DESIGN

3 BEAMS
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Flexural Design o Shear Design Torsion
4 Strength
Strength Ductility Serviceability
Linear Elastic Behavior When the support reaction produces a compressive compute design shear force, Vu ,
example is a precast concrete spandrel beam. Compat-
at appropriate location
The basic strength requirement for flexural design is and ductility, reinforced concrete beams must meet ser-
viceability requirements related to rigidity (such as
stress in the member, as shown in Fig. 1.6, the critical Equilibrium torsion applies to situations where redis-
tribution of loads cannot occur and the torsional resis-
Compat-ibility torsion describes a situation in which loads can
redistribute after torsional cracking. In such a case,
Minimum Reinforcement Ratio section for shear is located at a distance, d, from the
Mu ≤ φMn ign
tance is necessary to maintain equilibrium. A common a reduction is permitted in the design value of tor-
, nate
the strength design method
design method, is thede
the strength deflection limits) and durability (such as crack width
support equal to the effective depth. This location is compute Vc using simple equation ACI 11-3 example is a precast concrete spandrel beam. Compat- sional moment. In the case of compatibility torsion,
method
code’s and itdesign
preferred is the method
only design
and i limits). d Vc  2 fc bw d ACI Sec. 11.5.2 allows the maximum torsional moment
A minimum reinforcement ratio is required to ensure wu
  1.0 for normal weight concrete that the member must be designed to carry to be lim-
that the flexural strength of the reinforced section is Serviceability issues are treated differently from the   0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
weld
ited to four times the threshold value.
plate
Required Strength greater than that of the uncracked concrete section. If strength and ductility issues :described in the previous
chapter in two important ways. First, serviceability lim-
critical section
d
beam
elevation
  0.75 for all-lightweight concrete

Table 5.3.1—Load combinations this is not the case, sudden failure will occur when the its employ unfactored loadings, which are known as the
re 37. 11 Typical Pattern of Shear Cracks

Primary modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded and the service loads. Second, behavior is assumed to be within no
Vc
yes
ctor The
on live
loadload L in
on Eq.
live(5.3.1c),
support
Load combination Equation load 5.3.3 factor load L 
0.75 fc
Vu  ?
no stirrups
(5.3.1d),
shall and
5.3.1d), and (5.3.1e)
be permitted
(5.3.1e) shall
to be
shall reduced
be to 0.5
permitted to b first flexural crack forms. service loads. Second, behavior is assumed to be within 50 2 required
U = 1.4D (5.3.1a) D except for (a), (b), or (c):
ACI Sec. 10.5 pffiffiffiffi c the linear elastic stress range. The following sections
strength, Mn , by the yielding of its extreme tension
critical Vu
section for shear is located at a distance, d, from the
shear force bearing
3 f c0 200
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1b) L (a) Garages min. stirrups pad
When a fluid load, F, is present, it must be included
with the same load
¼ factor as the dead load, D, in ACI U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) (5.3.1c) Lr or S or R (b) Areas occupied as places of public assembly
min ¼   ¼ As/bd steel. When the concrete in the beam crushes (that support equal to the effective depth. This location is yes
required
d
(c) Areas where L is greater than 100 lb/ft2 fy fy is, reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003), steel applicable only when loads are applied near or at the Vc
When H acts .. U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1d) W  Vu  Vc ? 2
strains are usually in excess of 0.005. 2
¼ alone or adds to the effect of other loads,
it has ait load U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (5.3.1e) E 5.3.5 If wind load W is based on service-level loads, top of the beam, and no concentrated load occurs within s
24 in
has afactor
load of 1.6. of 1.6. When the effect of H i
loads, factor
¼ is permanent and counteracts the effects of other loads, U = 0.9D + 1.0W (5.3.1f) W
used sin place of 1.0W in Eq. (5.3.1d) and (5
hall be0.8W a distance from the support equal to the effective depth. no Avfy
3,/lbwd 200bwd cast-in-place spandrel beam
it has a load factor of 0.9.
pv U = 0.9D + 1.0E (5.3.1g) E
1.6W A s,min = larger { f or - - - Control of Crack Widths Deflection
a dista bw precast spandrel beam
(compatibility torsion)
l
D dead load kips or lbf
Y 1y When V u >
Vc/2, ½
¼ 0:75
f the concrete,

V
Vs  u Vc

(equilibrium torsion)
E
F
earthquake load
load due to weight and pressure of fluids
kips
kips
or
or
lbf
lbf 5.3.4 If applicable, L shall include (a) through (f): Deflection Limitations
Vs, is added
tem. For the precast beam, full torsional resistance is the cast-in-place spandrel, a reduction in torsional resis-
H
L
load due to pressure of soil
live load
kips
kips
or
or
lbf
lbf
A s,min limits do not apply if A s (provided) 2: l. 33A 5 (required). from the support equal to th
needed to maintain equilibrium and this member must tance reduces the negative bending moment transferred
TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
V u ¼ applied factored shear force, be designed for equilibrium torsion. In contrast, for from the slab with a corresponding redistribution of mo-
Lr roof live load kips or lbf (a) Concentrated live loads Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation
Q service level force kips or lbf
(b) Vehicular loads yes ment to the positive region of the slab. This is a case
R load due to rainwater kips or lbf Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /180* Then The basic strength requirement for shear design is Vs  8 fc bw d ?
web crushes:
(c) Crane loads
likely to be damaged by large deflections
S
T
snow load
effect of temperature, shrinkage, creep,
kips
kips
or
or
lbf
lbf For slabs and footings, ACI Sec. 7.12 requires a mini- Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /360 φVn > Vu redesign beam
differential settlement, and shrinkage-
(d) Loads on hand rails, guardrails, and vehicular barrier mum reinforcement area for grade 60 deformed bars of
likely to be damaged by large deflections

U
compensating concrete
required strength to resist factored load kips or lbf systems
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment
elements likely to be damaged by large deflections of nonstructural elements (sum of the long-term
l /480‡
½
¼ 0:75
V c þ
V s > V u no threshold torsional moment,
w
W
distributed load
wind load
kips/ft
kips or lbf (e) Impact effects As;min ¼ 0:0018bh Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural deflection due to all sustained loads and the
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections deflection due to any additional live load)†
immediate
l /240§  
(f) Vibration effects UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE CALCULATED d  A2cp Acp = bw h
slabs and footings, which require minimum tempera- Shear Capacity of Concrete yes
smax
4 Tu < φλ fc
Minimum thickness, h qffiffiffiffi Vs  4 fc bw d ?
pcp pcp = 2(bw + h)
ture and shrinkage steel, and for special cases in which 12 in
cc
Simply One end Both ends V c ¼ 2bw d f c0 accurate. A more
Sec. 11.2.2.1 as
precise value is provided by ACI
to the axis of the strut
Design Strength the amount of steel provided in a flexural member is at supported continuous continuous Cantilever
c (psi)
c w Vc ¼


pffiffiffiffiffi 2500w V u d
1:9 f 0c þ

bw d
no
Acp area enclosed by outside perimeter of in2
s s Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
least one-third greater at every point than required by   1.0 for normal weight concrete Mu
The design strength of a member consists of the nom- Member construction likely to be damaged by large deflections pffiffiffiffi d concrete cross section
  0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete  3:5 f c0 bw d smax
2
inal, or theoretical ultimate, strength of the member analysis. For cantilevered T-beams with the flange in Solid one- l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10   0.75 for all-lightweight concrete V ud 24 in
pcp outside perimeter of the concrete cross in
multiplied by the appropriate strength reduction factor, way slabs  1:0
Limitations on reinforcement distribution are specified Mu section

. The reduction factor is defined in ACI Sec. 9.3 as Beams or b [rectangular beams] pffiffiffiffi0
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio to control cracking and to protect the reinforcement ribbed one- l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8 bw = {
bw [T-beamsj
f c  100 lbf=in2

¼ 0:90 ½for flexure of tension-controlled sections from corrosion. Crack width and reinforcement corro- way slabs smax When this value is exceeded, reinforcement must be
The maximum limit on the amount of tension steel Avfy provided to resist the full torsion. When both shear

¼ 0:75 ½for shear and torsion sion increase when reinforcement stress increases, con- s

ensures that the steel yields well before the concrete

crete cover increases, or the area of concrete surrounding
For grade 40 reinforcement, the tabulated values are Shear Capacity of Stirrups
Reinforcement bw and torsion reinforcements are required, the sum of the

¼ 0:75 ½for columns with spiral reinforcement crushes, so that the beam fails in a gradual, ductile multiplied by the factor 0.8. For lightweight concrete, 2 Avfyd individual areas must be provided.
manner and not a sudden, brittle manner. This pro- ves each bar increases.
the following rules. the tabulated values are multiplied by the factor a dista Vs

¼ 0:65 ½for columns with lateral ties
vides warning in the event of failure. ACI Sec. 10.3.5 • According to ACI Sec. 10.6.4,
24.3.2 the spacing of rein- When Vu > zVc given)

¼ 0:65 ½for bearing on concrete surfaces forcement closest to the tension face of a flexural R ¼ 1:65  0:005w c
2 pffiffiffiffi Figure 5.1 Shear Design Provisions for a 11.5.3 — Torsional moment strength
maximum reinforcement ratio is that which produces a

¼ 0:75 ½for strut-and-tie models tensile strain in the reinforcing bar closest to the edge of member must not exceed 0:75bw s f c0 50bw s Slender Reinforced Concrete Beam
 1:09 AvðminÞ ¼ 
the beam, of ⎧   f yt f yt 11.5.3.1 — The cross-sectional dimensions shall be
⎪ 40,000 given)
t ¼ 0:004 ⎪ 15
⎨ − 2.5cc Deflection Determination such that:
STRENGTH DESIGN PRINCIPLES
. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . s≤ 
fs
 4.10 c
vertical,stirrups
w
inclined stirrups inclined bars
From ACI Sec. R10.3.5, the maximum concrete com- ⎪
⎪ 40,000 Short-term deflections may be calculated by using the pacity as qffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffi
Tension-Controlled and ⎩ 12 Av fy d Av f yt ðsin
þ cos
Þd a single, bent-up bar or group of bars equidistant
Vs = s _
R11.5.3.1 — The size of a cross section is limited for two
Tension-Controlled and Compression-Controlled Sections pressive strain is fs effective moment of inertia given by ACI Sec. 9.5.2.3
¼ 48 f c0 bw d Vs ¼ ¼ 48 f c0 bw d
 from the support is used¼ as shear reinforcement,
7:5 f c0
3
3 ! ss reasons: first, to reduce unsightly cracking, and second, to
Compression-Controlled
the nominal flexural strength of a member is reached pffiffiffiffi
c  0:003 fs ¼ calculated stress in reinforcement at Ie ¼
M cr
Ig þ 1 
M cr
I cr V s ¼ Av f y sin
 3bw d f c0 prevent crushing of the surface concrete due to inclined
when the strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches service loads kips/in2 Ma Ma compressive stresses due to shear and torsion. In Eq. (11-18)
a value of 0.003. Depending on the strain in the tension or assumed to be equal to 2=3 fy. Additional long-term deflection is estimated from ACI d
The depth of the neutral axis is obtained from Fig. 1.1 as Sec. 24.2.4
9.5.2.5 by multiplying the short-term deflection by No. 3 @ 8 in o.c. shear stresses due to shear and torsion. The sum of these
the section
either is classified Depending
tension-controlled on the strain in the
or compression-controlled, andtension steel,
the stren ⎧ α perm
Min α ¼ 30 

 ⎪ the multiplier given) given) stresses may not exceed the stress causing shear cracking
⎨ db
1– No. 6
the strength-reduction factor varies from a value of 0.90 to 0.65. c
c¼ s ≥ 34 × maximum aggregate size  30∘
plus 8 f c′ , similar to the limiting strength given in 11.4.7.9
d ⎪ D ¼ Required and maximum-permitted stirrup
givengiven
) ) spacing, s
Internal Forces and Strains c þ t ⎩ 1 þ 500

