DESIGN POWER PLANT

by

Malabanan, Edd Brandon G.

Manebo, Noel F.
Martinez, Ritz B.

A Design Report Submitted to the School of Electrical Engineering,

Electronics Engineering, and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of
the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Mapua University

January 2020

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

Objectives 3

Geographical Statistics 4

PROJECT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND RATE DESIGN 12

POWER PLANT OPERATION 22

POWER PLANT DESIGN FOR DINAGAT ISLAND 27

SPECIFICATIONS 40

DEVICES USED FOR PROTECTION 41

DEVICES USED FOR MONITORING 43

DEVICES USED FOR MEASUREMENT 44

Coal-Fired Power Plant in Dinagat island 45

Biomass Power Plant in Dinagat island 48

Catalogue 51

References 62

2
Objectives:

• To determine the geographical statistics, population, comparable demand statistics,

historical and potential electricity demand (MW & MWh), and 10-year demand forecast
of Dinagat Island Power Plant.
• To design the Power Plant Configuration that will meet the demand of the total island of
Dinagat Island for the next 5 years starting 2023.
• To study how power plants operate.
• To design power plants for Dinagat Island including the single line diagram,
specifications, and devices used for protection, monitoring, and measurement.
• To recommend other power plants that can be built in Dinagat Island by stating its
advantages and disadvantages for the community.

3
 I. Geographical Statistics
Geography:

Located to the northeast of Surigao del Norte, the Dinagat Islands are separated physically from
the mainland of Surigao City by a narrow channel, which takes about 45 minutes to cross by
pumpboat from the Surigao City Port to San Jose Port. The province is one of the smallest island
provinces in the country with a total land area of 1,036.34 square kilometres (400.13 sq mi).
The province consists of the eponymous Dinagat Island and surrounding islands and islets,
including Cabilan Island in Dinagat, La Isla Aga and Lalaking Bukid in Basilisa, Kisses
Islets in Libjo, and Hibuson, Stingray Islet, and Puyo Islet in Loreto. Mount Redondo is Dinagat
highest point standing at 939 metres (3,081 ft) above sea level.
The Dinagat Islands are known for
its caves, resorts, and beaches.
These include Bitaug Beach,
Campintac Black Beach No. 2,
Linao Spring Resort, and San Juan
Cave (all in Loreto), Lake Bababu,
Puerto Prinsesa Beach & Hagakhak
Cave in Basilisa, Tagberayan
Beach, Sayaw Beach, Legaspi
Water Falls, Hinabyan and
Leandro's Beach Resort in
Cagdianao, Talisay Beach in
Tubajon, Quano Blue Lagoon and
Quano Cave, Ben Paz Mountain
Resort and Oasis Islet Resort in
Libjo, and the Cab-ilan Beach &
Cab-ilan Gamay Beach in Dinagat.

4
Topography:

Dinagat Islands are separated physically from the

mainland of Surigao City by a narrow channel, which takes
about 45 minutes to cross by pumpboat from the Surigao City
Port to San Jose Port. The province is one of the smallest
island provinces in the country with a total land area of
1,036.34 square kilometres (400.13 sq mi).  The province
consists of the eponymous Dinagat Island and surrounding
islands and islets, including Cabilan Island in Dinagat, La Isla
Aga and Lalaking Bukid in Basilisa, Kisses Islets in Libjo, and
Stingray Islet and Puyo Islet in Loreto. The Dinagat Islands are
known for its caves, resorts, and beaches.

Population:

Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH), the province of Dinagat Islands
posted a total population of 126,803 persons as of May 1, 2010. This is larger by 19,852 persons compared
to its total population of 106,951 persons counted in the 2000 CPH. The increase in the population count
from 2000 to 2010 translated to an average annual population growth rate (PGR) of 1.72 percent. This is
higher than the 0.79 percent annual PGR of the province between the census years 1990 and 2000.

If the average annual PGR recorded at 1.72 percent during the period 2000 to 2010 continues, the
population of Dinagat Islands would double in 41 years.

Fifty years ago, the population of Dinagat Islands was only 22,761 persons. This population size
is less than one fifth of the population of the province in the 2010 CPH.

5
.

The number of households in 2010 was recorded at 27,460, higher by 6,896 households compared

with the 20,564 households posted in 2000. The average household size in 2010 was 4.6 persons, lower

than the average household size of 5.2 persons in 2000.

