Unity (game engine)

Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by

Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June Unity
2005 at Apple Inc.'s Worldwide Developers Conference
as a Mac OS X-exclusive game engine. As of 2018, the
engine had been extended to support more than 25
platforms. The engine can be used to create three-
dimensional, two-dimensional, virtual reality, and
augmented reality games, as well as simulations and other
experiences.[5][6] The engine has been adopted by
industries outside video gaming, such as film, automotive,
architecture, engineering and construction.

Several major versions of Unity have been released since

its launch. The latest stable version, 2020.1.5, was
released in September 2020.
Unity's user interface as of 2020
Developer(s) Unity Technologies

Contents Stable release 2020.1.5 / September 10,

2020[1]
History
Preview release 2020.2.0b1 / September 3,
Overview 2020[2]
Supported platforms
Written in C++ (runtime)[3]
Licensing model
C# (Unity Scripting API)
Unity Asset Store
Platform See § Supported platforms
Other uses
License Proprietary
Unity-chan
Alexa rank 1,585 (Global, August 2020)[4]
See also
References Website unity.com (https://unity.com/)

External links
List of games

History
The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming to "democratize" game development by making it accessible
to more developers.[5][7] The next year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of Mac OS X Graphics
category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards.[8] Unity was initially released for Mac OS X, later adding
support for Microsoft Windows and Web browsers.[9]

Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features.[10] The release included an optimized terrain
engine for detailed 3D environments, real-time dynamic shadows, directional lights and spotlights, video
playback, and other features.[10] The release also added features whereby developers could collaborate more
easily.[10] It included a Networking Layer for developers to create multiplayer games based on User Datagram
Protocol, offering Network Address Translation, and State Synchronization and Remote Procedure Calls.[10]
When Apple launched its App Store in 2008, Unity quickly added support for the iPhone.[9] For several years,
the engine was uncontested on the iPhone and it became well-known with iOS game developers.[5]

Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine's graphics features for desktop
computers and video game consoles.[11] In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured integration of
Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred rendering, a built-in tree editor, native font rendering, automatic
UV mapping, and audio filters, among other things.[11]

In 2012 VentureBeat wrote, "Few companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently
produced games as Unity Technologies. [...] More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools to create gee-
whiz graphics in their iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. Unity wants to be the engine for
multi-platform games, period."[12] A May 2012 survey by Game Developer magazine indicated Unity as its
top game engine for mobile platforms.[13] In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0.[14]
This version added DirectX 11 and Adobe Flash support, new animation tools called Mecanim, and access to
the Linux preview.[14]

Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in 2013.[15] This
featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking, where users were directly linked
from social media posts to specific portions within games, and easy in-game-image sharing.[15] In 2016,
Facebook developed a new PC gaming platform with Unity.[16] Unity provided support for Facebook's
gaming platforms, and Unity developers could more quickly export and publish games to Facebook.[16]

The Verge said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game development
universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future."[17] With Unity 5, the engine
improved its lighting and audio.[18] Through WebGL, Unity developers could add their games to compatible
Web browsers with no plug-ins required for players.[18] Unity 5.0 offered real-time global illumination, light
mapping previews, Unity Cloud, a new audio system, and the Nvidia PhysX 3.3 physics engine.[18] The fifth
generation of the Unity engine also introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make Unity games look less
generic.[19] Unity 5.6 added new lighting and particle effects, updated the engine's overall performance, and
added native support for Nintendo Switch, Facebook Gameroom, Google Daydream, and the Vulkan graphics
API.[20] It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360-degree videos for virtual reality.[20] However,
some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced games published on
the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers.[21] CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that
he believes this to be a side-effect of Unity's success in democratizing game development: "If I had my way,
I'd like to see 50 million people using Unity – although I don't think we're going to get there any time soon. I'd
like to see high school and college kids using it, people outside the core industry. I think it's sad that most
people are consumers of technology and not creators. The world's a better place when people know how to
create, not just consume, and that's what we're trying to promote."[22]

In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the versioning numbering system
for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with their more frequent
release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017.[23] Unity 2017 tools featured a real-time
graphics rendering engine, color grading and worldbuilding, live operations analytics and performance
reporting.[24] Unity 2017.2 underscored Unity Technologies' plans beyond video games.[24] This included
new tools such as Timeline, which allowed developers to drag-and-drop animations into games, and
Cinemachine, a smart camera system within games.[24] Unity 2017.2 also integrated Autodesk's 3DS Max and
Maya tools into the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in-game iteration process.[25]

Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics.[26] This
included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and the Lightweight
Rendering Pipeline for mobile, virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality.[26] Unity 2018 also
included machine learning tools, such as Imitation Learning, whereby games learn from real player habits,
support for Magic Leap, and templates for new developers.[26]

In 2019, a new link to the Wolfram Language was added, making it possible to access high level functions of
the Wolfram language from Unity.[27] Calling Unity objects from the Wolfram language was also made
possible via the UnityLink library.[27]

Overview
Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine offers a
primary scripting API in C#, for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins, and games themselves, as well as
drag and drop functionality. Prior to C# being the primary programming language used for the engine, it
previously supported Boo, which was removed with the release of Unity 5,[28] and a version of JavaScript
called UnityScript, which was deprecated in August 2017, after the release of Unity 2017.1, in favor of C#.[29]

Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For 3D games,
Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings for each platform that the
game engine supports,[30] and provides support for bump mapping, reflection mapping, parallax mapping,
screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO), dynamic shadows using shadow maps, render-to-texture and full-
screen post-processing effects.[31]

As of 2018, Unity has been used to create approximately half of the new mobile games on the market and 60
percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content.[32]

Supported platforms

Unity is a cross-platform engine.[33] The Unity editor is supported on Windows and macOS, with a version of
the editor available for the Linux platform, albeit in an experimental stage,[34] while the engine itself currently
supports building games for more than 25 different platforms, including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual
reality.[35][36] Platforms include iOS,[37] Android,[37] Tizen,[38] Windows,[37] Universal Windows
Platform,[39] Mac,[7] Linux,[40] WebGL,[36] PlayStation 4,[37] PlayStation Vita,[41] Xbox One,[7] 3DS,[42]
Oculus Rift,[37] Google Cardboard,[43] Steam VR,[44] PlayStation VR,[45] Gear VR,[36] Windows Mixed
Reality,[46] Daydream,[47] Android TV,[48] Samsung Smart TV,[49] tvOS,[50] Nintendo Switch,[37] Fire
OS,[48] Facebook Gameroom,[47] Apple's ARKit,[51] Google's ARCore,[52] Vuforia,[52] and Magic Leap.[53]

As of 2018, Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market and 60
percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content,[32] including approximately 90 percent on emerging
augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent of Samsung Gear VR content.[54]
Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and augmented reality experiences, and Fortune said
Unity "dominates the virtual reality business".[55][56][57] Unity Machine Learning Agents is open-source
software whereby the Unity platform connects to machine learning programs, including Google's
TensorFlow.[58] Using trial and error in Unity Machine Learning Agents, virtual characters use reinforcement
learning to build creative strategies in lifelike virtual landscapes.[58] The software is used to develop robots and
self-driving cars.[58]

Unity formerly supported other platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin.[40]
However, it was deprecated in favor of WebGL.[59] Since version 5, Unity has been offering its WebGL
bundle compiled to JavaScript using a 2-stage language translator (C# to C++ and finally to JavaScript).[60]
Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game console, with a
free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity Technologies called this bundling of
a third-party SDK an "industry first".[12][61]

Licensing model

During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the corporation
changed to a subscription model.[47] Unity has free and paid licensing options. The free license is for personal
use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually, and the subscriptions are based on revenues
generated by the games using Unity.[54][36]

Unity Asset Store

Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset Store. This
includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell.[62] Unity Asset Store launched in
2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million downloads through the digital store.[63]

Other uses
In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using the real-time 3D
platform, including film and automotive.[64][65] Unity first experimented in filmmaking with Adam, a short
film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp, whose Oats
Studios used the engine's tools, including real-time rendering and Cinemachine, to create two computer-
generated short films, Adam: The Mirror and Adam: The Prophet.[64] At the 2017 Unite Europe conference in
Amsterdam, Unity focused on filmmaking with Unity 2017.1's new Cinemachine tool.[62] In 2018, Disney
Television Animation launched three shorts, called Baymax Dreams, that were created using the Unity
engine.[66]

Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality, build virtual
assembly lines, and train workers.[65] Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc. company, to train
artificial intelligence.[67] Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture, engineering,
and construction.[68]

Unity-chan
On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named Unity-chan
ユニティちゃん
( , Yuniti-chan), real name Kohaku Ōtori ( ⼤⿃ こはく , Ōtori Kohaku) (voiced by Asuka
Kakumoto). The character's associated game data was released in early 2014.[69][70] The character was
designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as an open-source heroine character.[71] The company
allows the use of Unity-chan and related characters in secondary projects under certain licenses.[72] For
example, Unity-chan appears as a playable character in Runbow.[73]

See also
List of game engines
List of Unity games
List of WebGL frameworks
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External links
Official website (https://unity.com/)

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