 1 in
A
z
cross section strain distribution stress distribution When a series of equally spaced bent-up bars is used, as
d' Comp. strain ϵc = 0.003 ¼
0:003
d ρ = s φVc
(a) For solid sections (b) For hollow sections
0.85fc′ bd φ Vc
b
0:003 þ 0:004 When the depth of the beam exceeds 36 in, ACI 2
< Vu Vu > φ Vc shown in Fig. 1.8, the nominal shear capacity is given by
Mu 's given)
c ¼ 0:429d Sec. 10.6.7
9.7.2.3 requires that skin reinforcement be placed Av f y ðsin
þ cos
Þd Vu ⎞ 2 ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ 2
Cc Cs'
Cu a/2
Vs ¼ ⎛ ---------- Vc Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ Vc
 + ⎜ -------------------⎟ ≤ φ ⎛ ----------
- + 8 f c′ ⎞
A' s Smaller of:
a = β1c time period (mo) ⎛ ---------- -⎟ ≤ φ ⎛⎝ ----------
- + 8 f c′ ⎞
Pu ⎝ b d-⎠ ⎝ b d-⎠ ⎜⎝ ------------------
c along both side faces of the web, in the lower half of the +
d = 0.85abf c′
Av f y Vu s
⎝ 1.7A ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎠
wd
Vs = Vc Figure 1.8 Beam with Inclined Bars 2 2 ⎠ b
dt wd
The corresponding strength reduction factor is beam. s= w
d d − a/2
60 2.0 50b w φ oh w 1.7A oh
As 12 1.4 Required Av f y Av f y d 
Ts
¼ 0:812 spacing s= perm Vc = 2λ fc bw d
Min α ¼ 30   
6 1.2 0.75 b w fc '
s=
Vs
Tu = Asfy
3 1.0
α
ph = 2 (bw − 2(cover) − db ) + (h − 2(cover) − db )
Net tensile strain: t
As ϵt The maximum allowable reinforcement ratio is derived s
Uniaxial Loading and Deformation from Fig. 1.1 as
Strain Conditions σ = P/A, where Vs 4 bw d fc ' Only the center three-fourths of the inclined bar is
σ
f c0 considered effective; this limits the spacing, measured
0.003 0.003 0.003 = stress on the cross section max ¼ 0:3641
Smaller of:
c fy Smaller of: d in a direction parallel to the longitudinal reinforcement,
P = loading lyzed using basic principles in a manner similar to that s= OR
Fig. R9.5.2.5—Multipliers for long-term deflections.
 ¼ As/bd
Maximum d 2
A = cross-sectional area illustrated in the previous section. For beams contain- permitted
s=
2 s = 24"
to a maximum value of given)
Fig. R10.6.7—Skin reinforcement for beams and joists with h > 36 in.
c c ing steel in the compression region, long-standing prac- spacing
A' s c ε = δ/L, where OR
δ = elastic longitudinal deformation tice is to use a modular ratio of 2n to account for the Vs > 4 bw d fc '
Vs 4 bw d fc '
dt s = 24" Vs > 4 bw d fc '
L = length of member
effect of creep deformation in the concrete (in effect, Smaller of:
As s=
d smax ¼ 0:375dð1 þ cot
Þ smax ¼ 0:375dð1 þ cot
Þ Fig. R11.5.3.1—Addition of torsional and shear stresses.
P A The deflection is calculated for each loading case using 4
E= v f=
d L the appropriate value of the effective moment of inertia. s = 12" 2
P P
d = PL
AE L ¼ ðDþLÞ  D
t 0.005 0.005 > t > 0.002 t 0.002 Table 9.6.3.3—Required Av,min
True stress is load divided by actual cross-sectional area
3 Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
whereas engineering stress is load divided by the initial 15
area. T ¼ D ð1 þ D Þ þ L Beam type Av,min/s ACI Sec. 11.5.3.6 specifies the required area of one leg of
Tension- Transition Compression- ⌬ permitted angle of inclination of the inclined bars is a closed stirrup as
controlled
3
section
Flexural Design of
controlled
Reinforced Concrete Beams
EEc c = 33wc
1.5
f lc , psi
15
¼ ðDþLÞ þ D D Nonprestressed
b
0.75 f c′ w
f yt
(a) 30  . When shear reinforcement consists of both stirrups

section: Members with tied section: wc = density, unit weight, At Tu

--`,,

and prestressed and inclined bars, the total combined shear resistance is for compression
c 0.375 dt reinforcement with Apsfse <
Greater of:
qffiffiffiffi ¼ 
 20.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, E , for nonprestressed bars bw s 2
Ao f yt diagonals at 45
0.85fc bβ1 (0.375dt )φ = 0.9
¼ 0:48 þ 83t c 0.6 dt
Solving this quadratic equation
and wires gives
shall be permitted
s
to be taken as 29,000,000 psi.
M 0.4(Apsfpu + Asfy) 50
f yt
(b) Vs total = Vs (stirrups) +Vs (inclined bars)
¼ 48 f c0 bw d

As,max = 
Table 1.1 Typical Values for Singly Reinforced
¼ 0:23 þ
0:25 Members with tied
φ = 0.65 At Tu
f0.85f
with  = 0.005, bβ,1and(0.375d
yf = 60,000clbf/in
Concrete Beams

= 0.90
3t
) 2 c Solving
Flexural Designtiedofreinforcement this
Reinforced quadratic
Concreteequation
Beamsgives 15
resisted by the gross section. Cracking is predicted to nominal moment strength bw ¼
¼ ½ACI 11-21
As,max = 
t y
0.75 f c′
occur when the maximum tension stress reaches the
(c)
) !
0

⎛ ⎞
d s 1:7
Aoh f yt
 
f c K
fy(lbf/in tensile strain corresponding
u modulus of rupture, fr . For purposes of serviceabil-
 f yt No. 3 @ 8 in o.c.
(lbf/in2) 1 t min 2

in)2
Mcr yt

 (−1296
fr = 7.5 fc =

⎛ 0.0033 lbf
 0.271  ⎞
to a balanced condition.
 
Ig Mn Prestressed with
Greater of:

3000 0.85 0.0136 615 7.5 fc Ig 1– No. 6
2
(0.85)
⎜4000
3500 0.85
4000
0.0158 0.0033 718
(16lbf
0.271
in) ⎟in) ⎟  (−1296 in) Mcr = in-lbf or ft-kips
Apsfse ≥ 0.4(Apsfpu Lesser of: 50 (d)
 
yt 30∘

(0.85) 2820 0.271

0.0034in4000 (16
0.85 0.0181 0.0033
−1
Mcr = 2frIg/h in-lbf or ft-kips yt

⎝4500 ⎜0.0213  bβ ⎠ ⎠ −(−1296 − −equation− (4)(29.78

+ Asfy)
Ie effective moment of inertia in
0.83
⎝
0.0199
0.85f c 1 (0.375d
906 0.265 2
inBeams
t) −(−1296 in)
− −1
) in )
Ig moment of inertia of gross concrete in4

For All Solving this in)

quadratic  (4)(29.78 ingives Ma
5000 0.80 0.0035 975 0.255 section, bwh3/12
Aps f pu d
As,max =× (0.85)(0.375)(24 
h overall dimension of member in
(e)
in) in)a = β1 c 80 f yt d bw
yt is the distance from the

×f(0.85)(0.375)(24
y Net tensile strain:
Fig. R11.5.3.6(a)—Space truss analogy.
neutral axis to extreme tension

× (2400 3
 _dt - c i ⎞ 0.003 _b1dt - a iAAs =
prior to cracking,

= = × (2400
 in3 ) in ) service load range closed stirrup

⎛  lbf f =lbf 0.003 =  cracking moment Mcr

60,000 60,000 t lbf2 c = s
(2)(29.78
a Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete in−1 )in
(2)(29.78 −1(−1296
) in)2
⎜ (0.85) 4000
in 2 in (16 in) 3 Beams  15

= 6.94 in2 Table 22.2.2.4.3—Valuesin2 of β⎟1 for equivalent rect-

115.44 in 
= 6.94 in2⎝ ⎠
angular concrete stress distribution
= 115.44−1
= 59.56
in
in −(−1296 in) −  − (4)(29.78 in−1 ) and midspan deflection for a typical beam loaded to
⌬ stirrup center line
closed stirrups
0.85fc bβ1 (0.375dt ) Solving 
−1quadratic equation gives
this
flexural failure. Initially, the beam is uncracked and area Aoh

DEEP BEAMS
After the section cracks, tension is resisted only by area Ao =
× (0.85)(0.375)(24 in)⎛ fc′, psi As,max = βf1 y 59.562 in the response is essentially linearly elastic, with stresses
resisted by the gross section. Cracking is predicted to the steel, and the neutral axis shifts to a new position.
area Aoh 0.85Aoh

= 2500 ≤ f ′ ≤ 4000
lbf ⎜ (0.85)

0.85
4000
lbf
c (a) ⎞
(16 in) ⎟ = 1.94
= 1.94 in
A =in 2

 (−1296 in)


× (2400 in3 ) 2 Within the service load range, the member continues to
behave linearly under short-term loading, butbut
the the
mo-mo-
qffiffiffiffi
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
 behave linearly under short-term loading,

V n ¼ 10bw d f c0
0.05( f ′ − 4000)
3. Design of Singly 60,000 4000 <Reinforced
f ′ < 8000 ⎝−
0.85
1000
in
c (b) ⎠
s −(−1296 in) −  − (4)(29.78 in ) −1
c
 (2)(29.78
2

in )
−1
moment of inertia is markedly lower than it was for the

in2 × (0.85)(0.375)(24 Asin)computed in Ex. 3.3, the minimum and maximum the section before it cracked. To calculate deflection under perimeter ph

3. Design of Singly Rectangular

2
Reinforced Beams
f ′ ≥ 8000 = 0.65 c (c)
lbf steel areas for this A 115.44
beam
= are in
1.28 in 2× (2400 in )
and 6.94 in2 , re-
3
To calculate deflection under short-term loading, perimeter ph
60,000 As computed in Ex. 3.3, the minimum and maximum s −1 employs an effective moment of inertia Ie ,
=
Rectangular 6.94 in
of a singly Beams EE 1.5
finlc , psi in
spectively; thus, =the calculated
(2)(29.78
1.94
in 2)
in is
2
acceptable. that weights the gross and cracked moments of inertia.
c c = 33wc= 6.94
The design reinforced rectangular beam to 115.44 in −1  3   3 
2
resist a factored bending moment requires wc = density, solving unitfor weight,
steel areas for this 59.56
= beam
59.56 in
in 2
are 1.28 in and 6.94 in2 , re- −1 Ie =
Mcr
Ig + 1 −
Mcr
Icr ≤ Ig Figure 1.9 Minimum Shear Reinforcement for a Deep Beam
--`,,

Ma Ma
2
The design of a singlydimensions
appropriate reinforced and rectangular
tension reinforcement. beam to In spectively; thus,= the = 1.94
1.94 calculated
in 2
in 1.94 in is acceptable. 2
Ma is the maximum service load moment ever applied
to the beam, s⩽
d
⩽ 12 in
3. Design of Singly Reinforced 5 Av ⩾ 0.0025bws
resist a factored practical bending
problems, moment the specified requires compressivesolving for
strength As computed in Ex. 3.3, the minimum and maximum Icr moment of inertia of cracked
in transformed section, in
The corresponding area of longitudinal reinforcement
3. Design Beams ofof Singly with Tension
Reinforced Reinforcement Only
Rectangular Beams transformed in4 bw(kd)3/3 + nAs(d – kd)2 factored torsional moment Tu exceeds threshold of
2 2 section, b h section,
appropriate and yield
dimensions strengthand the reinforcement
tension reinforcement. are known. A. Design Equation steel in Terms
areas of the
for this beam are Steel
1.28 in Ratioand 6.94 in , re- /12
w

