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The Use of Subjunctive Mood in Modern PDF
The Use of Subjunctive Mood in Modern PDF
MOOD IN MODERN
ENGLISH
(REFERENCE AND PRACTICE BOOK)
II YEAR
BY A. DAVTYAN
ºðºì²ÜÆ ì.´ðÚàõêàìÆ ²Üì²Ü äºî²Î²Ü
Ⱥ¼ì²´²Ü²Î²Ü вزÈê²ð²Ü
II YEAR
BY A. DAVTYAN
ºñ¨³Ý
§ÈÇÝ·í³¦
2007
Ðî¸ 802.0 (07)
¶Ø¸ 81.2 ²Ý·É ó7
¸ 234
¶ñ³ËáëÝ»ñ`
²Õ³çÇÝÛ³Ý èáµ»ñï ²Õ³µ³µÇ (г۳ëï³ÝÇ ²Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý
гٳÉë³ñ³Ý)
¾¹ÇÉÛ³Ý ÈÇÉdzݳ ì³½·»ÝÇ (г۳ëï³ÝÇ ²Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý
гٳÉë³ñ³Ý)
ØÏñÛ³Ý Ü³Çñ³ è³áõÉÇ, µ.·.Ã. (ì. ´ñÛáõëáíÇ ³Ýí³Ý
å»ï³Ï³Ý É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ѳٳÉë³ñ³Ý)
3
Ëáëù, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ýå³ëïáõÙ »Ý µ³Ý³íáñ ËáëùÇ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ
½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ:
Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ Ã»Ù³Ý ³í³ñïíáõÙ ¿ ³Ù÷á÷Çã
í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí (Revision Exercises), ÇëÏ ³ÙµáÕç ÝÛáõÃÇ í»ñçáõÙ
ïñíáõÙ »Ý ÁݹѳÝñ³óÝáÕ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ (Advanced Revision),
í»ñóí³Í µÝ³·Çñ ëϽµÝ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÇó, ¨ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ »Ý áã
ÙdzÛÝ Ý»Õ É»½í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ñÅ»ù, ³Ûɨ` ѳÝñ³ÏñóϳÝ:
лÕÇݳÏ
4
INTRODUCTION
5
The Indefinite group states the fact of the action in the past,
present or future (what took/takes/will take place).
e.g. He lived in Canada.
He lives in Canada.
He will live in Canada.
Meaning Tense-Groups
Past did
Fact Indefinite Present do/does
Future shall/will do
Past was/were doing
Process Continuous Present am/is/are doing
Future shall/will be doing
Past had done
Priority Perfect Present have/has done
Future shall/will have done
6
Past had been doing
Priority + Perf. Cont Present have/has been doing
Process Future shall/willhave been doing
since
Past Past Future-in-the-Past Present Future Future
Perfect Cont. Cont. Perfect Cont.
7
As it can be seen from the chart above, due to the category of
Aspect all the tense forms may be used in their Non-Continuous and
Continuous forms, the latter underlines the idea of progress/process
or an incomplete action.
e.g. I have translated the article. You can use it in your report.
I have been translating the article for two hours, but haven’t
finished it yet.
*T.C. – temporal centre
8
The Indirect/Oblique Moods.
9
Past Present
The past forms of the Oblique Moods refer the unreal action
to the past or express regrets, irritation or criticism about the past
actions.
The present forms refer the unreal action to the present or
future.
In addition, the past forms of Subjunctive II in complex
sentences are used to express prior unreal actions, whereas the
present forms - simultaneous with the action of the predicate verb in
the principal clause i. e. they express the time of the action relatively,
not absolutely.
e.g. In object clauses after I wish:
I wished
I wish he had come
I’ll wish
The action of coming preceeds the action of wishing.
I wished
I wish he came
I’ll wish
The action of coming is simultaneous with the action of wishing.
Though all the forms of the Oblique Moods express unreal
actions, their use is different.
10
The forms of Subjunctive II represent actions as unreal,
contradicting reality but desirable, advisable or preferable from the
speaker’s point of view.
e.g. Oh, if it were summer now.
ºñ³ÝÇ ÑÇÙ³ ³Ù³é ÉÇÝ»ñ:
Хотя бы сейчас было лето.
The forms of the Conditional Mood represent actions as unreal at
present. The realization of the action depends on some
circumstances. If there are the corresponding circumstances, the
realization of the action expressed by the Conditional Mood is quite
possible.
e.g. I don’t know anything about the accident.
If I knew I should tell you so don’t urge me to.
àãÇÝã ã·Çï»Ù ³Û¹ å³ï³Ñ³ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: ºÃ» ÇٳݳÛÇ,
Ïå³ïÙ»Ç, ³ÛÝå»ë áñ ÙÇ ëïÇåÇñ ÇÝÓ:
(My telling about the accident is impossible as I am
unaware of it and quite possible in case I know).
In a limited number of cases the use of the forms expressing
unreality may be treated as set phrases. Such use is considered to be
traditional use of forms expressing unreality.
It occurs in the following cases:
a) to express wish
Success attend you! – гçáÕáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»½:
May success attend you! – Удачи вам!.
God bless you! - ²ëïí³Í ûñÑÝÇ Ó»½:
Господь благослави тебя.
Let there be light! – Да будет свет!
b) to express concession
Let it be so! – ÂáÕ ³Û¹å»ë ÉÇÝÇ:
Пусть будет так.
Come what will/may! –ÆÝã áõ½áõÙ ¿ ÉÇÝÇ:
Будь, что будет!
Happen what may! – ÂáÕ ÉÇÝÇ ÇÝã ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿:
Что будет, то будет.
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c) in some set phrases such as:
Far be it from me. - ²ëïí³Í Ñ»éáõ å³ÑÇ ÇÝÓ…
God save me. - Упаси боже...
Я далек от того, чтобы.
Damn it! – ê³ï³Ý³Ý ï³ÝÇ:
Manners be hanged! – ê³ï³Ý³Ý ï³ÝÇ
Ó¨³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ:
К черту õорошие манеры!
As it were (used parenthetically) - ²Ûëå»ë ³ë³Í...
Как бы…
e.g. He was silent, as it were, oppressed.
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Modal verbs may be used to express facts or non-facts, i.e.
they can be used both in the forms of the Indicative and Oblique
Moods.
The modal meaning expressed by the form of the predicate
verb (i.e. by its mood form) differs from the meaning expressed by
modal verbs.
The form of the predicate verb shows whether the speaker
represents an action as a fact or non-fact. Whereas modal verbs
express various shades of obligation, necessity, ability, possibility,
probability, desirability, permission and prohibition with regard to
the fulfillment of the action indicated by the infinitive that follows
them.
In modern English we find the following modal verbs:
can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, have to/had to, to be
to/were to, must/ - , ought to/ - , need/ - , dare/- .
As it is seen above there are certain modal verbs (must, ought
to, need, dare) which have only present tense-forms. They may refer
to the past only in combination with the Perfect Infinitive. Because
of this feature these modal verbs can’t be used in the forms of the
Oblique Moods, the formation of which is homonymous to the past
forms of the Indicative Mood (Subjunctive II), neither can they be
used in the mood forms, built up with the help of the Infinitive
(Conditional, Suppositional, Subjunctive I).
Modal verbs should, would, could and might can be used as
mood auxiliaries to denote unreality. In this case their use depends
on the structure of the sentence, mainly on the type of the
subordinate clause and occasionally also on the lexical character of
the predicate verb in the principal clause. This is the structurally
conditioned or dependent use of the modal verbs.
When the modal verbs are used to denote unreality they do not
express temporal meaning, the time-reference being expressed by the
form of the Infinitive.
The Indefinite or the Simple Infinitive is used if the unreal
action refers to the present or future.
e.g. But for her poor health she could be the best pupil in the
group.
ºÃ» ݳ í³ï³éáÕç ãÉÇÝ»ñ, ËÙµÇ É³í³·áõÛÝ ³ß³Ï»ñïÁ
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
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Если бы не ее плохое здоровье, она была бы лучшей
ученицей в группе.
The Perfect Infinitive is used to refer the action to the past.
e.g. I could have warned him against the danger, if I had known
about it.
ºë ϳñáÕ ¿Ç Ýñ³Ý ½·áõß³óÝ»É íï³Ý·Ç Ù³ëÇÝ, »Ã»
ÇٳݳÛÇ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
Я могла бы предупредить ее об опасности, если бы я
знала об этом.
In the case of structurally conditioned use of the modal verbs
the meaning becomes weakened, can be quite vague and isn’t even
translated.
e.g. She gave me her address so that I could find her house easily.
ܳ ïí»ó Çñ ѳëó»Ý, áñå»ë½Ç Ñ»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ·ïݻ٠Ýñ³
ïáõÝÁ:
Она дала мне свой адрес, чтобы я с легкостью нашел ее
дом.
This is accounted for by the fact that these verbs become part
of the structure rather than bears of individual meaning.
The form would + Infinitive (for all persons, both singular and
plural) is used as a modal verb to express a desirable action in the
future or willingness on the part of the subject.
e.g. I wish you would stay with me for a while.
ºñ³ÝÇ ÇÝÓ Ñ»ï ÙÇ ÷áùñ ÙݳÛÇñ:
Я бы хотел, чтобы вы побыли немного со мной.
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e.g. I’d rather you would stop asking such silly questions.
