Ch1_L18-2nd 2016-2017 J

Nuclear fission
•splitting of atomic nuclei into several
smaller fragments
Chem 1
2nd Sem 2016-2017
Lecture 18

FCariño
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Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion
• Nuclear fusion of light elements: enough
energy for starshine and H bomb explosion
• considerable energy required to force nuclei to
fuse, even for hydrogen
• Nuclear fusion of heavy elements: absorbs
energy and occurs in the extremely high-
energy conditions of supernova explosions.
• primary process by which new natural elements
http://cdn.eteknix.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nuclear_Fusion.jpg are created.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Images/fusion.jpg
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Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion

• Possible alternative to nuclear fission for
generating energy (cf. Furoshima nuclear
power plant)
• Advantages: no radioactive wastes,
security issues, financial outlay
• Presently no working fusion reactor for
continuous production of electrical energy
of high voltage.
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• 1989: (Martin Fleischmann and Stanley
Pons )'cold fusion‘: subsequent
experiments largely failed to replicate
findings à dismissed by most in the
scientific community (calorimeter errors)
• 2010 (Martin Fleischmann and Melvin
Miles): “new” evidence that “cold fusion
effects are real, but we cannot assess if
this excess heat can become useful.”

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Nuclear Fusion Fission and Fusion and Nuclear Weapons

Fuse deuterium nuclei
with high powered
lasers à produce
energy
http://www.sciencedaily.c
om/releases/2013/01
/130114092555.htm

http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nwepcn.html#c1
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Fission Bombs
H-bombs
Tested (and maintained) by:
• United States
• Russia
• United Kingdom
• People's Republic of China
• France
• India
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http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm

Organic chemistry
• branch of chemistry that deals with
structure, properties, and reactions of
compounds that contain carbon
Chemistry of Carbon • Study of CARBON compounds
Organic Chemistry • Wide variety: Plastic, fibers, dyes and drugs,
insecticides, perfumes, vitamins, hormones,
foods, solvents, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids…

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Carbon Structural vs molecular formula

• 4 electrons to be shared
• Can link together in a variety of
• In org chem, molecular formulas not
ways: informative of structure of compound
• Straight chain • C3H6O3 à at least four different
• Branched
compounds
• Rings
• Chains or rings with other • 4 compounds = structural isomers
elements
• Molecular formula only specifies
composition: Compound contains 3C, 6H,
3O

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http://highered.mcgraw- http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072480661/63403/SawyerCh5.pdf hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072480661/63403/SawyerCh5.pdf

Group work 1, Due after Holy week, 19 April

Condensed formulas 1. Meet up with your group mates and read up on nuclear power and
other alternatives for energy generation.
2. Based on your readings, list down 5 leading reasons why you want to
adopt nuclear power as an energy source in the country. Provide list of
references used.
OH 3. Also based on your readings, list down 5 leading reasons why you do
NOT want nuclear power to be used in the Philippines as a source of
energy. Provide list of references used.
4. Briefly explain each item that you listed, both for pro and con.
O H 5. Discuss the pros and cons among yourselves and come up with a
consensus of whether or not you want to adopt nuclear power as a
alternative source of energy for the Philippines. Briefly discuss how
you arrived at the consensus and identify the ONE factor that
influenced your group decision.
6. If the group decision is pro, list conditions that you wish to impose on
its adoption (scale, location, terms). If the group decision is con, list
viable alternatives for energy generation, taking into account resources
required, waste disposal and useful lifespan of the alternative(s)
7. Resulting paper should be no more than 3 pages, exclusive of pictures
15 and list of references.
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072480661/63403/SawyerCh5.pdf

Group work 2
1. Download the video FIRES A Teacher’s Mission
at https://vimeo.com/92032364
2. Watch the video and discuss among yourselves
whether the historical judgment on Haber’s deeds
is fair, i. e., was Haber a war villain, or was he a
nationalist helping his country win a war?
3. Use the internet to gain more information on Haber
and his other contributions to Chemistry and his
country.
4. Write a paper (no more than 2 pages) on whether
your group will consider Haber as a villain or a hero
of his country. Due 21 April 2017

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Functional groups
• Reactive sites in organic molecule

Chemistry of Carbon
Organic Chemistry

alkanes pentanes
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 n-pentane
Bp =36.2⁰C
H3C CH CH2 CH3 Isopentane
CH3 Bp = 28⁰C

CH3
H3 C CH3 Neopentane
Bp= 9.5⁰C
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CH3 22

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons alkenes

• Alkenes – CnH2n – C=C (also = olefins)

• Contains 1 or more double bonds
between two adjacent C atoms
• Ethene C2H4
• Propene C3H6
• Butene C4H8
• Pentene C5H10
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alkenes
Alkynes
• dialkenes

•Triply bonded C atoms

•Classical example is ethyne =
acetylene
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Cyclics and Rings Aromatic Rings

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Functional groups
Alkyl halides
• Reactive sites in organic molecule
• aliphatic compounds where halogen
is attached to alkyl C
• Industrial uses
• Mainly for organic compound
synthesis
• Used also as refrigerants (CFCs)

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CFCs Functional groups

• Reactive sites in organic molecule

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Alcohols
Functional groups
• Reactive sites in organic molecule

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Functional groups Levels of oxidation:

• Reactive sites in organic molecule • Alkanes < alcohols < aldehydes <carboxylic acids
• Alkanes < 2⁰ alcohols < ketones
• Alkanes < 3⁰ alcohols

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