The design of a singlyIn

reinforced rectangular beam
required is specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.3.7 as Sec. 11.5.1; provide transverse and longitudinal
As tocomputed spectively; thus,intheEx. 3.3,1.94the
calculated in is minimum
acceptable. and maximum 2 k neutral axis depth factor at service load,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

b Rectangular Beams strength

When the dimensions b and
  d are known,
resist a the
factored solution
bending moment In many cases, it is more convenient to express the2mo-
requires solving for 2n þ ðnÞ2  n reinforcement to resist Tu
practical problems, the specified0.003 compressive
0.85f  appropriate
c
dimensions and tension reinforcement. steel In areas for this beam are 1.28 in and 6.94 in2 , re- n modular ratio, Es/Ec
for As is a straightforward solution of the equation an area ba and c
ment strength of a singly reinforced section inRatio
terms 2of b At ph f yt
and yield strength of the reinforcement are
practical
actual = known.
0.85fc ba,
C problems, A.
the specified compressive Design strength Equation
spectively; in
thus, Terms the of the
calculated Steel Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete,
pffiffiffiffi0
lbf/in2
Al ¼ ½ACI 11-22
The design of a singly creinforced and rectangular edbeam to thearenondimensional as 1.94 in is acceptable.
a
yield
stress strength
compression  of the reinforcement known. A. Design Equation
steel in Terms
ratio, ρ,of defined
the Steel Ratio 33w 1:5
c fc
d d  f ys 
When resist
the dimensions
a factored bM and
bending
= φM
u neutral d are n

momentknown,  the
distribution
When
requires solution
the dimensions Fbhorizontal
solving
and d are =
for C − the
known,
In manyT = solution
0 lbf
cases, it is more convenient
In many cases, it is more convenient to express the mo-
to express the mo-
Es modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, kips/in2
29,000 s2 ⩽
5
⩽ 12 in h
ph = 2 (bw − 2(cover) − db ) + (h − 2(cover) − db )
d axis a for A is a straightforward solution of the equation
s ment strength of a singly reinforced section in terms of
for As appropriate
is a straightforward
h
dimensions =solution
φAand s fy d of−the equation
tension reinforcement. 0.85fc ba In =ment
As fy strengththeof a singly
nondimensional Areinforced
s ratio, ρ, defined section
steel as in terms of The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
 2 
M = φM
 u
ρ= n
a
3.13 required is specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.5.3 as
f d− As fnondimensional bd Avh ⩾ 0.0025bws2 compression
practical problems, the specified Acompressive
s fy
= φAstrength the y steel ratio, A ρ, defined as Vu 2 TuPh 2 Vc no
Mu = φMn = φAs fy d − 
3.12
a2 =  
s y
ρ=
s
3.13
pffiffiffiffi ( ) ( ) ( ) ? struts control;
and yield strength A of  thea reinforcement A f 0.85fc b bd bw d 2 bw d
T = As fy . 1.7Aoh
f A1.7fc b A. Designsteel Equation in Terms of the for Steel Ratio redesign section
s are
= φA fknown. d−
y
1.7f bIn terms of the
s
ratio, the
s y
equations
s y
 moment 3.12
tension reinforcement 5Acp f c0 At ph f yt
WhenThe =
thecalculatedφA
dimensions
section f
s Ay must d b−
strainandsatisfy d
s
are
stress known,
the ductility limits im- the solution strength, minimum
In terms of the steel ratio, the equations for moment
steel, and A
maximum s
c

steel are
Al ¼
fy

f ys
½ACI 11-24
s 2 The calculated A must satisfy the ductility In many cases, it ρis=more convenient to express
limits im- strength, minimum steel, and maximum steel are
the mo-
 As,max posed
s yes
3.13
for Asposed is a by straightforward
As,min and
Asolution
.
f ofbythe A and A
equation .
ment
s,min
strength of 
s,max
a

bd
singly 
 
f 
reinforced section in terms of At 25bw
=
φAs0:59f fy dy −
y
−  At
2
s y Example 3.4
φM = φρbd f 1 0.59 ρ
fyf n y 
3.14
3.12 φM = φρbd 2
f 1 − 0.59
⎧ ρ c ln ⩽ 4h s f yt s
¼ As f y d3.4M 1 u = φM  
1.7fc b of tension reinfo the nondimensional
n y steel ratio, ρ, defined 3.14 as
n ¼ ratio
M n Example Flexural Steel in a Rectangular Beam ⎪ 200 
givenof) the steel ratio, the ⎪ fc
f c0 As/bdbeam, the width In of theterms ⎨ f equations for moment
⎪
FlexuralSteel in a Rectangular  reinforcement,
Beam a
For a rectangular compression A⎧
200≤ 
s,min
y

 edge is 16 in, the effective depth is 24 in, the compressive

strength, minimum ρ =
steel, ⎪ and ⎪ 3maximum
⎪ steel are min 3.15
The minimum diameter, specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.6.2, is
The calculated As must
¼ Aas f rectangular
a = satisfy
φA f
s y the d −
ductility strength limits
of the im-
concrete is 4000 psi, and the yield stress ⎪
⎪
bd
⎨ fy⎩ f
⎪ f
As

c

y d
0.75 0.75
M For beam, the
A f width ofthethe compression
posed by Ans,min 2s,max . a ¼ s y0 2 of  As,min ρ =
tension steel is 60,000 psi. Calculate the area y
and A 3.13
= ⎪ bd  3.15
Av 2A t
edge is 16 in, the effective0:85f depthb is 24 of in, thesteel
flexural compressive
needed to resist a bending moment of ρmin = ≤ A (0.85)(0.375)β f s,max

1 c d b ¼ 0:042s Av 2A t fyt
?
no fyt

b a dthe k φA fis 4000

a A s f y bdρ
⎪ 3 =
f 
fy max 3.16 s s 50bw s s 50bw
d −psi,strength, φMn = φρbd2 f⎪
c 200 ft-kip. bd f
Mn = 0.85 fc ' a of - = ⎩ c y

y 1 − 0.59 ρ
strength concrete and the yield stress 3.12  no: 3 bar
ber, 2or required s y moment 3.14 fyt fyt
1.7f must not exce
Example 3.4 of the tension steel is 60,000 psi. cb
Solution:
Calculate the area In terms Table 3.1 gives values of f
of the steel y maximum and minimum
the
ratio, the fc
equations for moment
M u ¼ 0:9M n For a tension-controlledEquation section, 3.12where
gives
= 0.9, steel ratios for representative ⎧ a limiting steel
material strengths, where yes
FlexuralThe
Steel ofinflexural
a steel needed
Rectangular Beam to resist a bending  moment  of As,max ratio (0.85)(0.375)β 200 1 fc strain of The minimum combined area of stirrups for combined
calculated As must satisfy the φA ductility A f limits im- strength,
ρmax 0.005.
= minimum
the maximum
= steel,
⎪
assumes and maximum steel are
Analysis Procedure
200 ft-kip. for a Singly Reinforced f d− bd
s y
⎪
⎪ fy
3.16
shear and torsion is given by ACI Sec. 11.5.5.2 as
⎨
s y 
For a rectangular
posed Beam by As,min beam,and theAwidth s,max . of the compression =M
1.7f b c
As,minSteel Ratios for Commonly
≤maximum
f y  Used Materials   Shear Friction Brackets and Corbels pffiffiffiffi0 (
A vo

)
2 psif =and
u Table 3.1 Limiting
3.1 ρgives
⎛   ⎞ min = fy 3.15 Av 2A t
edge is 16 in, the theeffective
Solution: depthb,isd,24 As,in, thef compressive Table values β of fthe ⎪ 60,000minimum Av þ 2At 0:75 f c bw
y f1c − 0.59 ρ
0 kip
fφMbd
⎪
  
Given section properties fy, and c , the kip ⎜ ⎜ A 60 ⎟ n = φρbd
= 40,000
⎪ f
3 s psi 2

3.14 c 1 y y
¼ ½ACI 11-23
s s

⎩ρ
in ⎟
strength ofanalysis
Example the concrete
3.4
Equation 3.12 is
of the section gives4000ofpsi,
consists and the
calculating the0.9Ayield 60 stress ⎝24 in −  steel ratios
 ⎠ s for representative
(psi)
2 ρ material ρstrengths, ρ wherefc min max min max
There are many situations in which shear force is trans- s f yt
fy ⎧steel
in kip
of the Flexural
tension steel is a60,000  (1.7) 4 (16 in)
the maximum ratio assumes a limiting strain of
Steel
block in As fya ¼psi.
depthRectangular Calculate
Beam the area 2
0
. stress using As f y =0:85f cb  
in 3000 0.85 0.0050 0.0203 0.0033
⎪ 200
0.0135 ferred from one concrete element to another or between 50bw ph ph
φA f d − in 0.005. 3500 0.85 0.0050 0.0240 0.0033
A (0.85)(0.375)β ⎪
⎪ 0.0160
1 fc
  8 ?
no
8
of flexural
For. asteelnominal needed
s y
to
strength using
rectangular 1.7f
beam, resist
 ¼ Aa
c b n the
M s f ybending
 a=2Þ ofmoment
ðdwidth = (200 ft-kip)
the compression of ft
12
ρmax = 4000 0.85s,max 0.0050 0.0271 0.0033
A =s,min ⎨ f0.0181 y 3.16
a concrete element and another material. A model has f yt 12 in 12 in

0.0319 ≤0.0033
4500 0.825 0.0050 0.0296 0.0033 0.0197
200 ft-kip.
edge. isdesign16 in,strength
Muusing
=the effectiveMn
depth is 24(29.78 in, the compressive
in )A + (−1296 in)A + 2400 in −1
ρmin
2 bd =0.0053 fUsed Materials
y0.0212 3
3.15 ϕVn ≥ Vu bearing a
⎪ 30.0239fc
Table 3.1 Limiting 5000 s
Steel 0.80
Ratios for Commonly s
As (primary yes
⎛ =0  ⎞ 6000 0.75 0.0058bd ⎪ The maximum spacing of closed stirrups is given by ACI
strength of the
0.0359 0.0039
⎪
⎩60,000 psi
plate reinforcement) Ah
 concrete is 4000 psi, and the yield stress
kip At f
Solution: Design
kip is
 Procedure
⎜ 60,000 given
Afor60
) s Calculate
a Singly
in2
Reinforced Beam
⎟ area TablefProfessional

c3.1 gives βPublications,
1 fyInc.= 40,000 psi
values of the maximum fy = fy and minimum nominal shear strength a The required area o Nuc ⩽ Vu Vu
(closed Sec. 11.5.6.1 as ( ) ( )
s
ph yt
fy
of the tension steel
0.9As 60 2 ⎝24 in − ⎜ psi.   the
⎟ (psi) ρmin ρmax ρmin ρmax
stirrups)
⎠ l be calculated by: calculated Vu
fc Avf = using:
Equation 3.12 gives kip steel ratios for representative material strengths, 1where p
ofTheflexural steel in
selectneeded
a suitable to resist a 4bending (16 moment of A (0.85)(0.375)β Vn = μAvf fy s¼ h
procedure to
ft-kip.
section
 Mu, consists of the following in
(1.7)
to resist a in)
Use Eq. 37.6. The area of concrete required ρ to= balance
s,max
= 3.16 8
200
given bending moment,
 
2
the steel forcethe at yield maximum
3000 is Ac 0.85
= ab. ratio
0.0050assumes
max
0.0203 bd a0.0033 limiting 0.0135 steel
fy strain of in. φf yµ anchor bar
 12 in
At 25b w
?
no At 25b w
As fy d min 2d s fy s fyt
φAs fstep − beam
y 1:dAssume dimensions and concrete in strength. 0.005. 3500 0.85 0.0050 0.0240 0.0033 0.0160 Avf 22.9.4.2—Coefficients
Table = area of shear-friction reinforcement, in.2
of friction 2 3
1.7f=c b(200
step 2: Calculate the
ft-kip) 12
design moment factorftfrom 4000 A~fy
a - - -0.85 - 0.0050 0.0271 0.0033 0.0181 h In accordance with ACI Sec. 11.5.2.2, when redistribu-
yes

