Atomic Structure and the Subatomic  The idea Leucippus was being Aristotle developed a theory that all

Particles expanded by Democritus matter consisted of four elements

The structure of atom
ATOM – the basic unit of matter. NOT THE
SMALLEST.
From the Greek idea 2000 years ago
to present, different models for this
structure have been proposed. Each the
best for its time. Let us learn how the model
had to be changed with new observations
or experiments.
400 BC
namely, fire, earth, air, and water.
 These four elements are related
based on “four principles of matter”,
 He gave the name “ATOMOS” these are the hot, the moist, dry and
(Greek word for uncut) which cold.
means “indivisible ” to these tiny
particles.
 Aristotle thought that “atoms” of
 At
water are smooth round balls and
that
that of fire have sharp edges.
time,

Leucippus, a Greek philosopher, asked his

pupil Democritus while they are strolling
along the beach of Aegean Sea.
GREEK IDEA: 1774

“If you were asked to split a glass of

water into smaller drops until they become
too small to see, would you ever reach that
point at which a tiny drop could no longer
be separated into smaller droplets?”
460-470 BC
 Antoine 5. Chemical change involves joining,
Lavoisier’s separating, or rearranging atoms
experiments and
1897
measurements
led to the Law of  Electrons were the first subatomic
Conservation of particles to be discovered using the
Mass which cathode ray tube.
states that
 In 1897,
matter cannot be Dalton’s Atomic Theory - the first
an English
created nor experimentally based theory of atomic
physicist
destroyed before and after the reaction. structure of the atom.
Joseph
John
Thomson
discovered
that atoms
were not
just simple
1799 Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory solid spheres.

Joseph Proust 1. All matter consists of tiny particles

developed the called atoms Cathode Ray Experiment
Law of Definite
Proportion which 2. An atom cannot be created, divided,
states that destroyed, or converted to any
different sample other type of atom
s of the same 3. Atoms of a particular element have
compound identical properties. Atoms of
always contain its different elements have different
constituent properties
elements in the
same proportion by mass. 4. Atoms of different elements Thomson’s Model
combine in simple whole-number (Plum-Pudding Model)
1808 ratios to produce compounds (stable
aggregates of atoms)
 1. Most alpha particles pass through Models of the Atom
the gold foil indicating that the
atoms is mostly empty space.
2. Some of
the alpha
• He developed an atomic model in particles
which electrons were stuck into a are
positively charged sphere like deflected
chocolate chips in cookie dough. (a) Thomson (b) Rutherford
and some
• Other call this “PLUM PUDDING” even 1913
directly bounce back to the source.
1909 The Bohr Atom
Discovery of Proton
In 1913, Niels
 Protons Bohr’s modified
Ernest were the Rutherford’s model
Rutherford is next of atom. Bohr
known for his particle to proposed that each
alpha-scattering be electron in an atom
experiment. discovered. has fixed amount
of energy that
The illustration in the next slide
keeps them moving around the nucleus
shows the apparatus used by a
within a specific region He called this region
German scientist Eugen Goldstein
“energy level”.
that revealed the presence of
Gold Foil Experiments positive particles in an atom. Energy levels surround the nucleus in rays
or shells, just like the layers of an atom
“The Cathode Ray Tube”
Bohr’s model has been known as the
PLANETARY MODEL because it compares
electrons, the planets and the nucleus, the
sun.
Erwin Schrödinger
 This model describes the probability  In the 1920’s, Werner Heisenberg
that an electron can be found in a put forth his uncertainty principle,
given region of space at a given which states that, at a given
time. instance, it is impossible to
determine the velocity and position
 This model no longer tells us where
of the electrons.
the electron is; it only tells us where
it might be.  It is only possible to calculate the
probability of finding an electron
within a given space.
Quantum Mechanical Model
1920
Werner Heisenberg 2.1 . Composition of the Atom
 Atom - the basic structural unit of an
element

