MATHEMATICS–II

2 MARKS
1. Find the equation to the locus of a point P from which the distance to (2, 0) is equal to the distance from P to
the y–axis.
Ans. Let A (2, 0).
Let P(x, y) be a point in the locus. The distance from P to y–axis is |x|
Given condition is PA =|x|  PA2 = x2  (x – 2)2 + (y – 0)2 = x2
 x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 = x2  y2 – 4x + 4 = 0.
2. If the distances from P to the points (5, –4), (7, 6) are in the ratio 2 : 3, then find the locus of P.
Ans. Let P = (x, y) and A(5, –4), B(7, 6) be the given points
given condition is PA : PB = 2 : 3  3PA = 2PB  9PA2 = 4PB2
 9[(x – 5)2 + (y + 4)2] = 4[(x – 7)2 + (y – 6)2]
 9(x2 –10x + 25 + y2 + 8y + 16) = 4(x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 – 12y + 36)
 5x2 + 5y2 – 34x + 120y + 29 = 0
 The locus of P is 5x2 + 5y2 – 34x + 120y + 29 = 0
3. Find the locus of the point P such that PA2 + PB2 = 2c2 where A(a, 0), B(–a, 0).
Ans. Let P = (x, y)
given condition is PA2 + PB2 = 2c2  (x – a)2 + (y – 0)2 + (x + a)2 + (y – 0)2 = 2c2
 x2 + a2 – 2xa + y2 + x2 + a2 + 2xa + y2 = 2c2
 2x2 + 2y2 + 2a2 = 2c2  x2 + y2 = c2 – a2.
 The locus of P is x2 + y2 = c2 – a2.
4. Find the locus of a point P if the line joining the points (2, 3) and (–1, 5) subtends a right angle at P.
Ans. Let P = (x, y) and A(2, 3), B(–1, 5) be the given points.
Given condition is APB = 90  PA2 + PB2 = AB2
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 + (x + 1)2 + (y – 5)2 = (–1 – 2)2 + (5 – 3)2
 x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 + x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 – 10y + 25 = 9 + 4
 2x2 + 2y2 – 2x – 16y + 26 = 0  x2 + y2 – x – 8y + 13 = 0
 The locus of P is x2 + y2 – x – 8y + 13 = 0.
5. Find the transformed equation of 2x2 + 4xy + 5y2 = 0 when the origin is shifted to (3, 4) by translation of axes.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y).
 x = X + 3, y = Y + 4
The transformed equation is 2(X + 3)2 + 4(X + 3)(Y + 4) + 5(Y + 4)2 = 0
 2(X2 + 6X + 9) + 4(XY + 4X + 3Y +12) + 5(Y2 + 8y + 16) = 0
 2X2 + 12X + 18 + 4XY + 16X + 12Y + 48 + 5Y2 + 40Y + 80 = 0
 2X2 + 4XY + 5Y2 + 28X + 52Y + 146 = 0
6. Find the transformed equation of 4x2 + 9y2 – 8x + 36y + 4 = 0 when the axes are translated to the point (1, –2).
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y).
 x = X + 1, y = Y – 2.
 The transformed equation is 4(X + 1)2 + 9(Y – 2)2 – 8(X + 1) + 36(Y – 2) + 4 = 0.
 4(X2 + 2X + 1) + 9(Y2 – 4Y + 4) – 8X – 8 + 36Y – 72 + 4 = 0  4X2 + 9Y2 = 36.
7. Choose a new origin so that the equation 2x2 + 7y2 + 8x – 14y + 15 = 0 may be translated to the form in which
the first degree terms be missing. Find the transformed equation also.
Ans. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
We get a = 2, b = 7, g = 4, f = –7.
4 ( 7) 
 Required point =   ,     ,
g f
= (–2, 1).
 a b  2 7 
The transformed equation is 2(X – 2)2 + 7(Y + 1)2 + 8(X – 2) – 14(Y + 1) + 15 = 0.
 2(X2 + 4 – 4X) + 7(Y2 + 2Y + 1) + 8X – 16 – 14Y – 14 + 15 = 0  2X2 + 7Y2 = 0.
8. If the axes are rotated through an angle 30, then find the coordinates of (1, 2) in the new system.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the given point. The transformation table is
30 X Y
1 3
–1/2
2
2 3
1/2
2
 3  1 3 2  1  3  1  2 3
Now X = 1  2   , Y  1    2  
 2   2 
.
  2 2  2   2
 3  2 1  2 3 
 The new coordinates are  ,  .
 2 2
 
9. If the coordinates of a point P are transformed to (4, –3) when the axes are rotated through an angle of 135,
then find P.
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Ans. Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P. The transformation table is
135 4 –3
x 1 1
2 2
Y 1 1
2 2
 1   1  4 3 1
 x = 4   3   
 2  2 2 2 2
 1   1  4 3 7
y = 4   3   
 2  2 2 2 2
 P =   1 , 7  .
 2 2

10. The line x  y = 1 meets x–axis at P. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to this line at P.
a b
Ans. The line meets x-axis at P(a, 0).
Slope of the given line is b/a. Slope of the required line is –a/b.
a y x a x y a
Equation of the required line is y – 0 =  (x  a)        .
b a b b b a b
11. If the portion of the straight line intercepted between the axes is bisected at (2p, 2q), write the equation of the
straight line.
Ans. Let a, b be the intercepts of the line.
 The line cuts x-axis at A(a, 0), y-axis at B(0, b)
Midpoint of AB is  ,    ,   (2p,2q)   2p,  2q  a = 4p, b = 4q
a b a b a b
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y
 Equation of the line is   1   4 .
4p 4q p q
12. Find the equation of the straight lien of inclination 135 with x–axis and an intercept – 3 on the y–axis.
Ans. Inclination is 135  Slope = tan 135 = –1
Equation of the line having slope –1 and y-intercept –3 is y = (–1)(x – 3)
 x + y + 3 = 0.
13. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the line 2x – 4y – 7 = 0.
( 7)2 49
Ans. Area of the triangle formed =  sq.unit.
2 2( 4) 16

14. Find the area of the triangle formed by the co–ordinate axes and the line x cos  + y sin  = p.
(p)2 p2 p2
Ans. Area of the triangle =   sq. unit.
2 | cos  sin  | | 2 sin  cos  | | sin 2 |
15. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (–4, 5) and cutting off equal intercepts on the coordinate
axes.
Ans. Let a, b be the intercepts of the line
Intercepts are equal  a = b
x y
Equation of the line is   1  x + y = a
a a
The line passes through (–4, 5)  –4 + 5 = a  a = 1
 Equation of the required line is x + y = 1.
16. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (–2, 4) and making intercepts whose sum is zero.
Ans. Let a, b be the intercepts of the line.
 a + b = 0  b = –a
x y
Equation of the line is   1 x  y  a
a a
The line passes through (–2, 4)  –2 – 4 = a  a = –6.
Equation of the required line is x – y + 6 = 0.

17. Reduce the equation into perpendicular form x + y + 1 = 0.

Ans. The given equation is x + y + 1 = 0
x y 1 ( 1)x ( 1)y 1     1
         cos  x    sin  y 
2 2 2 2 2 2  4  4 2
    1 5 5 1
 x cos     x  y sin       x cos  y sin  .
 4  4 2 4 4 2

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18. Find the distance between the parallel lines 5x – 3y – 4 = 0, 10x – 6y – 9 = 0.
Ans. Given lines are 5x – 3y – 4 = 0, 10x – 6y – 9 = 0
 10x – 6y – 8 = 0, 10x – 6y – 9 = 0
| 8  9 | 1 1
Distance between the parallel lines =   .
100  36 136 2 34
19. Find the ratio in which the line joining the points A(–1, –1) and B(2, 1) divides the line joining C(3, 4) and
D(1, 2).
1 1 2
Ans. Slope of AB is 
2 1 3
2
Equation to AB is y + 1 = (x + 1)  3y + 3 = 2x + 2  2x – 3y – 1 = 0
3
The ratio in which AB divides CD is –L11 : L22 = 2[2(3) – 3(4) – 1] : [2(1) – 3(2) – 1]
= –(6 – 12 – 1) : (2 – 6 – 1) = –(–7) : (–5) = –7 : 5, i.e., 7 : 5 externally.
20. Find the acute angle between the pair of lines 2x2 – 3xy – 6y2 = 0.
Ans. If  is the acute angle between the pair of lines 2x2 – 3xy – 6y2 = 0, then
|26| 4 4  4 
cos  =      cos1  .
(2  6)  ( 3)
2 2 64  9 73  73 

21. Find k if the equation x2 – y2 + 2x + 2y + k = 0 represents a pair of lines.

Ans. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 we get
a = 1, b = –1, c = k, f = 1, g = 1, h = 0.
Since the given equation represents a pair of lines. abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
 1(–1)k + 2(1)(1)(0) – (1)2 – (–1)(1)2 – k(0)2 = 0  k = 0.
22. Show that the points (–2, 3, 5), (1, 2, 3), (7, 0, –1) are collinear.
Ans. Let A (–2, 3, 5), B (1, 2, 3), C (7, 0, –1).
AB = (2  1)2  (3  2)2  (5  3)2  9  1  4  14
BC = (1  7)2  (2  0)2  (3  1)2  36  4  16  56  2 14

AC = (2  7)2  (3  0)2  (5  1)2  81  9  36  126  3 14

AB + BC = 14  2 14  3 14  AC.
 Given points are collinear.
23. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line joining the points (2,–3, 1) and (3,4,–5) in the ratio 1 : 3.
Ans. Let A(2, –3, 1), B(3, 4, –5)
The point which divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3 is
 1(3)  3(2) 1(4)  3( 3) 1( 5)  3(1)   3  6 4  9 5  3   9 5 2   9 5 1  .
 1 3 , 1 3
,
1 3    4 , 4 , 4    4, 4 , 4    4, 4 , 2 
       
24. Find the ratio in which the xy–plane divides the line segment joining the points (2, 4, 5), (3, 5, –4).
Ans. Let A(2, 4, 5), B(3, 5, –4). xy-plane divides AB in the ratio = 5 : –(–4) = 5 : 4.
25. Find the co–ordinates of the point at which yz–plane intersects the line segment joining the points (–2, 3, 7)
and (6, –1, 2).
Ans. Let A(–2, 3, 7), B(6, –1, 2).
yz-plane divides AB in the ratio –(–2) : 6 = 1 : 3
6  6 1  9 2  21 
The point at which yz-plane intersects AB is 
23 
, ,    0,2, 4  .
 1 3 1 3 1 3   
 
26. If a ray makes an angles , with x–axis and y-axis, respectively, find the angle made by the ray with z–axis.
3 3
Ans. Let , ,  be the angles made by the ray with the positive x, y, z axes respectively.
 = 60,  = 60. But cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1  cos260 + cos260 + cos2 = 1
1 1 1 1
   cos2   1  cos2    cos   
4 4 2 2
  = 45 or 135.
27. Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the line joining the points (–4, 1, 7), (2, –3, 2).
Ans. Let A(–4, 1, 7), B(2, –3, 2)
Direction ratio’s of AB are (2 + 4, –3 – 1, 2 – 7) = (6, –4, –5) = (–6, 4, 5)
Direction cosines of AB are
 6 4 5   6 4 5 .
 
