HAND AND BODY LOTION BAR

Group 5 & 6

INTRODUCTION

Dry skin is an uncomfortable condition marked by scaling, itching, and cracking. It can occur for
a variety of reasons. You might have naturally dry skin. But even if your skin tends to be oily,
you can develop dry skin from time to time. Dry skin can affect any part of your body. It
commonly affects hands, arms, and legs. In many cases, lifestyle changes and over-the-counter
moisturizers may be all you need to treat it. Exposure to dry weather conditions, hot water, and
certain chemicals can cause your skin to dry out. Dry skin can also result from underlying
medical conditions. Dermatitisis the medical term for extremely dry skin.

Risk factors for dry skin

Dry skin can affect anyone. But some risk factors raise your chances of developing dry skin,
including:

 Age. Older adults are more likely to develop dry skin. As you age, your pores naturally
produce less oil, raising your risk of dry skin.

 Medical history. You’re more likely to experience eczema or allergic contact dermatitis

if you have a history of these conditions or other allergic diseases in your family.

 Season. Dry skin is more common during the fall and winter months, when humidity
levels are relatively low. In the summer, higher levels of humidity help stop your skin from
drying out.

 Bathing habits. Taking frequent baths or washing with very hot water raises your risk of
dry skin.
Lotions and creams are emulsions - they are either water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w). A w/o
emulsion means you have small droplets of water dispersed in a medium of oil. An o/w emulsion
means you have small droplets of oil dispersed in water. So the first 2 key ingredients of a lotion
or cream are the oil and the water.

Lotion is a combination of water and oil to create a less-greasy, smooth product that will make a
great hand, body and facial moisturizer.  Lotions are products that are intended to moisturize and
soften the body and hands. They are often semi-solid emulsions of oil and water. They contain
special ingredients that help to replace the oils contained in the skin or to protect against the loss
of moisture from the skin.

Our product is a lotion bar, a solid moisturizer bar that functions as a lotion although it
bears resemblance to a soap bar. Usually made out of natural ingredients, lotion bars stay solid as
long as they are kept at room temperature or lower. They're activated by body heat and can be
used anywhere on the body. Lotion bars have a reputation for being a health-conscious choice
because they are free from the potentially hazardous chemicals found in commercial lotion
products, such as phthalates, parabens, formaldehyde, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA),
ethanolamines and petroleum. The ingredients of this lotion is carefully selected and ensured that
they are safe and suitable for this purpose. Product safety is also established though strict
adherence to the principles of Quality Assurance and Good Manufacturing Practices. This
includes testing the compatibility of the product with packaging as well as shelf-life stability.
Finally, using a lotion bar is very convenient and non-greasy.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN LITERATURE

A. Description of lotion bar

Lotion bars can be used as an all over body moisturizer, they tend to be better for
younger skin. (Yuri Elkaim, Feb. 19, 2011)

Lotion bars are made entirely of oils and waxes. There is no water added so there
is no preservative necessary. You can rub them on the backs of your hands, or all over
your feet, elbow or knees and as the natural warmth of your body heats them up, they
begin to melt leaving behind soft. It comes in various shapes and it looks very much like
a soap bar. Since it is made of natural ingredients, the lotion bars stay solid as long as
they are kept at cooler temperatures. It gets warm when it comes into contact with the
body, which makes it easy to apply. It can be used anywhere on the body. (Pratibha Pal)
B. Uses of lotion bar
They are solid at room temperature. It does not need to keep reapplying
throughout the day like many body lotions; hard lotion bars have long lasting effects.
Lotion bars typically come in small tin containers which make them very convenient for
traveling. They fit very easily in pocket, purse, and toolbox. Lotion bars are great for
treating those very hard callused areas such as the hands, elbows, or the heels of feet, and
are great for cuticles. It may be also used to treat skin diseases such as eczema and
psoriaris.
C. Description and uses of the ingredients
Coconut oil- white, semisolid fat or nearly colorless fatty oil extracted from
coconuts, used chiefly in foods and in the manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, and candles.
It is applied to the skin as a moisturizer. (Kehaulani, Dec. 27, 2014)
Essential oil- natural oil typically obtained by distillation and having the
characteristic fragrance of the plant or other source from which it is extracted. It is used
for fragrance. (Kehaulani, Dec. 14, 2014)
Vitamin E- It prevents oils from turning brown and going rancid. It is also known
to reduce inflammation and heal dermatitis/eczema. (WSP, May 14, 2015)
Shea butter- is high in vitamins A & F, antioxidants and essential fatty acids
(linoleic and linolenic) content, benefit the skin and is also preferred by people affected
eczema and psoriasis. (WSP, May 14, 2015)
Beeswax- used for making candles and polish for wood. It is used as a thickening
agent, emulsifier, and humectant. (Yuri Elkaim, Feb. 19, 2011)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN LITERATURE

A. Description of lotion bar

Lotion bars can be used as an all over body moisturizer, they tend to be better for
younger skin. (Yuri Elkaim, Feb. 19, 2011)

Lotion bars are made entirely of oils and waxes. There is no water added so there
is no preservative necessary. You can rub them on the backs of your hands, or all over
your feet, elbow or knees and as the natural warmth of your body heats them up, they
begin to melt leaving behind soft. It comes in various shapes and it looks very much like
a soap bar. Since it is made of natural ingredients, the lotion bars stay solid as long as
they are kept at cooler temperatures. It gets warm when it comes into contact with the
body, which makes it easy to apply. It can be used anywhere on the body. (Pratibha Pal)