Solution: Table
- 0.85/~ b 3.1 gives values of the maximum and minimum Coefficient of d
= M 4500 0.825 0.0050 0.0296 0.0033 0.0197 tion of internal forces occurs in an indeterminate struc-
u −1 Table steel
3.1 ratios
Limiting for representative
Steel Ratios material Used strengths,
Materials where Contact surface condition friction μ[1]
Equation 3.12 ⎛ingives 0.0319for0.0033 Commonly
2 M 3
(29.78 )AKs u+¼ (−1296 u
2  s + 2400
in)A  in ⎞ 5000 0.80
A$fy 0.0053 0.0212
Concrete placed monolithically 1.4λ (a)
framing bar ture upon cracking, a member may be designed for the 5 At
( ) ( )f
ph yt ?
no 5 At f
( ) ( )
ph yt
 =0 bd kip Ac= ab= 0 _ 85/~
6000 the0.75 maximum 0.0058 ratio 0.0359assumes 0.0039 a0.0239 limiting steel strain of to anchor factored torsion causing cracking, which is given by fy s fy fy s fy
3: Calculatethe ratio As fy As 60 2 fc β1 fy = 40,000 psi fy = 60,000 psi Concrete placed against hardened concrete that stirrups
step
φAs fkip y d⎜
⎜− in ⎟ 0.005. qffiffiffiffi A2 !
0.9As 60 2 ⎝24 1.7f inc−  Ku
bf 0   ⎟ (psi) ρmin ρmax ρmin ρmax is clean, free of laitance, and intentionally rough- 1.0λ (b) yes

in c kip ⎠
Professional Publications, Inc. ened to a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in. T u ¼ 4
f c0
cp
end
(1.7) 4 (16 in)
APPENDIX A
Values of M u =f c0 bd 2 for a Tension-Controlled Section Concrete placed against hardened concrete that pcp
= Mu 2 Table
section, sinceingen-
determine the rein-   0.853.1 Limiting 0.0050 Steel Ratios 0.0033 for Commonly Used Materials is clean, free of laitance, and not intentionally 0.6λ (c)
step 4: Assume a tension-controlled 1
erally this is the case,⎛ and  ⎞ 3000 0.0203 0.0135
w=3+4
4 ! roughened Fig. R11.8.1—Structural action of a corbel. ph perimeter of centerline of outermost closed in Figure 5.5 Torsion Design Provisions for a
forcement index, !, fromin kip 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009

= (200  ft-kip)required 
12⎜
App. A.
As 60 2M0 u2 ¼ !ð0:9⎟  0:5294!Þ
3500 0.85 fc 0.0050
β1 fy0.0240
= 40,0000.0033 psi f0.0160
y = 60,000 psi
0
0.01
0.0000
0.0089
0.0009
0.0098
0.0018
0.0107
0.0027
0.0116
0.0036
0.0125
0.0045
0.0134
0.0054
0.0143
0.0063
0.0151
0.0072
0.0160
0.0081
0.0169 Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel transverse torsional reinforcement Slender Reinforced Concrete Beam
step 5: Determine thekip in that is clean, free of paint, and with shear trans- lbf/in2
0.9As 60 2 ⎜ ⎟
reinforcement from
ft24 in − f bd 4000 (psi) 0.85 0.0050 ρ0.0271 ρ0.0033 ρ0.0181 ρ 0.02 0.0178 0.0187 0.0195 0.0204 0.0213 0.0222 0.0230 0.0239 0.0248 0.0257 fyt yield strength of transverse reinforcement
⎝ 0   c 0.03 0.0265 0.0274 0.0283 0.0291 0.0300 0.0309 0.0317 0.0326 0.0334 0.0343 0.7λ (d)
f y ⎠
min max min max
0.04 0.0352 0.0360 0.0369 0.0377 0.0386 0.0394 0.0403 0.0411 0.0420 0.0428 ferred across the contact surface by headed studs The factored moment s spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in
in !f kip !¼
!f 0c
 ¼ 4500
3
0.825 0.0050 2 0.0296 0.0033 0.0197 or by welded deformed bars or wires. flexural reinforcement required
−1 2
(29.78 in )As + (−1296 fin)A ¼ c (1.7) 4 3 2 (16 in) 0
0.05 0.0437 0.0445 0.0454 0.0462 0.0471 0.0479 0.0487 0.0496 0.0504 0.0513
acting on the corbel in direction parallel to longitudinal
s + 2400 in in
f f 0.06 0.0521 0.0529 0.0538 0.0546 0.0554 0.0563 0.0571 0.0579 0.0588 0.0596
y
c
5000 3000
y
0.80 0.85 0.0053 0.0050 0.0319 0.0203 0.0033 0.0033 0.0212 0.01350.07 0.0604 0.0612 0.0621 0.0629 0.0637 0.0645 0.0653 0.0662 0.0670 0.0678 λ = 1.0 for normalweight concrete; λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, λ
[1]
reinforcement
   ¼
0.08 0.0686 0.0694 0.0702 0.0711 0.0719 0.0727 0.0735 0.0743 0.0751 0.0759
is calculated based on volumetric proportions of lightweight and normalweight aggre-

= 0.75 Acp area enclosed by outside perimeter of in2
=6:0Check that the beam complies with the
step inmaximum A s /bd 6000 0.75 0.0058
3500 0.85 0.0050 0.0240 0.0033 0.0359 0.0039 0.0239 0.01600.09 0.0767 0.0775 0.0783 0.0791 0.0799 0.0807 0.0815 0.0823 0.0831 0.0839
gate as given in 19.2.4, but shall not exceed 0.85. M u ¼ V u a þ N uc ðh  dÞ
= (200requirements
ft-kip) of ACI 12 Sec. 10.3.5. 0.10 0.0847 0.0855 0.0863 0.0871 0.0879 0.0887 0.0895 0.0902 0.0910 0.0918 concrete cross section
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
reinforcement Table 22.2.2.4.3—Values of β1 for equivalent rect- 0.11 0.0926 0.0934 0.0942 0.0949 0.0957 0.0965 0.0973 0.0981 0.0988 0.0996
ft 4000 0.85 0.0050 0.0271 0.0033 0.0181
angular concrete stress distribution 0.12 0.1004 0.1011 0.1019 0.1027 0.1035 0.1042 0.1050 0.1058 0.1065 0.1073 At area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting in2
f0 Mu
fc′, psi β1 0.13 0.1081 0.1088 0.1096 0.1103 0.1111 0.1119 0.1126 0.1134 0.1141 0.1149
0:85bdf c0 1  1
Inclined shear-friction reinforcement
torsion within a distance s
Professional Publications, Inc.4500 0.825 0.0050 0.0296 0.0033 0.0197
0.14 0.1156 0.1164 0.1171 0.1179 0.1186 0.1194 0.1201 0.1209 0.1216 0.1223
  0:3641 c
2500 ≤ fc′ ≤ 4000 0.85 (a)
no normal yes
0:319bw d 2 f c0
(29.78 in−1 )A2s + (−1296
0.05( f c′ − 4000)
fy
in)As + 2400 in3 in2
4000 < fc′ < 8000 0.85 − (b)
1000
0.15 0.1231 0.1238 0.1246 0.1253 0.1260 0.1268 0.1275 0.1283 0.1290 0.1297
weight Av area of shear reinforcement perpendicular
5000 0.80 0.0053 0.0319 0.0033 0.0212
fc′ ≥ 8000 0.65 (c)
0.16
0.17
0.1304
0.1377
0.1312
0.1384
0.1319
0.1391
0.1326
0.1399
0.1334
0.1406
0.1341
0.1413
0.1348
0.1420
0.1355
0.1427
0.1363
0.1434
0.1370
0.1441 Af ¼ to flexural tension reinforcement
Increase the beam size or f 0c if necessary. flexural reinforceme
fy concrete?
Vn = Avffy(μsinα + cosα)
0.18 0.1448 0.1456 0.1463 0.1470 0.1477 0.1484 0.1491 0.1498 0.1505 0.1512
=0 6000 0.75 0.0058 0.0359 0.0039 0.0239 0.19 0.1519 0.1526 0.1533 0.1540 0.1547 0.1554 0.1561 0.1568 0.1574 0.1581

step 7: Check that the beam complies with tension- ACI Sec. R11.8.3.1
controlled reinforcement requirements of ACI
0.20
0.21
0.1588
0.1657
0.1595
0.1663
0.1602
0.1670
0.1609
0.1677
0.1616
0.1684
0.1623
0.1690
0.1629
0.1697
0.1636
0.1704
0.1643
0.1710
0.1650
0.1717 ire reinforcement a
Sec. 10.3.4.
f0
Professional Publications, Inc.
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.1724
0.1790
0.1855
0.1730
0.1797
0.1862
0.1737
0.1803
0.1868
0.1744
0.1810
0.1874
0.1750
0.1816
0.1881
0.1757
0.1823
0.1887
0.1764
0.1829
0.1894
0.1770
0.1836
0.1900
0.1777
0.1842
0.1906
0.1783
0.1849
0.1913
the factored shear force The shear friction reinforcement ( 0.07av
d )
  0:3191 c  0:2
f c0 bw d
( 280
d )
a
0.25 0.1919 0.1925 0.1932 0.1938 0.1944 0.1951 0.1957 0.1963 0.1970 0.1976
fy 0.26 0.1982 0.1988 0.1995 0.2001 0.2007 0.2013 0.2019 0.2026 0.2032 0.2038 Vu v
0.27 0.2044 0.2050 0.2056 0.2062 0.2069 0.2075 0.2081 0.2087 0.2093 0.2099
Avf ¼
Vu 0:08f 0c Þ
bw d
f y 
0.28 0.2105 0.2111 0.2117 0.2123 0.2129 0.2135 0.2141 0.2147 0.2153 0.2159

Increase the beam size or f 0c if necessary.

0.29 0.2165 0.2171 0.2177 0.2183 0.2188 0.2194 0.2200 0.2206 0.2212 0.2218
 ð480 þ
0.30 0.2224 0.2229 0.2235 0.2241 0.2247 0.2253 0.2258 0.2264 0.2270 0.2276
step 8: Check that the beam complies with minimum 0.31
0.32
0.2281
0.2338
0.2287
0.2344
0.2293
0.2349
0.2298
0.2355
0.2304
0.2360
0.2310
0.2366
0.2315
0.2371
0.2321
0.2377
0.2327
0.2382
0.2332
0.2388
 1600
bw d
¼ 0:75. yes
reinforcement requirements of ACI Sec. 10.5. 0.33 0.2393 0.2399 0.2404 0.2410 0.2415 0.2421 0.2426 0.2432 0.2437 0.2443
0.34 0.2448 0.2453 0.2459 0.2464 0.2470 0.2475 0.2480 0.2486 0.2491 0.2496
pffiffiffiffiffi may not be less than 0.2V
3 f 0c 200
0.35 0.2501 0.2507 0.2512 0.2517 0.2523 0.2528 0.2533 0.2538 0.2543 0.2549

min ¼
fy
>
fy
0.36
0.37
0.2554
0.2605
0.2559
0.2610
0.2564
0.2615
0.2569
0.2620
0.2575
0.2625
0.2580
0.2631
0.2585
0.2636
0.2590
0.2641
0.2595
0.2646
0.2600
0.2651 The horizontal tensile force, reinforcement required
0.38
0.39
0.2656
0.2705
0.2661
0.2710
0.2665
0.2715
0.2670
0.2719
0.2675
0.2724
0.2680
0.2729
0.2685
0.2734
0.2690
0.2739
0.2695
0.2743
0.2700
0.2748
no
f 0c ⎧ N uc
Increase the beam size or if necessary.
⎪
⎪
0.2Vu An ¼
⎪
⎨
f y
Nuc ≥
Fig. R22.9.4.3a—Tension in shear friction reinforcement. Fig. R22.9.4.3b—Compression in reinforcement. ⎪
⎪ 1.6N
DOUBLY REI NFORCED BEAMS Beams with Compression Reinforcement ⎪
⎩ main (top) steel
beams. (See Fig. 37.9.) The most common situation uc
where a doubly reinforced beam is needed is found when bw 6N
even if tension results from restraint of creep,
ϵc = 0.003 0.85fc′ shrinkage, or temperature change.
the moment capacity of the singly reinforced section, d′ ϵ′s
A′s T ′ = A′sf s′
C
A′s c
with the maximum area of steel permitted, is not suffi- d = + A′sf s′
cient to carry the applied moment. In such cases, steel
can be provided in excess of the maximum allowed for a
singly reinforced section if the added tensile force is ϵt = 0.005
Amax T fy T′