 ( 6)2  42  52 36  16  25 36  16  25   77 77 77 
, , , ,
 
28. Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are (1, –2, 1) and (–1, 1, 0).
Ans. If  is an angle between the lines whose d.r’s are (1, –2, 1) and (–1, 1, 0) then

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 a1a2  b1b2  c1c 2 1( 1)  (2)  1(0) 3 3
cos  =   
a b c . a b c
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1  4  1. 1  1  0 6. 2 2
  = 150.  Angles between the given lines are 30, 150.
29. If P(2, 3, –6) and Q(3, –4, 5) are two points, then find the angle POQ where O(0, 0, 0) is origin.
Ans. D.r’s of OP are (2 – 0, 3 – 0, –6 – 0) = (2, 3, –6)
D.r’s of OQ are (3 – 0, –4 – 0, 5 – 0) = (3, –4, 5)
(2)(3)  (3)( 4)  ( 6)(5) 6  12  30
cosPOQ = 
(2)  (3)2  ( 6)2 (3)2  ( 4)2  (5)2
2
4  9  36 9  16  25
36 36 18 2  18 2   18 2 
   POQ  cos1     cos1 
 35   35 
= . .
49 50 25 2 35    
ax 1
30. Evaluate: Lt (a > 0, b > 0, b  1).
x 0 bx 1
ax  1 (ax  1) / x loga
Ans. Lt  Lt   logb a
x 0 b x  1 x 0 (b x  1) / x logb
x + 1 1 1
31. Show that Lt = .
x 0 x 2

Ans. Lt
x 11
 Lt
 x 11  x 11  Lt
x  1 1
x 0 x x 0 x  x 11  x 0 x  x 11 
x 1 1 1
= Lt  Lt  
x 0
x  x 11  x 0
x 11 0 11 2

x
32. Show that Lt =1.
x 0 1+ x  1  x

x x  1  x  1  x 
Ans. Lt  Lt
x 0
1  x  1  x x0 1 x  1 x
1 1
= Lt 1  x  1  x   [1  1]  1.
x 0 2  2
3 5+ x 1
33. Show that Lt = .
x 4 x 4 6

Ans. Lt
3 5x
 Lt
3 5x 3 5x   Lt

9  (5  x) 
x 4 x4 x  4
(x  4) 3  5  x x  4

(x  4) 3  5  x   
(x  4) 1 1
= Lt   .
x 4
(x  4)(3  5  x ) 3 54 6

1+ x  3 1  x 2
3
34. Show that: Lt = .
x 0 x 3
Ans. Put 1 + x = y, 1 – x = z as x  0, y  1,z  1
3
1 x  3 1 x  3 1 x  1 3 1  x  1
Lt  Lt   
x 0 x   x x
 
x 0

3
y 1 3
z 1 y1/ 3  11/ 3 z1/ 3  11/ 3 1 31 1 1 31 1 1 1 2
= Lt  Lt  Lt  Lt  1  1    .
y 1 y  1 z 1 (z  1) y 1 y  1 z 1 z 1 3 3 3 3 3
sinax
35. Show that: Lt =a.
x 0
xcosx
sinax sinax a a
Ans. Lt  Lt   1  a
x 0 x cos x x 0 ax cos x 1

1  cos2mx 2m2
36. Show that: Lt = .
2
x 0 sin nx n2
2 2
1  cos2mx 2sin2 mx  sinmx   nx  m x
2 2
2m2
Ans. Lt  Lt  Lt 2      2 2  2
 mx   sinnx  n x
x 0 2 2
x 0 sin nx x 0
sin nx n

sin(x  a)tan2 (x  a)
37. Show that Lt =0.
x a (x 2  a2 )2

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 sin(x  a)tan2 (x  a) sin(x  a)tan2 (x  a)
Ans. Lt  Lt
x a (x  a )
2 2 2 x a (x  a)2 (x  a)2
2
 tan(x  a)2  1 1
= Lt sin(x  a). Lt   xLt  0  1 2  0.
x a x a
 x  a  a (x  a)2 4a

2
1  cosmθ  m 
38. Show that Lt = .
0 1  cosnθ  n 
2
sin2 (m / 2)  Lt sin(m / 2) 
1  cosm 2sin (m / 2) 0 2  0 Lt
  2 2
Ans. Lt  Lt  2     m /4  m .
0 1  cosn 0 2sin2 (n / 2 sin2 (n / 2) 2
n2 / 4 n 2
Lt  sin(n / 2) 
 Lt 
0  2
 0  
1  sin3 x 3
39. Show that: Lt 2
= .
x /2 cos x 2
1  sin3 x (1  sin x)(1  sin x  sin2 x)
Ans. Lt  Lt
x  / 2 cos2 x x  / 2 (1  sin x)(1  sin x)
1  sin x  sin2 x 1  sin  / 2  sin2  / 2 1  1  1 3
= Lt   
x  / 2 1  sin x 1  sin  / 2 1 1 2
sin(x  1)
40. Evaluate: Lt .
x 1 x3 1
sin(x  1) sin(x  1)
Ans. Lt  Lt
x 1 x3  1  1)(x 2  x  1)
x 0 (x

sin(x  1) 1 1 1
= Lt Lt  1. 
x 0 (x  1) x 0 x 2  x  1 1 1 1 3

1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
1
41. Show that: Lt = .
n  n2 2
1  2  ....n n(n  1) 1 1 1 1
Ans. Lt  Lt  Lt  1    (1  0) 
 
n 2  2 
n n 2n n 2 n 2 2

13 + 2 3 + .... + n3 1
42. Show that: Lt =
n  n2 (n2 + 1) 4
13  23  ...  n3 n2 (n  1)2 1 (1  1/ n)2 1 (1  0)2 1
Ans. Lt  Lt  Lt   .
n n2 (n2  1) n 4n2 (n2  1) n 4 (1  1/ n2 ) 4 (1  0) 4

3x 1
43. Show that: Lt = 2log3
x 0 1+ x 1
(3x  1)  1 x  1   Lt 3
3x  1 1
   
x
Ans. Lt  Lt  Lt 1  x  1  log3 1  0  1  2log3.
x 0
1 x  1 x 0 1 x  1 x 0 x x 0

ex 1 x 3
44. Show that (i) Lt = 2 . (ii) Lt =0
x 0 1+ x 1 x 3 | x2  9 |
ex  1 ex  1 1 x  1 ex  1
Ans. (i) Lt
x 0
 Lt
1  x  1 x 0 1  x  1 1  x  1
  Lt
x 0 x
  1 x  1
= Lt
x 0
ex  1
x x 0

Lt 1  x  1  2 
(ii) Lt x  3  Lt x 3
 Lt
x 3
x 3
x 9
2 x 3
x  3 x  3 x 3
x 3

1 0
= Lt x  3  Lt  0
x 3  x 3
x3 6
x3 + 8
45. Find ‘k’ if f(x) = , (for x  –2) and f(x) = k(for x = –2) is continuous at x = –2.
x 5 + 32
Ans. f(x) is continuous at x = –2  Lt f(x)  f( 2)
x 2

x3  8 x3  8 x2
 k = Lt f(x)  Lt 5  Lt  5
x 2 x 2 x  32 x 2 x  2 x  32

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 x 3  ( 2)3
Lt
x 2 x  ( 2) 3( 2)3 1 34 3
=   
x  ( 2)
5 5
5( 2)5 1 5  16 20
Lt
x 2 x  ( 2)

x2  9
46. If f(x) = for x  3 and f(x) is continuous at x = 3 then find f(3).
2
x  2x  3
Ans. f(x) is continuous at x = 3  f(3) = Lt f(x)
x 3

x2  9 (x  3)(x  3) x 3 6 3
 f(3) = Lt 2  Lt  Lt  
x 3 x  2x  3 x 3 (x  1)(x  3) x 3 x  1 4 2
cosx
47. Find the derivative of .
sinx + cosx
d d
(sin x  cos x) (cos x)  cos x (sin x  cos x)
d  cos x  dx dx
Ans. 
dx  sin x  cos x  (sin x  cos x)2

 sin x  sin x cos x  cos x  sin x cos x

2 2
1
= 
1  sin2x 1  sin2x

48. Find the derivative of log(x + x 2 + 1 )

Ans.
d
dx  
log x  x 2  1 
1

x  x 1
2
d 
dx 
x  x 2  1

1  1 d 2  1  1 
= 1  (x  1)  1  2x 
x  x 1 2 x 1
2 2 dx  x  x 1  2 x 1 
2 2

1  x2  1  x  1
=   .
x  x 2  1  x 2  1  x 1
2

49. Find the derivative of cos x .

Ans.
d
dx  cos x   2 cos 1 d
x dx
cos x 
1

2 cos x
 sin x
d
dx
   x
 sin x  1   sin x
=   .
2 cos x  2 x  4 x cos x

50. Find the derivative of sin–1 2x

1+ x2
Ans. Put x = tan 
d  1 2x  d  1 2 tan   d
dx 
sin 
1  x 2  dx 
sin 
1  tan2   dx
sin1(sin 2) 
d
dx

{2} 
=
d
dx

2 tan1 x 
2
1  x2

2x
51. Find the derivative of cos–1
1  x2
Ans. Put x = tan 
d  1 1  x 
2
d  1 1  tan  
2

cos
dx 
 
1  x  dx 
2 cos 2 

1  tan   dx
d
cos1(cos2) 
d
dx

(2) =
d
dx

2 tan1 x 
2

1  x2

dy
52. If 2x2 – 3xy + y2 + x + 2y – 8 = 0, then find .
dx
(2x2 – 3xy + y2 + x + 2y – 8) = 0  4x – 3  x 
d dy dy dy
Ans.  y   2y  1 2 0
dx  dx  dx dx
dy dy 3y  4x  1
 (2y  3x  2)  (4x  1  3y)   .
dx dx 2y  3x  2

53. If x = a(t – sin t), y = a(1 + cos t) then find y2.

dx dy
Ans.  a(1  cos t),  a sin t
dt dt
dy dy dt a sin t 2 sin t / 2.cos t / 2 t
 .     cot .
dx dt dx a(1  cos t) 2 sin2 t / 2 2

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 1 t t
cos ec 2 cos ec 2
d2 y d  t 1 2 t dt 2 2 1 2 1 1 .
   cot   .cos ec .   .  .
dx 2
dx  2 2 2 dx a(1  cos t) 2a t 4a t
2 sin2 sin4
2 2
54. If y = a enx + be–nx then show that y2 = n2y.
Ans. y = aenx + be–nx
 y1 = naenx – nbe–nx
 y2 = n2 aenx + n2be–nx = n2[aenx + be–nx] = n2y.
55. Find the intervals in which the function x3 – 3x2 is increasing or decreasing.
Ans. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2  f(x) = 3x2 – 6x
f(x) > 0  3x2 – 6x > 0  x2 – 2x > 0  x  (0, 2)
 f(x) is increasing on (–, 0)  (2, ) and decreasing on (0, 2).
logx
56. Find the intervals in which the function is increasing or decreasing.
x
log x x(1/ x)  logx(1) 1  logx
Ans. f(x) =  f(x) = 
x x2 x2
1  log x
f(x) > 0   0  1 – log x > 0  log x < 1  x < e and x > 0.
x2
 f(x) is increasing in (0, e)
1  log x
f(x) < 0   0  1 – log x < 0  log x > 1  x > e.
x2
 f(x) is decreasing in (e, ).

