Lab Manual #1

Objective: Determination of formation water saturation, water resistivity, porosity, and matrix material using
Hingle plot.
Nomenclature:

F .................... formation resistivity factor

a .................... formation factor coefficient
m ................... cementation exponent
φ.................... formation porosity
ρb .................. formation bulk density
ρma ................ formation matrix density
ρf ................... formation fluid density
Rt ................... true formation resistivity
Ro .................. formation resistivity at 100% water saturation
Sw .................. formation water saturation
n .................... saturation exponent

Given:

For sandstone formation

a = 0.62
m = 2.15
n=2
For carbonate formation
a=1
m=2
n=2
where, ρb and Rt at several points in the formation

Procedure:

1. Choose an appropriate bulk density scale for the horizontal axis. The bulk density range should include
the matrix densities for the lithologies that might be present in the zone being plotted. Then plot each of
the points according to its coordinates, (ρb, Rt). Number the plotted points for future reference.
2. The most northwesterly of the plotted points are assumed to be at 100% water saturation. Construct a
line through these points; this is the Ro, or Sw = 100%, line for the formation. The point at which this
line intersects the horizontal axis indicates the matrix density for the formation.
3. Now construct a porosity scale along the horizontal axis by using the following equation along with the
given value of ρf, the value of ρma you just found, and selected values of φ:

ρb = φ × ρf + (1 - φ ) × ρma

4. To estimate Rw, use the following equation, substituting φ and Rt values from a point at which Sw =100%.

5. To estimate water saturations at the various plotted points, you will construct lines on the plot
corresponding to several water saturation values. To do this, first note that, for constant porosity,

Thus, for constant porosity, Rt = Sw ×Ro.

6. Now pick a point on the Ro line and draw a vertical line through that point. (You can choose any point
on the Ro line, but ones on the right-hand side of the plot are preferred since they will generally allow
you to construct the Sw lines more accurately.) This vertical line represents points of equal porosity.