ÎݳËÁÝïñ»Ç ÝÙ³Ý ÑÇÙ³ñ ѳñó»ñ ãï³ÛÇñ:
Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты не задавал таких глупых
вопросов.
15
Если бы я мог перевести эту статью без славаря, было
бы замечательно..
16
When a concessive clause is joined asyndetically the inversion
is usually used.
The front position is occupied by the part which lends the
concessive meaning to the clause, that is, which states the
circumstances despite which, the action in the main clause is carried
out.
e.g. Cold though it may be, we shall go to the skating-rink.
(However cold it may be)
àñù³Ý ¿É óáõñï ÉÇÝÇ, Ù»Ýù ϷݳÝù ë³Ñ³¹³ßï:
Как бы ни было холодно, мы пойдем на каток..
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The verb “should” can be used as an auxiliary verb and as a
modal verb.
As an auxiliary verb “should” is used to build up the analytical
forms of the verb (the Future-in- the-Past of the Indicative Mood, the
Conditional Mood, the Suppositional Mood)*.
4. modal verb
e.g. You should be more careful.
5. emotional
e.g. Why should I help him if he doesn’t
want me to.
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FREE AND DEPENDENT USES OF THE OBLIQUE
MOODS
Free Use
Subjunctive II
Dependent (Obligatory) Use
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The forms of Past Subjunctive II are homonymous to the forms
of Past Perfect Indicative.
e.g. If I had warned him about the danger he wouldn’t have taken
that risk.
The present forms of Subjunctive II either refer the unreal
action to the present or to the future or express an action
simultaneous with the action of the principal clause, whereas the past
forms denote past or prior actions.
The choice of Subjunctive II depends on the syntactical
constructions in which the given form acquires the meaning of
unreality, supposition.
Past Present
Non-Continuous had done did (were)
Forms might/could have might/could do
done
Continuous Forms had been doing were doing
21
e.g. Oh, if he knew it for sure.
ºñ³ÝÇ Ý³ ѳÙá½í³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ:
Хотя бы он был уверен в этом. /Если бы он был уверен.
If only I had known about it yesterday.
ºñ³ÝÇ »ñ»Ï ÇٳݳÛÇ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
Если бы я знала об этом вчера./Хотя бы я вчера узнала об
этом.
This form is used to express a more emphatic unreal wish, to
say that you would like things to be different.
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Drills.
a) Express unreal wish or regret about the following:
1. He never admits his mistake. (If only he admitted his mistake.)
2. You are not experienced at all.
3. She always comes late.
4. It’s snowing again!
5. The child keeps crying all the time!
6. He was so cruel to me.
7. You are always interfering into my affairs.
8. We’ve lost our way.
9. You are absent-minded.
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Ах, если бы я слышал прогноз погоды! Я бы взял плащ.
5. ºñ³ÝÇ ÁݹáõÝ³Í ÉÇÝ»Ç Ýñ³ Ññ³í»ñÁ:
И зачем я не приняла его приглашение.
6. Ò³ÝÓñ³ó»É »Ù Ýñ³ µáÕáùÝ»ñÇó: ºñ³ÝÇ ¹³¹³ñ»ñ
µáÕáù»É:
Мне надоели его жалобы. Ах, если бы он перестал
жаловаться.
7. ºñ³ÝÇ Ýñ³Ý ¿É Ññ³íÇñ»ë: ܳ ѳ×áõÛùáí Ï·³:
Пригласи и его. Он с удовольствием придет.
2) Advice
Somebody had better do something ɳí ÏÉÇÝ»ñ …
Somebody had better not do something
This form is used to give advice or to say what the best thing
to do in a particular situation is.
Had better may also suggest a treat or warning,
recommendation if you don’t do it, there will be a problem or a
danger.
e.g. You’d better take an umbrella. It may rain. (You’ll get wet
through.)
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e.g. You must call in a doctor. He is getting worse.
You had better see Dr Brown today. He is leaving tomorrow.
You should see the doctor if you are unwell.
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4. ȳí ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ãåݹ»Çù Ó»ñ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ: àã áù ³ÛÝ ãÇ
ÁݹáõÝÇ:
5. ȳí ÏÉÇÝ»ñ Ýñ³Ýù ѻ層ÇÝ ùá ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ: Æ٠ϳñÍÇùáí
³Û¹ ËݹñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý ùá Ùáï»óáõÙÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ë»É³ÙÇï
¿:
3) Preference
Would rather/sooner do something (would rather/sooner not do
something) – ÏݳËÁÝïñ»Ç, Ï·»ñ³¹³ë»Ç, предпочел бы,
пожалуй
Would rather/sooner … than …
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The use of Past Subjunctive II after would rather, though
possible, is not common. This idea is usually expressed by means of
I wish he had done the shopping today. ²÷ëáë, ݳ ³Ûëûñ
·ÝáõÙÝ»ñÁ ãϳï³ñ»ó:
Thus, the meaning of preference can be expressed by:
1. Prefer + noun + noun (general preference)
e.g. I prefer tea to coffee.
2. Prefer + full Infinitive + rather than + bare Infinitive (general
preference)
e.g. I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
3. Prefer + gerund + to + gerund (general preference)
e.g. I prefer driving a car to cycling.
4. Would prefer + full Infinitive + (rather than + bare Infinitive)
(specific preference)
e.g. I’d prefer to have coffee today (rather than have tea).
5. Would rather + bare Infinitive + (than+ bare Infinitive) (specific
preference)
e.g. I’d rather have coffee today (than [have] tea).
Drill I. Fill the blanks with would rather, prefer or would prefer:
1. Does he … reading newspapers or books?
2. I … go to the theatre than go to the cinema.
3. My sister … listening to music to watching TV.
4. I … study English than Math.
5. You … have fish or meat for dinner today?
6. I … to pay in cash than by credit card for the dress.
Drill II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. I’d rather you (not/leave) your books on the table every time
you finish your homework.
2. Did you enjoy the performance? – Not really. I’d rather it
(not/be) so long and boring.
3. Shall we go anywhere today? – I’d rather (stay in). And what
about you? – I’d prefer (visit) my parents.
4. I’ve got terrible headache. I’d rather you (do the shopping)
today.
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5. My parents prefer (spend) their holidays in the mountains,
but this summer they would rather (spend) them at the
seaside.
6. Shall I tell her the truth? – I’d rather she (not/know).
Drill III. Fill in the blanks with would rather or had better
according to the sense:
1. You --- study hard this weekend for the exam on Monday.
2. Would you like to play a game of chess? – I --- not. I --- lie
down to have a little rest.
3. Where --- you put up – at a hotel or your friend’s?
4. The climate disagrees with him. He --- move to another
place.
5. Since the reporter isn’t ready yet we --- put off the meeting.
6. I --- you didn’t turn up. You are not expected.
7. I --- you said something in connection with my offer.
8. You --- get down to business at once if you don’t want to
fail.
9. Since there is quite a simple solution to the whole matter, I---
you didn’t get so nervous. (or Since there is quite a simple
solution to the whole matter, you --- not get so nervous.)
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1. Я бы предпочел ответить первым, если никто не возражает.
2. Вы предпочли бы сказать ей правду сами?
3. Я бы охотно осталась дома в такую погоду, но мне придется
зайти за ним.
4. Я бы предпочел, чтобы вы не вдавались в подробности. (to
get into details)
5. Что бы вы предпочли на обед?
6. Если не хотите обидеть его, вам бы лучше принять его
приглашение.
7. Тебе помочь? - Лучше не надо. Я бы предпочел все сделать
сам.
8. Она бы предпочла пойти в ресторан, чем готовить дома.
9. Он бы предпочел умереть, отказаться от этой идеи.
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“Will” as an auxiliary verb is not used in clauses of real
condition introduced by “if”, “unless”. However, in object clauses
with expressions, such as: I am sure, no doubt, I wonder, etc. “Will is
used to express uncertainty, doubt referring to the future.
e.g. I don’t know if he will insist on his suggestion.
31
Subjunctive II)
(but she isn’t here.)
e.g. If he hadn’t paid all his debts, he would have been sent to prison.
(Past Subjunctive II)
(He had paid and wasn’t arrested.)
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e.g. If you hadn’t caught a cold, you wouldn’t be coughing now.
â¿Çñ ѳ½³, »Ã» Ùñë³Í ãÉÇÝ»Çñ:
Ты бы не кашляла (сейчас), если бы не простудилась
(тогда).
33
Я бы принял его приглашение (… будь я на вашем месте).
e.g. Should you win the game I’ll be the first to congratulate you.
ºÃ» ѳÝϳñÍ Ñ³Õûë, »ë ³é³çÇÝÁ ÏßÝáñѳíáñ»Ù ù»½:
Если вдруг/случайно ты выиграешь, я первым поздравлю
тебя.
34
“In case” gives the reason for the action in the main clause and is
placed after the main clause.
e.g. I’ll warn him in case I am late.
35
If I…
2. I never get up early, so I am always late for classes.
If I …
3. I’m sure he doesn’t know the truth, so he can’t tell it to you.
If he …
4. My brother finds it important, so he made up his mind to
discuss it with me.
If my brother …
5. You left the house without your raincoat on, that’s why you
got wet through.
