Applied Electricity

Laboratory Manual

Date of Revision: October 2018

The University of Engineering and

Technology Lahore
RN
 List of Experiments
1. RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING COLOR CODE AND MULTIMETER . 1
2. TO VERIFY OHM’S LAW ............................................................................................. 2
3. TO MEASURE THE POWER OF RESISTIVE LOAD ............................................... 4
4. TO VERIFY KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW ............................................................. 6
5. TO VERIFY KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW ............................................................. 8
6. TO VERIFY CURRENT DIVISION RULE ................................................................ 10
7. TO VERIFY VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE................................................................ 12
8. TO MEASURE THE MAGNITUDE, FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD OF A
CURRENT SIGNAL USING OSCILLOSCOPE ........................................................ 14
9. TO DRAW VECTOR DIAGRAM OF AN A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING ............ 16
10.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF VARIATION OF FREQUENCY ON AN RLC
SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT ................................................................................... 21
11.TO MEASURE THE POWER IN AN INDUCTIVE LOAD USING ONE
VOLTMETER AND ONE AMMETER METHOD.................................................... 23
12.TO MEASURE THE POWER BY THREE AMMETER METHOD ....................... 25
13.TO MEASURE THE POWER BY THREE VOLTMETER METHOD .................. 27
14.POWER MEASUREMENT OF A 3 PHASE STAR CONNECTED BALANCED
RESISTIVE LOAD BY TWO WATTMETER METHOD ........................................ 29

RN
 Experiment # 1
Resistance Measurement Using Color Code and Multimeter
Apparatus:
1. 10 resistors of different values
2. Ohmmeter/Multimeter
3. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Determine the resistance R1 and tolerance of a resistor by observing the color bands on it.
Consult table 2 for further assistance. Note down the value in table 1.
2. Place the resistor on the bredboard.
3. Determine the resistance R2 using ohmmeter or a multimeter. Note down the value in table 1.
4. Calculate % error between R1 and R2 using a suitable formula.
5. Repeat steps 1-3 for different resistors.

Observations:
Table 1
No. of Resistance by color code Resistance by multimeter 𝑹𝟐−𝑹𝟏
% Error = 𝑹𝟏
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
obs (R1) (R2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 2
Color Color code
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

1|Page
 Experiment # 2
To Verify Ohm’s Law
Apparatus:
1. Resistor
2. DC variable power supply
3. Voltmeter/Multimeter
4. Ammeter/Multimeter
5. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram. Determine the resistance (R) of the resistor before
placing it in the circuit.
2. Turn on the power supply and set the voltage at a value.
3. Observe the value of current (Iobs) from ammeter/multimeter and note it down in table 1.
4. Use suitable formula to calculate the current (Ical) flowing into the resistor and note it down in
table 1.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 for different values of the power supply voltage (V).
6. Plot a graph between voltage V and current Iobs. Take V on x-axis and Iobs on the y-axis.

Precaution:
1. The value of the resistor and of the voltage of the power supply must be selected such that the
resistor does not burn out.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 2
Observation:
Table 1 (Resistance R is fixed)

No. Of Observed Current Calculated Current

Voltage (V) Resistance (R)
Obs. (Iobs) (Ical)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Graph (Paste here):

Show Your Calculations Here:

Page | 3
 Experiment # 3
To Measure The Power Of Resistive Load
Apparatus:
1. 5 resistors of different values.
2. DC variable power supply
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn the DC power supply on.
3. Adjust the voltage (V) of power supply to an appropriate value and measure the current flowing
into the resistor by using ammeter (A).
4. Note down the values of voltage (V) and current (Iobs) in table 1. Use suitable formula to find
calculated current Ical.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for different values of power supply voltage while using the same resistor and
complete table 1.
6. Fill table 2 by following the above steps but this time the voltage is to be kept constant and
resistors of different values are to be used.