57. If u = sin(x – y), find u , u .

x y
u  u 
Ans.  [sin(x – y)] = cos(x – y),  [sin(x – y)] = –cos(x – y)
x x y y

cosx z z
58. If z = , then find , .
siny x y
z   cos x   sin x
Ans.   
x x  sin y  sin y
z   cos x  
   (cos x . cosec y) = –cosec y . cot y . cos x.
y y  sin y  y

y  2 2
59. If u = tan–1   , then find  u ,  u
x x 2
y 2
 y  u   1  y  
u = tan1   ;
1  y x 2 y y
Ans.   tan        2  2
 x  x x   x   1  (y / x) x  x  x  y x x  y2
2 2 2

 2u   u     y  1 2xy
     y 2 .2x 
x 2 x  x  x  x 2  y 2  x y 2

2
 
x  y2
2
2

u   1  y   1  y x 1 x 2
  tan        2  2
y y   x   1  (y / x) y  x  x  y x x  y
2 2 2

 2u   u    x  1 2xy
      x. 2 .2y  2
y 2 y  y  y  x 2  y 2  (x  y 2 )2 (x  y 2 )2
60. If z = ex + y + f(x) + g(y), prove that zxy = ex + y.
z (z x )
Ans. z = ex + y + f(x) + g(y)  zx = = ex + y + f(x)  zxy = = ex + y.
x y

u u
61. If u = log(tan x + tan y), then show that sin 2x + sin2y =2.
x y
Ans. u = log [tan x + tan y]
u 1 1 sec 2 x cos x cos y sec x cos y
 sec 2 x  sec 2 x  
x tan x  tan y sin x sin y sin x cos y  cos x sin y sin(x  y)

cos x cos y
u 1 1 sec 2 y cos x cos y cos x sec y
 sec 2 y  sec 2 y  
y tan x  tan y sin x sin y sin x cos y  cos x sin y sin(x  y)

cos x cos y

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 u u  sec x cos y   cos x sec y 
 sin 2x  sin 2y  2 sin x cos x    2 sin y cos y  sin(x  y) 
x y  sin(x  y)   
2[sin x cos y  cos x sin y] 2sin(x  y)
=   2.
sin(x  y) sin(x  y)

z z
62. If z = f(x2 + y2) then prove that x y =0.
y x
2 2
Ans. z = f(x + y )
z
 f (x 2  y 2 )2x  2x.f (x 2  y 2 )
x
z f(x2 + y2) 2y = 2y . f(x2 + y2)

y
z z
 x 2 2 2 2
 y = x[2y f(x + y )] – y[2x . f(x + y )]
y x
= 2xy f(x2 + y2) – 2xy f(x2 + y2) = 0.
4 MARKS
1. A(2, 3), B(–3, 4) are two points. If a point P moves such that the area of  PAB is 8.5 square unit, then find the
locus of P.
Ans. Let P = (x, y). Given condition is, area of PAB = 8.5 sq. unit.
1 2  3 3  4 17 5 1
   17 .
2 2x 3y 2 2x 3y
 |5(3 – y) + 1(2 – x)| = 17  |–(x + 5y – 17)| = 17  (x + 5y – 17)2 = 172
 x2 + 10xy + 25y2 – 34x – 170y = 0.
 The locus of P is x2 + 10xy + 25y2 – 34x – 170y = 0.
2. A(2, 3), B(2, –3) are two points. If a point P moves such that PA + PB = 8, then find the locus of P.
Ans. Let P = (x, y). Given condition is PA + PB = 8
 PA = 8 – PB  PA2 = 64 – 16PB – PB2  PA2 – PB2 – 64 = –16PB
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 – [(x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2] – 64 = 16 (x  2)2  (y  3)2
 y2 – 6y + 9 – y2 – 6y – 9 – 64 = 16 (x  2)2  (y  3)2
 –4(3y + 16) = 16 (x  2)2  (y  3)2  3y + 16 = 4 x2  4x  4  y2  6y  9
 9y2 + 96y + 256 = 16x2 + 16y2 – 64x + 96y + 208  16x2 + 7y2 – 64x – 48 = 0
 The locus of P is 16x2 + 7y2 – 64x – 48 = 12.
3. A(4, 0), B(–4, 0) are two points. If a point P moves such that |PA – PB| = 4, then show that the locus of P is
3x2 – y2 = 12.
Ans. Let P = (x, y)
Given condition is PA – PB = 4  PA = 4 + PB  PA2 = 16 + PB2 + 8PB
 PA2 – PB2 – 16 = 8PB  (x – 4)2 + y2 – [(x + 4)2 + y2] – 16 = 8 (x  4)2  y2
 x2 – 8x + 16 – x2 – 8x – 16 – 16 = 8 (x  4)2  y2  –16(x + 1) = 8 (x  4)2  y2
 –2(x + 1) = (x  4)2  y 2  4(x + 2x + 1) = x + 8x + 16 + y  3x – y = 12
2 2 2 2 2

 The locus of P is 3x – y = 12.

2 2

4. Find the transformed equation of 17x2 – 16xy + 17y2 = 225 when the axes are rotated through an angle 45.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y)
Angle of rotation  = 45.
Now x = X cos 45 – Y sin 45 = X  Y , y = X sin 45 + Y cos 45 = X  Y
2 2
2 2
XY  X  Y  X  Y  XY
 The transformed equation is 17    16     17    225
 2   2  2   2 

17 2
2

X  2XY  Y 2 
16 2
2

X  Y2  
17 2
2
  
X  2XY  Y 2  225  9X2  25Y 2  225 .

5. Find the transformed equation of x2 + 2 3 xy – y2 = 2a2 when the axes are rotated through an angle 30.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y).
 The transformation table is
30 X Y
x 3
–1/2
2

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 y 3
1/2
2
 x = 3X  Y , y  X  3Y
2 2
2 2
 3X  Y   3X  Y  X  3Y   X  3Y 
 The transformed equation is    2 3        a
2
 2 2  2 2
      
 3X – 2 3 XY + Y + 2 3 ( 3 X + 3XY – XY –
2 2 2
3 Y2) – X2 – 3Y2 – 2 3 XY = 8a2
 3X – 2 3 XY + Y + 6X + 6 3 XY – 2 3 XY – 6Y2 – X2 – 3Y2 – 2 3 XY = 8a2
2 2 2

 8X2 – 8Y2 = 8a2  X2 – Y2 = a2.

6. Find the transformed equation of 4xy – 3x2 = a2 when the axes are rotated through an angle tan–1 2.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y)
Angle of rotation  = tan–1(2)  tan  = 2  sin  = 2/ 5 , cos  = 1/ 5
X  2Y
Now x = X cos  – Y sin  = , y = X sin  + Y cos  = 2X  Y
5 5
2
 The transformed equation is 4  X  2Y 

2X  Y   X  2Y 
  3  a
2

 5  5   5 
4 3
 (2X2 + XY – 4XY – 2Y2) – (X2 – 4XY + 4Y2) = a2  X2 – 4Y2 = a2.
5 5
7. Find the transformed equation of x cos  + y sin  = p when the axes are rotated through an angle ‘’.
Ans. Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y)
 x = X cos  – Y sin , y = X sin  + Y cos 
The transformed equation is (X cos  – Y sin ) cos  + (X sin  + Y cos ) sin  = p
 X cos2 – Y sin  cos  + Y sin2 + Y cos  sin  = p  X(cos2 + sin2) = p
 X = p.

8. If the transformed equation of a curve is X2 + 2 3 XY – Y2 = 2a2 when the axes are rotated through angle 60,
then find the original equation of the curve.
Ans. Let (x, y) be the original coordinates of (X, Y).
Angle of rotation  = 60.
x  3y
Now X = x cos 60 + y sin 60 = , Y = y cos 60 – x sin 60 = y  3x
2 3
 The original equation of the curve is
2 2
 x  3y   x  3y  y  3x   y  3x 
   2 3        2a
2

2 2  2 2
      


4
1 2
(x  2 3xy  3y 2 ) 
2 3
4
 1

3y 2  2xy  3x 2  (y 2  2 3xy  3x 2 )  2a2
4
 –2x2 + 2y2 = 2a2  x2 – y2 + a2 = 0.

9. Show that the angle of rotation of the axes to eliminate xy term in the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
1  2h 
Tan–1   where (a  b).
2 ab
Ans. Let  be the required angle of rotation.
Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y),
 x = X cos  – Y sin , y = X sin  + Y cos 
 The transformed equation is a(X cos  – Y sin )2 + 2h(X cos  – Y sin )(X sin  + Y cos ) + b(X sin  + Y cos )2 =
0
 a(X2 cos2 + Y2 sin2 – 2XY cos  sin ) + 2h (X2 cos  sin  + XY cos2 – XY sin2 – Y2 sin  cos ) + b(X2 sin2 +
Y2 cos2 + 2XY sin  cos ) = 0
 X2(a cos2 + 2h cos  sin  + b sin2) + 2XY(–a cos  sin  + h cos2 – h sin2 + b sin  cos ) + Y2(a sin2 – 2h sin
 cos  + b cos2) = 0
Since xy term is eliminated,
–a cos  sin  + h cos2 – h sin2 + b sin  cos  = 0
 h(cos  – sin ) = a cos  sin  – b sin  cos 
2 2

 2h cos 2 = (a – b) sin 2
2h 2h 1 2h
 tan 2 =  2  tan1    tan1
ab ab 2 a b
1 2h
 The required angle of rotation is tan1 .
2 a b
10. Transform the equation 5x – 2y – 7 = 0 into (i) slope–intercept form (ii) intercept form and (iii) normal form.

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 5 7
Ans. (i) Given equation is 5x – 2y – 7 = 0  2y = 5x – 7  y = x .
2 2
5 7
 slope intercept form is y = x .
2 2
(ii) Given equation is 5x – 2y – 7 = 0  5x – 2y = 7
5x 2y x y
  =1   1.
7 7 (7 / 5) ( 7 / 2)
intercepts form is x  y  1.
(7 / 5) ( 7 / 2)
(iii) Given equation is 5x – 2y – 7 = 0  5x – 2y = 7
5x  2y 7 5  2  7
   x y 
25  4 25  4 29  29  29
7
 normal form is x cos  + y sin  = p where cos   5 , sin    2 , p =
29 29 29
11. The portion of a line intercepted between the coordinate axes is bisected by the point (x1, y1). Show that the
equation of the line is x + y = 2.
x1 y1
Ans. Let a, b be the intercepts of the line
 the line cuts x–axis at A(a, 0), y–axis at B(0, b)
midpoint of AB is P  , 
a b
2 2

  a b  = (x , y )  a = x , b = y  a = 2x , b = 2y
 2, 2  1 1
2
1 1 1 1
  2
x y x y
The equation of the line is   1  = 2.
2x1 2y1 x1 y 2

x y
12. Transform the equation + = 1 into normal form. If the perpendicular distance of the straight line from the
a b
origin is p, deduce that 12 = 12 + 12 .
p a b
x y x/a y /b 1
Ans. Given equation is  = 1   
a b 1 1 1 1 1 1
 a2  b2   a2  b2   a2  b2 
     
 x y 1
  which is the normal form.
1 1 1 1 1 1
a  2  2 b  2  2  a2  b2 
a b  a b   
1 1 1 1
 p=  2  2  2.
1 1 p a b
 a2  b2 
 
13. The equation to the base of an equilateral triangle is 3x – 4y + 15 = 0 and one vertex is (1, 2). Find the side and
area of the triangle.
3  1  4  2  15 10
Ans. p = Length of the altitude from (1, 2) to {3x – 4y + 15 = 0} =  2
32  ( 4)2 5
2
2p 4
Length of the side =  . Area of the triangle = p  4 .
3 3 3 3
14. If p, q are the perpendiculars from the origin to the lines
x sec  + y cosec  = a and x cos  – y sin  – a cos 2, then show that 4p2 + q2 = a2.
| a | | a cos 2 |
Ans. p= ,q= | a cos 2 |
sec   cos ec 
2 2
cos2   sin2 
4p2 + q2 = 4a2 4a2
 a2 cos2 2   a2 cos2 2
1

1  sin2   cos2  
cos  sin2 
2  
 cos  sin  
2 2

= 4a sin  cos  + a cos 2 = a sin 2 + a cos 2 = a (sin22 + cos22) = a2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