If you …
Ex. IV. State the type of the condition and choose the correct
answer:
36
a) don’t feel b) didn’t feel c) hadn’t felt
6. Ice --- if the temperature rises above 0˚ C.
a) will melt b) would melt c) melts
7. If he --- the offer, I’d be greatly surprised.
a) will reject b) rejects c) were to reject
8. --- him, let him know about the meeting.
a) saw b) were to see c) should you see
Ex. VII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
Ex. VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
38
9. If it (not to be) so important, I (not to insist).
10. You (to do) it differently, if you (to be) to do it again?
Ex. IX. State the type and explain the use of the verb forms in the
conditional sentences and translate them into Armenian/Russian:
39
Ex. XI. Correct the mistakes:
41
THE USE OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
42
The Present Conditional refers an unreal action to the present
or to the future.
e.g. I’m sure if he were not so tired, he would take all the trouble.
гÙá½í³Í »Ù, áñ »Ã» ݳ Ñá·Ý³Í ãÉÇÝ»ñ, ³ÙµáÕç Ñá·ëÝ Çñ
íñ³ Ïí»ñóÝ»ñ:
Я уверена, если он не был бы таким уставшим, он бы взял
всю заботу на себя.
43
I
somebody
would do
something
I/we should do
If ⎫ something
⎪ ⎧ did something somebody
Even if ⎬ somebody ⎨ would have
⎩ had done something
Even though ⎪
⎭ done
something
I/we should
have done
something
Activity
Ex. I. Read the text. Explain the use of the Mood form and
complete the story giving a way to your imagination:
I knew before I dialed the number what this conversation
would be like. It would be like all other conversations. My mother
would start out by asking how things were with Jamsie. If I said they
were fine, she would ask how long it was going to be before we got
married.
If I said things were not fine, she would just cluck her tongue
as if to say: “I told you so.”
On this particular day, I did not want to talk to my mother about
Jamsie. Twice I picked up the receiver and put it down again.
I looked up at Jasmie’s photo on the desk and thought how
little my mother really understood our relationship. If only she …
44
Ex. III. Read the following and retell the passage making
sentences hypothetical where possible:
Arline looked at her husband’s serene face, took a
handkerchief out of her pocket and dabbed at her eyes. She sniffed a
little and began to cry.
Eddie stirred in his bed. Arline knew that he was awake, but
Eddie pretended to be asleep. He even snored once or twice. Arline
continued crying. Eddie sighed, sat up in his bed and asked what had
happened. He said she shouldn’t bother him, then he went over to his
wife, sat next to her on the bed and put his arm round her to comfort
her.
Areline went on sobbing; her round shoulders were shaking
now and then. Eddie squeezed her shoulders two or three times,
exhausting his method of consolation.
Ex. IV. Read the following story and do the assignment following
it:
45
If indeed the lodgers had complained! If his uncle could only
know this, he would rise from the tomb! The tenants were surprised
none the less when the news spread. Who would think of such a
thing?
“This man must have committed a crime,” said some of them.
“The house perhaps was badly built,” thought the others and finally
one morning everybody left. From top to bottom, the house was
empty of lodgers.
And now, on the Rue de la Victoire stands the abandoned
house – “The Accursed House”.
Discussion
Ex. I. Answer the questions:
1. Would the tenants have been surprised, if the Vicomte had
raised the rent?
(If yes, why? If no, why? Give your reasons.)
2. Would the Vicomte’s uncle have lowered the rent, if he had
been alive?
(If yes, why? If no, why? Give your reasons.)
3. Would the Vicomte have lowered the rent, if he
a) had not been a generous person?
b) had always been rich?
4. Why were the tenants sure “that one wouldn’t conduct
himself without being forced to by terrible circumstances”?
5. What would you do, if you were to inherit great fortune?
Ex. II. State the mood form and translate the sentences into
Armenian/Russian:
1. “If the lodgers learned of it, what would they think of the
new owner? What would people say in the neighbourhood?”
Bernard thought.
2. One would not conduct himself thus without being forced to
by powerful or terrible circumstances.
3. If indeed, the lodgers had complained; but they had not
complained!
46
4. It’s not as if a man of good sense would ever deprive himself
of good revenues for the simple pleasure of depriving
himself.
5. It looked as if the owner intended to set fire to the house so
that he could get great sums from the insurance companies.
6. The unexpected step taken by the Vicomte greatly worried
the lodgers and they wished they knew the real reason for his
puzzling decision.
7. If the Vicomte hadn’t decided to lower the rent, the tenants
wouldn’t have left the house.
8. If the Vicomte’s uncle hadn’t died, the latter wouldn’t have
had so much trouble with the house.
47
4. ºÃ» ÏáÙëÇ ù»éÇÝ Çٳݳñ Ýñ³ áñáßÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, ݳ
ÏÙï³Í»ñ, áñ Çñ ½³ñÙÇÏÁ ˻ɳ·³ñí»É ¿:
5. §ºÃ» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ÏÑñ³Å³ñí»Ç ³Û¹ ÙïùÇó¦, -
ËáñÑáõñ¹ ïí»ó ´»ñݳñ¹Á:
6. §È³í ÏÉÇÝÇ ãùÝݳñÏ»Çù áñáßáõÙë: ÎݳËÁÝïñ»Ç, áñ
ï»Õ»Ï³óÝ»Çù µÝ³ÏÇãÝ»ñÇÝ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ ¦, - ѳݹÇٳݻó
ÏáÙëÁ:
7. §Ü³ Ï÷áßÙ³ÝÇ, áñ ³Û¹åÇëÇ áñáßáõÙ ¿ Áݹáõݻɦ, -
Ùï³Í»ó ´»ñݳñ¹Á, µ³Ûó áãÇÝã ã³ë³ó, áñå»ë½Ç ¿É ³í»ÉÇ
ãµ³ñϳóÝÇ Ýáñ ïÇñáçÁ:
8. ´Ý³ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ ã¿ÇÝ ÉùÇ ïáõÝÁ, »Ã» ѳí³ï³ÛÇÝ ÏáÙëÇÝ:
9. §Ä³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ ¿` Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Ñ³ëϳݳÝ, áñ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ɳí
·áñÍ»ñ ³Ý»É¦, - ¹³éÁ ÏëÏÇÍáí Ùï³Í»ó ÏáÙëÁ` ݳۻÉáí
¹³ï³ñÏí³Í ï³ÝÁ:
48
Ex. V. Translate into English:
1. ¸áõ ÇÝÓ ÏÙ³ïݻDZñ (give smb away), »Ã» ù»½ 5 ÙÇÉÇáÝ
¹áɳñ ï³ÛÇÝ:
2. ºÃ» ³ÛÝå»ë å³ï³ÑÇ, áñ ¹áõ ¿ÉÇ ÇÝã-áñ ³å³óáõÛó ·ïÝ»ë,
ÇÝÓ Ïï»Õ»Ï³óÝ»±ë:
3. ºÃ», ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, ѳݹÇå»ë Ýñ³Ý, áÕçáõÝÇñ ÇÙ
ÏáÕÙÇó:
4. ºÃ» »ë ù»½ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã å³ïÙ»Éáõ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ¹áõ Ͻ³ñٳݳÛDZñ:
5. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ý íÇ׳Ïí»ñ ÇëÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ñ½»É, ݳ Ù»½ Ñ»ï ¿É
»ñµ»ù ã¿ñ ËáëÇ:
6. ºÃ» ³ÛÝ ûñÁ ¹áõ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ãÉÇÝ»Çñ, »ë Ýñ³Ýó ÏѳñóÝ»Ç
æ»ÛÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:
7. ºÃ» ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ¹áõù Ýñ³Ý ³Û¹ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ïí³Í
ÉÇÝ»Çù, ݳ Ç íÇ׳ÏÇ ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ ¹³ ³Ý»É ³Û¹åÇëÇ Ï³ñ×
ųٳݳÏáõÙ:
8. ºÃ» ѻ層Çñ µÅÇßÏÇ ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ, ÑÇÙ³ ɳí Ͻ·³ÛÇñ ¨
ëïÇåí³Í ã¿Çñ ÉÇÝÇ Ññ³Å³ñí»É Ýñ³Ýó ³é³ç³ñÏÇó:
9. ºÃ» ùá ³å³·³Ý ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙǨÝáõÛÝ ÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ã¿Ç ·³ ¨
ã¿Ç ËáëÇ ù»½ Ñ»ï ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:
10. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ý ãíÇñ³Ñ³ï»ÇÝ, Ñݳñ³íáñ ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ Ýñ³Ý ÷ñÏ»É:
49
10. Если бы его не прооперировали, его невозможно было
бы спасти.
Drills
But for …
Ex. I. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the
corresponding tense form of the Conditional Mood and translate
them into Armenian/Russian:
1. But for her impatience, she (to be) a good teacher.
2. But for him, nobody (to notice) my mistake.
3. He was late. But for it, he (to see) everything with his own
eyes.
4. But for the further explanation, nobody (to understand) the
rule.
5. Something went wrong with the car engine. But for it, they
(to arrive) long ago.
6. I know everything for sure. But for it, I (not to speak) like
that.
7. But for her slight accent, nobody (to take) her for a French.
8. But for your help and understanding, I (to feel) ill at ease.
9. I (may be) a millionaire on the Klondike but for Spot. He got
on my nerves.
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4. But for the wind that has been blowing since early morning,
---.
5. But for the new mistakes she made in the translation, ---.
6. But for his unexpected arrival, ---.
7. But for her smile, ---.
8. But for the music which was too loud, the party ---.
9. We knew about the decision. But for it, ---.
10. But for the heavy traffic, ---.
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8. Мы сбились с дороги, если бы не это, мы бы не
опоздали.