#5
Steel angle
Edge of component
( ) bd
balanced by steel in compression. forcement
As is shown in Fig. 1.2. Compression reinforce-
ment and additional tension reinforcement are required supplemental shear friction steel
A's
0.003 0. 85f~
when the factored moment on the member exceeds the main (top) steel
design flexural strength of a singly reinforced member Plan

~a with the strain in the tension steel, t = 0.005. The

Table 22.9.4.2—Coefficients of friction
The residual moment is given by M r ¼ M u  M max
Coefficient of
``,`,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

d 0
The area of compression reinforcement is As ¼ 0
Mr
Table 22.9.4.4—Maximum Vn across the assumed Contact surface condition friction μ[1]

f s ðd  d 0 Þ
shear plane
The area of additional tension reinforcement is At ¼ s s
The stress in the compression
reinforcement
 is
A0 f 0
fy
Condition Maximum Vn
Concrete placed monolithically
Concrete placed against hardened concrete that
1.4λ (a)
( ) bd
  is clean, free of laitance, and intentionally rough- 1.0λ (b)
lbf d0
0
f s ¼ 87;000 2 1   fy Normalweight concrete placed 0.2fc′Ac (a) supplemental shear friction steel
in c ened to a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in.
A _ A' > 0.85{3if~d'b ( 87,000 ) if compression] monolithically or placed against Least of
.~ f 87 000 - f [ steel yields The neutral axis depth is c ¼ 0:375d (480 + 0.08fc′)Ac (b) Concrete placed against hardened concrete that
s -
hardened concrete intentionally (a), (b),
is clean, free of laitance, and not intentionally 0.6λ (c)
11 ' '!J

A s,max
= 0.85J~f31 b (3dt) A'
fy 7 + s [
area of tension
reinforcement if
l Design Procedure for a Beam with
Compression Reinforcement
roughened to a full amplitude of
approximately 1/4 in.
and (c)
1600Ac (c) roughened
Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
Figure 5.3 ACI Design Provisions for
a Reinforced Concrete Bracket or Corbel
compression yields The procedure to select a suitable section to resist a
Lesser of 0.2fc′Ac (d) that is clean, free of paint, and with shear trans-
0.7λ (d)
given bending moment, Mu, consists of the following Other cases ferred across the contact surface by headed studs
steps. (d) and (e) 800Ac (e)
(AR - A'JJy
a = --~-~
depth of equivalent rectangular J or by welded deformed bars or wires.
[ stress block if compression yields step 1: Assume beam dimensions and concrete
0 . 85/~b [1]
λ = 1.0 for normalweight concrete; λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, λ
strength.
is calculated based on volumetric proportions of lightweight and normalweight aggre-
step 2: Determine t for t = 0.005 from Table 1.1. Ac = area of concrete section resisting shear transfer, in.2 gate as given in 19.2.4, but shall not exceed 0.85.
Mn = f y ( ( Aa - A~) ( d - ~) + A~( d - <1))
step 3: Calculate the maximum area of tension rein- A = greater gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam
nominal moment strength J forcement from Amax ¼ t bd
[ if compression yields step 4: Determine the design moment factor, Ku, from
Table 1.1.
step 5: Calculate the maximum design flexural
strength from M max ¼ K u bd 2
step 6: Calculate the residual moment from M r ¼ M u  M max
If compression steel does )
step 7: Determine the additional tension steel from At ¼ Mr
[ not yield , solve for c
f y ðd  d 0 Þ
step 8:
Calculate the required total area of tension
reinforcement from As ¼ Amax þ At
NI n = 0.85bc{3.J~ ( d - {3~ c) step 9: Find the neutral axis depth for t = 0.005 from c ¼ 0:375d

+A~ ( c ~ d') (d- d')87,000

step 10: Calculate the stress
 

in compression reinforce-
ment from f 0 ¼ 87;000 lbf 1  d 0
s
in2 c
If compression steel does not yield, use c J step 11: Calculate the required area of compression steel
[ to find nominal moment strength from A0 ¼ At f y Increase beam size or f 0 if necessary.
f 0s
s c

Table 1.1 Typical Values for Singly Reinforced Concrete Beams

with t = 0.005, fy = 60,000 lbf/in2, and
= 0.90
f 0c Ku
(lbf/in2) 1 t min (lbf/in2) !
3000 0.85 0.0136 0.0033 615 0.271
3500 0.85 0.0158 0.0033 718 0.271
4000 0.85 0.0181 0.0033 820 0.271
4500 0.83 0.0199 0.0034 906 0.265
5000 0.80 0.0213 0.0035 975 0.255

B. Beams with Irregular Cross Sections

C=T
0.85fc Ac = As fy
As fy
Ac =
0.85fc
T-beam inverted T beam with duct

Flanged Section
Flanged Section with Tension Reinforcement
Reinforcement b
0.003 0.85f c′ 0.85f c′
Cf
hf Cw
c
Cf Cf
Cw
d
Stresses in Beams Composite Sections
As Tw Tf
The normal stress in a beam due to bending: The bending stresses in a beam composed of dissimilar
bw σx = –My/I, where materials material 1 and material 2 where E1 > E2 are:
that is rarely done. Flanged-beam behavior usually
occurs in monolithic beam-slab (one-way) systems. M = the moment at the section σ1 = −nMy/IT
The compressive stresses in the flange of a T-beam
I = the moment of inertia of the cross section σ2 = −My/IT , where
decrease with distance from the centerline of the web.
or L-shaped beam, as shown in
limits the effective flange width, y the distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location IT = the moment of inertia of the transformed section
be,ext be,int hs
above or below the neutral axis n = the modular ratio E1/E2
The maximum normal stresses in a beam due to bending E1 elastic modulus of material 1
bw s1 bw s2

Slab Extending Slab Extending B σx = ± Mc/I, where E2 = elastic modulus of material 2

One Side Only (L-Beam) Both Sides (T-Beam)
⎧ ⎧ c distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber
⎪
⎪ bw +
L ⎪
⎪
⎨
L/4 y distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location above
⎪
⎨ 12 of a symmetrical beam section.
be,ext ≤ bw + 6hs
be = smallest be,int ≤ bw + 16hs
be = smallest
⎪
or below the neutral axis.
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ b + s1
⎩ bw + s1 + s2
2
σx = –M/s, where
w
2 The composite section is transformed into a section composed
s = I/c: the elastic section modulus of the beam.
If a~ ht, then use the following. If a > ht, t hen redefine a and use the following. of a single material. The centroid and then the moment of
Transverse shear stress: inertia are found on the transformed section for use in the
τxy = VQ/(Ib), where bending stress equations.
A
s,m <Lx J be (3dt) la_
= 0.85/~{31 <h,)
7 A _ 0.85/~{31 bw (3dt) 0.85j~( be - bw)ht V = shear force COMPOSITE TRANSFORMED
y
.~.max - T + f la> h1]
/
SECTION SECTION
11 11
Q = Al y l , where
la> MATERIAL 1 E1, A1 E2, nA1
A′ = area above the layer (or plane) upon which the NEUTRAL
AXIS
desired transverse shear stress acts
If a~ ht, Analysis of a Flanged Section MATERIAL 2 E2, A2 E2, A2
If a > ht,
step 1: Calculate the compressive force developed by the
yl distance from neutral axis to area centroid
When the rectangular stress block is wholly contained in outstanding flanges from C f ¼ 0:85f 0c h f ðb  bw Þ
the flange, a flanged section may be designed as a rec- step 2: Calculate the area of tension reinforcement b = width or thickness or the cross-section
tangular beam. needed to balance the compressive force from b b
If a > ht, Asf ¼
Cf Transverse shear flow nb
fy
shown in Fig. 1.3. The area of reinforcement required step 3: Calculate the corresponding design moment
strength of the outstanding flanges from
q = VQ/I n = the modular ratio E1/E2
to balance the compressive force in the outstanding

hf
flanges is M f ¼
Asf f y d 
2 , the maximum shear stress that occurs at the Neutral Axis is
0:85f c0 h f ðb  bw Þ step 4: Calculate the residual reinforcement area from
Asf ¼ V V
max = 1.5 τ max = 1.5
fy Asw ¼ As  Asf
step 5: Calculate the residual reinforcement ratio A A
referred to the web from
The corresponding design moment strength is A
w ¼ sw τ τ

 bw d
hf step 6: Calculate the design moment strength of the
M f ¼
Asf f y d  residual reinforcement from
2

1  0:59w f y
M w ¼
Asw f y d
The beam web must develop the residual moment, f 0c
which is given by step 7: Calculate the total design moment strength of
the section from
Mr ¼ Mu  Mf Mu ¼ Mf þ Mw
Alternatively, the value of M w =ðf 0c bw d 2 Þ may be deter-
The value of Mr/f c0 bwd2 is determined. The correspond- mined from App. A using the calculated value of the
ing value of ! is obtained from App. A, and the addi- reinforcement index, !w ¼ w f y =f 0c . The value of Mw
can then be determined from M w =ðf 0c bw d 2 Þ using the
tional area of reinforcement required to balance the known values f 0c , bw, and d.
residual moment is 1 2 1+2
!bw df c0
Asw ¼
fy

The total area of reinforcement required is

As ¼ Asf þ Asw
 DESIGN
BEAMS Flexural Design o
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
STRENGTH DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Tension-Controlled and
. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .
Strength
Tension-Controlled and Compression-Controlled Sections
Compression-Controlled
the nominal flexural strength of a member is reached
when the strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches
a value of 0.003. Depending on the strain in the tension
the section
either is classified Depending
tension-controlled on the strain in the
or compression-controlled, andtension steel,
the stren
the strength-reduction factor varies from a value of 0.90 to 0.65.
Internal Forces and Strains
cross section strain distribution stress distribution
d' Comp. strain
b ϵc = 0.003 0.85fc′
Mu 's
A' s Cc Cs' c Cu
a = β1c
a/2
Pu d
c
= 0.85abf c′
dt d d − a/2
As
Ts
Tu = Asfy
Net tensile strain: t
As ϵt

Strain Conditions Uniaxial Loading and Deformation

0.003 0.003 0.003 σ = P/A, where
σ = stress on the cross section
P = loading

c c A = cross-sectional area
A' s c ε = δ/L, where
dt δ = elastic longitudinal deformation
L = length of member
As P A
E= v f=
d L
d = PL
AE
0.005
t34 True stress is load divided by actual cross-sectional area
For Non-Prestres. t 0.005 0.005 > t > 0.002 t 0.002 whereas engineering stress is load divided by the initial area
1.5
Beams Tension- Transition Compression- EE
c c = 33wc f lc , psi
w
c = density, unit weight,
--`,,
controlled section controlled
section: section: 20.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, Es, for nonprestressed bars
Members with tied
reinforcement and wires shall be permitted to be taken as 29,000,000 psi.
c 0.375 dt

¼ 0:48 þ 83t c 0.6 dt
φ = 0.9

¼ 0:23 þ 0:25 Members with tied
c φ = 0.65
tied reinforcement
d tensile strain corresponding
to a balanced condition.

