14. Hard water is titrated with Na2 –EDTA complex for estimation of its hardness.

During the process, the Ca2+ and Mg 2+ ions form complex with EDTA replacing Na+.
The method is based on the difference in the stability constant of calcium and
magnesium complexes.

15. (i) When a Lanthanoid reacts with dil- acid, it liberate hydrogen gas.
Ln + dil.HCl Ln Cl3 + H2
(ii) When a Lanthanoid reacts with water, it forms hydroxide.
Ln + H2O Ln (OH)3 +H2
16

17. Lyophobic sol Lyophillic sol.

1. It is relatively unstable due to 1. It is relatively more stable due to
Repulsion between dispersion med- attraction between dispersion medium
ium and dispersed phase. and dispersed Phase.
2. It is irreversible. 2. It is reversible.
3. It cannot be easily peptised. 3. It can be easily peptised.
4. Small quantities of electrolyte cause 4. Small quantities of electrolyte has no
precipitation. effect larger concentration causes
precipitation.
Ans

18. In the primary batteries, the reaction occurs only once and after the use over a period of
time battery becomes dead and cannot be reused again. A secondary battery , after used,
can be recharged by passing current through it in the opposite direction so that it can be
used again.
21. Construction :SHE consists of a platinumelectrode coated with platinumblack. The
electrode is dipped inan acidic solution and pureHydrogen gas is bubbled throughit. The

concentration of both the

reduced and oxidized.Forms of Hydrogen is maintainedat unity i.e) pressure of H 2 gas is 1
bar and concentration ofHydrogen ions in the solution is 1molar.

22. 250 ml = 250g as density of water = 1g/ml

Freezing pt of water = 273k
Freezing point of solution = - 0.90C+273 = 272.1k
ΔTf = 273 k – 272.1k = 0.9k

23. The ions or molecules bound to central atom or ion in the coordination entity are ligands
e.g [Fe(CN)6]4- has six CN- ligands.
Types:-
(1) On the basis of charges on them ligands can be negative (e.g. Cl-, OH-, CN- etc.),
positive (e.g. H3O+, NH4+ etc.) or neutral (e.g. CO, NH3, H2O).
(2) On the basis of their donor atoms ligands can be monodentate or unidentate (one donor atom)
e.g- H2O, NH3, Cl- etc, or didentate (two donor atoms) H2N CH2 CH2NH2 or C2O42- etc. or
polydentate (several donor atoms) e.g [EDTA]4- is a hexadentate ligand.

25Application of colloids-
1. Colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaazar.
2. Paints, synthetic plastics, rubber etc. all are colloidal solutions.
3. Rubber is obtained by coagulation of latex.
26(a) Activated charcoal(b) Activated charcoal(c) Silica gel.
27