9. Если бы не ее морщины, она бы выглядела очень
молодой.
52
7. The man went blind and could no longer paint and see that in
ten years she wept the beauty out of her face.
8. She knew he loved her. It touched her. She felt very tenderly
towards him.
III
Present to do something … would do Present Conditional
something
Past to have done something … Past Conditional
would have done something
Activity:
53
To have turned to him for help then would have been more
sensible.
8. To have introduced those redical methods would have
improved the situation in the country.
9. They moved a little to make room for the lady but she told
them not to bother as she would rather stand. To have
accepted their offer would have made her feel obliged to
them.
10. The first business of grammar, as of every other science, is
to observe the facts and phenomena with which it has to
deal. To ignore this would lead to misunderstanding of the
importance of grammar.
Ex. II. Open the brackets using the Conditional Mood and
translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. The first problem in rewieving the world’s languages is to
decide what to count a language. To find out the answer (to
do) a lot of good.
2. Without language there is no understanding among people,
and without understanding there is no chance of their being
able to work together. To ignore this fact (to bring forth)
great confusion.
3. To come to an agreement right now (to put an end to) our
useless debate.
4. To think that they are unaware of the fact (to be a mistake).
5. To work in a town so fantastically rich in antiquities and
prehistoric culture (to be splendid) for an archaeologist.
6. To read a book in the original (to be) much better.
7. To define those forces and to indicate the directions in which
they operate (to require) an exhaustive comparison between
religious and social sructures.
8. To save a woman’s life (to be) an honour for every
gentleman. So don’t thank me, please.
9. To live in the country together (to be) more economical, but
to go there right now (to be) difficult.
10. To have told the whole truth (to disappoint) him greatly.
54
Ex. III. Complete the following sentences:
1. He was the first to pay attention to that peculiarity. To ignore
it …
2. Did human beings always possess the power of speech? If
not, when and how did they acquire it? To answer these
questions …
3. To have overburdened the book with so many details …
4. To our surprise the seats for the first concert were sold in
advance. To have booked the tickets beforehand …
5. The business of which he was a director was about to crash.
To have used new technology …
6. He examined the problem and decided that the only solution
was for him to return to the order of his old life. To do so …
7. When shown to the experts the manuscript aroused great
interest. To investigate the origin of it …
8. He had all his things stolen in the South of France one year
and had to leave. To have stayed there any longer…
55
7. Я знаю, что убедить вас было бы трудно, поэтому я и не
попытался.
IV
….. otherwise somebody would do something
somebody would have done something
Otherwise/or/or else …
Ex. I. Paraphrase the sentences using otherwise:
1. He ignored me and I was deeply hurt.
2. She had read the fearful reports about the events. That was
why she was so worried.
3. The doctor saved many lives and the number of victims in
the accident was not great.
4. He had warned everybody about the danger and nobody got
injured.
5. They missed the train and had to take a taxi to get to town in
time lest their mother should worry.
6. He was shy and didn’t dare to say what he really felt about
the matter.
7. I don’t know him well enough and can’t accept his invitation
to spend the evening somewhere in a quiet place.
8. I told her at once who I was. That was why she opened the
door and let me in.
9. I know all the details. That’s why I recommend you not to
take it close to heart.
10. I am sure he was in a hurry and that’s why he didn’t stop to
talk to you.
11. No doubt he memorized his speech. That’s why he spoke so
well.
56
5. He disliked my idea of spending one more day in the
country, or …
6. He walked silently by my side. He had nothing to say,
otherwise …
57
Ex. IV. Translate into English:
1. ܳ ã·Çï»ñ, áñ æáÝÁ ѳ½Çí ¿ñ ͳÛñÁ ͳÛñÇÝ Ñ³ëóÝáõÙ.
³Ûɳå»ë ã¿ñ ѳٳӳÛÝÇ ³ÙáõëݳݳÉ:
2. ÐÇí³Ý¹Ç íÇ׳ÏÁ ûè³ó»É ¿ñ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõ٠ݳ
³Û¹å»ë ѳݷÇëï ã¿ñ ùÝÇ:
3. Üñ³ ÷³ëï³ñÏÝ»ñÁ ѳÙá½Çã ¿ÇÝ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë
ã¿Ç ÁݹáõÝÇ ³Û¹ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ:
4. ܳ ѳí³Ý³µ³ñ Ùáé³ó»É ¿ñ Çñ ËáëïáõÙÁ. ѳϳé³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ í³Õáõó ³Ûëï»Õ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
5. àõñ³Ë »Ù, áñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ ³í³ñïí»ó. ѳϳé³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ ã¿Ç ϳñáÕ ·³É:
6. ܳ ³é³çÇÝÁ ѳëϳó³í ²ÝݳÛÇ µ³é»ñÇ ÇÙ³ëïÁ.
ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ýñ³Ý ã¿ñ ÁݹѳïÇ ¨ ¹áõñë ã¿ñ ·³:
7. ܳ Ëáëï³ó³í áã áùÇ ã³ë»É ÇÙ áñáßÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ.
ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë Ýñ³Ý áãÇÝã ã¿Ç å³ïÙÇ:
8. ܳ ѳí³Ý³µ³ñ ·Çï»ñ ÇÙ ·³Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ. ѳϳé³Ï
¹»åùáõ٠Ͻ³ñٳݳñ` ï»ëÝ»Éáí ÇÝÓ ³Û¹ »ñ»ÏáõÛÃáõÙ:
9. ºë Ýñ³Ý É³í »Ù ×³Ý³ãáõÙ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç
»ñ³ß˳íáñÇ:
10. ¸áõ ã»ë ϳñ¹³ó»É ³Ûë Ñá¹í³ÍÁ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ
ÏϳñáճݳÛÇñ å³ï³ëË³Ý»É ÝÙ³Ý å³ñ½ ѳñó»ñÇÝ:
11. ܳ ÙÇßï ½µ³Õí³Í ¿ ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñáí. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ
ÏÁݹáõÝ»ñ Ññ³í»ñ¹ ¨ ù»½ ã¿ñ íßï³óÝÇ:
12. ܳ Íáí³ÛÇÝ ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõ٠ݳ
¿É ÏÙ³ëݳÏó»ñ ³Ûë ׳ݳå³ñÑáñ¹áõÃÛ³ÝÁ:
13. ܳ ÇÝÓ ãÇ Ññ³íÇñ»É. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ »ë ¿É Ï·³ÛÇ ù»½
Ñ»ï Ýñ³ ÍÝÝ¹Û³Ý ï³ñ»¹³ñÓÇÝ:
14. ´³Ëïë µ»ñ»ó, áñ ÝÙ³Ý Ù³ëݳ·»ï ·ï³, ѳϳé³Ï
¹»åùáõÙ Ù»ù»Ý³ë ³Û¹ù³Ý ³ñ³· ã¿ÇÝ í»ñ³Ýáñá·Ç:
58
6. Он первый понял значение слов Анны, иначе он не
прервал бы ее и не вышел.
7. Он обещал никому не говорить о моем решении, иначе я
не рассказала бы ему все.
8. Он возмажно знал о моем приезде, иначе он удивился бы
увидев меня на этом вечере.
9. Я его хорошо знаю, иначе я не рекомендовала бы его
вам.
10. Ты не читала этой статьи, иначе смогла бы ответить на
такие простые вопросы.
11. Она почти всегда занята по дому, иначе она приняла бы
ваше приглашение и не огорчила бы вас.
12. У нее морская болезнь, иначе она тоже поплыла бы с
нами.
13. Он не пригласил меня, иначе я пришла бы с тобой на его
день рождения.
14. Мне повезло, что я нашел такого специалиста, иначе
мою машину не отремонтировали бы в такой короткий
срок.
59
DEPENDENT USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE II
SUBJECT CLAUSES
60
Drills:
Ex. I. Supply a suitable form of the verb in brackets and
translate them into Armenian/Russian:
1. It’s time you (to have) a haircut.
2. Isn’t it high time your daughter (to set) to work?
3. It’s high time for them (to know) all about our decision.
4. Look! The flowers have dropped their heads. Isn’t it time
they (to water)?
5. It’s about time he (to express) his own point of view on the
subject.
6. It’s high time for you (to settle down).
7. Dinner is ready. It’s time we (to sit down) to table.
8. We’ve packed all the things. It’s time (to take a taxi).
9. It’s time for the second course (to serve).
10. It’s time we (to take) some preventive measures.
61
8. ijٳݳÏÝ ¿, áñ ݳ í³ëï³ÏÇ Çñ ³åñáõëïÁ: ⿱ áñ ݳ
»ñ»Ë³ ã¿:
9. ijٳݳÏÝ ¿ Ññ³Å³ñí»É Ýñ³Ý ï»ëÝ»Éáõ ÙïùÇó: ܳ ³ÛÝ
Ù³ñ¹Á ã¿, áõÙ Ñ»ï ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ·áñÍ áõݻݳÉ:
10. ijٳݳÏÝ ¿, áñ í»ñç ¹Ý»Ù Ýñ³ ï³é³å³ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ: ºë
å»ïù ¿ å³ïÙ»Ù áÕç ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ:
62
PREDICATIVE CLAUSES
Such clauses are introduced by “as if” and “as though” after the link
verbs expressed by to be, to feel, to look, to sound, to seem.
⎧did/could do
⎧⎪looked as if ⎪⎪had done/could
Smb. ⎨ looks as Smb. ⎨have done sth.