15. Find the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines. 2x – 5y + 1 = 0, 3x + 2y = 8
and making equal intercepts on the axes.
Ans. Let P(, ) be the point of intersection of 2x – 5y + 1 = 0, 3x + 2y = 8
 2 – 5 + 1 = 0  (1) and 3 + 2 – 8 = 0  (2)
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 From (1) and (2) we get
  1
–5 1 2 –5

2 –8 3 2
By the method of cross multiplication
  1   1
        2,   1,  P = (2, 1)
40  2 3  16 4  15 38 19 19
Equation of the line with equal intercepts is x  y  1  x + y = a
a a
This passes through P(2, 1).  2 + 1 = a  a = 3.
 The required line equation is x + y = 3.
16. Find the equation of straight line which passes through the intersection point of 2x + 3y = 1, 3x + 4y = 6 and
perpendicular to the line 5x – 2y = 7.
Ans. Let P (, ) be the point of intersection of 2x + 3y = 1, 3x + 4y = 6
 2 + 3 – 1 = 0  (1) and 3 + 4 – 6 = 0  (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
  1
3 –1 2 3

4 –6 3 4
By the method of cross multiplication
  1   1
        14,  9.  P = (14, –9)
18  4 3  12 8  9 14 9 1
Equation of the line perpendicular to 5x – 2y = 7 and Passing through P is
2(x – 14) + 5(y + 9) = 0  2x – 28 + 5y + 45 = 0  2x + 5y + 17 = 0
17. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 2y + 4 = 0, 2x + 5y – 1 = 0 to the line 7x + 24y = 15.
Ans. Let P(, ) be the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 2y + 4 = 0, 2x + 5y – 1 = 0
 3 + 2 + 4 = 0  (1) and 2 + 5 – 1 = 0  (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
  1
2 4 3 2

5 –1 2 5
  1   1
        2,   1
2  20 8  3 15  4 22 11 11
 P = (–2, 1)
Perpendicular distance from P(–2, 1) to 7x + 24y = 15 is
| 7( 2)  24(1)  15 | | 14  24  15 | 5 1
   .
7  24
2 2
49  576 25 5

18. Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines 4x – y + 7 = 0 and kx – 5y – 9 = 0 is 45.
Ans. The acute angle between the given lines is 45
3(k)  (1)(1) 1 3k  1
 cos 45 =  
3  ( 1)
2 2
k 1
2 2
2 10 k 2  1
 10(k + 1) = 2(3k – 1)  10k + 10 = 2(9k – 6k + 1)  8k2 – 12k – 8 = 0
2 2 2 2

 2k2 – 3k – 2 = 0  (2k + 1)(k – 2) = 0  k = 2 or –1/2.

19. The base of an equilateral triangle is x + y – 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex is (2, –1). Find the equations of the
remaining sides.
Ans. Slope of the base x + y – 2 = 0 of the triangle is –1. (2, –1)
Let m be the slope of the side of the triangle.
m 1  m  1 m 1
Now tan 60 =  3     m 1   3
1 m  m  1 
m  1 m  1  3  1 1 3
  m  2 3.
m  1 m  1  3  1 1  3
60
Equations of the sides of the triangle are y + 1 = (2  3 )(x – 2). x+y–2=0
20. Find the condition that the lines ax + hy + g = 0, hx + by + f = 0, gx + fy + c = 0 to be concurrent.
Ans. Let P(, ) be the point of concurrence.
 a + h + g = 0  (1), h + b + f = 0  (2) and g + f + c = 0  (3)
From (1) and (2) we get
  1
h g a h

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 b f h b
  1 hf  bg gh  af
   ,
hf  bg gh  af ab  h2 ab  h2 ab  h2
 hf  bg   gh  af 
Equation (3)  g  f  c = 0  g(hf – bg) + f(gh – af) + c(ab – h ) = 0
2
2  2 
 ab  h   ab  h 
 fgh – bg2 + fgh – af2 + abc – ch2 = 0  abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
 The condition is abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
21. Show that the line joining the points (2, 3, –4), (–3, 3, –2) is not perpendicular to the line joining the points
(–1, 4, 2), (3, 5, 1).
Ans. Let A(2, 3, –4), B(–3, 3, –2), C(–1, 4, 2), D(3, 5, 1)
D.r.’s of AB are (–3 – 2, 3 – 3, –2 + 4) = (–5, 0, 2)
D.r.’s of CD are (3 + 1, 5 – 4, 1 – 2) = (4, 1, –1)
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (–5)(4) + (0)(1) + (2)(–1) = –20 – 2 = –22
 AB and CD are not perpendicular.

x 3  8x 2 + 45 7
22. Show that Lt = .
x 3 2x 2  3x  9 3
Ans. x – 3 is a factor of x3 – 8x2 + 45
x=3 1 –8 0 45
0 3 –15 –45
1 –5 –15 0
x3 – 8x2 + 45 = (x – 3)(x2 – 5x – 15)
2x2 – 3x – 9 = (x – 3)(2x + 3)
x3  8x 2  45 (x  3)(x 2  5x  15)
Lt  Lt
x 3 2x  3x  9
2 x 3 (x  3)(2x  3)
x 2  5x  15 32  5(3)  15 21 7
= Lt   
x 3 2x  3 2(3)  3 9 3

(1 + x)1/8  (1  x)1/8 1
23. Show that: Lt = .
x 0 x 4
(1  x)1/ 8  (1  x)1/ 8  (1  x)1/ 8  1 (1  x)1/ 8  1
Ans. Lt  Lt   
x x 0
x  x x 
(1  x)1/ 8  1 (1  x)1/ 8  1 1 81 1 1 81 1 1 1 1
= Lt  Lt  (1)  (1)    .
x 0 (1  x)  1 x 0 (1  x)  1 8 8 8 8 4

a + 2x  3x 2
24. Show that: Lt =
x a 3a + x  2 x 3 3

Ans. Lt
a  2x  3x
 Lt
 a  2x  3x  a  2x  3x  3a  x  2 x 
x a
3a  x  2 x x a
 3a  x  2 x  3a  x  2 x  a  2x  3x 

3a  a  2 a 4 a 2 .
=  
3  a  2a  3a  
3 2 3a  3 3

1+ x  1+ x2
25. Show that: Lt =1
x 0 1  x2  1  x
1  x  1  x2 1 x  1 x2 1 x  1 x2 1 x2  1 x
Ans. Lt  Lt  
x 0
1  x2  1  x x 0
1  x2  1  x 1 x  1 x2 1 x2  1 x
(1  x  1  x 2 )  1  x 2  1  x 
= Lt
 
 
x 0 2
(1  x  1  x) 1  x  1  x
2


x(1  x) 1  x2  1  x  1 0  1 0

1 1 2
 1
x(1  x)  1 x 
= Lt
x 0
1 x  2 1 0  1 0 1 1 2

cosecx  cotx 1
26. Show that: Lt = .
x 0 x 2
cosecx  cot x 1 1 cos x  1  cos x
Ans. Lt  Lt     xLt
x 0 x 
x 0 x sin x sin x  0 x sin x

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 2
 sin(x / 2) 
2
2  Lt  2
    2(1/ 2)  1 .
2sin x / 2 x x  0 x
= Lt 2

x 0 x sin x sin x 1 2
Lt
x 0 x
tanx  sinx 1
27. Show that: Lt 3
=
x 0 x 2
tan x  sin x tan x (1  cos x) 1  cos x
Ans. Lt 3
 Lt 2
 Lt
x 0 x x 0 x x x 0 x2
2 2
2sin2 x / 2  sin(x / 2)   1 1
Lt  2  Lt   2 2   2 .
x 0 x2  x 0 x   
xtan2x 2
28. Show that f(x) = for x  0, f(0) = is discontinuous at x = 0.
sin3xsin5x 17
x tan2x 2 2
Ans. Lt f(x)  Lt    f(0) .  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
x 0 x 0 sin3x sin5x 3  5 15
cos3x  cos4x 7
27. Show that f(x) = for x  0, f(0) = is continuous at x = 0.
xsin2x 4
cos3x  cos 4x 2sin(7x / 2)sin(x / 2)
Ans. Lt f(x)  Lt  Lt
x 0 x 0x cos2x x 0 x sin2x
sin(7x / 2) sin(x / 2)
2 Lt Lt
sin(7x / 2) sin(x / 2) x x 0 x  x
 
x 0
= 2 Lt
x 0 x x sin2x sin2x
Lt
x 0 x
2(7 / 2)(1/ 2) 7
=   f(0).  f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
2 4

dy
28. If y = x a2 + x 2 + a2 log (x + a2 + x 2 ) then show that = 2 a2 + x 2 .
dx

Ans.
dy

dx dx
d

x a2  x 2  a2 log x  a2  x 2   d
dx
x a2  x 2  a2
d
dx
 
log x  a2  x 2    
= x
d
dx

a2  x 2  a 2  x 2
d
dx

{x} 
a2
x a x
2
d
2 dx
x  a2  x 2  
2x  2x a2 
= x  a2  x 2  1  
2 a x
2 2
x a x  2 a x  2 2 2 2

x2 a2  a2  x 2  x  x 2  a2
= a2  x 2      a2  x 2   2 a2  x 2 .
a x
2 2
x  a  x 
2 2
a  x 
2 2
a x
2 2

1+ x2 1
29. Find the derivative of tan–1 .
x
Ans. Put x = tan 
d  1 1  x  1
2
 d   1 1  tan   1
2
 d  1 sec   1
tan  tan  tan 
dx 
 x 
 dx 
 tan   dx 
 tan  

d  1 1  cos   d  1 2sin2  / 2  d  1   
= tan  tan   tan  tan 
dx  sin   dx  2sin  / 2cos  / 2  dx   2 
d  d 1  1
=     tan1 x  
dx  2  dx  2  2(1  x )
2

dy
30. Find if x = a(cos  +  sin ), y = a(sin  –  cos ).
dx
dy d
[a(sin    cos )]
dy d d a(cos    sin   cos )  sin 
Ans.      tan 
dx dx d a(  sin    cos   sin )  cos 
[a(cos    sin )]
d d

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 1
31. If f(x) = loge x then show that f is differentiable at x  (0, ) and f'(x) = .
x
f(x  h)  f(x) log(x  h)  logx 1  x h
Ans. Lt  Lt  Lt log  
h 0 h h  0 h h  0 h  x 
x/h
1 x  h 1  h
= Lt . log  1    Lt log  1  
h 0 x h
 x x h  0
 x
1   h
1/(h / x)
 1 1
= log  Lt  1     .loge 
x  h / x  0
 x  x x
 f is differentiable at x  (0, ) and f(x) = 1/x.
32. Find the derivative of the function tan (2x + 3) from the definition (first principles).
Ans. Let f(x) = tan(2x + 3)
tan(2x  2h  3)  tan(2x  3)
f(x) = Lt
h 0 h
1 sin(2x  2h  3) sin(2x  3) 

= Lt  
h0 h cos(2x  2h  3)
 cos(2x  3) 
sin(2x  2h  3)cos(2x  3)  cos(2x  2h  3)sin(2x  3)
= Lt
h 0 h.cos(2x  2h  3)cos(2x  3)
sin(2x  2h  3  2x  3) 1  sin2h 
= Lt  Lt  2h  2
h0 h.cos(2x  2h  3)cos(2x  3) h0 cos(2x  2h  3)cos(2x  3)
 
1 2
=  1 2  = 2sec2(2x + 3)
cos(2x  3)cos(2x  3) cos2 (2x  3)

33. Find the derivative of cos x with respect to x from first principle.
Ans. f(x) = cos x
cos x  h  cos x 2 xh  x x h  x
f(x) = Lt  Lt sin sin
h 0 h h 0 h 2 2
  xh  x  
 sin   
  xh  x   2  x  h  x  2  
= Lt sin     

  x h  x   h 
h 0 2 2
   
  2  
 xh  x 
sin  
 x x x  2   Lt (x  h)  x ( 1)
1/ 2 1/ 2
= Lt   Lt
h 0 
 2  h 0
  
x  h  x / 2 x  h x (x  h)  x

1 1/ 21 sin x
=  sin x(1) x 
2 2 x
dy logx
34. If xy = ex–y, then shown that: =
dx (1 + logx)2
Ans. log(xy) = log(ex – y)  y log x = (x – y) log e = x – y  y(1 + log x) = x
x
y=
1  log x
dy d  x  (1  logx) . 1  x(1/ x) 1  logx  1 logx
     
dx dx  1  logx  (1  logx)2 (1  logx)2 (1  logx)2

dy y2 y2
35. If y = xy, then shown that = = .
dx x(1  logy) x(1  ylogx)
d d 1 dy 1 dy
Ans. log y = log xy = y log x  (logy)   ylogx    y  logx
dx dx y dx x dx
dy  1  y dy  1  ylogx  y dy y2 y2
   logx         .
dx  y  x dx  y  x dx x(1  ylogx) x(1  logy)
4
36. Find the approximate value of 624 .