Waste Practice:

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II. Comparable Electricity Demand Statistics

7
8
 ACTUAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND

The graph shows the general information of DIELCO in Dinagat Island. It also shows the

energy sales per customer type.

9
DEMAND FORECAST/ PROJECTIONS

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PEAK DEMAND FORECAST (Using MS Excel Regression Analysis)

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III. PROJECT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND RATE DESIGN

12
 The Graph from above is the projected MW demand for Dinagat Island up to year 2025. It

was projected using regression analysis using the actual values of Peak MW demand from previous

years.

LOCATION DINAGAT ISLAND

POPULATION 147,004
DENSITY(persons/HH) 6.04
no. of households (HH) 24338.41
typical hh consumption (kWh/mo) 38.38
total hh consumption (kWh/mo) 934,108
%hh over total 51%
total island consumption (kWh/mo) 1,831,584.31
system load factor 10.00%
coincident demand (kW) 25,090.20
diversity factor 1.05
non-coincident (kW) 26,344.71

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 Computation:

Total household consumption=typical hh consumption*no of household=934,108kWh/mo

Total island consumption = total hh consumption / %hh over total= 1,831,584.31kWh/mo

Coincident demand = total island consumption / (load factor*730) = 25,090.20kWh/mo

Non-coincident demand=diversity factor * coincident demand = 26,344.71kWh/mo

Type of Generators Capacity (MW) No. of Units Total (MW)

Coal 10 3 30
Biomass 5 2 10
Total 40
%Reserve 51.83%

Computation:

PMW COAL = capacity * no of units = 30 MW

PMW BIOMASS = capacity * no of units = 10 MW

PMW TOTAL = coal + biomass= 40 MW

%Reserve = (Ptotal *1000)-coincident demand / coincident demand = 51.83%

Production Plant Factor Hours kWh/yr

Coal 6.10% 534.30 16,029,011.76
Biomass 35.00% 595.00 5,950,000.00
Annual Customer consumption 21,979,011.76

Computation:

Coal Power Plant

Plant Factor = 6.10 %

Production hours = coal plant factor*(24x365) = 534.30 hrs

kWh/yr (Coal-Fired Power Plant) = production hrs * total MW * 1000 = 16,029,011.76 kWh/yr

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 Biomass Power plant

Plant Factor = Hours / (24*365) = 35%

Production hours = kWh/yr / (total MW*1000) =595.00hrs

kWh/yr (biomass) = (total island consumption*12) - kWh/yr (Biomass)

= 5,950,000.00 kWh/yr

Investment Costs $/kW Total $ Total Pesos

Coal 1,468 44,040,000.00 2,312,100,000
Biomass 1,748 17,480,000.00 917,700,000
Total 3,229,800,000
Peso/US Dollar exchange rate: 52.50

Computation:

Total $(coal)= coal cost ($/kW) *total MW (coal)*1000 = $44,040,000.00

Total $( Bbomass)= biomass cost($/kW) *total MW (biomass)*1000 =$ 17,480,000.00

Total Php (coal) = Coal $ * exchange rate = Php 2,312,100,000

Total Php (biomass) = biomass $ * exchange rate = Php 917,700,000

Total Php = total coal + total biomass = Php3,229,800,000

Heat Rate Fuel Cost Fuel Cost

FUEL COST BTU/kWh $/MMBTU Pesos/kWh
Coal 9,773 1.80 0.9235485
Biomass 13,500 0.07 0.0496125
Computation:

Fuel Cost coal (Php/kWh) = 53.3*(Fuel Cost $ / MMBTU (coal)*Heat Rate BTU/kWh(coal)
/1000000= 0.9235485

Fuel Cost biomass (Php/kWh) = 53.3*(Fuel Cost $ / MMBTU (coal)*Heat Rate

BTU/kWh(biomass) /1000000= 0.0496125

Total O&M O&M ($/kW) % Pesos/Year Fixed

Coal 42.1 2.87% 66,307,500 70%
Biomass BFB 110 6.29% 57,750,000 70%

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 Computation:

% O&M (coal)= O&M ($/kW) coal / $/kW(coal) = 2.87%

% O&M (biomass)= O&M ($/kW) biomass / $/kW (biomass)= 6.29%

O&M cost/year(coal) = total pesos (coal) * %O&M (coal)= Php 66,307,500 /yr

O&M cost/year(biomass) = total pesos (biomass) * %O&M (biomass)= Php 57,750,000 /yr

Working Capital Computation Fuel Variable O&M Total

Coal 14,803,570 19,892,250 34,695,820
Biomass BFB 295,194 17,325,000 17,620,194
1 month work capital 4,359,668

Computation:

Fuel (coal) = Fuel cost (php/kwh) *kWh/yr (coal)= Php 14,803,570

Fuel (biomass) = Fuel cost (php/kwh) *kWh/yr (biomass) = 295,194

Variable (coal) = O&M cost (coal)*(1-0.7) = Php 19,892,250/yr

Variable (biomass) = O&M cost (biomass)*(1-0.7) = 17,325,000/ yr

Total Capital (coal) = fuel + variable O&M =Php 34,695,820 /yr

Total Capital (biomass) = fuel + variable O&M = Php 17,620,194 /yr

1 months working capital = Total capital (coal + biomass) * 1/12 = Php 4,359,668

Depreciation Life (years) depreciation (P/yr)

Coal 30 77,070,000
Biomass BFB 30 30,590,000

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 Computation:

Depreciation (coal) = total php cost (coal) / life (coal) =Php 77,070,000 /yr

Depreciation (biomass) = total php cost (biomass) / life (biomass)= Php 30,590,000 /yr

Fixed O&M Computation

Coal 46,415,250.00
Biomass 40,425,000.00

Computation:

Fixed (coal) = O&M cost (coal)*(0.7) = Php 46,415,250/yr

Fixed (biomass) = O&M cost (biomass)*(0.7) = Php 40,425,000 /yr

Rate Base Computation COAL BIOMASS TOTAL

Investment Cost 2,312,100,000 917,700,000 3,229,800,000
1 month work capital 2,891,318 1,468,349.5 4,359,667.8
Total Plants in Service 2,314,991,318 919,168,350 3,234,159,668
RORB @12% 277,798,958 110,300,202 388,099,160

Computation:

Total investment cost = investment cost (coal + biomass) = Php 3,229,800,000/ yr

Total work capital allowance = Php 4,359,667.8 /yr

Total plants in service = total (investment cost + work capital allowance) =Php 3,234,159,668/yr

RORB 12% = total plants in service *12% =Php 388,099,160 /yr

FIXED COST COAL BIOMASS TOTAL

Depreciation 77,070,000 30,590,000 107,660,000
Fixed O&M 46,415,250 40,425,000 86,840,250
RORB 277,798,958 110,300,202 388,099,160
Total 401,284,208 181,315,202 582,599,410

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 Computation:

Total fixed cost (coal) = Dep+Fixed O&M+RORB (coal)

= Php 401,284,208 /yr

Total fixed cost (biomass) = Dep+FixedO&M+RORB (biomass)

= Php 181,315,202 /yr

Total fixed cost = total fixed cost (coal+ biomass)

= Php 582,599,410/yr

VARIABLE COST COAL BIOMASS TOTAL

Fuel 14,803,570 295,194 15,098,764
Variable O&M 19,892,250 17,325,000 37,217,250
Total 34,695,820 17,620,194 52,316,014

Computation:

Total fuel cost = Php 15,098,764

Total variable O&M = Php 37,217,250

Total Variable Costs = total fuel costs + variable costs = Php 52,316.014

TOTAL COSTS COAL BIOMASS TOTAL

Fixed + Variable 435,980,027.97 198,935,396.32 634,915,424.29
kWh 16,029,011.76 5,950,000.00 21,979,011.76
Average 27.20 33.43 28.89

Computation:

Total costs (coal) = total fixed costs (coal) + total variable costs (coal) = Php 435,980,027.97

Total costs (biomass) = total fixed cost (biomass) + total variable cost (biomass) = Php
198,935,396.32

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 Total cost = total cost (biomass + coal) = Php 634,915,424.29

Avg (coal) = total cost (coal)/ Kwh/yr (coal) = 27.20

Avg (biomass) = total cost (biomass)/ Kwh/yr (biomass) = 33.43

Average = total cost/ Kwh/yr = 28.89

Power Rates Computation:

Variable Cost 52,316,014.15

kWh 21,979,011.76

Energy Charge (P/kWh) 2.3803

Fixed Cost 582,599,410.14

kW-mo 316,136.47

Demand Charge (P/kW-mo) 1,842.87

Computation:

Variable Cost = Total Variable Cost= Php 52,316,014.15

kWh = Total kWh = 21,979,011.76kWh

Fixed Cost = Total Fixed Cost = Php 582,599,410.14

Energy charge = variable cost/kWh = Php 2.3803

kW-mo = non-coincident demand*12 = 316,136.47kW-mo

Demand charge = fixed cost/kW-mo =Php 1,842.87/kW-mo

Rate Impact Customer A Customer B Customer C

Load Factor 30% 54% 85%
Energy Consumed 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00
kW Demand 4,566.21 2,536.78 1,611.60
Energy Charge 2,380,271.45 2,380,271.45 2,380,271.45
Demand Charge 8,414,945.84 4,674,969.91 2,969,980.89

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Total Bill 10,795,217.29 7,055,241.36 5,350,252.33
Average Bill 10.80 7.06 5.35

Computation:

For Customer A

kW demand = energy consumed / load factor *730 = 4566.21kW

Energy charge A = Energy charge * energy consumed = Php 2,380,271.45

Demand charge A = Demand charge * kW demand= Php 8,414,945.84/kW- mo

Total Bill = Energy charge A + Demand charge A = Php 10,795,217.29

Average Bill = total bill/Energy consumed= Php 10.80

For Customer B

kW demand=energy consumed / load factor *730= 2,536.78 kW

Energy charge B = Energy charge * energy consume= Php 2,380,271.45

Demand charge B = Demand charge * kW demand = Php 4,674,969.91 /kW- mo

Total Bill = Energy charge B + Demand charge B = Php 7,055,241.36

Average Bill = total bill/Energy consumed = Php 7.06

For Customer C

kW demand = energy consumed / load factor *730 =1,611.60 Kw

Energy charge C = Energy charge * energy consumed =Php 2,380,271.45

Demand charge C = Demand charge * kW demand = Php 2,969,980.89/kW- mo

Total Bill = Energy charge C + Demand charge C= Php 5,350,252.33

Average Bill = total bill/Energy consumed = 5.35

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 Gross Revenues 634,915,424.29
Operating Expenses 159,976,014.15
Interest Expense (@6% on 70%) 135,834,706.05
Net Operating Revenues 339,104,704.09
Income Tax (30% net operating rev) 101,731,411.23
Net Income After Tax 237,373,292.86

Equity (30% of plants in service) 970,247,900.35

Return on Equity 24.47%

Computation:

Gross Revenues = Total Fixed + Variable Cost =Php 634,915,424.29

Operating expenses = Total variable costs + Depreciation = Php 159,976,014.15

Interest Expense (6% on 70%) = Total plants in service*70%*6%= Php 135,834,706.05

Net Operating Revenues = Gross-Operating expenses – interesting expense

= 339,104,704.09

Income Tax (30% net operating rev) = Net operating rev * 30% = Php 101,731,411.23

Net Income after Tax = Net Operating Revenues - Income Tax (30% net operating rev)

= 237,373,292.86

Equity (30% of plants in service) = Total plants in service * 30% =Php 970,247,900.35

ROE = net income/equity *100% = 24.47%

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 IV. POWER PLANT OPERATION

Base Load

Base Load power refers to the minimum amount of electric power needed to be supplied

to the electrical grid at any given time. Day to day trends of power usage need to be met by power

plants, however it is not optimal for power plants to produce the maximum needed power at all

times. Therefore there are base load power plants like coal-fired power plants which provide the

minimum needed electricity, and peaking power plants which meet the fluctuating needs. Demand

for electricity fluctuates vastly throughout a day, so baseload power is not necessarily enough. The

grid requires the use of peaking power, which is electricity supplied to match the varying demand

in electricity.

Base load of a coal fired power plants (as well as other energy converting facilities) are

characterized by a nominal capacity rating. For example, if a plant rated at 1000 MW, it means it

can generate 1000 MWh of electricity per hour when working at full capacity. The actual

generation can be less, depending on the demand or operating conditions, and can be characterized

by the capacity factor (CF). The base load power plants typically are coal-fueled due to low-cost

fuel and steady state power they can produce.