For All Beams

Net tensile strain: a = β1 c
0.003 _dt - c i 0.003 _b1dt - a i
ft = c = a
Table 1.1 Typical Values for Singly Reinforced Concrete Beams
with t = 0.005, fy = 60,000 lbf/in2, and
= 0.90 Table 22.2.2.4.3—Values of β1 for equivalent rect-
f 0c Ku
angular concrete stress distribution
(lbf/in2) 1 t min (lbf/in2) ! fc′, psi β1
3000 0.85 0.0136 0.0033 615 0.271 2500 ≤ fc′ ≤ 4000 0.85 (a)
3500 0.85 0.0158 0.0033 718 0.271
4000 0.85 0.0181 0.0033 820 0.271 0.05( f c′ − 4000)
4000 < fc′ < 8000 0.85 − (b)
4500 0.83 0.0199 0.0034 906 0.265 1000
5000 0.80 0.0213 0.0035 975 0.255
fc′ ≥ 8000 0.65 (c)
 BEAMS Flexural Design o
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only Strength
b c 
0.003 0.85f c

c
a
actual
stress

neutral distribution Fhorizontal = C − T = 0 lbf
d axis
0.85fc ba = As fy
h
As fy
a=
0.85fc b
s fy As
As
section strain stress


0:59f y
M n ¼ As f y d 1   ¼ ratio of tension reinfo
f c0 reinforcement, As/bd Ductility
 
a
M n ¼ As f y d
2
Mn = 0.85 fc ' a b a d - 2 k
a
ber, or required moment strength, must not exce
M u ¼ 0:9M n For a tension-controlled section, where
= 0.9,
Analysis Procedure for a Singly Reinforced
Beam

Given the section properties b, d, As, fy, and f c0 , the

analysis of the section consists of calculating the

given)

Design Procedure for a Singly Reinforced Beam Mu f y

0 2
¼ !ð0:9  0:5294!Þ; ! ¼ 0
The procedure to select a suitable section to resist a
APPENDIX A f c bd fc
Values of M u =f c0 bd 2 for a Tension-Controlled Section
given bending moment, Mu, consists of the following !f 0c
step 1: Assume beam dimensions and concrete strength. W=3+4
1 ¼
fy
;  ¼ As/bd
step 2: Calculate the design moment factor from ! 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 4 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009

M 0 0.0000 0.0009 0.0018 0.0027 0.0036 0.0045 0.0054 0.0063 0.0072 0.0081
K u ¼ u2
bd 0.01 0.0089 0.0098 0.0107 0.0116 0.0125 0.0134 0.0143 0.0151 0.0160 0.0169
0.02 0.0178 0.0187 0.0195 0.0204 0.0213 0.0222 0.0230 0.0239 0.0248 0.0257
step 3: Calculate the ratio 0.03 0.0265 0.0274 0.0283 0.0291 0.0300 0.0309 0.0317 0.0326 0.0334 0.0343
Ku 0.04 0.0352 0.0360 0.0369 0.0377 0.0386 0.0394 0.0403 0.0411 0.0420 0.0428
f 0c 3 2 Value from 1 Given Mu,f'c,fy,b,d.
0.05 0.0437 0.0445 0.0454 0.0462 0.0471 0.0479 0.0487 0.0496 0.0504 0.0513
step 4: Assume a tension-controlled section, since gen- 0.06 0.0521 0.0529 0.0538 0.0546 0.0554 0.0563 0.0571 0.0579 0.0588 0.0596
erally this is the case, and determine the rein-
As=Mu/(0.9x60x0.9d)
0.07 0.0604 0.0612 0.0621 0.0629 0.0637 0.0645 0.0653 0.0662 0.0670 0.0678
forcement index, !, from App. A. 0.08 0.0686 0.0694 0.0702 0.0711 0.0719 0.0727 0.0735 0.0743 0.0751 0.0759
step 5: Determine the required reinforcement from 0.09 0.0767 0.0775 0.0783 0.0791 0.0799 0.0807 0.0815 0.0823 0.0831 0.0839  ¼ As/bd

!f 0c 0.10 0.0847 0.0855 0.0863 0.0871 0.0879 0.0887 0.0895 0.0902 0.0910 0.0918
¼ 0.11 0.0926 0.0934 0.0942 0.0949 0.0957 0.0965 0.0973 0.0981 0.0988 0.0996
fy
0.12 0.1004 0.1011 0.1019 0.1027 0.1035 0.1042 0.1050 0.1058 0.1065 0.1073
0.13 0.1081 0.1088 0.1096 0.1103 0.1111 0.1119 0.1126 0.1134 0.1141 0.1149
step 6: Check that the beam complies with the maximum
reinforcement requirements of ACI Sec. 10.3.5. 0.14 0.1156 0.1164 0.1171 0.1179 0.1186 0.1194 0.1201 0.1209 0.1216 0.1223

f 0c 0.15 0.1231 0.1238 0.1246 0.1253 0.1260 0.1268 0.1275 0.1283 0.1290 0.1297
  0:3641 0.16 0.1304 0.1312 0.1319 0.1326 0.1334 0.1341 0.1348 0.1355 0.1363 0.1370
fy
0.17 0.1377 0.1384 0.1391 0.1399 0.1406 0.1413 0.1420 0.1427 0.1434 0.1441
Increase the beam size or f 0c if necessary. 0.18 0.1448 0.1456 0.1463 0.1470 0.1477 0.1484 0.1491 0.1498 0.1505 0.1512
0.19 0.1519 0.1526 0.1533 0.1540 0.1547 0.1554 0.1561 0.1568 0.1574 0.1581
step 7: Check that the beam complies with tension-
controlled reinforcement requirements of ACI 0.20 0.1588 0.1595 0.1602 0.1609 0.1616 0.1623 0.1629 0.1636 0.1643 0.1650
Sec. 10.3.4.
0.21 0.1657 0.1663 0.1670 0.1677 0.1684 0.1690 0.1697 0.1704 0.1710 0.1717
f0 0.22 0.1724 0.1730 0.1737 0.1744 0.1750 0.1757 0.1764 0.1770 0.1777 0.1783
  0:3191 c
fy 0.23 0.1790 0.1797 0.1803 0.1810 0.1816 0.1823 0.1829 0.1836 0.1842 0.1849
0.24 0.1855 0.1862 0.1868 0.1874 0.1881 0.1887 0.1894 0.1900 0.1906 0.1913
Increase the beam size or f 0c if necessary.
0.25 0.1919 0.1925 0.1932 0.1938 0.1944 0.1951 0.1957 0.1963 0.1970 0.1976
step 8: Check that the beam complies with minimum
0.26 0.1982 0.1988 0.1995 0.2001 0.2007 0.2013 0.2019 0.2026 0.2032 0.2038
reinforcement requirements of ACI Sec. 10.5.
0.27 0.2044 0.2050 0.2056 0.2062 0.2069 0.2075 0.2081 0.2087 0.2093 0.2099
pffiffiffiffiffi 0.28 0.2105 0.2111 0.2117 0.2123 0.2129 0.2135 0.2141 0.2147 0.2153 0.2159
3 f 0c 200 0.29 0.2165 0.2171 0.2177 0.2183 0.2188 0.2194 0.2200 0.2206 0.2212 0.2218
min ¼ >
fy fy
0.30 0.2224 0.2229 0.2235 0.2241 0.2247 0.2253 0.2258 0.2264 0.2270 0.2276
Increase the beam size or f 0c if necessary. 0.31 0.2281 0.2287 0.2293 0.2298 0.2304 0.2310 0.2315 0.2321 0.2327 0.2332
0.32 0.2338 0.2344 0.2349 0.2355 0.2360 0.2366 0.2371 0.2377 0.2382 0.2388
Table 22.2.2.4.3—Values of β1 for equivalent rect- 0.33 0.2393 0.2399 0.2404 0.2410 0.2415 0.2421 0.2426 0.2432 0.2437 0.2443
angular concrete stress distribution 0.34 0.2448 0.2453 0.2459 0.2464 0.2470 0.2475 0.2480 0.2486 0.2491 0.2496
fc′, psi β1
2500 ≤ fc′ ≤ 4000 0.85 (a) 0.35 0.2501 0.2507 0.2512 0.2517 0.2523 0.2528 0.2533 0.2538 0.2543 0.2549
0.36 0.2554 0.2559 0.2564 0.2569 0.2575 0.2580 0.2585 0.2590 0.2595 0.2600
0.05( f c′ − 4000)
4000 < fc′ < 8000 0.85 − (b) 0.37 0.2605 0.2610 0.2615 0.2620 0.2625 0.2631 0.2636 0.2641 0.2646 0.2651
1000
0.38 0.2656 0.2661 0.2665 0.2670 0.2675 0.2680 0.2685 0.2690 0.2695 0.2700
fc′ ≥ 8000 0.65 (c) 0.39 0.2705 0.2710 0.2715 0.2719 0.2724 0.2729 0.2734 0.2739 0.2743 0.2748
 DESIGN
BEAMS Flexural Design o
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Strength
DOUBLY REI NFORCED BEAMS Beams with Compression Reinforcement
beams. (See Fig. 37.9.) The most common situation
bw
where a doubly reinforced beam is needed is found when ϵc = 0.003 0.85fc′
the moment capacity of the singly reinforced section, d′ ϵ′s
A′s T ′ = A′sf s′
C
A′s c
with the maximum area of steel permitted, is not suffi- d = + A′sf s′
cient to carry the applied moment. In such cases, steel Amax fy
T T′
can be provided in excess of the maximum allowed for a
ϵt = 0.005
singly reinforced section if the added tensile force is
balanced by steel in compression. forcement
As is shown in Fig. 1.2. Compression reinforce-
ment and additional tension reinforcement are required
A's
0.003 0. 85f~
when the factored moment on the member exceeds the
design flexural strength of a singly reinforced member
~a with the strain in the tension steel, t = 0.005. The
The residual moment is given by M r ¼ M u  M max
d 0 Mr
The area of compression reinforcement is As ¼
 d0Þ
f s0 ðd
A0 f 0
The area of additional tension reinforcement is At ¼ s s
fy
The stress in the compression
reinforcement
 is
 
lbf d0
f s0 ¼ 87;000 2 1   fy
in c
A _ A' > 0.85{3if~d'b ( 87,000 ) if compression]
.~ s - f 87 000 - f [ steel yields The neutral axis depth is c ¼ 0:375d
11 ' '!J

A s,max
= 0.85J~f31 b (3dt) A'
fy 7 + s [
area of tension
reinforcement if
compression yields
l Design Procedure for a Beam with
Compression Reinforcement
The procedure to select a suitable section to resist a
given bending moment, Mu, consists of the following
(AR - A'JJy steps.
depth of equivalent rectangular J
a = --~-~
[ stress block if compression yields step 1: Assume beam dimensions and concrete
0 . 85/~b
strength.
step 2: Determine t for t = 0.005 from Table 1.1.
Mn = f y ( ( Aa - A~) ( d - ~) + A~( d - <1))
step 3: Calculate the maximum area of tension rein-
nominal moment strength J forcement from Amax ¼ t bd
[ if compression yields
step 4: Determine the design moment factor, Ku, from
Table 1.1.
step 5: Calculate the maximum design flexural
strength from M max ¼ K u bd 2
step 6: Calculate the residual moment from M r ¼ M u  M max
If compression steel does )
step 7: Determine the additional tension steel from At ¼ Mr
[ not yield , solve for c
f y ðd  d 0 Þ
step 8: Calculate the required total area of tension
reinforcement from As ¼ Amax þ At
NI n = 0.85bc{3.J~ ( d - {3~ c) step 9: Find the neutral axis depth for t = 0.005 from c ¼ 0:375d

+A~ ( c ~ d') (d- d')87,000

step 10: Calculate the stress
 

in compression reinforce-
ment from f 0 ¼ 87;000 lbf 1  d 0
s
in2 c
If compression steel does not yield, use c J step 11: Calculate the required area of compression steel
[ to find nominal moment strength from A0 ¼ At f y Increase beam size or f 0 if necessary.
f 0s
s c

Table 1.1 Typical Values for Singly Reinforced Concrete Beams

with t = 0.005, fy = 60,000 lbf/in2, and
= 0.90
f 0c Ku
(lbf/in2) 1 t min (lbf/in2) !
3000 0.85 0.0136 0.0033 615 0.271
3500 0.85 0.0158 0.0033 718 0.271
4000 0.85 0.0181 0.0033 820 0.271
4500 0.83 0.0199 0.0034 906 0.265
5000 0.80 0.0213 0.0035 975 0.255
 DESIGN
BEAMS Flexural Design o
Flanged Section
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Flanged Section with Tension Reinforcement
Reinforcement
b
0.003 0.85f c′ 0.85f c′
Cf
Strength
hf Cw
c
Cf Cf d
B. Beams with Irregular Cross Sections
Cw

As Tw Tf

that is bwrarely done. Flanged-beam behavior usually

occurs in monolithic beam-slab (one-way) systems.
T-beam inverted T beam with duct