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Ans. Let f(x) = x , x = 625, x = –1
4

df 1 1 1 1 3 1 
3
1
f  df = x = .x 4 .x  .x 4 .x  (625) 4 ( 1)   = –0.002
dx 4 4 4 4(125)
f(x) = 4
625  5
4
625  f(x  x) = f(x) + f = 5 – 0.002 = 4.998
37. Find approximately the value of tan 46 correct to four decimal places, given that 1 = 0.01745 radian.
Ans. Let f(x) = tan x, x = 45, x = 1 = 0.01745
df
f = . x = sec2x. x = sec2 45. (0.01745) = 2(0.01745) = 0.0349
dx
f(x) = tan 45 = 1
tan 46 = f(x + x) = f(x) + f = 1 + 0.0349 = 1.0349
38. Find the approximate value of sin 46, given that 1 = 0.01745 radius
Ans. Let f(x) = sin x, x = 45, x = 1 = 0.01745
1
df = cos x. x = .x
2
1
f(x) = sin 45 =
2
1 1 1 1.01745
sin 46 = f(x + x)  f(x) + df =  x  (1  0.01745)   0.7193
2 2 2 2
39. A circular plate expands when heated from a radius of 5 cm to 5.06 cm. Find the approximate increase,
percentage increase in area.
Ans. Let r be the radius, A be the area of the circular plate.
Given r = 5, r = 5.06 – 5 = 0.06. Now A = r2.
dA
A  r = 2rr
dr
The increase in A is A = 2rr = 2(5)(0.06) = 0.6  sq. cm
The percentage increase in area is
A 2..r.r r 2(0.06)
 100   100  2.  100   100 = 2.4
A r 2
r 5
40. The diameter of a sphere is measured to be 20 cm. If an error of 0.02 cm occurs in this, find the errors in
volume and surface area of the sphere.
Ans. Let x be the diameter r be the radius, V be the volume and S be the surface area of the sphere.
Given that x = 20cm, x = 0.02 cm
3
4 4 x 4 x3  3
Volume of the sphere V = r 3        .x .
3 3 2 3 8 6
  
V = . 3x2 . x = (20)2 .(0.02)  (400)(0.02) = 4 cubic cm.
6 2 2
Surface area of the sphere S = 4r2 = 4(x/2)2 = x2
S = 2x . x = 2(20)(0.02) = 0.8 sq. cm.
41. If the length of a simple pendulum is decreased by 2%, find the percentage error in its period T.
Ans. Let l be the length, T be the period of simple pendulum.

Given  100 = –2. Now T = 2 /g .

dT 2 1 
T    . .  
d g 2 g
T . / g.
The percentage error in period =  100   100
T 2 / g
1  1
= .  100  ( 2)  1.
2 2

42. Show that y = sin3 x cos x has a maximum value at x = and find its value.
3
Ans. y = sin3x cos x  y1 = 3 sin2x cos x cos x + sin3x (–sin x) = 3 sin2x cos2x – sin4x
 y2 = 3[2 sin x cos x cos2x + sin2x 2cos x (–sin x)] – 4 sin3x cos x
= 6 sin x cos3x – 6 sin3x cos x – 4sin3x cos x = 6 sin x cos3x – 10 sin3x cos x
y1 = 0  3 sin2x cos2x – sin4x = 0  sin2x [3 cos2x – sin2x] = 0
 sin2x = 0 (or) 3 cos2x – sin2x = 0  sin x = 0 (or) tan x = 3 = tan(/3)

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  x = /3
(y2)x = /3 = 6 sin /3 . (cos /3)3 – 10 (sin /3)3 cos /3
3
 3   1 3  3  1 3 3 15 3 12 3
= 6
     10      0
 2  2   2  2 8 8 8
 y has maximum value at x = /3
3
  3 1 3 3
3
 
 The maximum value of y is  sin  cos     .
 3 3  2  2 16

43. Find the greatest and least values of 2 sin x + sin 2x over [0, 2].
Ans. Let f(x) = 2 sin x + sin 2x  f(x) = 2cos x + 2 cos 2x, f(x) = –2 sin x – 4 sin 2x
f(x) = 0  f(x) = 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x = 0  cos x + 2 cos2x – 1 = 0
 2 cos2x + cos x – 1 = 0  (2 cos x – 1)(cos x + 1) = 0  cos x = –1 or 1/2
 x = , /3, 5/3.
3 3
f() = 0, f(/3) = –2.  4.  3 3  0
2 2
At x = /3, f(x) has maximum
3 3 3
 Maximum value = f(/3) = 2 .  3
2 2 2
    3  3
f     2     4     3 3  0
   2 2
   
At x = 5/3, f(x) has minimum.
 5   3  3  3 3
 Minimum value = f    2        .
 3  
 2   2  2

44. The sum of two numbers is 12. Find the numbers so that the sum of squares is minimum.
Ans. Let x + y = 12
f(x) = x2 + y2 = x2 + (12 – x)2  f(x) = 2x – 2(12 – x)  f(x) = 4
f(x) = 0  2x – 2 (12 – x) = 0  x = 6
f(6) = 4 > 0
When x = 6, f(x) has min. value.  x = 6  y = 6.

45. If u = exy show that u(uxx + uyy) = ( u2x  u2y )

Ans. We have from u = exy that ux = y exy, uxx = y2 exy, uy = xexy, uyy = x2 exy.
 u(uxx + uyy) = exy(y2 exy + x2 exy) = (y exy)2 + (x exy)2 = ( u2x  u2y )

1  2u  2u  2u
46. If u2 = 2 2 2
then show that 2
+ 2
+ = 0.
x +y +z x y z 2
1  2  2
Ans. u2 =  u–2 = x2 + y2 + z2  (u )  (x  y 2  z2 )
x y z
2 2 2 x x
u u u
 =2u–3  2x  u3 x  u3 x
x x x
 2u   u    u 
  [u3 x]   3u2 x  u3 1  [3u2 (u3 x 2 )  u3 ]  3u5 x 2  u3
x 2 x  x  x  x 
 2u 3  u
2
Similarly  3u5 2
y  u ,  3u5 z2  u3
y 2 z2
 2u  2u  2u
   = 3u5x2 – u3 + 3u5y2 – u3 + 3u5 z2 – u3 = 3u5 (x2 + y2 + z2) – 3u3
x 2 y 2 z
= 3u5(u–2) – 3u3 = 3u3 – 3u3 = 0

2 –1  y  2 –1  x   2u x2  y 2
47. If u = x tan   – y tan   , prove that = 2 .
x y  y x x + y 2
Ans. u = x2tan–1(y/x) – y2tan–1(x/y)
u 1 y 1 1 x2 y y3
 2x tan1(y / x)  x 2  y 2
= 2x tan–1
(y/x) – 
x 1  (y / x)2 x 2 1  (x / y)2 y x2  y2 x2  y2

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  2u   u    1  y  x2 y y3 
   2x tan     
yx y  x  y  x x y
2 2
x2  y2 
1 1 x2 (x2  y2 )  x2 y(2y) 3y2 (x2  y2 )  y3 (2y)
= 2x  
1  (y / x)2 x (x 2  y 2 )2 (x 2  y 2 )
2x 2 x 4  x 2 y 2  2x 2 y 2  3x 2 y 2  3y 4  2y 4 2x 2 x 4  y 4  2x 2 y 2
=   
x2  y2 (x 2  y 2 ) x2  y2 (x 2  y 2 )2
2x 2 (x2  y2 )2 2x 2 2x2  x2  y2 x 2  y 2
=  2  2 1  2 .
x y
2 2
(x  y )
2 2
x y 2
x2  y2 x  y2

 x2 + y 2  u u 1
48. If u = tan–1   , prove that x +y = sin 2u.
 x y  x y 2
 
1  x2  y2  x 2  y 2 x 2 [1  y 2 / x 2 ] y
Ans. u = tan    tanu    xf  
 xy  xy x[1  y / x] x
If tan u = z, then z is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree ‘1’.
z z  
By Euler’s theorem, x y  1 . z  x (tanu)  y (tanu)  tanu
x y x y
u u
 x sec2u + y sec2u = tan u
x y
u u tanu 1 1
 x y   [2sinucosu]  sin2u
x y sec 2 u 2 2

 x3 + y 3  u u
49. If u = tan–1   , prove that x +y = sin 2u.
 x+y  x y
 
 y3 
x 3 1  3 
x  y 
3 3
x y 3
 x   x2f  y 
3
Ans. u = tan1    tanu   x
 xy  xy  y
x 1    
 x
If tan u = z then z is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree ‘2’.
z z  
By Euler’s theorem, x y  2 . z  x (tanu)  y (tanu)  2tanu
x y x x
u u
 x sec2 u + y sec2u = 2 tan u
x y
u u 2 tanu
 x y  = [2 sin u cos u] = sin 2u.
x y sec 2 u

  u u 1
50. If u = sin–1  x + y  , prove that x +y = tan u.
 x+ y x y 2
 
 y  y
x 1  1 
 xy  xy  x  x 
Ans. u = sin1    sinu    x 
 x y x y  y  y
  x 1    1  

 x  x 
If sin u = z, then z is a homogeneous function of degree ½.
z z 1   1
By Euler’s Theorem, x y  z  x (sinu)  y (sinu)  sinu
x y 2 x y 2
u u 1
 x cosu  y cosu  sinu.
x y 2
u u 1 sinu 1
 x y   tanu .
x y 2 cosu 2

x y  u u
51. If u = sin–1   + tan–1   , show that x +y = 0.
y  x x y

1 x 1  y  1  1  1  y  y y

Ans. u = sin    tan    sin    tan    f    xf  
 
y  
x  y / x   
x  
x x

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  u is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree ‘0’.
u u
By Euler’s theorem, x y  0 . u = 0.
x y

u u 1
52. If u = sin–1 ( x + y ), then prove that x +y = tan u.
x y 2
 y
Ans. u = sin1  
x  y  sinu  x  y  x 1 
 
x 

If sin u = z, then z is a homogeneous function of degree ½.
z z 1   1
By Euler’s Theorem, x y  z  x (sinu)  y (sinu)  sinu
y y 2 x y 2
u u 1
 x cos u  y cosu  sinu .
x y 2
u u 1 sinu 1
 x y   tanu .
x y 2 cosu 2
7 MARKS
1. Find the circumcentre of the triangle formed by (–2, 3), (2, –1), (4, 0).
Ans. Let A(–2, 3), B(2, –1), C(4, 0) and S(, ) be the circumcentre.
 SA = SB = SC  SA2 = SB2 = SC2
 ( + 2)2 + ( – 3)2 = ( – 2)2 + ( + 1)2 = ( – 4)2 + 2
 2 + 4 + 4 + 2 – 6 + 9 = 2 – 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 – 8 + 16 + 2
 4 – 6 + 13 = –4 + 2 + 5 = –8 + 16  8 + 16  8 – 8 + 8 = 0, 4 + 2 – 11 = 0
  –  + 1 = 0, 4 + 2 – 11 = 0   = 3/2,  = 5/2
 Circumcentre S (3/2, 5/2).