Coal-fired power plants are reliable since they can be used as both Base Load and Peak

Load and these power plants may accept load changes readily and easily. Other examples of Base

Load power plants are the geothermal power plant, tidal power plant, and nuclear power plant.

Figure below illustrates on how coal-fired power plant is converted into electricity.

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 Figure 9: Coal-Fired Power Plant

Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power stations to generate

electricity. Coal is first milled to a fine powder (pulveriser), which increases the surface area and

allows it to burn more quickly. In these pulverised coal combustion systems, the powdered coal is

blown into the combustion chamber of a boiler where it is burnt at high temperature. The electricity

generated is transformed into the higher voltages (up to 400,000 volts) used for economic, efficient

transmission via power line grids. When it nears the point of consumption, such as our homes, the

electricity is transformed down to the safer 100-250 voltage systems used in the domestic market.

Typically, the power demand varies cyclically from day to day, reaching maximum during

day business hours and dropping to minimum during late night and early morning, but never

dropping below a certain base. This base load is typically at 30-40% of the maximum load, so the

amount of load assigned to base load plants is tuned to that level. The above-base power demand

(above the base) is handled by intermediate and peak power plants, which are also included to the

23
grid. The main advantages of the base load power plants are cost efficiency and reliability at the

optimal power levels.

Biomass is used for facility heating, electric power generation, and combined heat and

power. The term biomass encompasses a large variety of materials, including wood from various

sources, agricultural residues, and animal and human waste.

Biomass can be converted into electric power through several methods. The most common

is direct combustion of biomass material, such as agricultural waste or woody materials. Other

options include gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Gasification produces a synthesis

gas with usable energy content by heating the biomass with less oxygen than needed for complete

combustion. Pyrolysis yields bio-oil by rapidly heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic digestion produces a renewable natural gas when organic matter is decomposed by

bacteria in the absence of oxygen.

Different methods work bet with different types of biomass. Typically, woody biomass

such as wood chips, pellets, and sawdust are combusted or gasified to generate electricity. Corn

stover and wheat straw residues are baled for combustion or converted into a gas using an

anaerobic digester. Very wet wastes, like animal and human wastes, are converted into a medium-

energy content gas in an anaerobic digester. In addition, most other types of biomass can be

converted into bio-oil through pyrolysis, which can then be used in boilers and furnaces.

Most biopower plants use direct-fired combustion systems. They burn biomass directly to

produce high-pressure steam that drives a turbine generator to make electricity. In some biomass

industries, the extracted or spent steam from the power plant is also used for manufacturing

24
processes or to heat buildings. These combined heat and power (CHP) systems greatly increase

overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only

systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%. Seasonal heating requirements will impact the

CHP system efficiency.

Base Load Power Plant

Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as large coal or nuclear

plants, are called base load powerplants. The base load power plant (Coal-Fired Power Plant) is

the power station in which it generates majority of its electricity continuously. These plants will

only be turned off if there are some maintenance, services, upgrades, etc.

Mid Merit Power Plant

The mid merit power plant is the power station that will fill the gap between the base load

and peak load to supply the required demand of the consumers. A Mid-Merit Power plant can also

25
be considered as a Load following power plant, biomass power plant is an example of a mid-merit

power plant which is our reserve/backup.

Peaking Power Plant

This type of Power Plant operates seasonally, it may operate only hours a day or it may

operate hours a year. Coal-Fired Power Plant is not a peaking power plant but a base load power

instead. Examples of Peaking power plants are the renewable power plants such as gas turbines,

hydroelectric dams, gas-fired power plants, etc.

Reserve Units

Reserve units are only operated if there are some unexpected situations where some

generators experienced some technical problem like fault and maintenance. In this project, biomass

power plant is the reserve unit/backup that we conduct since it is renewable energy.

Load following Power Plant

A Load following Power Plant is a power plant that can adjust the amount of electricity it

generates to match the changing demand throughout the day. Load following power plants are

usually in between base load power plant and peaking power plant in terms of construction cost,

cost of the electricity it generates, efficiency, and capacity. In this project, the reserve unit/backup

which is the biomass power plant is considered a load following power plant since it is in between

a base load power plant and peaking power plant in which it only operates seasonally.