The compressive stresses in the flange of a T-beam

decrease with distance from the centerline of the web.
or L-shaped beam, as shown in
C=T
limits the effective flange width, 0.85fc Ac = As fy
be,ext be,int hs

As fy
Ac =
0.85fc
bw s1 bw s2

COMPOSITE TRANSFORMED
Slab Extending Slab Extending B SECTION SECTION
One Side Only (L-Beam) Both Sides (T-Beam)
MATERIAL 1 E1, A1 E2, nA1
NEUTRAL
⎧ ⎧
L AXIS
⎪
⎪ bw + ⎪
⎪ L/4
⎪
⎨ 12 ⎨ MATERIAL 2 E2, A2 E2, A2
be,ext ≤ bw + 6hs
be = smallest be,int ≤ bw + 16hs
be = smallest
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎩ bw + s1 + s2
⎩ b + s1 2 b b
w
2 nb

If a~ ht, then use the following. If a > ht, t hen redefine a and use the following. n = the modular ratio E1/E2
xis is

A
s,m <Lx J be (3dt) la_
= 0.85/~{31 <h,)
7 A _ 0.85/~{31 bw (3dt) 0.85j~( be - bw)ht
y
.~.max - / T + f la> h1] 1 2 1+2

11 11

la>

If a~ ht, Analysis of a Flanged Section

If a > ht,
When the rectangular stress block is wholly contained in
step 1: Calculate the compressive force developed by the
the flange, a flanged section may be designed as a rec- outstanding flanges from C f ¼ 0:85f 0c h f ðb  bw Þ
tangular beam.
If a > ht, step 2: Calculate the area of tension reinforcement
needed to balance the compressive force from
shown in Fig. 1.3. The area of reinforcement required Cf
to balance the compressive force in the outstanding Asf ¼
flanges is fy
0:85f c0 h f ðb  bw Þ step 3: Calculate the corresponding design moment
Asf ¼ strength of the outstanding flanges from


fy hf
M f ¼
Asf f y d 
The corresponding design moment strength is 2
step 4: Calculate the residual reinforcement area from


hf Asw ¼ As  Asf
M f ¼
Asf f y d  step 5: Calculate the residual reinforcement ratio
2
referred to the web from
The beam web must develop the residual moment, A
w ¼ sw
which is given by bw d
step 6: Calculate the design moment strength of the
Mr ¼ Mu  Mf residual reinforcement from

1  0:59w f y
The value of Mr/f c0 bwd2 is determined. The correspond- M w ¼
Asw f y d
f 0c
ing value of ! is obtained from App. A, and the addi-
step 7: Calculate the total design moment strength of
tional area of reinforcement required to balance the the section from
residual moment is
Mu ¼ Mf þ Mw
!bw df c0
Asw ¼ Alternatively, the value of M w =ðf 0c bw d 2 Þ may be deter-
fy mined from App. A using the calculated value of the
reinforcement index, !w ¼ w f y =f 0c . The value of Mw
The total area of reinforcement required is can then be determined from M w =ðf 0c bw d 2 Þ using the
known values f 0c , bw, and d.
As ¼ Asf þ Asw
 BEAMS Flexural Design
Linear Elastic Behavior . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
4
and ductility, reinforced concrete beams must meet ser-
viceability requirements related to rigidity (such as
deflection limits) and durability (such as crack width
Serviceability
Deflection limits).
Serviceability issues are treated differently from the
Deflection Limitations strength and ductility issues :described in the previous
chapter in two important ways. First, serviceability lim-
TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
its employ unfactored loadings, which are known as the
Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
service loads. Second, behavior is assumed to be within
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /180*
likely to be damaged by large deflections service loads. Second, behavior is assumed to be within
Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements the linear elastic stress range. The following sections
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /360
likely to be damaged by large deflections
strength, Mn , by the yielding of its extreme tension
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment l /480‡
elements likely to be damaged by large deflections of nonstructural elements (sum of the long-term steel. When the concrete in the beam crushes (that
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate
is, reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003), steel
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections deflection due to any additional live load)† l /240§
UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE CALCULATED strains are usually in excess of 0.005.
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends
supported continuous continuous Cantilever Control of Crack Widths
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
Member construction likely to be damaged by large deflections Limitations on reinforcement distribution are specified
Solid one-
way slabs
l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10 to control cracking and to protect the reinforcement
Beams or from corrosion. Crack width and reinforcement corro-
ribbed one- l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8
way slabs sion increase when reinforcement stress increases, con-
crete cover increases, or the area of concrete surrounding
For grade 40 reinforcement, the tabulated values are
multiplied by the factor 0.8. For lightweight concrete, ves each bar increases.
the following rules.
the tabulated values are multiplied by the factor
• According to ACI Sec. 24.3.2
10.6.4, the spacing of rein-
R ¼ 1:65  0:005w c forcement closest to the tension face of a flexural
 1:09 member must not exceed
⎧  
Deflection Determination ⎪ 40,000
cc ⎪
⎨ 15 − 2.5cc
Short-term deflections may be calculated by using the fs
s≤   4.10
effective moment of inertia given by ACI Sec. 9.5.2.3 s s ⎪
⎪ 40,000

3
3 ! ⎩ 12
Ie ¼
M cr
Ig þ 1 
M cr
I cr fs
Ma Ma 7:5 f c0
Additional long-term deflection is estimated from ACI fs ¼ calculated stress in reinforcement at
Sec. 24.2.4
9.5.2.5 by multiplying the short-term deflection by
the multiplier service loads kips/in2
 or assumed to be equal to 2=3 fy.
D ¼
1 þ 500
⎧
A ⎪
ρ = s ⎨ db
bd
s ≥ 34 × maximum aggregate size
⎪
⎩
time period (mo)  1 in
60 2.0 When the depth of the beam exceeds 36 in, ACI
12 1.4 Sec. 9.7.2.3
10.6.7 requires that skin reinforcement be placed
6 1.2 along both side faces of the web, in the lower half of the
3 1.0
beam.

lyzed using basic

Fig. R9.5.2.5—Multipliers principles
for long-term in a manner similar to that
deflections.
illustrated in the previous section. For beams contain-
ing steel in the compression region, long-standing prac-
tice is to use a modular ratio of 2n to account for the
effect of creep deformation in the concrete (in effect,

The deflection is calculated for each loading case using

the appropriate value of the effective moment of inertia. P P
Fig. R10.6.7—Skin reinforcement for beams and joists with h > 36 in.
L ¼ ðDþLÞ  D
After the section cracks, tension is resisted only by
T ¼ D ð1 þ D Þ þ L
⌬ the steel, and the neutral axis shifts to a new position.
¼ ðDþLÞ þ D D Within the service load range, the member continues to
behave linearly
behave under
linearly short-term
under loading,
short-term butbut
loading, the the
mo-mo-
moment of inertia is markedly lower than it was for the
resisted by the gross section. Cracking is predicted to M the section before it cracked. To calculate deflection under
occur when the maximum tension stress reaches the nominal moment strength
To calculate deflection under short-term loading,
modulus of rupture, fr . For purposes of serviceabil- employs an effective moment of inertia Ie ,
 Mcr yt
Mn that weights the gross and cracked moments of inertia.
fr = 7.5 fc =  3   3 
Ig Mcr Mcr
 Ie = Ig + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig
7.5 fc Ig Ma Ma Ma
Mcr = in-lbf or ft-kips
yt Ma is the maximum service load moment ever applied
service load range to the beam,
Mcr = 2frIg/h in-lbf or ft-kips Mcr transformed section, in
cracking moment Icr moment of inertia of cracked
in
transformed section, in4 bw(kd)3/3 + nAs(d – kd)2

⌬ k neutral axis depth factor at service load,

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
and midspan deflection for a typical beam loaded to
h overall dimension of member in 2n þ ðnÞ2  n
flexural failure. Initially, the beam is uncracked and
yt is the distance from the the response is essentially linearly elastic, with stresses n modular ratio, Es/Ec
neutral axis to extreme tension b
lbf/in2
prior to cracking, resisted by the gross section. Cracking is predicted to Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete,
pffiffiffiffi0
33w 1:5
c fc
Es modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, kips/in2
29,000
 DESIGN
When the support reaction produces a compressive
stress in the member, as shown in Fig. 1.6, the critical
BEAMS Shear Design
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
section for shear is located at a distance, d, from the compute design shear force, Vu ,
support equal to the effective depth. This location is at appropriate location
d
wu

compute Vc using simple equation ACI 11-3

critical section beam Vc  2 fc bw d
d
elevation   1.0 for normal weight concrete
re 37. 11 Typical Pattern of Shear Cracks
  0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
  0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
support

critical Vu shear force no yes


0.75 fc Vc no stirrups
Vu  ?
support equal to the effective depth. This location is 50 2 required Transverse shear stress:
applicable only when loads are applied near or at the min. stirrups τxy = VQ/(Ib), where
top of the beam, and no concentrated load occurs within required
V = shear force
Vc yes d
a distance from the support equal to the effective depth.  Vu  Vc ? 2
2 Q = Al y l, where
a dista from the support equal to th s
24 in
When V u >
Vc/2, ½
¼ 0:75 V u ¼ applied factored shear force, no Avfy A′ = area above the layer (or plane) upon which the
f the concrete,
bw desired transverse shear stress acts

Vs, is added Vs 
Vu
Vc yl distance from neutral axis to area centroid

Then The basic strength requirement for shear design is b = width or thickness or the cross-section
φVn > Vu Transverse shear flow
yes
½
¼ 0:75
V c þ
V s > V u Vs  8 fc bw d ?
web crushes:
q = VQ/I
redesign beam

no
Shear Capacity of Concrete
qffiffiffiffi yes d
V c ¼ 2bw d f c0 accurate. A more
Sec. 11.2.2.1 as
precise value is provided by ACI Vs  4 fc bw d ? smax
4
(psi)
 12 in
c c w pffiffiffiffiffi 2500w V u d
  1.0 for normal weight concrete Vc ¼ 1:9 f 0c þ bw d no
Mu
  0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete pffiffiffiffi0
  0.75 for all-lightweight concrete  3:5 f c bw d d
smax
2
V ud
b [rectangular beams]  1:0 24 in
Mu
bw = {
bw [T-beamsj pffiffiffiffi0
f c  100 lbf=in2
given)
smax
Avfy
Shear Capacity of Stirrups 2Reinforcement
s

bw
a dista Avfyd
When Vu > zVc , Stirrups Required given) Vs
2
pffiffiffiffi0 Figure 5.1 Shear Design Provisions for a
0:75bw s f c 50bw s Av=Total Stirrups Area
AvðminÞ ¼  =2AStirrups
Slender Reinforced Concrete Beam
f yt f yt given)
inclined bars
vertical,stirrups inclined stirrups
qffiffiffiffi a single, bent-up bar or group of bars equidistant
Av fy d qffiffiffiffi
Vs = s _  ¼ 48 f c0 bw d Av f yt ðsin
þ cos
Þd
¼ 48 f c0 bw d
from the support is used¼ as shear reinforcement,
Vs ¼  pffiffiffiffi
ss V s ¼ Av f y sin
 3bw d f c0

perm
Min α ¼ 30 
d

given)
given) When a series of equally spaced bent-up bars is used, as
Required and maximum-permitted stirrup spacing, s shown in Fig. 1.8, the nominal shear capacity is given by
z φV Av f y ðsin
þ cos
Þd
c
< Vu φ Vc Vu > φ Vc Vs ¼
2 s
qffiffiffiffi
Smaller of: given)
Av f y Vu ¼ 48 f c0 bw d
 perm
Min α ¼ 30 
s= Vs = Vc
50b w φ
Required Av f y
spacing s= Av f y d
0.75 b w fc '
s=
Vs Only the center three-fourths of the inclined bar is
considered effective; this limits the spacing, measured given)
in a direction parallel to the longitudinal reinforcement,
Vs 4 bw d fc ' to a maximum value of
Smaller of:
Smaller of: d
Vs 4 bw d fc ' Vs > 4 bw d fc '
s= OR
d 2
smax ¼ 0:375dð1 þ cot
Þ
Maximum
permitted
spacing
s=
2 s = 24" smax ¼ 0:375dð1 þ cot
Þ
OR 2
s = 24" Vs > 4 bw d fc '
d
Smaller of: s ⩽ ⩽ 12 in
Minimum Shear Reinforcement 5 Av ⩾ 0.0025bws
d
s= for a Deep Beam
4
s = 12"

