FLUID MECHANICS

FEQS
INTI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
The Nature of Fluids?
 Learning Outcomes

 Explain the theory of fluid mechanics and how this relates to practical
situations (PO1).
What you will learn after this!!

PO1: apply acquired fundamental knowledge of science and

engineering to solve complex engineering problems with emphasis on
field of civil engineering
 The Nature of Fluids
Sir Isaac Newton said
“ A fluid is any body whose parts yield to any force impressed on it,
by yielding, are easily moved among themselves.”

Simple Definition:
“ A substance that deforms continuously under the application of a
shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the shear stress may
be.”
 Content:
 Introduction to fluid mechanics
 Fluid Classification
 Fluid Properties
 Density, Specific Weight, Specific Density
 Viscosity of Fluids
 Newtonian Fluids vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
 Surface Tension
 Vapour Pressure
 Bulk Modulus
 Compressible and Incompressible Flows
Introduction to fluid mechanics
WHAT—FLUID MECHANICS ?
• Is the study on the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
static) or in motion (fluid dynamics)

WHAT—FLUID ?
• Substances that capable to flow and conform to the
shape of containing vessels. When in equilibrium,
fluids can’t sustain tangential or shear forces. All fluids
have some degree of compressibility and offer little
resistance to change of form.
 Fluids

They are fluids, lacking the ability of solids to offer a

permanent resistance to a deforming force.

Even though solid yield under shear stress, the

deformation undergoes finite and once force
released, unlike fluid, it tends to assume its initial shape.
Fluids

Fluids flow under the action of a force, deforming continuously

for as long as the force is applied.
A fluid is unable to retain any unsupported shape; it flows under
its own weight and takes the shape of any solid body with
which it comes into contact.
Deformation is caused by shearing forces such as F (Fig. 1.1)
and cause the material originally occupying the space ABCD
to deform to AB’C’D.
Fluid Classification Tend to flow freely

Take the shape of the

Liquids
container

eg. Water, oil, gasoline,

etc.
Phase of Fluid

Tend to expand to
completely fill their
container
Gases

eg. Air, oxygen, etc.

Fluid Classification
Differences:
- Liquids are only slightly compressible
- Gases are readily compressible

• Liquids occupy definite volumes and have free surface

• Gases expand until it occupy all portions of any vessels

Define pressure?
The amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance or on a surface

P=F/A
 Question 1:
a) Figure 1 shows a container of liquid with
a movable piston supporting a load. Load

Compute the magnitude of the pressure

in the liquid under the piston if the total Fluid
weight of the piston and the load is 500N Pressure

and the area of the piston is 2500 mm².

 Figure 1
b) A load of 200N is exerted on a piston
confining oil in a circular cylinder with an
inside diameter of 60mm. Compute the
pressure in the oil at the piston.
fluid classification
No viscosity

No internal friction/ surface

Ideal Fluid
tension while moving

incompressible

Types of Fluid

With viscosity

Have friction /surface tension

Real Fluid
while moving

compressible
SI UNITS FOR THE BASIC QUANTITIES

Length = meter (m)

Time = second (s)
Mass= kilogram (kg) or 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 2 /m
Force = Newton (N) or 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
Temperature = K or ºC

K = ºC+273.15 F= ma
mass acceleration
Question 2:
 Given
 a tank of liquid having a total mass of 36 kg rests on a support in
the equipment bay of the Space Shuttle
 Find
 Determine the force (in Newtons) that the tank exerts on the
support shortly after lift off when the shuttle is accelerating
upward as shown in Figure at 4.572 m/s²
FLUID PROPERTIES
1. Density
2. Specific weight
3. Relative density/ Specific gravity
4. Specific volume
5. Dynamic viscosity
6. Kinematics viscosity
7. Modulus of Elasticity
8. Surface tension
9. Capillarity
10. Vapour Pressure
Fluids Properties –Important parameters

1. Density 
m
V
 kg / m 3

2. Specific weight    g  kN / m3 
material
3. Relative/specific density   

water

du
4. Dynamics Viscosity [ ]
dy
 N  m  Ns   Ns kgm s kg 
unit    2   2 unit    2  2  
 
2
 m  m/s  m  m s m ms

5. Kinematics Viscosity  unit   m 2 / s 

Density, Specific Weight, Specific Density

Density
 Defined as its mass per unit volume
 It is typically used to characterize the mass of a fluid
 The value of density can vary widely between different fluids.
 For liquids, variations in pressure and temperature generally have only a
small effect on the value of density.
 While, unlike liquids, the density of a gas is strongly influenced by both
pressure and temperature
Specific Weight
 Defined as the amount of weight per unit volume of a
substance
 It is often the specific weight of a substance be found
when its density is known and vice versa

Specific Density
 Defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of water at 4ºC.
 The reference fluid must be pure water at 4ºC. At that
temperature, water has its greatest density.

 𝛾 𝑤 @ 4ºC = 9.81 kN / m
3

Viscosity of Fluids

Definition: Viscosity is that fluid property by virtue

of which a fluid offers resistance to shear stress

As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed in

it, the magnitude of which depends on the
viscosity of the fluid.