Precaution:
1. Turn the power supply off before connecting/disconnecting any component to/from the circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 4
Calculations:
Table 1 (Resistance R is fixed)

Calculated Observed Power

Voltage Resistance Power Power
Sr.No. Current Current 𝑽𝟐
(V) (R) = 𝑽 × 𝑰obs = = 𝑰𝒐𝒃𝒔𝟐 × 𝑹
(Ical) (Iobs) 𝑹
1
2
3
4
5

Table 2 (Voltage V is fixed)

Calculated Observed Power Power

Resistance Power
Sr.No. Voltage (V) Current Current =𝑽× 𝑽𝟐
(R) = = 𝑰𝒐𝒃𝒔𝟐 × 𝑹
(Ical) (Iobs) 𝑰obs 𝑹
1
2
3
4
5

Graphs:
Plot graphs between Voltage and Power (Table 1)
Plot graphs between Resistance and Power (Table 2)

Page | 5
 Experiment # 4
To Verify Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Apparatus:
1. 3 resistors of different values.
2. DC variable power supply
3. Voltmeter
4. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Select three resistors of different values and enter their values in table 1.
2. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
3. Turn the DC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
4. Measure the voltages V, V1, V2 and V3. Note them down in table 2.
5. Calculate V1, V2 and V3 using suitable formula and enter them in table 2.
6. Repeat steps 4-5 for different values of input voltage V.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 6
Observations:
Table 1
Resistance Value
R1
R2
R3

Table 2

Sr. Observed Voltage Calculated voltage

Voltage
No. Voltage Voltage Voltage Vobs = Voltage Voltage Voltage Vcal =
(V)
(V1) (V2) (V3) V1+V2+V3 (V1) (V2) (V3) V1+V2+V3
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 7
 Experiment # 5
To Verify Kirchoff’s Current Law
Apparatus:
1. 3 resistors of different values.
2. DC variable power supply
3. Ammeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Select three resistors of different values and enter their values in table 1.
2. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
3. Turn the DC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
4. Measure the voltage V and currents I, I1, I2, I3. Note them down in table 2.
5. Calculate I1, I2 and I3 using suitable formula and enter them in table 2.
6. Repeat steps 4-5 for different values of input voltage V.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 8
Observations:
Table 1
Resistance Value
R1
R2
R3

Table 2

Observed Current Calculated Current

Sr. Voltage Current
No. (V) (I) Current Current Current Iobs = Current Current Current Ical =
(I1) (I2) (I3) I1+I2+I3 (I1) (I2) (I3) I1+I2+I3
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 9
 Experiment # 6
To Verify Current Division Rule
Apparatus:
1. 3 resistors
2. DC variable power supply
3. Ammeter(s)
4. Voltmeter
5. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Select three resistors of different values and enter their values in table 1.
2. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
3. Turn the DC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
4. Measure the currents I, I1, I2 and I3. Enter their values in table 2.
5. Calculate currents I1, I2 and I3 according to current division rule. Enter their values in table 2.
6. Calculate percentage error.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 for different values of the input voltage V.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 10
Observation:
Table 1
Resistance Value
R1
R2
R3

Table 2

No. of Voltage Current %

Observed Current Calculated Current
Obs Error

V I I1 I2 I3 I1 I2 I3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10

Page | 11
 Experiment # 7
To Verify Voltage Division Rule
Apparatus:
1. 3 resistors
2. DC variable power supply
3. Ammeter
4. Voltmeter(s)
5. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Select three resistors of different values and enter their values in table 1.
2. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
3. Turn the DC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
4. Measure the voltages V1, V2 and V3. Enter their values in table 2.
5. Calculate the voltages V1, V2 and V3 according to voltage division rule. Enter their values in
table 2.
6. Calculate percentage error.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 for different values of the input voltage V.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 12
Observation:
Table 1
Resistance Value
R1
R2
R3

Table 2

Total Total
No.
Voltage Observed Calculated
of Observed Voltage Calculated Voltage %Error
Voltage Voltage
Obs
V1+V2+V3 V1+V2+V3
V V1 V2 V3 VTobs V1 V2 V3 VTcal
1
2
3
4
5
6

Show Calculations Here:

Page | 13
 Experiment # 8
To Measure The Magnitude, Frequency and Time period Of A Current Signal
Using Oscilloscope
Apparatus:
1. A resistor
2. Signal generator
3. Oscilloscope
4. Bredboard

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn the signal generator on. Select sinusoidal waveform to appear at its output.
3. Adjust the voltage and frequency to a suitable value.
4. Measure the output voltage (Vo) across the resistor using voltmeter. Enter its value in table 1.
5. Measure the peak value of the output voltage (Vo) across the resistor using oscilloscope. Enter its
value in table 1.
6. Calculate the rms value of the output voltage Vo across the resistor using suitable formula.
7. Find percentage error.
8. Repeat steps 4-7 for different values of the input voltage.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 14
Observation:
Table 1
Resistor
Voltage voltage Calculated
across the observed RMS value of
No. of Obs % Error
resistor from resistor
(RMS value) oscilloscope voltage
(peak value)
Vrmso Vpk Vrmsc
1
2
3
4
5

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn the signal generator on. Select sinusoidal waveform to appear at its output.
3. Adjust the voltage and frequency to a suitable value. Enter this frequency in table 2.
4. Measure the time period of the output voltage (Vo) using oscilloscope. Enter its value in table 2.
5. Calculate the frequency of the output voltage (Vo) using suitable formula.
6. Find percentage error.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 for different values of the frequency.