d d
s2 ⩽ ⩽ 12 in h
5
DEEP BEAMS
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
qffiffiffiffi
Avh ⩾ 0.0025bws2
V n ¼ 10bw d f c0
tension reinforcement

ln ⩽ 4h
 example is a precast concrete spandrel beam. Compat- closed stirrup
Compat-ibility torsion describes a situation in which loads can
Equilibrium torsion applies to situations where redis- redistribute after torsional cracking. In such a case,
tribution of loads cannot occur and the torsional resis- a reduction is permitted in the design value of tor-
tance is necessary to maintain equilibrium. A common sional moment. In the case of compatibility torsion,
example is a precast concrete spandrel beam. Compat- ACI Sec. 11.5.2 allows the maximum torsional moment stirrup center line
area Aoh closed stirrups
that the member must be designed to carry to be lim- area Ao =
ited to four times the threshold value. area Aoh 0.85Aoh
weld
plate

perimeter ph

perimeter ph

bearing
pad
The corresponding area of longitudinal reinforcement
required is specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.3.7 as factored torsional moment Tu exceeds threshold of
Sec. 11.5.1; provide transverse and longitudinal
reinforcement to resist Tu
cast-in-place spandrel beam At ph f yt
(compatibility torsion) Al ¼ ½ACI 11-22
precast spandrel beam  f ys 
(equilibrium torsion) the cast-in-place spandrel, a reduction in torsional resis- ph = 2 (bw − 2(cover) − db ) + (h − 2(cover) − db )
tem. For the precast beam, full torsional resistance is tance reduces the negative bending moment transferred The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
needed to maintain equilibrium and this member must from the slab with a corresponding redistribution of mo-
ment to the positive region of the slab. This is a case required is specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.5.3 as
be designed for equilibrium torsion. In contrast, for
pffiffiffiffi 2 TuPh 2 no
compression
5Acp f c0 At ph f yt
Vu Vc
threshold torsional moment,

  Al ¼  ½ACI 11-24 ( ) (
bw d 2
1.7Aoh ) ( bw d ) ? struts control;
redesign section
A2cp Acp = bw h fy f ys
Tu < φλ fc
pcp pcp = 2(bw + h)
At 25bw
to the axis of the strut  yes
Acp area enclosed by outside perimeter of in2 s f yt
concrete cross section At
pcp outside perimeter of the concrete cross in s
The minimum diameter, specified in ACI Sec. 11.5.6.2, is
section
When this value is exceeded, reinforcement must be
provided to resist the full torsion. When both shear d b ¼ 0:042s
and torsion reinforcements are required, the sum of the 0.75 0.75
individual areas must be provided.  no: 3 bar Av 2A t fyt no Av 2A t fyt
?
11.5.3 — Torsional moment strength s s 50bw s s 50bw
The minimum combined area of stirrups for combined fyt fyt
11.5.3.1 — The cross-sectional dimensions shall be shear and torsion is given by ACI Sec. 11.5.5.2 as
such that: yes
pffiffiffiffi0
R11.5.3.1 — The size of a cross section is limited for two
Av þ 2At 0:75 f c bw
reasons: first, to reduce unsightly cracking, and second, to ¼ ½ACI 11-23
s f yt A vo
prevent crushing of the surface concrete due to inclined
compressive stresses due to shear and torsion. In Eq. (11-18)
shear stresses due to shear and torsion. The sum of these 
50bw
f yt
( Av
s
2A t
s
)
stresses may not exceed the stress causing shear cracking
plus 8 f c′ , similar to the limiting strength given in 11.4.7.9
ph ph
(a) For solid sections
The maximum spacing of closed stirrups is given by ACI no
(b) For hollow sections 8 ? 8
Sec. 11.5.6.1 as
12 in 12 in
Vu ⎞ 2 ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ 2
⎛ ---------- Vc Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ Vc ph
+ ⎜ -------------------⎟ ≤ φ ⎛ ----------
- + 8 f c′ ⎞ ⎛ ---------- -⎟ ≤ φ ⎛⎝ ----------
- + 8 f c′ ⎞ s¼ yes
⎝ b d-⎠ ⎝ b d-⎠ ⎜⎝ ------------------
⎝b d ⎠ +
⎝ 1.7A 2 ⎠ ⎠
1.7A oh⎠ bw d
w w 2 8
oh w
At f

 Vc = 2λ fc bw d


 12 in ( ) ( )
s
ph yt
fy
ph = 2 (bw − 2(cover) − db ) + (h − 2(cover) − db )

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
BEAMS Torsion
In accordance with ACI Sec. 11.5.2.2, when redistribu-
tion of internal forces occurs in an indeterminate struc- At 25b w no At 25b w
?
ture upon cracking, a member may be designed for the s fy s fyt
factored torsion causing cracking, which is given by
yes
qffiffiffiffi A2 !
T u ¼ 4
f c0
cp
pcp 5 At f no 5 At f
Fig. R11.5.3.1—Addition of torsional and shear stresses. fy ( ) ( )
s
ph yt ?
fy fy ( ) ( )
s
ph yt
fy
ph perimeter of centerline of outermost closed in
transverse torsional reinforcement yes
ACI Sec. 11.5.3.6 specifies the required area of one leg of fyt yield strength of transverse reinforcement lbf/in2
a closed stirrup as s spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in end

in direction parallel to longitudinal
At Tu for compression
¼  reinforcement Figure 5.5 Torsion Design Provisions for a
s 2
Ao f yt diagonals at 45
Acp area enclosed by outside perimeter of in2 Slender Reinforced Concrete Beam
Tu concrete cross section
¼t ¼
A ½ACI 11-21
s 1:7
Aoh f yt At area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting in2
torsion within a distance s
Av area of shear reinforcement perpendicular in2
to flexural tension reinforcement
Fig. R11.5.3.6(a)—Space truss analogy.
 Shear Friction Brackets and Corbels
There are many situations in which shear force is trans-
ferred from one concrete element to another or between
bearing a
a concrete element and another material. A model has As (primary
plate reinforcement) Ah
ϕVn ≥ Vu Nuc ⩽ Vu
(closed
Vu stirrups)

nominal shear strength a The required area o

l be calculated by: calculated Vu anchor bar
Vn = μAvf fy Avf = using: d min 2d
in. φf y µ 2 3
h
Avf 22.9.4.2—Coefficients
Table = area of shear-friction reinforcement, in.2
of friction
d

Coefficient of
framing bar
Contact surface condition friction μ[1]
to anchor
stirrups
Concrete placed monolithically 1.4λ (a)
Concrete placed against hardened concrete that
is clean, free of laitance, and intentionally rough- 1.0λ (b)
ened to a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in.
Concrete placed against hardened concrete that
is clean, free of laitance, and not intentionally 0.6λ (c)
roughened Fig. R11.8.1—Structural action of a corbel.
Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel The factored moment
that is clean, free of paint, and with shear trans- flexural reinforcement required
ferred across the contact surface by headed studs
0.7λ (d) acting on the corbel
or by welded deformed bars or wires.
M u ¼ V u a þ N uc ðh  dÞ
= 0.75
[1]
λ = 1.0 for normalweight concrete; λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, λ
is calculated based on volumetric proportions of lightweight and normalweight aggre-
gate as given in 19.2.4, but shall not exceed 0.85.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
Mu
0:85bdf c0 1  1
0:319bw d 2 f c0
Af ¼
Inclined shear-friction reinforcement flexural reinforceme
fy no normal
weight
yes
ACI Sec. R11.8.3.1 concrete?
ire reinforcement a
Vn = Avffy(μsinα + cosα) the factored shear force The shear friction reinforcement
 0:2
f c0 bw d
Avf ¼
Vu ( 0.07av
d )
Vu  ð480 þ 0:08f 0c Þ
bw d
f y 

¼ 0:75.
( 280av
d )
 1600
bw d
may not be less than 0.2V yes
The horizontal tensile force, reinforcement required

⎧ N uc
⎪
⎪ 0.2Vu
An ¼ no
⎪
⎨
f y
Nuc ≥
⎪
⎪ 1.6N
⎪
⎩ main (top) steel
Fig. R22.9.4.3a—Tension in shear friction reinforcement. Fig. R22.9.4.3b—Compression in reinforcement. uc
6N
even if tension results from restraint of creep,
shrinkage, or temperature change.

( ) bd
Steel angle
#5 Edge of component supplemental shear friction steel

Table 22.9.4.2—Coefficients of friction main (top) steel

Plan
Coefficient of
Contact surface condition friction μ[1]
``,`,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Table 22.9.4.4—Maximum Vn across the assumed Concrete placed monolithically 1.4λ (a)
shear plane Concrete placed against hardened concrete that

Condition Maximum Vn
is clean, free of laitance, and intentionally rough-
ened to a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in.
1.0λ (b) ( ) bd
Normalweight concrete placed 0.2fc′Ac (a) Concrete placed against hardened concrete that supplemental shear friction steel
monolithically or placed against Least of is clean, free of laitance, and not intentionally 0.6λ (c)
hardened concrete intentionally (a), (b), (480 + 0.08fc′)Ac (b) roughened
roughened to a full amplitude of and (c) Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
1600Ac (c) that is clean, free of paint, and with shear trans- Figure 5.3 ACI Design Provisions for
approximately 1/4 in. 0.7λ (d)
ferred across the contact surface by headed studs
0.2fc′Ac (d) or by welded deformed bars or wires.
a Reinforced Concrete Bracket or Corbel
Lesser of
Other cases [1]
λ = 1.0 for normalweight concrete; λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, λ
(d) and (e) 800Ac (e) is calculated based on volumetric proportions of lightweight and normalweight aggre-
gate as given in 19.2.4, but shall not exceed 0.85.
Ac = area of concrete section resisting shear transfer, in.2
A = greater gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam
 Stresses in Beams Composite Sections
The normal stress in a beam due to bending: The bending stresses in a beam composed of dissimilar
σx = –My/I, where materials material 1 and material 2 where E1 > E2 are:
M = the moment at the section σ1 = −nMy/IT
I = the moment of inertia of the cross section σ2 = −My/IT , where

y the distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location IT = the moment of inertia of the transformed section
above or below the neutral axis n = the modular ratio E1/E2
The maximum normal stresses in a beam due to bending E1 elastic modulus of material 1
σx = ± Mc/I, where E2 = elastic modulus of material 2
c distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber
y distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location above
of a symmetrical beam section.
or below the neutral axis.
σx = –M/s, where
The composite section is transformed into a section composed
s = I/c: the elastic section modulus of the beam.
of a single material. The centroid and then the moment of
Transverse shear stress: inertia are found on the transformed section for use in the
τxy = VQ/(Ib), where bending stress equations.
V = shear force COMPOSITE TRANSFORMED
SECTION SECTION
Q = Al y l, where
MATERIAL 1 E1, A1 E2, nA1
A′ = area above the layer (or plane) upon which the NEUTRAL
AXIS
desired transverse shear stress acts
MATERIAL 2 E2, A2 E2, A2
yl distance from neutral axis to area centroid
b = width or thickness or the cross-section
b b
Transverse shear flow nb
q = VQ/I n = the modular ratio E1/E2
, the maximum shear stress that occurs at the Neutral Axis is
V V
max = 1.5 τ max = 1.5
A A
τ τ

1 2 1+2
permitted angle of inclination of the inclined bars is
30  . When shear reinforcement consists of both stirrups
and inclined bars, the total combined shear resistance is

Vs total = Vs (stirrups) +Vs (inclined bars)

qffiffiffiffi
¼ 48 f c0 bw d


No. 3 @ 8 in o.c.

1– No. 6

30∘

Figure 1.8 Beam with Inclined Bars