SHEAR
STRESS
?
 Moving surface

stationary surface

Velocity gradient – is a measure of the

velocity change and is defined as ΔU/ Δy. This
is so called the shear rate.
The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as
𝜏= μ (ΔU/ Δy)
Dynamic viscosity / absolute viscosity, Pa∙s

Example: cold oil has higher viscosity than water

Then, many calculations in fluid mechanics
involve the ratio of the dynamics viscosity to the
density of the fluid. As a matter of convenience,
the kinematic viscosity, 𝑣 id defined as

𝑣 = 𝜇/𝑝
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 Properties of the
fluid
𝑚×𝑠
Properties of liquids
Example:
Newtonian fluid vs. non-Newtonian fluid
 Any fluid that behaves in accordance with * 𝜏= μ (ΔU/ Δy)
is called a Newtonian fluid
 The viscosity is a function only of the condition of the
fluid, particularly its temperature. The magnitude of the
velocity gradient has no effect on the magnitude of the
viscosity.

 Conversely, a fluid that does not behave in accordance

with equation * is called non-Newtonian fluid.
 The viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid is dependent on
the velocity gradient in addition to the condition of the
fluid.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mYHGn_Pd5M
Classifications of non-Newtonian fluid
Pseudoplastic / Thixotropic

Time-independent fluids Dilatant Fluids

Bingham Fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids

Electrorheological fluids

Time-dependent fluids
Magnetorheological (MR)
Fluids
Surface Tension, 𝜎
At the interface between a liquid and a gas, or
between two immiscible liquids, forces develop in the
liquid surface which cause the surface to behave as if it
were a ‘skin’ or ‘membrane’ stretched over the fluid
mass.
Surface tension – the intensity of the molecular
attraction per unit length along any line in the surface.
Surface tension is depends on the temperature as well
as the other fluid it is in contact with at the interface.
Forces acting on one-half of a liquid drop

2𝜋𝑅𝜎 = ∆𝑝𝜋𝑅2 Or
2𝜎
∆𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒 =
𝑅
𝑝𝑖 > 𝑝𝑒

Among common phenomena associated with surface

tension is the rise / fall of liquid in a capillary tube
 The vertical force due to the surface tension is equal to
2𝜋𝑅𝜎 cos 𝜃 and the weight is 𝛾𝜋𝑅2 ℎ. 2𝜋𝑅𝜎 cos 𝜃 = 𝛾𝜋𝑅2 ℎ ; mean h
increase with tube radius decrease 2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Capillary rise in a tube, ℎ =
𝛾𝑅

Which is mercury??

Adhesion force>> cohesion force Adhesion force<< cohesion force

Vapour Pressure, 𝑝𝑣
Question
Liquids such as water and gasoline will evaporate if they are
simply placed in a container open to atmosphere—WHY??

Evaporation takes place because some liquid molecules at the

surface have sufficient momentum to overcome the
intermolecular cohesive forces and escape into the atmosphere.
if the container is closed with a small air space left above the
surface, and this space evacuated vacuum, a pressure will
develop  vapour that is formed by the escaping molecules.

When an equilibrium condition is reached (the number of

molecules leaving the surface = the number entering), the
vapour is said to be saturated and the pressure that the vapour
exerts on the liquid surface is termed the vapour pressure.
 Similarly,

The space between the liquid and the end

becomes filled with vapour at a pressure
equal to the vapour pressure.

Boiling related to
vapour pressure?? Higher elevation (say
30,000ft above sea
level), boiling
temperature reduce or
increase?
 In flowing fluids it is possible to develop very low pressure due to the fluid motion,
and if the pressure is lowered to the vapour pressure, boiling will occur.

Example:
Fluid flow through the irregular, narrowed passages of a valve
or pump.

When vapour bubbles are formed in a flowing fluid, they are swept along
into regions of higher pressure where they suddenly collapse with
sufficient intensity to actually cause structural damage.

 The formation and subsequent collapse of vapour bubbles in a flowing fluid

called cavitation.
In flowing liquids it is possible for the pressure in localized regions to reach vapour pressure
thereby cause cavitation.
Bulk Modulus, 𝐸𝑣 How compressible is the
fluid?

how easily can the volume /density of a given mass of the

fluid be changed when there is a change in pressure?

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝐸𝑣 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑣 =
𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝑑𝜌ൗ
𝑉 𝜌 If such large pressure
Increase pressure= decrease volume required to effect a change
in volume --incompressible

Decrease in volume will result increase in density. 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉

Compressible and Incompressible Flows
When density variation within a flow are not negligible --compressible
Gasses
The term bulk modulus not usually applied to gases, and the principles of
thermodynamics must be applied to determine the change in volume of a
gas with a change in pressure.

When gases are compressed (or expanded), the

relationship between pressure and density depends on the
nature of the process. If the compression takes place
under constant temperature (isothermal process), then
𝑝
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌

If the compression is frictionless and no heat is exchanged

𝑝
with the surroundings (isentropic process), then , 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌
where k is the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure
 Flows in which variations in density are negligible --
incompressible
Liquids
 A very large change in pressure to produce a small change in volume
in liquids
 Thus, the magnitudes of E for liquids are very high.  therefore liquids
will be considered as incompressible.

Example: Liquid Bulk modulus (psi) Bulk modulus (MPa)

Ethyl alcohol 130 000 896
Benzene 154 000 1 062
Machine oil 189 000 1 303
Water 316 000 2 179
Glycerine 654 000 4 509
Mercury 3 590 000 24 750
 SUMMARY

1. Fluid Mechanics
2. Fluid Classification – Liquids and gasses
3. Ideal and Real Fluids
4.
What
Dimension did you learn
and Units
5. Fluids Propertiestoday?
– Density, specific
weight, specific density, compressibility,
surface tension and viscosity (kinematics
and dynamics)