26
IV. POWER PLANT DESIGN FOR DINAGAT ISLAND

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

27
LAYER 1: PROTECTION

28
LEGENDS

29
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN)

30
BIOMASS POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN)

31
LAYER 2: MONITORING

32
LEGENDS

33
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN):

34
BIOMASS POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN):

35
LAYER 3: MEASUREMENT

36
LEGENDS:

37
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN):

38
BIOMASS POWER PLANT (ZOOM-IN):

39
 V. SPECIFICATIONS
▪ Power Plant

Coal-Fired Power Plant have (3) types of generators and a Biomass have (2) types of

generators that will be installed in our designed power plant that has 10MW and 5MW capacity.

▪ Substation

A substation is an installation at which electricity is received from one or more power

stations for conversion from AC to DC, reducing the voltage, or switching before distribution. A

substation uses “step-up transformer” for the transmission substation and a “step-down”

transformer to convert the high-voltage electricity from the power line to one or more lower

voltages suitable for factories, offices, homes, or whatever it has to supply. Low, Medium, High,

and Extra High voltage circuit breakers, switchgears, Command system that will contain breaker

control, system monitoring, circuit protection, feedback and metering. Current transformers,

overcurrent tip, under voltage tip, electromechanical relays, and multi-function relays.

Communication networks will also be established such as multiple communication loops and

internal/external (status, health, and data collection wherein copper and fiber optic connection will

be incorporated.

From a 13.8KV increased to 138KV through a high voltage transformer for main

transmission.

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 ▪ Protection System

The protection and control devices in electrical equipment can be referred to by numbers,
with appropriate suffix letters when necessary, according to the functions they perform. These
numbers are based on a system that is adopted by a standard for automatic switchgear by Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and incorporated in American Standard C37.2-
1996. This system is used with diagrams that are found in instruction books and in specifications.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards 617 and 60617 also provide
different symbols and terminology for most of the device numbers that are defined by C37.2. The
second portion of this document provides a brief overview of a few of the more common IEC
symbols used.

DEVICES USED FOR PROTECTION

(IEEE and ANSI Standards)

According to ANSI, “In the design of electrical power systems, the ANSI standard device

numbers (ANSI /IEEE Standard C37.2 Standard for Electrical Power System Device Function

Numbers, Acronyms, and Contact Designations ) identifies the features of a protective device such

as a relay or circuit breaker. These types of devices protect electrical systems and components

from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault. Device numbers are used

to identify the functions of devices shown on a schematic diagram. Function descriptions are given

in the standard.”

▪ 59 - Overvoltage Relay ▪ 51G - Ground time Overcurrent

▪ 59 G - Neutral Overvoltage
▪ 59 N - Element
▪ 64S - Subharmonic Injection
▪ 64F - Field Ground Protection
▪ 40 - Loss of Field
▪ 47 - phase sequence protection
▪ 24 - Volts per hertz relay
▪ 91 - Voltage directional Relay
▪ 86T- Lockout Relay
▪ 59N/27TN - Stator Ground Fault
▪ 27TN - Harmonic Neutral
Undervoltage

41
▪ 51N - Neutral Overcurrent
▪ 67N - Neutral Directional
Overcurrent
▪ 46 - Negative sequence current
▪ 21 - Phase distance/Distance Relay
▪ 27P - Phase Undervoltage
42
▪ 81 - Frequency Relay
▪ 60 - Voltage or current Balance
Relay
▪ 64 - Ground detector relay
▪ 74LM - Alarm Relay
 DEVICES USED FOR MONITORING

1. PC – Phase Comparison
Phase comparison relaying is a kind of differential relaying that compares the phase

angles of the currents entering one terminal of a transmission line with the phase angles of

the currents entering all the remote terminals of the same line. For the conditions of a fault

within the protected zone (internal fault), the currents entering all the terminals will be in

phase.

2. DDR- Dynamic Disturbance Recorder

Dynamic Disturbance Recorder are devices capable of monitoring and recording

system data pertaining to a Disturbance. Such devices include the following categories of

recorders: Sequence of event recorders which record equipment response to the event.,

fault recorders, which record actual waveform data replicating the system primary voltages

and currents.