2. Find the circumcentre of the triangle formed by the lines 3x – y – 5 = 0, x + 2y – 4 = 0,

5x + 3y + 1 = 0.
Ans. Given lines are 3x – y – 5 = 0  (1), x + 2y – 4 = 0  (2), 5x + 3y + 1 = 0  (3)
Let A be the point of intersection of (1) and (2)
x y 1
–1 –5 3 –1

2 –4 1 2
x y 1 x y 1
      x = 2, y = 1.  A (2, 1)
4  10 5  12 6  1 14 7 7
Let B be the point of intersection of (3) and (1)
x y 1
2 –1 1 2

3 1 5 3
x y 1 x y 1
      x = –2, y = 3.  B (–2, 3)
2  12 20  1 3  10 14 21 7
Let C be the point of intersection of (3) and (1)
x y 1
3 1 5 3

–1 –5 3 –1
x y 1 x y 1  x = 1, y = –2,  C (1, –2)
    
15  1 3  25 5  9 14 28 14
Let S(, ) be the circumcentre of ABC
 SA = SB = SC  SA2 = SB2 = SC2
 ( – 2)2 + ( – 1)2 = ( + 2)2 + ( – 3)2 = ( – 1)2 + ( + 2)2
 2 – 4 + 4 + 2 – 2 + 1 = 2 + 4 + 4 + 2 – 6 + 9 = 2 – 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 4
 –4 – 2 + 5 = 4 – 6 + 13 = –2 + 4 + 5  8 – 4 + 8 = 0, 2 + 6 = 0
 2 –  + 2 = 0,  + 3 = 0   = –6/7,  = 2/7.
 Circumcentre of (–6/7, 2/7)
3. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the points (–5, –7), (13, 2), (–5, 6).
Ans. Let A(–5, –7), B(13, 2) and C(–5, 6)
Slope of BC is 6  2   4   2 ,  Slope of the altitude through A is 9/2.
5  13 18 9
Equation of the altitude through A is y + 7 = 9/2 (x + 5)  2y + 14 = 9x + 45
 9x – 2y + 31 = 0  (1)
Since x-coordinates of C and A are equal, CA is a vertical line.
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  Equation of the altitude through B is y = 2  (2)
Solving (1) and (2), orthocenter is P(–3, 2).
4. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines 7x + y – 10 = 0, x – 2y + 5 = 0, x + y + 2 = 0.
Ans. Given lines are 7x + y – 10 = 0  (1), x – 2y + 5 = 0  (2), x + y + 2 = 0  (3)
Point of intersection of (2) and (3) is B (–3, 1).
Equation of the altitude through B is (x + 3) – 7(y – 1) = 0  x – 7y + 10 = 0  (4)
Point of intersection of (3) and (1) is C(2, –4)
Equation of the altitude through C is 2(x – 2) + (y + 4) = 0  2x + y = 0  (5)
Solving (4) and (5), orthocenter is   ,  .
2 4
 3 3
5. If (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0, then show that
h  x1 k  y1 (ax1 + by1 + c)
= = .
a b a 2 + b2
Ans. Let A(x1, y1), P(h, k)
Since P lies in ax + by + c = 0, we get ah + bk + c = 0  ah + bk = –c
Slope of AP is k  y1
h  x1
Slope of given line is –a/b
 k  y1   a  k  y1 h  x1
Since of AP is perpendicular to the given line       1  
 h  x1  b  b a
h  x1 k  y1 a(h  x1 )  b(k  y1 ) ah  bk  ax1  by1 ax1  by1  c (ax1  by1  c)
    
a b a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2
h  x1 k  y1 2(ax1 + by1 + c)
6. If (h, k) is the image of (x1, y1) w. r. t the line ax + by + c = 0, then show that = = .
a b a 2 + b2
Ans. Let A (x1, y1), B (h, k)
Midpoint of AB is P   x1  h , y1  k 
 2 2 
Since B is the image of A, midpoint P lies on ax + by + c = 0
x h  y1  k 
 a  1   b 2   c  0
 2   
 ax1 + by1 + ah + bk + 2c = 0  ah + bk = –ax1 – by1 – 2c
Slope of AB is k  y1
h  x1
Slope of the given line is  a
b
Since AB is perpendicular to the given line,
 k  y1   a  h  x1 k  y1
      1  
 h  x1  b  a b
By the law of multipliers in ratio and proportion,
h  x1 k  y1 a(h  x1 )  b(k  y1 ) ah  bk  ax1  by1 ax1  by1  2c  ax1  by1 2(ax1  by1  c)
     .
a b a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2
7. Show that the equation to the pair of bisectors of angles between the pair of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
h(x2 – y2) = (a – b)xy.
Ans. Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines l1x + m1y = 0  (1), l2x + m2y = 0  (2)
Thus (l1x + m1y) (l2x + m2y)  ax2 + 2hxy + by2  l1l2 = a, m1 m2 = b, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h
The equations to the bisectors of angles between (1) and (2) are
l 1x  m1y l 2 x  m2 y
 0
l 21  m12 l 22  m22
The combined equation of the bisectors is
2 2
 l x  m y l x  m y  l x  m y l x  m y   l x m y   l x m y 
 1 1
 2 2  1 1
 2 2 
0 1 1 
 2 2 
0
 l 2  m2 l 2
 m 2 
l 2
 m 2
l 2
 m 2   l 2
 m 2   l 2
 m 2 
 1 1 2 2  1 1 2 2   1 1   2 2 

 l 2  m2
2 2
l 1x  m1y 2   l 21  m12   l 2 x  m2 y 2  0

  2 2

2 2
 2 2 2
 2 2

2

 x  l 1 l 2  m2  l 2 l 1  m1   y m2 l 1  m1  m1 l 2  m2 
2 2 2 2
  
 
2xy l 2m2 l 21  m12  l 1m1 l 22  m22   0
   
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 x l 1l 2  l 1m2  l 2 l 1  l 2m1  y m2 l 1  m2m1  m1 l 2  m1 m2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
   
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  
2xy l 2m2 l 21  m12  l 1m1 l 22  m22   0
   
   
 x2 l 21m22  l 22m12  y2 l 21m22  l 22m12  2xy l 1l 2  l 1m2  l 2m1   m1m2  l 1m2  l 2m1 
 (x2 – y2) (l1m2 + l2m1) (l1m2 – l2m1) = 2xy (l1m2 – l2m1)(l1l2 – m1m2)
 (x2 – y2) (l1m2 + l2m1) = 2xy(l1l2 – m1m2)  (x2 – y2) 2h = 2xy(a – b)
 h(x2 – y2) = (a – b)xy
8. Show that the product of the perpendiculars from (,) to the pair of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
| a 2 + 2h + b  2 |
.
(a  b)2 + 4h 2
Ans. Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines l1x + m1y = 0  (1), l2x + m2y = 0  (2)
 (l1x + m1y)(l2x + m2y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2  l1l2 = a, m1m2 = b, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h
The length of the perpendicular from (, ) to line (1) is | 1  m1 |
2
1  m12
|   m2  |
The length of the perpendicular from (, ) to line (2) is 2
2
2  m22

| 1  m1 | | 2   m2 |
The product of the perpendiculars is
2
1 m 2
1
2
2  m22

( 1  m1)( 2   m2) |  2  1m2   m1  m1m22 |

=  1 2 2

 2
1  m12  2
2  m22  2 2
1 2  m12m22  2
1 m22  2
2 m12

| 2  ( 1m2  m1 )  m1m22 | | a2  2h  b2 |

= 1 2 2
 .
( 1 2  m1m2 )2  2 1 2 m1m2  ( 1m2  2 m1 )2  2 1m2 2m1 (a  b)2  4h2
n2 h2  ab
9. Show that the area of the triangle formed by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and x + my + n = 0 is .
| am 2  2hlm + bl 2 |
Ans. Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines l1x + m2y = 0  (1), l2x + m2y = 0  (2)
 (l1x + m1y)(l2x + m2y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2  l1l2 = a, m1m2 = b, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h
Let the given line be lx + my + n = 0  (3)
Clearly the origin O is the point of intersection of (1) & (2).
Let A be the point of intersection of (1) and (3)
x y 1
m1 0 l1 m1

m n l m
x y 1 m1n n 1
   x ,y 
m1n  0 0  n 1 1m  m1 1m  m1 1m  m1
 m1n n 1 
 A = , .
 1m  m1 1m  m1 
 m2n n 2 
Similarly the point of intersection of (2) and (3) is B   , 
 2m  m2 2m  m2 

1  m1n  n 2   m2n  n 1 
The area of OAB =     
2  1m  m1  2m  m2   2m  m2  1m  m1 

1m2n  2m1n n2 ( 1m2  2m1 )

2 2
1 1
= 
2 ( 1m  m1 )( 2m  m2 ) 2 1 2m  m 1m2  m 2m1  m1m2
2 2

1 n2 ( 1m2  m1 )2  4 1m2 2m1 1 n2 4h2  4ab n2 h2  ab

= 2
  .
2 1 2 m  m( 1m2 
2
2 m1 )  m1m2 2
2 am2  2h m  b 2
am2  2h m  b 2

10. Show that the line ax + by + c = 0 and the pair of lines (ax + by)2 – 3(bx – ay)2 = 0 form an equilateral triangle
c2
and its area is sq. unit.
3 (a 2 + b 2 )
Ans. (ax + by)2 – 3(bx – ay)2 = 0  [ax + by + 3 (bx – ay)] [ax + by – 3 (bx – ay)] = 0
 [(a + 3 b)x + (– 3 a + b)y] [(a – 3 b)x + ( 3 a + b)y] = 0
 This equation represent the lines
(a + 3 b)x + (– 3 a + b)y = 0  (1), (a – 3 b)x + ( 3 a + b)y = 0  (2),
Let the given line be ax + by + c = 0  (3)

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 If A is an angle between (1) and (3), then cos A 
  
a a  3b  b  3a  b 
a  3b    3a  b 
2 2
a2  b2

a2  3ab  3ab  b2 a 2  b2 1
=  
a  b a  3b  2 3ab  3a  b  2 3ab
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b
2 2
4a  4b
2 2 2
 A = 60
 The angles between (1) and (3) are 60, 120

If B is an angle between (2) and (3), then cosB    

a a  3b  b  3a  b 
a  3b   
2 2
a2  b2 3a  b

a2  3ab  3ab  b2 a2  b2 1
=   .
a  b a 3b  2 3ab  3a  b  2 3ab
2 2 2 2
a  b 4a  4b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 B = 60.  The angles between (2) and (3) are 60, 120.
Since (1) and (2) are different lines it follows that the lines (1), (2), (3) from an equilateral triangle.
|c|
The length of the altitude of the triangle, p = The perpendicular distance from the origin O to the line (3)= .
a2  b2
2
 Area of the triangle = p  c2 .
3 3(a2  b2 )

11. Prove that the lines represented by x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = 3 form an equilateral triangle and find its area.
 