⎪⎩will look though ⎪were doing/had
⎪⎩been doing
e.g.
1. It’s not as if he knew you.
63
⿱, áñ ݳ ù»½ ãÇ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ:
Ведь он же не знает тебя.
2. It’s not as if I had interfered.
⿱, áñ »ë ã»Ù ÙÇç³Ùï»É:
Ведь я же не вмешивалась.
3. It won’t be as if you were offended.
⿱, áñ ¹áõ ã»ë íÇñ³íáñíÇ:
Ведь ты же не обидешься?
Sentences of this kind are rendered into Armenian by means of
“â¿, áñ ã» …” and with the help of “Ведь … не…” into Russian.
The choice of the Past or Present Subjunctive II in the
subordinate clause depends on the tense form of the notional verb in
Armenian or Russian.
Activity
64
10. He looked as if he hadn’t had a meal for a week, and I
hadn’t the heart to refuse him.
65
5. ÆÝãáõ± »ù íßï³ÝáõÙ, ã¿ áñ áã áù ¹³ Ó»½³ÝÇó ɳí ã¿ñ
³ÝÇ:
6. ÂíáõÙ ¿ñ` ݳ ¹»Ù ã¿ñ Ù»ñ ³é³ç³ñÏÇÝ:
7. ⿱ áñ »ë Ó»½ áãÇÝã ã»Ù Ëáëï³ó»É:
8. ÂíáõÙ ¿` »ë Ó»½ »ñϳñ ï³ñÇÝ»ñ ׳ݳãáõÙ »Ù:
9. ܳ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù áõÝ»ñ, ϳñÍ»ë »ñµ»ù ã¿ñ Éë»É ³Û¹
Ù³ëÇÝ:
10. ÂíáõÙ ¿` µáÉáñÁ ³ñ¹»Ý ·Ý³ó»É »Ý: ⿱ áñ ³Û¹å»ë ã¿ÇÝù
å³Ûٳݳíáñí»É:
66
OBJECT CLAUSES
As can be seen from the chart above, any tense form of the
Indicative Mood is used in the principal clause whereas Present
Subjunctive II is used in the object clause to express an action
simultaneous with the action of the principal clause, and Past
Subjunctive II to express priority and sometimes to express regret
that something happened or did not happen in the past.
e.g. I wish I had talked to him. (I didn’t talk to him and I regret it
now.)
I wish I hadn’t invited him. (I invited him and regret it now.)
Thus Subjunctive II is used in object clauses after “wish”,
which doesn’t mean “want”, to express regret that things are not
different and refers to situations that are unreal, impossible, unlikely.
Wish + that clause is not used for wishes about things that
seem possible in the future. The verb to hope is used in this sense.
e.g. I wish I spoke French. (It would be nice if I spoke French.)
but I hope you feel much better tomorrow. (Not I wish you felt
better.)
It should be borne in mind that sentences beginning with “I
wish” can be rendered into Armenian and Russian either by means of
²÷ëáë…or ºñ³ÝÇ …, Жаль… or Хотя бы …(как бы мне
хотелось) and accordingly different forms of Subjunctive II are
used in the object clauses. This can be illustrated by the following:
67
e.g. (+) ²÷ëáë, ݳ ÑÇí³Ý¹ ¿:
(+) Жаль, что он болен.
(-) I wish he were not ill.
As to the choice of the mood and the tense form in the object
clause, it also depends on the way of rendering of “I wish”. Thus:
68
Жаль я его не знаю. (Изъявительное наклонение,
настоящее время)
I wish I knew him. (Present Subjunctive II)
69
b) to express our wish for a change in a situation or somebody’s
behaviour as we are annoyed or irritated, dissatisfied,
impatient:
e.g. I wish it would stop raining. (It keeps on raining. I am annoyed.)
ºñ³ÝÇ ³ÝÓñ¨Á ¹³¹³ñ»ñ:
Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы дождь перестал.
The form wish/if only+would is hardly ever used with the verb
“to be” and can’t replace Past Subjunctive II.
e.g. I wish he had warned me in time.
70
Thus both the free and the dependent uses of Subjunctive II can
express wish.
e.g. Oh, if I had a house of my own. (free use)
I wish I had a house of my own. (dependent use)
The free use of Subjunctive II after if only/oh, if/oh, that is more
emphatic than the dependent use.
Drills:
Ex. I. Explain the use of the verb forms after the verb to wish and
translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. He wished they would let him enjoy his dinner in peace.
2. I wish you had stayed there for another week.
3. I wish I could know it for sure.
4. She’ll wish she had taken this opportunity!
5. I wished you would not interfere.
6. I wish you had brought your children with you.
7. I wish I could make myself understood.
8. You’ll wish you hadn’t taken his advice.
9. I wish you wouldn’t be so horrid when she is so miserable.
10. Oh, how I wish it would rain. It hasn’t rained for at least 2
months.
He stepped out of the station and pushed the receipts into his wallet.
That was settled. His cases were looked after. There was no going
back now. Not that he wanted to go back. Still he wished…
72
Ex. VII. Read the following and make it hypothetical:
The old life. They both remembered it. Syd had been a dancing
gigolo since he was 18. He was very good-looking in his dark
Spanish way and full of life. Old women and middle-aged women
were glad to pay to dance with him and he was never out of work. He
had drifted from England to the Continent and there he had stayed,
going from hotel to hotel. It wasn’t a bad life but he wished …
Unless I had heard the story from his own lips, I should never
have believed that he was capable of such an action.
Ex. IX. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense of
Subjunctive II:
1. I wish I (to be) young again.
2. – I wish I (not to speak) to Tom like that.
- Don’t worry. I’m sure he’ll forgive you.
3. – Are you going to your school reunion party next week?
- I’m afraid not. I wish I (to go) because I’d like to see my
schoolmates again.
4. – Ann, I wish you (to stop) making so much noise.
73
- Sorry, I’ll do my best.
5. I wish I (to join you). I’ve been looking forward to that
party ever since I left school.
6. I wish you (not to invite) Jack. He spoilt everything.
7. I wish you (to leave) the door unlocked. The thieves broke
in while we were away.
76
CLAUSES OF COMPARISON
⎧ did ⎫
⎪ ⎪ as if smb. did sth.
Smb. ⎨ does ⎬sth.
as though smb. were doing sth
⎪ will do ⎪
⎩ ⎭
Present Subjunctive II is used in the subordinate clause to
show that unreal action is simultaneous with the action of the
principal clause.
The choice of the Continuous or Non-Continuous form
depends on the category of aspect. The Non-Continuous forms of
Subjunctive II state the fact of the unreal action. Whereas the
Continuous forms of Subjunctive II show the unreal action in
progress.
e.g. She behaved as if she didn’t know me at all.
ܳ ³ÛÝå»ë ¿ñ å³ÑáõÙ Çñ»Ý, ϳñÍ»ë ÇÝÓ µáÉáñáíÇÝ ã¿ñ ׳ݳãáõÙ:
Она вела себя так словно меня совсем не знала.
Activity
78
7. He didn’t say a word as though he (not to hear) my question.
8. He fixed the knife on the chain as if he (to be afraid) of
losing it.
79
11. Þá·Á ï³Ýç»ó Ù»½: îáà ¿ñ, ãáñ, ¨ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, û ³Ýï³éÝ
³ÝÏñ³Ï ³ÛñíáõÙ ¿ñ ³ñ¨Ç ׳鳷³ÛÃÝ»ñÇó: ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ,
ϳñÍ»ë, ³Ûñí³ÍùÇ Ñáï ¿ñ ·³ÉÇë: Ø»Ýù ã¿ÇÝù ÍËáõÙ,
í³Ë»Ý³Éáí, áñ Ñ»Ýó ÉáõóÏáõ µáóÇó ³Ýï³éÁ ϵéÝÏíÇ áõ
ϳÛñíÇ, ¨ ëåÇï³Ï ÍáõËÁ ÍáõÉáñ»Ý ÏëáÕ³ ¹»åÇ ¹»ÕÇÝ
³ñ»·³ÏÁ:
12. âáñ ù³ÙÇÝ ³ÉÛáõñÇ å»ë Ù³Ýñ ÷áßáõ ³Ùå»ñ ¿ñ ùßáõÙ
ù³Õ³ùÇ íñ³: öáßáõ ³Ùå»ñÇ Ù»ç ÉáÕáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÷»ïáõñÝ»ñ,
ãáñ ï»ñ¨Ý»ñ ¨ ÍÕáï: лéíÇó ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, û ù³Õ³ùáõÙ
Ù³ñٳݹ Ññ¹»Ñ ¿ ÍËáõÙ:
13. ºë Ýëï³Í ¿Ç ˳ñáõÛÏÇ Ùáï, ¨ ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, û ÇÝã-áñ
Ù»ÏÁ Ï³Ý·Ý»É ¿ñ ÃÇÏáõÝùÇë Ñ»ï¨áõÙ ¨ Ùé³ÛÉáñ»Ý ݳÛáõÙ
¿ñ ÍáÍñ³ÏÇë:
80
12. Сухой ветер гнал облака из мелкой как мука пыли на
город. В облаках пыли витали перья, сухие листья и
солома. Издалека казалось, словно в городе дымил
медленный огонь.