3. CLK – Clock
It synchronizes the equipment being used in the system.

4. DFR – Digital Fault Recorder

Digital Fault Recorder is a Digital Fault and Disturbance recording system that uses

communications to retrieve Fault, Disturbance, and Sequence of Event records that are

captured by the protection relays distributed throughout a substation.

5. PQM- Power Quality Monitoring

Power quality monitoring is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting

raw measurement data into useful information. The process of gathering data is usually

carried out by continuous measurement of voltage and current over an extended period.

43
 Power quality monitoring programs are often driven by the demand for improving the

system wide power quality performance.

DEVICES USED FOR MEASUREMENT

1. Level Gauge
Level gauges are meters used to determine the level of a liquid in a fixed storage or

process tank. The gauge is composed of several parts including head, float, measuring

tape, bottom anchored bracket, guide wires, elbows, anchors, coupling, pipe support

brackets, and pipework. Liquid level gauge calibration is used to ensure proper readings

are obtained when using level gauges.

2. Power Factor Meter

The power factor meter measures the power factor of a transmission system. The

power factor is the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current. The power factor

meter determines the types of load using on the line, and it also calculates the losses occur

on it. The two types of Power Factor Meter are the Electrodynamometer and Moving Iron

Type Meter.

3. Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any

given circuit. The internal construction of a wattmeter is such that it consists of two coils.

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Coal-Fired Power Plant in Dinagat Island

San Jose, Dinagat Island

In this project, the group planned to build a Coal-Fired Power Plant in San Jose, Dinagat

Island since it is seaside which it has a big advantage because coal-fired power plant is a

thermoelectric power plant which boils water to create steam, which then spins turbines to generate

electricity.

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 Cagdianao, Dinagat Island

Like San Jose, Dinagat Island, Cagdianao is also good place to build a Coal-Fired Power

Plant since it is located seaside and it can easily generate electricity computed from the loads.

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 Loreto, Dinagat Island

Since coal-fired power plant is advantageous in the seaside, one of the locations is also

Loreto, Dinagat island since it is near the sea which is greatly needed in the coal-fired power plant.

Advantages

• It can easily generate electricity

• It is available in an abundant supply.

• It is placed where it has low population

• It is isolated from the center of the city and people

• It is available in an abundant supply.

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Disadvantages

• Non-renewable energy

• Produces large amount of carbon dioxide which leads to global warming and climate change

• Ruins the environment and puts the lives of people specially the coal miners in danger

• The burning of coal is not environmental friendly because it produces harmful byproducts and

gas emissions such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide that causes pollution to

the environment including acid rain

Biomass Power Plant in

Loreto, Dinagat Island

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Loreto, Dinagat Island is a good place where a biomass power plant can be placed because it is

accessible, yet it is closed to people due to high production of biomass waste generation. Including

that it has a low population.

Dinagat, Dinagat Island

Dinagat also a good choice to place a biomass power plant since it has low population in

this city. It is also a good choice because it is far from Loreto, Dinagat Island where the other

biomass power plant is.

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 Advantages

• Biomass energy has been used in various forms long before people really spoke about energy

efficiency and renewable energy sources

• If efforts are made to maintain the resources used for biomass energy through dedicated

replanting and replenishment, it is a fuel source that has the potential to far outlast traditional

fossil fuels

• Biomass fuels are abundant. Much like with the sun and water, they can be found practically

anywhere on the planet.

• A lot of the waste that we produce is biodegradable and plant matter, which could be put to

more efficient use elsewhere.

Disadvantages

• It is not a perfect energy source.

• It is not completely clean

• Safety Concerns

• Biomass projects are considered not to be worth the price of completion, especially when solar,

water and wind alternatives are available.

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VII. CATALOGUE
Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Biomass Power Plant

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REFERENCES:

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_Islands

[2] https://en-ph.topographic-map.com/maps/k5cr/Dinagat-Island/

[3] http://philgis.org/province-page/dinagat-islands

https://www.doe.gov.ph/list-existing-power-plants

https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/profile/dielco

https://psa.gov.ph/content/population-dinagat-islands-increased-five-times-50-years-results-2010-
census-population-and

https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/caraga/dinagat-islands.html

[12] http://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation

[13]https://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/biomass-energy-advantages-disadvantages/

[14]http://pdf.directindustry.com/pdf/ge-power-alstom-power-systems-bergeron-pump/boilers-
steam-power-plants/29644-518699-_16.html

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