrical Units

Example No.2
What is the equivalent power if 25 J of
work is done for 10 s?

Solution:

E
P
t
25 J 10 s
2.5 J s
2.5 W
 Conversion of Units

BRITISH SYSTEM OF UNITS

Quantity British Unit SI Unit

Length 1 inch (in) 0.0254 m

1 foot (ft) 0.3048 m

Mass 1 pound-mass (lb) 0.45359 kg

Force 1 pound-force (lbf) 4.44822 N

Energy 1 foot pound-force (ft.lbf) 1.35582 J

1 foot pound-force per
Power 1.35582 W
second (ft.lbf/s)
 Conversion of Units

Sample Problems:

Example No.3
How many inches are there in 11 meters?

Solution:
From the equivalence relationship
between inches and meters, we know
that 1 inch = 0.0254 m.

1
number of inches 11 meters
0.0254 m
433.07 inches
 Conversion of Units

Example No.4
How many meters are there in 23 inches?

Solution:

0.0254 meter
number of inches = 23 inches ×
1 inch

0.0254
number of inches 23 inches meter
1
0.5842 meter
 Conversion of Units

Example No.5
How many kilograms are there in 18
pound-masses?

Solution:

0.45359 kg
number of kilograms = 18 pound - masses ×
1 pound - mass

number of kilograms 0.45359

18 1 kg
8.16 kg
Scientific Notation

developed in order to make life

easier by providing a means of
writing quantities in a more
compact form
for example, 0.000056 V reading of
the a test engineer could be
expressed in scientific notation as

0.000056 V = 5.6 x 10-5 V

where:
5.6 base
10-5- power of 10

another example, 1,500,000 W

reading in scientific notation is

1,500,000 W = 1.5 x 106 W

 Scientific Notation

Solution:
Identify first the base. From the original
given number, 0.000000756 A, we moved
the decimal point 7 places to the right in
order to obtain the base, 7.56.
 Scientific Notation

The power of ten is positive if we move

the decimal point to the left.
The power of ten is negative if we move
the decimal place to the right.

Since we moved the decimal point 7

places to the right to obtain the base
number 7.56, then the power of 10 must
be -7.

7.56 x 10-7 A
 Scientific Notation

Example No.7
Express 15,100 W in scientific notation.

Solution:
Identify first the base. The number
15,100 is a whole number so we move
the decimal point 4 places to the left.

Since we moved the decimal point to the

left, this gives a positive power of 10 and
in this case, the power of 10 is 4.

1.51 x 104 W
 Using the Calculator

A. Enter the number 5.63 x 109 in the

calculator.
1. Enter the base 5.63.

2. Press EXP in your calculator.

3. Enter the power of 10, which in

this case is 9.

B. Enter the number 4.75 x 10-6 in

the calculator.

1. Enter the base 4.75.

2. Press EXP in your calculator.
3. Enter the power of 10, which in
this case is -6.
 Standard Prefixes

Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

109 Giga G

106 Mega M

103 Kilo K
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n

10-12 pico p
 Standard Prefixes

Example No.8
Express 130,100 V in terms of kilovolts.

Solution:
130,000 V = 130 x 103 V
= 130 kilovolts
= 130 kV

Example No.9
Express 0.0000000853 F in terms of
nanofarad.

Solution:
0.0000000853 F = 85.3 x 10-9
= 85.3 nanofarad
= 85.3 nF
 Standard Prefixes

Example No.10
How many microseconds are there in 16
seconds?
 Standard Prefixes

Example No.11
How many kilovolts are there in 53,500 V?
 Charge

property of matter that causes it

to experience a force when near
other electrically charged matter

Two Types:
1. Positive Charge
2. Negative Charge

Coulomb
fundamental unit of charge
named after the French scientist
Charles Coulomb
6.24 x 1018 electrons
 Current

movement of charge
rate by which charge is moving from a
given reference point in a directed
manner
intensité de
courant current intensity
symbol I or i
dq
i
dt

In terms of total charge moving

through a reference point:

Q
i t
 Current

I
-
V I
+
+V- DC

(a) (b)

-3 A 3A
I
I

+V- +V-

(c) (d)

Current Flows
 Current

Types of Current:
a. Direct Current (DC)
b. Alternating Current (AC)
c. Exponential
d. Sawtooth

I I

DC AC

t t

(a) (b)

I I

t
Exponential Sawtooth

(c) (d)
 Voltage

potential difference across an element

work done in moving a unit charge
(+1 coulomb) from one end to the
other of that element
measure of work required to move a
charge through an element

10 V -10 V

(a) (b)

Voltage Polarity Convention

 Electricity

one of the most important forms of

energy in the world today

Benjamin Franklin
investigated whether or not
lightning is an electrical
phenomenon through a stormy kite
flight in 1752

Plasma
stream of electrified air
 Electricity

Static Electricity
not moving or stationary
made by rubbing two things

Rubbing
 Electricity

Balloon sticking to the wall

 Circuits and Networks

Circuit
interconnection of simple
electrical devices wherein there is
at least one closed path and there
is current flow

Planar Circuit
a circuit drawn on a plane surface
such that no branch passes over or
under any other branch
 Circuits and Networks

10 V

A Planar Network
Circuits and Networks

10 V

A Non-Planar Network
Circuits and Networks

Circuit Element
active or passive functional part of
an electronic circuit such as
resistors, capacitors, diodes and
transistors

Network
an electric circuit that contains at
least one closed path
Circuits and Networks

Element 1

Vs

Element 3

A Network but not a circuit

Vs

A Network that is a circuit

Circuits and Networks

Switch: OFF

- Battery + Bulb

Switch Open, Flashlight OFF

Switch: ON

- Battery + Bulb

Switch Closed, Flashlight ON

 Energy

ability to do work
can be absorbed or supplied

Work
done while transferring charge
through an element

i = 1A

A
+
2V LOAD
-
B
 Energy

+
3V I
-

3V DC Source Connected with a load

 Power

rate by which work is done or energy

is used
represented by P or p
directly proportional to the voltage
across and current through a device

P = VI