13. Я сидел у костра, и мне казалось, словно кто-то стоял у
меня за спиной и мрачно смотрел мне в затылок.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
81
Activity
83
2. àõëáõóÇãÁ ÏñÏÇÝ µ³ó³ïñ»ó ϳÝáÝÁ, áñå»ë½Ç
³ß³Ï»ñïÝ»ñÁ ɳí ÁÝÏ³É»Ý ³ÛÝ:
3. ܳ Ó¨³óñ»ó, áñ ËáëáõÙ ¿ ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÇ Ñ»ï, áñå»ë½Ç »ë
Ýñ³Ý ã˳ݷ³ñ»Ù:
4. ºë ÏÃáÕݻ٠ݳٳÏÁ ë»Õ³ÝÇÝ, áñå»ë½Ç ݳ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë
ï»ëÝÇ ³ÛÝ:
5. àõñ ¿É áñ ·Ý³ë, ½³Ý·³Ñ³ñÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç
ã³Ýѳݷëï³Ý³Ù:
6. Ø»Ýù ëïÇåí³Í ¿ÇÝù ï³ùëÇ Ýëï»É, áñå»ë½Ç
ãáõ߳ݳÛÇÝù ·Ý³óùÇó:
7. ÊݹñáõÙ »Ù, ¹³Ý¹³Õ ËáëÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç ѳëϳݳÙ
³ë³Í¹:
8. ¸áõñë ·³ÉÇë ½³Ý·³Ñ³ñÇñ, áñå»ë½Ç ÇٳݳÙ` »ñµ ù»½
ëå³ë»Ù:
9. Ø»Ýù áñáß»óÇÝù ßñç³·³Û»É Ù»ù»Ý³Ûáí, áñå»ë½Ç
Ñݳñ³íáñÇÝë ß³ï ï»ëÝ»Ýù:
10. Ø»Ýù ¹áõñë »Ï³Ýù í³Õ ³é³íáïÛ³Ý, áñå»ë½Ç ·ÛáõÕ
ѳëÝ»Ýù ݳËù³Ý ÙÃÝ»ÉÁ:
84
CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
Clauses of concession are introduced by conjunctions “even if” and
“even though”.
REVISION
85
2. It was half a minute before I regained my self-possession.
But for two circumstances, I should have thought I had been
awakened by some nightmare.
3. I said to myself, well, after all why should I go back? It
wasn’t as if I had anyone dependent on me. My wife had
died five years before.
4. If it had been anybody else’s play, he would have rejected it.
Everybody would have understood the reason for his refusal.
5. I think he might have learned from them something that
would be useful for him. Otherwise he wouldn’t have
behaved like that.
6. I knew you were out of danger. I shouldn’t have slept a wink
all night if hadn’t known you were safe.
7. He lay on his back limply as though all his strength had gone
out of his limbs, and presently I saw he had fallen asleep.
8. I wonder if we ought to have played that trick on Miss Reid.
I almost wish we had left her alone.
9. Unfortunately I remember everything. Some people wish I
didn’t.
10. Whenever I saw them, it looked as if they were on friendly
terms with one another. - No wonder, it’s not as if they were
enemies.
11. It’s time you understood that this is no joke. He really means
what he said.
12. To go back then would have made things still worse. I do
wish you would understand it and stop blaming me.
13. If only I had known about the facts. I’d have given him the
extra day. I wish I had done so.
14. You were always against me. But for you, I would have
never slipped out of the affair like that. I’d rather you would
mind your own business. It’s not as if you were my guardian.
15. You are silly, you know I like you or else I shouldn’t be
here. And, please, don’t behave as if you were unaware of it.
16. The actress, as it were, did not suit the role. I wish they
hadn’t given her that part.
17. They were busy packing and, as it were, took no notice of
me. It seemed as if I never existed.
86
18. It’s high time you went and left me alone and if we were
ever to meet again I’d say the same.
Ex. III. Recast the sentences using the proper form of the
Oblique Mood:
1. It’s time for the new method to be introduced into our work.
2. She is absent-minded. She forgot all about our arrangement
for the afternoon.
3. I’m sorry you can’t settle down. You no longer are a child.
4. When we saw her, she sat there as if thinking about
something important.
5. She was sorry she had given so much trouble.
6. What a pity my sister missed such a wonderful chance.
7. He spoke loudly and clearly for all to hear.
8. I knew that he preferred to go and stand at the front door to
be the first to see what was going on.
87
9. They were sorry they hadn’t taken a taxi and had missed
their train.
10. It’s raining cats and dogs. I can’t take the children out for a
walk.
11. The new assistant is difficult to deal with. They refused to
work with him.
12. It’s high time for her to learn to do without you.
13. This man is seriously ill. He looks so.
14. He was not a handsome man. He was not tall enough.
88
9. I’m sorry to come at such a late hour. But it’s a matter of
great importance.
10. He noticed me and didn’t come up to me.
Ex. VI. Complete the following sentences using the proper mood
form:
1. He almost bumped into Mrs. Bramwell at the corner of
Station Road, but turned away as if he … (A. Cronin)
2. I’d be unlikely to find her even if she …(A. Christie)
3. Had he been informed about the changes, he …
4. Evidently the news upset him. I wish …
5. If you played fair …
6. Would he have apologized to her for his conduct if …?
7. You … turn to him for help. I think he is the only man who
has ever had such an experience.
8. Don’t you think it’s high time they …? We have been
waiting for more than a quarter of an hour.
9. I would have informed him about it if I …
10. Don’t look at me as if you …
11. It’s high time you … such things. It’s not as if you …
89
10. ⿱ áñ ¹áõ »ñ»Ë³ ã»ë, ųٳݳÏÝ ¿` ÝÙ³Ý ÑÇÙ³ñ ѳñó»ñ
ãï³ë:
11. гÙá½í³Í »Ù, ¹áõù ϳñáÕ »ù Ýñ³Ý ѳÙá½»É, »Ã»
÷áñÓ»ù:
12. ²ñ¹»Ý ÑÇÝ·Ý ³Ýó Ï»ë ¿. í³Ë»ÝáõÙ »Ù áõ߳ݳÙ: ʻɳóÇ
ã¿ñ ÉÇÝÇ ëå³ë»óÝ»É ï³É µáÉáñÇÝ:
13. ¾ÉÇ½Ç Ù³Ñí³Ý ÉáõñÁ Éë»Éáõó Ñ»ïá ݳ Çñ»Ý ³Û¹ù³Ý
ÁÝÏ×í³Í ã¿ñ ½·³, »Ã» ã·Çï³Ïó»ñ Çñ Ù»ÕùÁ Ýñ³ ³éç¨:
14. ºÃ» ³Ûë Ñá¹í³ÍÁ ïå³·ñí³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ ³Ùë³·ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ
ѳٳñáõÙ, Ù»Ýù ³ÛÝ, ³Ýßáõßï, ϳñ¹³ó³Í ÏÉÇÝ»ÇÝù. »ë
ÙÇßï ÁÝûñóáõÙ »Ù ³Û¹ ³Ùë³·ÇñÁ:
15. ºÃ» Ó»ñ ï»ÕÁ ÉÇÝ»Ç, ¨ë Ù»Ï ÷áñÓ Ï³Ý»Ç` Ýñ³Ý ѳÙá½»Éáõ
ѳٳñ: â¿ áñ ݳ ã¿ñ ó³Ýϳݳ ÝÙ³Ý éÇëÏÇ ¹ÇÙ»É:
16. ºÃ» Ó»ñ ѳñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÁÝÏ»ñ³Ï³Ý ÉÇÝ»ÇÝ, ݳ Ó»½
³Ù»Ý ÇÝã Ïå³ïÙ»ñ ¨ ³Û¹å»ë ã¿ñ ï³é³åÇ:
17. ÂíáõÙ ¿ñ` »ë »ñµ»ù ã¿Ç Ñ»é³ó»É ³Û¹ ù³Õ³ùÇó. í»ñçÇÝ
ÑÇÝ· ï³ñí³ ÇÙ Ñ»é³Ý³Éáõó Ç í»ñ ³ÛÝï»Õ áãÇÝã ã¿ñ
÷áËí»É:
18. ܳ Çñ»Ý ³ÛÝå»ë ¿ñ å³ÑáõÙ, ϳñÍ»ë »ë ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ ãáõÝ»Ç,
¨ ݳ Ù»Ý-Ù»Ý³Ï ¿ñ Çñ Ùïù»ñÇ ¨ ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:
19. Îó³ÝϳݳÛÇ, áñ ¹áõù Ýñ³Ý ѳݷÇëï ÃáÕÝ»Çù ¨ ³Û¹
Ã»Ù³Ý ãßáß³÷»Çù ¨ ¿É ³í»ÉÇ ãß÷áûóÝ»Çù Ýñ³Ý:
90
9. Куда-бы ты пошел, если бы не шел дождь? – Я мог бы
пойти на прогулку.
10. Ведь ты же не ребенок. Тебе давно пора не задавать
таких глупых вопросов.
11. Я уверен вы бы могли уговорить ее, если бы
попытались.
12. Уже 5:30. Боюсь, как бы не опоздать. Было бы
неразумно заставлять всех ждать.
13. Он бы не чувствовал себя таким подавленным, узнав о
смерти Элизы, если бы не осознавал свою вину перед
ней.
14. Если бы эта статья была опубликована в последнем
номере этого журнала, мы бы, конечно, прочитали ее. Я
регулярно просматриваю этот журнал.
15. На вашем месте я предпринял бы еще одну попытку
уговорить его. Ведь он не захотел бы подвергаться
такому риску.