2
Ans. x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0  x2 – 2(x)(2y) + (2y)2 – 3y2 = 0  (x – 2y)2 – 3y

 (x – 2y + 3 y)(x – 2y – 3 y) = 0  [x + ( 3 – 2)y][x + (– 3 – 2)y] = 0

 x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 represents the lines
x + (–2 + 3 )y = 0  (1), x + (–2 – 3 )y = 0  (2)
Given line is x + y = 3  (3)
If A is an angle between (1) and (3) then
(1)(1)  ( 2  3)1 1 2  3 3 1
cos A =  
1  ( 2  3) 2
1 1 1 4  3  4 3 2 2 8  2 12
3 1 3 1 3 1 1
=   
2  6 2 
2
2  6 2  2  3 1  2

 A = 60 or 120
If B is an angle between (2) and (3) then

cos B =
(1)(1)  ( 2  3)1

1 2  3

  3 1 
1  ( 2  3) 2
1 1 1 4  3  4 3 2 8  2 12 2

=
  3 1  
 3 1  
  3 1   1
2 2  2 3  1
  6 2
2
2 6 2
 B = 60 or 120
A = 120, B = 120 is not possible
If A = 120, B = 60 or A = 60, B = 120 then the lines (1) and (2) coincide, which is not true.
 A = 60, B = 60
If C is the third angle then clearly C = 60
 The triangle ABC is equilateral.
The length of the altitude of the triangle, p
= The perpendicular distance from the origin to line (3)
3 3
= 
1 1 2
2
 Area of the triangle = p  1  3   3 3 .
2

3 3 2 2

12. Find the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines 12x2 – 20xy + 7y2 = 0, 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.
Ans. 12x2 – 20xy + 7y2 = 0  12x2 – 14xy – 6xy + 7y2 = 0
 2x(6x – 7y) – y(6x – 7y) = 0  (6x – 7y)(2x – y) = 0
The lines represented by this equation are 6x – 7y = 0 ....... (1) and 2x – y = 0 ....... (2)
The third side equation is 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 ....... (3)
Point of intersection of the lines (1) and (2) is O(0, 0)
Point of intersection of the lines (2) and (3) is A(1, 2)
Point of intersection of the lines (3) and (1) is B (7, 6)

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 0  1 7 0  2  6   8 8 
Centroid of OAB is  ,    3,3 
 3 3   
13. If S  ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines then show that h2 = ab, af2 = bg2 and
 g 2  ac   f 2  bc 
the distance between the parallel lines = 2  =2  .
 a(a + b)   b(a + b) 
Ans. Let S = 0 represent the lines lx + my + n1 = 0  (1), lx + my + n2 = 0  (2)
 (lx + my + n1)(lx + my + n2) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
Comparing both sides, we get
l2 = a, m2 = b, n1 n2 = c, 2lm = 2h, l(n1 + n2) = 2g, m(n1 + n2) = 2f
 h2 = (lm)2 = l2 m2 = ab
2g (n1  n2 ) g g2 2
g2 a
    2  2  2   af 2  bg2
2f m(n1  n2 ) f m f m f b

n1  n2 
2
n1  n2
The distance between the parallel lines = 
2
 m2 ab
  n1  n2   4n1n2
2
  (2g / )2  4c   4g2 / a  4c   g2  ac 
=        2  
 ab   ab   ab   a(a  b) 
 
 2 
Similarly the distance between the parallel lines = 2  f  bc  .
 b(a  b) 
14. Show that the pairs of lines 6x2 – 5xy – 6y2 = 0, 6x2 – 5xy – 6y2 + x + 5y – 1 = 0 form a square.
Ans. Given pairs of lines are 6x2 – 5xy – 6y2 = 0 ........ (1) C 2 B
6x2 – 5xy – 6y2 + x + 5y – 1 = 0 ........ (2)
Equation (1) represents a pair of perpendicular lines passing through the 1 2
origin and Eq. (2) represents a pair of perpendicular lines parallel to (1)
 (1) and (2) form a rectangle. O 1 A
Let OABC be the rectangle such that (1) represents OA,OC and (2) represents AB,BC .
Equation to AC is x + 5y – 1 = 0
Slope of AC is –1/5
Comparing Eq. (2) with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
We get a = 6, b = –6, c = –1, f = 5/2, g = ½, h = –5/2
hf  bg gh  af 
B = Point of intersection of (2) =  , 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
2

 ( 5 / 2)(5 / 2)  (6)(1/ 2) (1/ 2)( 5 / 2)  (6)(5 / 2) 

=  , 
 6(6)  (25 / 4) 6(6)  (25 / 4) 
 ( 25 / 4)  3 (5 / 4)  15   25  12 5  60   13 65   1 5 
=  ,  ,  ,  , 
 36  (25 / 4) 36  (25 / 4)   144  25 144  25    169  169   13 13 
(5 /13)  0
Slope of OB is 5
(1/13)  0
(Slope of AC )(Slope of OB ) =   1  (5)  1  AC  OB
 5
 Diagonals of the rectangle OABC are perpendicular  OABC is a square.
15. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the line y – 3x + 2 = 0,
7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 2x – 4y – 8 = 0 are at right angles.
Ans. The given line equation is y – 3x + 2 = 0  3x  y  1
2
Let A, B, be the points of intersection of the given line and the given curve.
The combined equation of OA and OB is

 3x  y 
2
3x  y 
7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 2(x – 2y)  8 0
 2  4
 7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 3x2 – xy – 6xy + 2y2 – 18x2 + 12xy – 2y2 = 0
 –8x2 + xy + 8y2 = 0
Coefficient of x + Coefficient of y = (–8) + 8 = 0  AOB =  .
2 2

16. Find the condition that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the line
2x + 3y = k, and the curve 3x2 – xy + 3y2 + 2x – 3y – 4 = 0 are at right angles.
2x  3y
Ans. The given line equation is 2x + 3y = k  1
k
Let A, B be the points of intersection of the given line and the given curve.
The combined equation of OA and OB is

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 2
2x  3y   2x  3y 
3x2 – xy + 3y2 + (2x – 3y)    4  0
 k   k 
 k2(3x2 – xy + 3y2) + k(4x2 – 9y2) – 4(4x2 + 12xy + 19y2) = 0
 (3k2 + 4k – 16)x2 – (k2 + 48)xy + (3k2 – 9k – 36)y2 = 0
Since AOB = /2, we have coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
 3k2 + 4k – 16 + 3k2 – 9k – 36 = 0  6k2 – 5k – 52 = 0.
17. If the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the line x + 2y = k with the curve
2x2 – 2xy + 3y2 + 2x – y – 1 = 0 are at right angles, then find k.
Ans. The given line equation is x + 2y = k  x  2y  1
k
Let A, B be the points of intersection of the given line and the given curve.
The combined equation of OA and OB is
x  2y  (x  2y)
2x2 – 2xy + 3y2 + (2x – y) 
2

 0
 k  k2
 k2(2x2 – 2xy + 3y2) + k(2x2 + 3xy – 2y2) – (x2 + 4xy + 4y2) = 0
 (2k2 + 2k – 1)x2 – (2k2 – 3k + 4)xy + (3k2 – 2k – 4)y2 = 0
Since AOB = /2 we have coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
 2k2 + 2k – 1 + 3k2 – 2k – 4 = 0  5k2 – 5 = 0  k2 = 1  k = 1
18. Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 and the line lx + my = 1, to coincide.
Ans. Given circle is x2 + y2 = a2
Given line is lx + my = 1
Let A, B be the point of intersection of given line and circle.
Combined equation of OA and OB is x2 + y2 – a2(lx + my)2 = 0
 x2 + y2 – a2l2x2 – 2a2lmxy – a2m2y2 = 0
 x2(1 – a2l2) – 2a2lmxy + (1 – a2m2)y2 = 0  (1)
(1) represents coincident lines  (a2lm)2 = (1 – a2l2)(1 – a2m2)
 a4l4m2 = 1 – a2l2 – a2m2 + a4l2m2  a2(l2 + m2) = 1.
19. Find the angle between two lines which are nonparallel and whose direction ratios satisfy the equations 6bc +
5ab – 2ca = 0 and 3a + b + 5c = 0.
Ans. Let 3a + b + 5c = 0  (1), 6bc + 5ab – 2ca = 0  (2)
b  5c
(1)  a =  .
3
(2)  6bc  b  5c (5b – 2c) = 0
3
 b2 + bc – 2c2 = 0  (b – c)(b + 2c) = 0  b = c or b = –2c.
If b = c, then a = –2c and hence a : b : c = –2c : c : c = –2 : 1 : 1.
If b = –2c, then a = –c and hence a : b : c = –c : –2c : c = –1 : –2 : 1
 The direction ratios of the lines represented by the given equation are (–2, 1, 1), (–1, –2, 1).
If  is the angle between the lines then
cos  = | ( 2)( 1)  1( 2)  1(1) | | 1| 1
  .
( 2)  1  1 ( 1)  ( 2)  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6

 The angle between the two given lines is cos1  1  .

6
20. Find the angle between two lines which are nonparallel and whose direction cosines are related by the
equations l + m + n = 0, 2lm + 2nl – mn = 0.
Ans. l+m+n=0  (1), 2lm + 2nl – mn = 0  (2)
(1)  n = –l – m
(2)  2lm + 2l(–l – m) – m(–l – m) = 0  –2l2 + lm + m2 = 0  2l2 – lm – m2 = 0
 (2l + m)(l – m) = 0  2l + m = 0, l – m = 0  m = –2l or l.
If m = l, then n = –l – l = –2l  l : m : n = l : l : –2l = 1 : 1 : –2
If m = –2l, then n = –1 + 2l = l  l : m : n = l : –2l : l = 1 : –2 : 1
 D.r.’s of the lines are (1, 1, –2) and (1, –2, 1).
If  is the angle between the lines then
| 1(1)  1(2)  (2)1| | 1| 1
cos  =   .
1  1  ( 2) 1  ( 2)  1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 The angle between the given lines is /3.
2 2
21. Find the derivative of tan–1 1 + x + 1  x .
1+ x2  1  x2
Put x = cos 
2
Ans.

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 d  1 1  x2  1  x2 
 
d  1

1  cos   1  cos  
tan  tan 
dx 
 1  x2  1  x2 
 dx 
 1  cos   1  cos  


d  1 2 cos  / 2  2 sin  / 2 
 d  1 cos  / 2  sin  / 2 
= tan  tan 
dx 
 2 cos  / 2  2 sin  / 2  dx 
 cos  / 2  sin  / 2 
d  1      
 d   d  1 1 2  1 1 x
= tan  tan            cos (x )  0  2x 

dx    4 2  
 dx  4 2  dx  4 2  2 1 x 2
1 x4
2
22. If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that dy = sin (a + y) .
dx sina
Ans. sin y = x sin (a + y)  x = sin y
sin(a  y)
dx d  sin y  sin(a  y)cos y  sin y cos(a  y) sin(a  y  y sina
    
dy dy  sin(a  y)  sin2 (a  y) sin2 (a  y) sin2 (a  y)
dy sin2 (a  y)
  .
dx sina

23. If 1  x 2 + 1  y 2 = a(x – y), then show that dy 1  y2 .

=
dx 1  x2
Ans. Put x = sin , y = sin 
1  x2  1  y2  a(x  y)  1  sin2   1  sin2  = a(sin  – sin )
 cos  + cos  = a(sin  – sin )
 (   ) 
cos  
        2  a
 2cos   cos  2   a2cos sin
 2   2  
 2         (   ) 
sin  
 2 
    1 –1
 cot    a  2  cot a   –  = 2 cot a
 2 
 sin–1x – sin–1y = 2 cot–1a  d (sin1 x  sin1 y)  d (2cot 1 a)
dx dx
1 1 dy dy 1  y2
  0  .
1  x2 1  y 2 dx dx 1  x2

24. Show that the sum of the intercepts on the coordinate axes of any tangent to x + y = a is constant.
Ans. Let P (x1, y1) be a point on the given curve.
Given curve is x  y  a .

   a   2 1x  2 1y dy  dy 
d d dy y y
x y  0     1
dx dx dx dx x  dx  x1,y1  x1
y1 y y1 x x1
Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is y – y1 =  (x  x1 )    
x1 y1 y1 x1 x1
x y x y
   x1  y1  a    1.
x1 y1 a x1 a y1
x-intercept = a. x1 , y-intercept = a. y1
Sum of the intercept = a. x1  a. y1  a  
x1  y1  a. a = a = constant.