 Introduced “wave mechanics” as a  The fundamental unit of an element

mathematical model. that retains the chemical properties
of that element
Cloud Model
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
 Atoms consist of three primary
particles. Electron, Proton, and
Neutron.
 Nucleus - small, dense, positively
charged region in the center of the
atom
 protons - positively charged
particles
 neutrons - uncharged
particles
 Electron
 In 1879, a British physicist, Joseph
John Thomson, performed several
experiments using the cathode ray
tube.
 He noticed that the mass of the
cathode rays was over 1000 times
lighter than the hydrogen atom and
their mass was the same despite the
source of the atom.
 Thomson concluded that the
cathode rays were very light, negatively
charged particles he then called
“corpuscles.”
 He concluded that an atom is
divisible, disproving the idea that the
atom is indivisible.
 These negatively charged corpuscles
are what we now call electrons.
 The electron has a mass of 9.110 x
10 -28 grams. This mass is 1/1837 the
mass of a hydrogen atom.
 The exact size of an electron has not
been determined, but its diameter is
believed to be less than 10-12 cm.
Proton
 Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930), a
German scientist was the first to
observe the existence of protons. In
1886, he conducted an experiment
using a modified cathode ray tube
made from a metal disk filled with
holes.
 He did not only observe the stream
of electrons emitted by the cathode,
but also the positive rays behind the
cathode.
 However, Joseph John Thomson was
the one who discovered the nature
of the proton. He calculated its mass
to be about 1837 times that of an
electron and showed that the
proton is a particle.
 Its sign is opposite to the charge of Characteristics of Atomic Particles
the electron.  Electrons are negatively charged
 The relative mass of proton is 1.673 particles located outside of the
x 10 -24 nucleus of an atom
Neutron  Protons and electrons have charges
that are equal in magnitude but
 In 1932, James Chadwick discovered opposite in sign
the third major subatomic particle –
the neutron.  A neutral atom that has no electrical
charge has the same number of
 This particle bears neither a positive protons and electrons
nor a negative charge, and has a
relative mass of about1.675 x 10 -24  Electrons move very rapidly in a
grams which is slightly greater than relatively large volume of space
while the nucleus is small and dense
that of a proton.
Symbolic Representation of an Element

 Atomic number (Z) - the number of
protons in the atom
 Mass number (A) - sum of the
number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Calculations
 mass number = number of
protons + number of neutrons
 number of neutrons = mass
number - number of protons
 Atomic number = number of
protons = number of electrons
Ions and Charges
 Ions - electrically charged particles
that result from a gain or loss of one
or more electrons by the parent
atom
 Cation - positively charged
 results from the loss of
electrons
 23
Na  23Na+ + 1e-
 Anion - negatively charged
 results from the gain of
electrons
 19
F + 1e-  19F-
Examples of Isotopes
ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC MASS
 The atomic mass, measured in
atomic mass unit (amu), of a
particular element is based on the
contributions of the existing
isotopes of that particular element.
Thus, it is commonly referred to as
weighted average atomic mass.
 Isotopes are atoms of the same
element that have the same atomic  To determine the atomic
number but differ in the mass mass of an element, you need to know the
number. existing isotopes, their masses, and the
percentage abundance. This formula is
given below.
EXAMPLE:
1. Antimony (Sb) which is used in
ceramics, paints, and enamels has
two stable isotopes. The atomic
masses of Sb-123 (42.70%) and Sb-
121 (57.30%) are 122.9042 amu and
120.9038 amu, respectively.
Compute for the average atomic
mass of Sb.
2. Carbon has two stable isotopes,
carbon-12 and carbon-13. Carbon-12 is
more abundant than carbon-13.
Carbon-12 contributes 98.90% mass of
the whole carbon atoms while carbon-
13 contributes 1.10%. If the atomic
weight of cabon-12 is 12.0000 amu and
carbon-13 has an atomic weight of
13.0034 amu, compute for the average
atomic mass of carbon.