16. Он все рассказал бы и не страдал так, если бы вы были в
дружеских отношениях.
17. Мне казалось будто я никогда не покидал этот город. В
нем ничего не изменилось за последние пять лет моего
отъезда.
18. Она вела себя так, словно я не существовал, и она была
совершенно одна со своими мыслями и проблемами.
19. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы оставили его в покое и не
затрагивали/оставили эту тему, чтобы не смущать его
еще больше.
ADVANCED REVISION
Ex. I. State the Mood-form, account for its use. Translate the
sentences into Armenian/Russian:
1. If you had not told me, I should never have known the facts.
2. I’d have gone on to the University, if I could have got a
scholarship.
91
3. If I were to choose one of these books, I should take the first
one.
4. This custom would have seemed strange to us.
5. To define these features would require a lot of time.
6. Whoever this author may have been, his work is of highest
quality.
7. He purposedly left town in the evening in order that it might
be night when he reached his dwelling.
8. But for his mother’s demand he would have acted differently
in these circumstances.
9. This conjunction is sometimes used as if it were a relative
pronoun.
10. Without your help he would have made much more
mistakes.
11. If some grammatical category is absent in a given language,
its meaning may be translated into this language by lexical
means.
12. If our alphabet were more perfect that it is, we should have
one separate symbol to express each separate sound.
13. If they had not been barbarians, they would not have
destroyed Roman civilization.
14. It would leave a false impression if nothing were to be said
in this chapter about baroque sculpture and painting in
Catholic Europe.
15. What would become of the world, did she cease to revolve
(= if she ceased to revolve).
16. It is quite natural that words of Scandinavian origin should
be plentiful in the North and the East Midland.
17. Should a case arise which cannot be settled by village
authorities, it can be sent to town authorities.
18. He would take the money in exchange for his hospitality,
and he bade me come to him should I ever be in those places
again.
19. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that
nobody might notice the change.
20. Japan’s large population could not have been self-supporting
for so long had soil and climate not been favourable.
92
21. The scientists who know better than anyone else what
biological weapons will do should they be used in war must
demand their prohibition.
22. Under whatever economic system people may live they wish
they were free and had a happy and honest life.
23. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the
fact. They know it for sure, otherwise they wouldn’t have
behaved like that.
24. But if that were all that could be said about those painters the
affair would be simple.
25. I wonder why he got offended. It was not as if I’d wanted to
offend him.
26. Why do we have so many dialects? Wouldn’t it be simpler if
everyone spoke alike? Oh, if things were like that!
27. He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that
nobody might notice the change. He would rather everybody
would leave him alone.
28. You had better not contradict him, whatever he may say. It’s
not as if you could convince him.
29. Sometimes the girl would accept her suitor only on condition
that they live with her parents or else his courting would
remain ineffective.
30. It seemes likely that but for a certain lucky linguistic
accident, man would never have discovered the alphabetic
principle of writing. Had that been the case, the history of
mankind would certainly have been very, very different.
98
6. ´³í³Ï³Ý ¿ ÑÇÙ³ñ ѳñó»ñ ï³ë. ã¿ áñ ¹áõ »ñ»Ë³ ã»ë:
ì³Õáõó ųٳݳÏÝ ¿` ÇٳݳÛÇñ ù»½ ÇÝãå»ë å³Ñ»É:
7. àñù³Ý Ïó³ÝϳݳÛÇ, áñ ÇÝÓ íñ³ ãÍÇͳջÇÝ ¨ Éáõñç
í»ñ³µ»ñí»ÇÝ ÇÙ Ëáëù»ñÇÝ:
8. ºë ã¿Ç ëÏëÇ Ï³ñ¹³É ·ÇñùÁ óñ·Ù³Ýí³Í, »Ã»
ϳñáճݳÛÇ Ï³ñ¹³É µÝ³·ÇñÁ:
9. ÆÝãáõ± ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ã·ñ»óÇù ÇÝÓ ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ. »ë Ó»½
Ïû·Ý»Ç, ¨ áãÇÝã ã¿ñ å³ï³ÑÇ, ¨ ¹áõù Ó»½ Ù»Õ³íáñ ã¿Çù
½·³:
10. ÐÇÙ³ ³÷ëáëáõÙ »Ù, áñ ãѻ層óÇ Ýñ³ ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ: ºÃ» ¹³
ãÉÇÝ»ñ, »ë ÏÁݹáõÝ»Ç Ýñ³Ýó Ññ³í»ñÁ ¨ ÑÇÙ³ µáÉáñÇ Ñ»ï
Ͻí³ñ׳ݳÛÇ:
11. ºÃ» ³Û¹ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ Ùïùáíë ßáõï ³ÝóÝ»ñ, »ë í³Õáõó
³ÛÝ ÏÇñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Ç: ²÷ëáë, ³í»ÉÇ í³Õ ãÙï³Í»óÇ ³Û¹
Ù³ëÇÝ:
12. ܳ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ½·³óáõÙ áõÝ»ñ, ϳñÍ»ë ÇÝã-áñ í³ï µ³Ý ¿ñ
³ñ»É, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ, û µáÉáñÁ Ëáõë³÷áõÙ »Ý Çñ
³ãù»ñÇÝ Ý³Û»É:
13. ܳ ѳÙá½í³Í ¿ñ, áñ »Ã» ëïÇåí³Í ÉÇÝ»ñ ѳÝáõÝ
»ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ ½áѳµ»ñ»É Çñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ݳ ¹³
ëÇñáí ϳݻñ:
14. ºë ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿Ç Ó»½ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ³ë»É, µ³Ûó ã¿Ç
ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ íßï³óÝ»É Ó»½: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó, ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ¿`
ɳí ÏÉÇÝ»ñ, »Ã» ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ ãÇٳݳÛÇù:
15. ܳ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³é³íáïÇó ÙÇÝã áõß ·Çß»ñ, áñå»ë½Ç
÷áÕ Ïáõï³ÏÇ ¨ ÁݹÙÇßï Ù»ÏÝÇ ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó: ܳ ½·áõÙ ¿ñ,
áñ ÏݳËÁÝïñ»ñ ٳѳݳÉ, ù³Ý Ññ³Å³ñí»É ³Û¹ ÙïùÇó:
16. ÆÝãáõ± »ù ÇÝÓ Ù»Õ³¹ñáõÙ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝãáõÙ, ã¿ áñ »ë Ýñ³Ý áãÇÝã
ã»Ù ³ë»É:
17. ºñµ Ý»ñë Ùï³í, ݳ óÝóí»ó: ê»ÝÛ³ÏÝ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ï»ëù
áõÝ»ñ, áñ ÃíáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ »ñµ»ù ã¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍí»É:
18. ìÇñ³Ñ³ïáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá µÅÇßÏÁ ѳݷëï³óñ»ó »ñ»Ë³ÛÇ
ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, ³ë»Éáí, áñ ÙÇ »ñÏáõ-»ñ»ù ß³µ³ÃÇó ݳ
ÏÃéãÏáïÇ ¨ Ïí³½í½Ç. ϳñÍ»ë ã¿ñ ¿É íÇñ³Ñ³ïí»É:
19. ܳ Éáõé Ýëï³Í ¿ñ ÇÙ ¹ÇÙ³ó, ¨ »ë Ùï³Í»óÇ, áñ
ųٳݳÏÝ ¿` ݳ ÇÝÓ Ñ³ÛïÝ»ñ Çñ ³ÛóÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ:
20. §²Ë, »Ã» »ë Ýñ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ É³í ׳ݳã»Ç, ÃáõÛÉ ã¿Ç ï³
³ÙáõëÝ³Ý³É ÇÙ ¹ëï»ñ Ñ»ï¦, - ¹³éÝáñ»Ý Ùï³Í»ó ݳ:
21. ºë ÏݳËÁÝïñ»Ç, áñ ݳ ã˳éÝí»ñ ÇÙ ·áñÍ»ñÇÝ. ã¿ áñ »ë
Ýñ³Ý ã¿Ç Ëݹñ»É:
99
22. ºÃ» ѳÝϳñÍ áñ¨¿ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÉÇÝÇ, ï»ÕÛ³Ï å³ÑÇñ
ÇÝÓ: àõñ³Ë ÏÉÇÝ»Ç û·Ý»É Ó»½, ÇÝã ¿É áñ å³ï³Ñ»ñ: Ã
23. ¸áõ ϽÕç³ë, áñ ù³ñ﻽Á ã»ë í»ñóÝáõÙ: ºÃ» ѳÝϳñÍ
ÙáÉáñí»Çñ, ϳñáÕ ¿Çñ û·ïí»É ¹ñ³ÝÇó,:
24. ²í»ÉÇ É³í ÏÉÇÝ»ñ í»ñ³¹³éݳÛÇÝù. »Õ³Ý³ÏÁ ϳñÍ»ë û
÷áËíáõÙ ¿ ¹»åÇ í³ïÁ, ¨ ³ÛÝï»Õ ëå³ë»ÉÁ íï³Ý·³íáñ
ÏÉÇÝ»ñ:
25. ºÝó¹ñáõÙ »Ù` ÏݳËÁÝïñ»Çñ, áñ »ë ÁݹÙÇßï ÙݳÛÇ
³ÛÝï»Õ, ¨ ¹áõ ϳñáճݳÛÇñ ³Ý»É ³ÛÝ, ÇÝã ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ »ë:
26. ºíë Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù µ³ó³ïñÇñ Ýñ³Ý ³Û¹, áñå»ë½Ç ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã
×Çßï ³ÝÇ. ѳϳé³Ï ¹»åùáõ٠ݳ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã Ï˳éÝÇ:
27. ºÃ» ÇÝùë ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ï»ë³Í ãÉÇÝ»Ç, »ë ÑÇÙ³ ã¿Ç íÇ×Ç ù»½
Ñ»ï: ⿱ áñ »ë ã»Ù ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ, áñ ¹áõ ÝáñÇó ë˳Éí»ë,
ųٳݳÏÝ ¿, áñ ¹³ ѳëϳݳë:
100
11. Если бы мне эта мысль пришла в голову раньше, я бы
давно осуществил ее. Жаль, что я не подумал об этом
раньше.