Table 2

Frequency
Frequency Time period
Observed
observed from
No. of Obs from % Error
from signal oscilloscope
oscilloscope
generator (T)
(1/T)
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 15
 Experiment # 9
To Draw Vector Diagram Of An A.C. Circuit Containing
a. Resistance And Inductance in series
b. Resistance And Capacitance in series
c. Resistance, inductance and capacitance in series

Apparatus:
1. A resistor
2. A capacitor
3. An Inductor
4. AC power source
5. Bredboard

a. Resistance and Inductance in series

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn the AC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
3. Measure Vs, VL, VR and I. Enter their values into the table 1.
4. Draw vector diagram assuming inductance to be a pure one. Calculate Vs from the vector
diagram and find % error.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 for different values of resistance R keeping Vs constant.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 16
Procedure to draw vector diagram:
1. Draw vector OA on the horizontal axis to represent VR. Choose suitable scale.
2. Draw vector AB, with its tail at A, making an angle of 90° with respect to OA. This vector
represents VL.
3. Join O and B. This will give vector OB which represents Vs.
4. Measure the length of vector Vs and convert length to voltage value using the selected scale.

Vector Diagram:
B

(VS) (VL)

O
(I) (VR) A
Observation:
Table 1
Vs from
% Error
No. of Obs VS VL VR I vector
Vs
diagram
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 17
 b. Resistance And Capacitance in series

Procedure:

Circuit Diagram:

Calculations:
Table 2:
Vs from
No. of
Vs VR VC I vector
Obs
diagram
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 18
 c. Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in series

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn the AC power supply on. Adjust the voltage to a suitable value.
3. Measure Vs, VL, VR, VC and I. Enter their values into the table 3.
4. Draw vector diagram assuming inductance and capacitance to be pure. Calculate Vs from the
vector diagram and find % error.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 for different values of resistance R keeping Vs constant.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure to draw vector diagram:

1. Draw vector OA on the horizontal axis to represent VR. Choose suitable scale.
2. Draw vector AB, with its tail at A, making an angle of +90° with respect to OA. This vector
represents VL.
3. Draw vector AC, with its tail at A, making an angle of -90° with respect to OA. This vector
represents Vc.
4. Use head to tail rule to find vector VL – Vc represented by AD.
5. Draw vector AD.
6. Join O and D. This will give vector OD which represents Vs.

Page | 19
Vector Diagram:

B-------------------------------------------

D
(Vs) VL
(VL-VC)

O A-------------------------------------------
(I) (VR) (Vc)

Calculations:

Table 3

Vs from
No. of % Error
Vs VL VR Vc I vector
Obs Vs
diagram
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 20
 Experiment # 10
To Study The Effect Of Variation Of Frequency On an RLC Series Resonant
Circuit
Apparatus:
1. A resistor
2. An inductor
3. A capacitor
4. Ammeter
5. Signal generator

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the signal generator and select sinusoidal waveform of a suitable voltage value (V).
3. Set the frequency (f) of the signal generator and note down current (I), XL, XC and XL-XC in
table 1.
4. Repeat step 3 for different values of frequency (f) keeping voltage (V) constant. Find the
frequency at which current (I) is maximum.
5. Draw graphs between
a. Frequency f and inductive reactance XL.
b. Frequency f and capacitive reactance XC.
c. Frequency f and XL-XC.
d. Frequency f and current I.

Note:
1. Keep the interval of frequency variation small near the point of resonance

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 21
Observation:
Table 1

Sr Frequency Current 𝟏
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 𝑿𝑪 = XL – XC
No (f) (I) 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Page | 22
 Experiment # 11
To Measure The Power In An Inductive Load Using One Voltmeter And One
Ammeter Method
Apparatus:
1. Wattmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. AC power supply
5. Lamps (Resistive load)
6. Choke (inductor)

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. With all lamps in the OFF state, switch on the AC supply.
3. Switch on one bulb and record the values of voltages V, VR, Vz, current I, wattmeter W.
4. Calculate 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ and active power P.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 by switching the bulbs ON one by one.
6. Draw graph between P and W.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 23
Observation:
Table 1
Sr. 𝑽𝑹 P=
V I VR Vz 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅ = W
No 𝑽𝒛 VI 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Page | 24
 Experiment # 12
To Measure The Power By Three Ammeter Method
Apparatus:
1. Wattmeter
2. Three ammeters
3. Voltmeter
4. AC power supply
5. Inductive Load
6. Resistive Load