B. Uses of lotion bar

They are solid at room temperature. It does not need to keep reapplying
throughout the day like many body lotions; hard lotion bars have long lasting effects.
Lotion bars typically come in small tin containers which make them very convenient for
traveling. They fit very easily in pocket, purse, and toolbox. Lotion bars are great for
treating those very hard callused areas such as the hands, elbows, or the heels of feet, and
are great for cuticles. It may be also used to treat skin diseases such as eczema and
psoriaris.
C. Description and uses of the ingredients
Coconut oil- white, semisolid fat or nearly colorless fatty oil extracted from
coconuts, used chiefly in foods and in the manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, and candles.
It is applied to the skin as a moisturizer. (Kehaulani, Dec. 27, 2014)
Essential oil- natural oil typically obtained by distillation and having the
characteristic fragrance of the plant or other source from which it is extracted. It is used
for fragrance. (Kehaulani, Dec. 14, 2014)
Vitamin E- It prevents oils from turning brown and going rancid. It is also known
to reduce inflammation and heal dermatitis/eczema. (WSP, May 14, 2015)
Shea butter- is high in vitamins A & F, antioxidants and essential fatty acids
(linoleic and linolenic) content, benefit the skin and is also preferred by people affected
eczema and psoriasis. (WSP, May 14, 2015)
Beeswax- used for making candles and polish for wood. It is used as a thickening
agent, emulsifier, and humectant. (Yuri Elkaim, Feb. 19, 2011)
D. Other preparations
Ointments and creams work by trapping existing moisture in your skin. To trap
this much-needed moisture, you need to apply a moisturizer within few minutes of drying
off after a shower and when washing your face or hands.

Use an ointment or cream rather than a lotion. Ointments and creams are more
effective and less irritating than lotions. Look for a cream or ointment that contains an oil
such as olive oil or jojoba oil. Shea butter also works well. Other ingredients that help to
soothe dry skin include lactic acid, urea, hyaluronic acid, dimethicone, glycerin, lanolin,
mineral oil, and petrolatum.

In most cases, dry skin responds well to lifestyle measures, such as using
moisturizers and avoiding long, hot showers and baths. If you have very dry and scaly
skin, your doctor may recommend you use an over-the-counter (nonprescription) cream
that contains lactic acid or lactic acid and urea.
Sometimes dry skin leads to dermatitis, which causes red, itchy skin. In these
cases, treatment may include hydrocortisone-containing lotions. If your skin cracks open,
your doctor may prescribe wet dressings to help prevent infection.
Moisturizing of the skin aims to restore skin to its natural protective condition,
resulting in healthy skin. Cleansers and moisturizers can be considered as cosmeceuticals
if they can alter structure and function. Moisturizers are externally applied compounds
comprising multiple components, including occlusive ingredient, emollients and
humectants (Gao et. al.,2008). Occlusive moisturizing ingredients are the oily substances
that impair the evaporation of skin moisture by forming an epicutaneous greasy film that
impedes water loss. By reducing evaporation, it will increase skin’s hydration.

LOCAL LITERATURE

The solid lotion bars are simply a mixture of nourishing oils, beeswax,
moisturizing butters, and sometimes essential oils for scent.  There are no artificial or
synthetic ingredients in them.  Compared to liquid lotions, they are very concentrated and
compact (most liquid lotions are 70%-80% water).  The warmth from your skin softens
the bar just enough to make it glide easily over your skin and layer everything with the
moisturizing ingredients, which soak in within a few seconds.  The effect is not greasy
because I have chosen oils that absorb quickly and are light, but very high in nutrients.  A
little goes along way and a small lotion bar can last for months with regular use. (Katie,
Jan. 20, 2016)

At our house, we love lotion bars. In fact, we rarely use regular lotion anymore
since these lotion bars are so much easier to make and work so much better.
They are also mess-free, even when the kids use them!

Even though I could buy lotion bars at the store, making beauty products and
toiletries by hand is a hobby I enjoy and feel good about doing. I love that I’m
not putting any chemicals on my family’s skin and I know exactly what is in
each product.

Lotion bars are great for everyone, especially those who live in warmer areas and
don’t want their moisturizer to melt! A few of the many health benefits of using coconut
oil, like how it reduce skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.  It also softens the skin
and relieves dryness and flaking. Applied topically it helps to prevent wrinkles, saggy
skin and age spots. (Tiffany, 2016)

Solid lotion bars are an anhydrous blend of butters, oils and waxes, not emulsified
products that contain a large percentage of water.

This blend yields a bar that can be handled easily without making a mess, but melts on
contact to soothe and create an emollient barrier. Although butters such as shea butter
and cocoa butter are wonderful for the skin, they do not directly moisturize the skin. The
moisture needs to come from other sources, such as the dampness that remains after
hand washing. When these butters are paired with the beeswax, however, they work
together to create an occlusive barrier that seals in that moisture. Various butters also
contain fatty acids that help to nourish the skin. ( Petra Ahnert’s book, Beeswax
Alchemy (Quarry Books, 2015)
 METHOD AND PROCEDURE

A. Formulation Consideration
Ingredients:
 25g beeswax
 25g virgin coconut oil or almond oil
 25g Shea butter
 5 drops Vitamin E oil
 Essential oil for fragrance (optional, any or all)
 Lime oil, Lavender oil, grapefruit oil, rosemary oil, Sweet pea oil.
Materials used:
 Analytical balance
 Stove
 Casserole
 250 mL beaker
 Stirring rod
 Dropper
 Pipette
 Plastic cups
 Molder