12. У него было такое чувство, точно он сделал что-то
плохое, так-как ему показалось, что все избегают
смотреть ему в глаза.
13. Она была уверена, что если бы ей пришлось
пожертвовать своими интересами ради детей, она бы
охотно сделала это.
14. Я могла бы вам это сразу сказать, но мне не хотелось
расстраивать вас, кроме того мне кажется вам бы лучше
не знать об этом.
15. Он работал с утра до ночи, чтобы накопить денег и
уехать отсюда навсегда. Он чувствовал, что скорее бы
умер, чем отказался от этой мысли.
16. Почему вы обвиняете меня во всем? Ведь я ничего ему
не говорил.
17. Когда он вошел, он был поражен всем. Комната
выглядела так, словно ею никогда не пользовались.
18. После операции врач успокоил родителей ребенка,
сказав, что через 2-3 недели он будет прыгать и бегать,
словно его и не оперировали.
19. Он сидел напротив меня и молчал, и я подумала, что ему
пора было сообщить о цели своего визита.
20. “Ах, если бы я знала его лучше, я бы не позволила ему
жениться на моей дочери,”- с горечью подумала она.
21. Я бы предпочел, чтобы она не вмешивалась в мои дела.
Ведь я же не просил ее об этом.
22. Если вдруг возникнет какая-нибудь трудность, дай мне
знать. Я был бы рад помочь вам, что бы не случилось.
23. Ты пожалеешь, что не берешь карту с собой. Ты мог бы
воспользоваться ею, если вдруг заблудишься.
24. Нам лучше вернуться. Погода кажется меняется, и ждать
здесь было бы опасно.
25. Полагаю, ты бы предпочла, чтобы я там остался
навсегда, и ты смогла бы делать все, что хочешь.
26. Объясни ей это еще раз, чтобы она все сделала
правильно, иначе она опять все перепутает.
101
27. Я бы не спорила с тобой сейчас, если бы сама этого не
видела. Ведь я же не хочу, чтобы ты снова ошиблась.
Пора бы тебе понять это.
Ex. IX. Read the following passage. Retell the story using as
many hypothetical sentences as possible:
The Betrayal
(after Cella Fremlin)
“Mark’s looks were gone; his fire was gone; the blue eyes
whose glance had once made her forget everything else on earth –
well, not quite everything, thank goodness, or she wouldn’t now be
living in that expensive house in Richmond – those eyes had faded to
a lusterless, bloodshot gray.
“I’ve brought you some flowers,” she said and dumped the
twelve red roses onto the bed. Something cheaper would have done
equally well, but roses were all that was left in the shop.
She waited for him to thank her, to tell her she looked as
beautiful as ever, to ask her how she was getting on. But he didn’t
say a word. He simply gazed at the flowers lying on the blanket in
front of him as if he didn’t see them.
Suddenly he spoke.
“Let me see your hands, Maisie. I haven’t seen your hands for
thirty years.”
“Why, Maisie!” he said. It looked as though he were shocked.
“They are still beautiful.”
Maisie was annoyed. Still beautiful. And why shouldn’t they
be, she’d like to know? Anyone else would have told her that she still
looked beautiful – not a day over forty.
“Do you remember, Maisie, the last time I watched you
arranging red roses in a vase?”
He spoke slowly, with his eyes on her hands, as if he were
asking the questions of them rather than her.
“I just want you to get me the bottle of sleeping tablets from
the bathroom. The doctor won’t let me have them within reach…”
She drew herself up.
102
If she refused him there would be a scene, and she had long
ago had enough scenes with Mark. Better humour him – pretend she
couldn’t find them, or something … But she hurried off and found
the bathroom … She saw the bottle Mark meant – two of them, in
fact - one nearly full, the other empty. It was the empty one that gave
her the idea – the clever, amusing idea that would get her so neatly
out of the whole business. All she had to do was to fill it with tablets
that looked similar but were really harmless and give him …
Once she was safe outside in the street, Maisie stood and
laughed until her sides ached.
It wasn’t until the next day, when she heard that Mark had
died in the night from an overdose of sleeping tablets, that she
realized the silly mistake she must have made. She must have picked
up the wrong bottle – the one with real sleeping tablets in it – and
given it to him!
Maddening! Such a clever trick it would have been, and it
would have kept her completely safe out of trouble! How was it that
her hands, her beautiful hands, should have betrayed her!
Ex. XI. Read the passages and retell them. State the Mood forms
and translate the sentences into Armenian/Russian:
a) It has already been pointed out that parallel to the growth in
the number and variety of the meanings which many words possess,
and that, were it not for its economical device, the vocabulary of
Modern English, enormous as it is, would be several times as great.
If we were to consider the changes of meaning that have occurred
along with the introduction of new terms, the imperfect picture
which the mere growth of vocabulary presents would be coloured
104
and shadowed, so that a complete representation of the development
of English thought would be provided.
b) If you could come back to life two hundred years from now,
you would find not only the world and its activities transformed, but
also its languages. Among them would be an English language that
you would be able to recognize and understand in part, but many of
whose words and expressions would be completely strange and
mysterious to you until they were explained just as television would
be strange to Shakespeare if he were to come back to life today.
105
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
106
2) Predica- Indicative Mood of It is as if my
tive clauses the link verbs “to be”, life were over.
“to look”, “to feel”, smb. did She felt as
“to seem” etc. sth. though she had
Note: “smb. looks” – as if smb. had never seen
we judge by person’s as though done sth. him.
appearance, “it looks” She looks as if
– we judge by the she didn’t
situation. as mind.
if/though It looks as if
the letter had
been written by
a child.
107
5) Adverbial Indicative even if Subjunctive Even if you
clauses of even II were right he
Concession though Past/Present wouldn’t admit
smb. did his mistake.
sth.
smb. had
done sth.
108
7) Adverbial Indicative Suppositio- If the child
clauses of Imperative nal should be left
problematic Conditional alone = Should
condition the child be left
alone he will
if
get frightened.
asyndeti-
cally smb. should Should I be
do late, wait for
me.
Should he
come, I’d be
surprised.
APPENDIX 3
109
3. to do sth. would do To wait would be
to have done sth. sth. senseless.
would have To have told him
done sth. about it would have
been better.
4. otherwise smb. would He is ill otherwise
or/or else do sth. he would come.
I/we should
do sth. He knew the truth
would have otherwise he
done sth. wouldn’t have
I/we should behaved like that.
have done
sth.
APPENDIX 4
Should
110
Could
Might
111
BIBLIOGRAPHY
112
The practical work is based on.
1. Margaret Mitchell
Gone with the Wind
Scarlett, New York, A Time Warner Company, 1992
2. D.H Lawrence
The Woman Who Rode Away, London, Penguin Books, 1997
3. A.J. Cronin
The Citadel, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1963
4. J. Galsworthy
To Let, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954
5. T.V. Barishnikova, L.B. Belinkina
For Further Progress in English, Москва, “Международные
отношения”, 1974
6. N.P. Bogdanova, N.A. Prilepskaya, I.I. Rodioncheva, L.C.
Valovich
From Basic to Wider English, Москва, “Международные
отношения”, 1967
7. Гутерман Н.Г., Полонская Н.К.
Я буду ждать/I’ll be waiting, Л. “Просвещение”, 1980
8. Australian Short Stories, Москва, Прогресс, 1975
9. T.U. Drozdova, V.G. Mailova
English Grammar, SP, Himera, 1998
10. O.Henry
Selected Stories, Moscow, “Progress Publisher”, 1977
11. Arthur Hailey
Airport, New York, Bantam Books, 1968
113
CONTENTS
Introduction…………………………………………….……. 5
The Indirect/Oblique Moods…………………........................ 9
General Traits of the Oblique Moods…..……………………. 9
Modal Verbs and the Oblique Moods…………………...… 12
Free and Dependent Uses of the Oblique Moods ………....... 20
The Use of Subjunctive II …………...…………………….... 20
The Free use of Subjunctive II …………………………........ 21
Types of Conditional Clauses ………………………………. 30
The use of the Conditional Mood …………………….….….. 42
Dependent use of Subjunctive II ……………...…………..… 60
Subject Clauses ………………………………...………….... 60
Predicative Clauses ……………………………...………..… 63
Object Clauses ……………………………...…..……….…... 67
Clauses of Comparison ………………….....…………….….. 77
Clauses of Purpose ……………………...………..…………. 81
Clauses of Concession ………………...…………..........…… 85
Revision ……………………………...………………...……. 85
Advanced Revision …………………......……………...…… 91
Appendix ……………………………...………………..…… 106
Bibliography …………….…….…………………………….. 112
114
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