Theory:
On analyzing the circuit diagram, it is observed that the total current I1 is divided into I2 and I3. I2 is in
phase with the the input voltage V since it is passing through the resistor. I3 is passing through inductive
load so it lags the input voltage by angle 𝜑.
The vector diagram of the circuit is
A I2 I3 cosɸ B V

I1 I3 I3 sinɸ

C
Consider ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝐼12 = (𝐼2 + 𝐼3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)2 + ( 𝐼3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)2

𝐼12 = 𝐼22 + 𝐼32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 2𝐼2 𝐼3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝐼32 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑

𝐼12 − 𝐼22 − 𝐼32

𝐼3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 =
2𝐼2
𝐼12 − 𝐼22 − 𝐼32
𝑉𝐼3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝑉 ∗
2𝐼2

𝑰𝟐𝟏 −𝑰𝟐𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐𝟑

𝑷𝑪 = 𝑽 ∗ ……………………………….(1)
𝟐𝑰𝟐

Page | 25
Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Switch the a.c. power supply on and adjust its voltage to a suitable value.
3. Measure and note down the voltage (V), currents I1, I2, I3 and power from the wattmeter in table
1.
4. Calculate Pc and find percentage error.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for different values of input voltage V.

Circuit Diagram:

Observation:
Table 1
Pw Pc
Voltage Current Current Current
S No. (Wattmeter (Calculated % Error
(V) (I1) (I2) (I3)
reading) Power)
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 26
 Experiment # 13
To Measure the Power By Three Voltmeter Method
Apparatus:
1. Wattmeter
2. Three voltmeters
3. Ammeter
4. AC power supply
5. Inductive Load
6. Resistive Load

Theory:
On analyzing the circuit diagram, it is observed that the total voltage V1 is divided into V2 and V3. V2 is
in phase with the current I since the current is passing through the resistor. V3 is the voltage across the
inductive load so it leads the current I by angle 𝜑.
The vector diagram of the circuit is
C

V1

V3 V3 sinɸ

A V2 V3 cosɸ B

Consider ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝑉12 = (𝑉2 + 𝑉3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)2 + ( 𝑉3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)2

𝑉12 = 𝑉22 + 𝑉32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 2𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑉32 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑

𝑉12 − 𝑉22 − 𝑉32

𝑉3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 =
2𝑉2
𝑉12 − 𝑉22 − 𝑉32
𝐼𝑉3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝐼 ∗
2𝑉2

𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟑

𝑷𝑪 = 𝑰 ∗ ………………………………..(1)
𝟐𝑽𝟐
Page | 27
Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Switch the a.c. power supply on and adjust its voltage to a suitable value.
3. Measure and note down the current (I), voltages V1, V2, V3 and power from the wattmeter (Pw)
in table 1.
4. Calculate Pc and find percentage error.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for different values of input voltage V1.
Circuit Diagram:

Observation:
Table 1
Pw Pc
Voltage Current Current Current
S No. (Wattmeter (Calculated % Error
(V1) (I1) (I2) (I3)
reading) Power)
1
2
3
4
5

Page | 28
 Experiment # 14
Power Measurement of A 3-phase Star Connected Balanced Resistive Load
By Two Wattmeter Method
Apparatus:
1. Two wattmeters
2. Two ammeters
3. Three lamp boards (resistive loads)
4. Three phase AC power supply

Procedure:
1. Patch the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Switch the AC power supply on.
3. Switch on one bulb of equal wattage in each phase.
4. Note down the readings of the two wattmeters and two ammeters into table 1.
5. Measure and note down the voltage between any two phases and between any one phase and
neutral into table 1.
6. Calculate WT, P and % error.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 by switching on different number of bulbs of equal wattage in each phase.
8. Draw graph between WT and P.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 29
Observation:
Table 1

Line- Line-
Wattmeter Wattmeter Line Neutral 𝑽𝑳𝑳 WT = P=
Sr Line Neutral %
Reading Reading Current Current = √𝟑 W1+ √𝟑 VLL IL
No. voltage Voltage 𝑽𝑳𝑵 cos𝝋 Error
(W1) (W2) (IL) (IN) W2
(VLL) (VLN)
1
2
3
4
5

𝑾𝑻 −𝑷
Where %𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷

Page | 30