25. Show that the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 (a > 0), the portion of tangent drawn at any point (not on the coordinate for
axes) included between the coordinate axes is equal to a.
Ans. The parametric equations are x = a cos3, y = a sin2;
dx dy dy 3asin2  cos 
 3acos2 t(  sin ),  3asin2  cos     tan  .
d d dx 3acos2  sin 
sin 
Equation of the tangent is y – a sin3 = – (x – a cos3)
cos 
x y x y
   a(cos2   sin2 )  a    1.
cos  sin  acos  asin 
If the tangent cuts the axes at A, B respectively then A = (a cos , 0), B = (0, a sin )
AB = (acos   0)2  (0  asin )2  a2 (cos2   sin2   a2  a.

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26. The tangent at any point P on the curve xm yn = am+n cuts the coordinate axes in A and B. Show that AP : PB is
constant.
Ans. xmyn = am + n  log(xm yn) = log am + n  m log x + n log y = log am + n
d d m n dy dy my
{mlogx  nlogy}  {logamn }   0 
dx dx x y dx dx nx
my1
 Slope of the tangent of P (x1, y1) is =   
dy
 dx 
 P nx1
Equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is y – y1 = my 1
(x  x1 )
nx1
 nx1y – nx1y1 = –mxy1 + mx1y1  mxy1 + nx1y = x1y1 (m + n)
 mxy1 nx1y x y
  1  1
x1y1(m  n) x1y1(m  n) x1(m  n) y1(m  n)
m n
Let the tangent cuts x-axis at A and y-axis at B.
x (m  n) y (m  n)
 OA = 1 , OB  1
m n
x12n2  m2 y12
2 2
 x1(m  n)   x m  x1n  mx1 
AP =   x1   [y1  0]2   1   y1 
2

 m   m  m
n2 x12  y12m2
2 2
 y (m  n)   y n  y1m  y1n 
PB = (x1  0)2   y1  1   x12   1  
 n   n  n

x12n2  m2 y12 n2 x12  y12m2

AP : PB = :  n:m
m n
27. If p and q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin on the tangent and the normal to the curve x2/3
+ y2/3 = a2/3, then show that 4p2 + q2 = a2.
Ans. The parametric equations are x = a cos3, y = a sin3.
dy 3a sin2  cos  sin 
  .
dx 3acos2  sin  cos 
sin 
Equation of the tangent is y – a sin3 =  (x – a cos3)
cos 
 x sin  + y cos  = a cos  sin  (cos2 + sin2) = (a/2) sin 2.
 P = Length of the perpendicular from origin to the tangent
| (a / 2)sin2 | a
=  sin2.
sin   cos  2
2 2

cos 
Equation of the normal is y – a sin3 = (x  acos3 )
sin 
 x cos  – y sin  = a(cos4 – sin4 = a(cos2 – sin2)(cos2 + sin2) = a . cos 2
a.cos2
q = length of the perpendicular from origin to the normal = = a cos 2.
cos2   sin2 
2
 4p2 + q2 = 4  sin2  + (a cos 2)2 = a2(sin22 + cos22) = a2.
a
2 
28. If the curves x = y2, xy = k cut orthogonally, then show that 8k2 = 1.
d d 2 dy 1 d d(k) dy y
Ans. (x)  (y )    m1. (xy)     m2
dx dx dx 2y dx dx dx x
Since the two curves cut orthogonally. m1 m2 = –1
1  y 1 1 1 1 1
   1  x  ,y  ,xy  k  .  k  k 2   8k 2  1.
2y  x  2 2 2 2 8

29. Prove that the curves y2 = 4ax and xy = c2 intersect each other orthogonally if c4 = 32a4.
Ans. Given curves are y2 = 4ax  (1), xy = c2  (2)
c4 c4 / 3
(2)  x2 y2 = c4  x2 . 4ax = c4  x3 =  x  2 / 3 1/ 3
4a 2 a
4a.c 4 / 3
 y = 2 / 3 1/ 3 = 2 . a . c  y = 2 . a . c .
2 4/3 2/3 4/3 2/3 1/3 2/3

2 .a
 Point of intersection of (1) and (2) is P = (c4/3 2–2/3 a–⅓, 22/3 a1/3 c2/3)
Equation of the first curve is y2 = 4ax  d {y 2 }  d {4ax}
dx dx
 2y dy dy 2a
 4a  
dx dx y

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  dy  2a 1/ 3 2 / 3 2 / 3
Slope of the tangent is m1 =    2 / 3 1/ 3 2 / 3  2 a c
 dx P 2 a c
Equation of the second curve is xy = c2
 d {xy}  d {c 2 }  x dy  y  0  dy  y
dx dx dx dx x
22 / 3 a1/ 3c 2 / 3
Slope of the tangent is m2 = 
dy 
  4 / 3 2 / 3 1/ 3  24 / 3 a2 / 3c 2 / 3
 dx p c 2 a
The curves intersect orthogonally  m1 m2 = –1
 (21/3 a2/3 c–2/3) (–24/3 a2/3 c–2/3) = –1  25/3 a4/3 c–4/3 = 1  32a4 = c4
30. A point P is moving with uniform velocity v along a line AB. O is a point on the perpendicular to AB at A and at
a distance l from it. Show that the angular velocity about O is l V .
OP 2
Ans. Let AOP =  at the time t O
x 
Now cos  = and tan  =
OP l

 sec  d  1 dx  v  d  v cos2   v .
2
2 v

dt dt dt OP OP2 A
x P B
 The angular velocity of P about O is v
2
OP
31. A man 180 cm high, walks at a uniform rate of 12 km per hour away from a long post of 450 cm high. Find the
rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
Ans. AB = lamp post = 450cm A
PQ = person = 180 cm
x = distance of the person from the lamp post 450 P
y = length of shadow
dx 180
= 12 km/hour B
dt x Q y C

x  y 450 xy 5
Now ABC ||| PQC      2x + 2y = 5y  2x = 3y
y 180 y 2
 2 dx  3 dy  2(12)  3 dy  dy  2(12)  8km / hour.
dt dt dt dt 3
32. Gas is leaking out of a spherical ballon at the rate of 900 cc/sec. When the radius of the ballon is 360 cms, find
the rate at which the surface area is shrinking.
Ans. Let r be the radius, S be the surface area and V be the volume of the spherical balloon at the time t.
dV
Given r = 360cm.  900cc / sec
dt
V = 4 r 3  dV  4r 2 dr  dr  900
3 dt dt dt 4(360)2
dS dr 900
S = 4r2   8r  8(360)  5
dt dt 4(360)2
 The surface area of the balloon is shrinking at the rate of 5 sq. cm/sec.
33. A conical vessel whose vertical angle is 90 is placed with its axis vertical and the vertex downwards. If water
flows into it at the rate of 1 c.ft per minute, find the rate at which the level of water is rising when the height of
the water in it is 2 ft.
Ans. Let h be the height, r be the radius and V be the volume of the water in the vessel at the time t.
Vertical angle = 90  Semi vertical angle = 45.
r r
 tan 45 =  1   r  h
h h
dV
Given that  1 c.ft / minute, h  2ft.
dt
1 2 h3
V= r h 
3 3
dV 3h2 dh dh
   1  (2)2
dt 3 dt dt
dh 1
  ft. /minute.
dt 4
 The level of water is rising at the rate of 1/4 ft./minute.
34. Sand is being poured on the ground from the orifice of an elevated pipe and forms a pile which has always the
shape of a right circular cone whose height is equal to the radius of the base. If the sand is falling at the rate
of 6 cubic feet per second, find the rate at which the height of the pile is rising when the height is 5 ft.
Ans. Let h be the height, r be the radius, V be the volume of the conical pile at the time t.
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 Given h = r, dV = 6 cubic ft./sec.
dt
h = 5 ft.
h
Now V = 1 r 2h  1 h3
3 3 r

dV dh dh dh 6
  h2  6  (5)2  
dt dt dt dt 25
 The height of the pile is rising at the rate of 6
ft./ sec.
25
35. Show that the maximum rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle is a square.
Ans. Let r be the radius of the circle and x, y be the length, breadth of the rectangle.
 x2 + y2 = 4r2  y2 = 4r2 – x2  y = 4r 2  x2
O
If A is the area of the rectangle, then A = xy r
y

 A = x 4r  x  4r x  x
2 2 2 2 4
x
Let S = 4r2x2 – x4
dS d2S
 8r 2 x  4x3  2  8r 2  12x 2
dx dx
dS
 0  8r x – 4x = 0  4x[2r – x ] = 0  x = 0 or x =
2 3 2 2
2r
dx
 d2S 
 2 = 8r2 – 12(2r2) = –16r2 < 0
 dx  x  2r
 S has maximum, when x = 2 r
 A has maximum, when x = 2 r
If A is maximum, then x = 2 r, y = 4r 2  2r 2  2r .
 The rectangle is a square.
36. Show that the height of the cylinder of the maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius a
2a
is . Also find its volume.
3
Ans. Let r, h be the radius and height of the cylinder which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius a.
2 2
 a = r + h  r 2  a2  h
2 2

4 4
 2

Volume of the cylinder, V = r2h = h a2  h 
 4  O
a
 h2  3h
Let f(h) =  a2h    f(h) =  a2  3h   f(h) =
2
h/2
2 r
 4   4 

f(h) = 0   a2  3h  = 0  3h = 4a  h = 2a
2
2 2

 4  3
 2a  3 2a
f    . 0
 3 2 3
 V has maximum, when h = 2a/ 3
 2a   2 2a 1 8a3   2a3 2a3  4a3
 Maximum volume = f     a .  .      cubic unit.
 3  3 4 3 3  3 3 3 3 3
37. Show that when curved surface of a cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius R is a maximum, then height of
the cylinder is 2 R.
2
Ans. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius R. The r2 + h  R2
4
Curve surface area
h2 h4
= 2rh = 2 h. R2   2 R2h2  = f(h)
4 4
O
f(h) = 2 . (2R2h – h2) = 0 R
h/2
2 R2h2  h4 / 4 r
 2R2h – h3 = 0  h2 = 2R2  h = 2 R
 When surface are is max. h = 2 R
38. Show that the semi–vertical angle of the cone of maximum volume and of given slant height is tan–1( 2 ).
Ans. Let r be the base radius, h be the height, l be the slant height and  be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.

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From the figure, r = l sec , h = l cos 
 3 sin2  cos  
 Volume of the cone V = 1 r 2h  1 (l sec )2 (l cos ) =
3 3 3 h
l

dV  3  3
 [sin2 ( sin )  cos 2sin  cos ]  sin [cos2   sin2 ]
d 3 3 r

d2 V  3
 [sin {4cos  sin   2sin  cos }  cos {2cos2   sin2 }]
d2 3
dV  3
0 sin (2 cos2 – sin2) = 0  2 cos2 = sin2  tan2 = 2
d 3
 tan  = 2   = tan–1 2
2
 = tan–1 2 then d V2 < 0.
d
 If  = tan–1 2 , then V has maximum.
 If V is maximum then the semi-vertical angle is tan–1 2 .

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