Science ExplorerSafety Symbols ‘hese symbols appear in laboratory activites. They alertyou to posible dangers and remind ‘you to work carefully. Electric Shock ‘To svoid an electric shock, ever use electrical equipment nese water, of By Sate Safety Awareness Read al directions for an experiment several times, Follow the directions exactly as they are writen If you are in doubs, ask your teacher for assistance. ay Mpsen Safey treba nade pa activi, use caution to avoid injuring yours ‘or others. ell your teacher if there is reaton that you should not participate BB Ssity Soothes seas wee sy ‘goggles to prot your eyes in any activity involving chemicals heating, othe posit of broken gasware [Bp Pore Wea boron promo protect your skin and clothing for harmfulé chemicals or hot rate psc Stoves war cone panic lowes to protect yourself from contact with ‘hemicals that can be harm Keep your hands sy from rour face. Dispose of gloves according to your teachers instructions. Ff Heating Use a clamp or tongsta hold hot GS oles. Test an object by fst holding the ‘back of your hand near it If ou fel heat, the ‘object may be too hot to handle (Epis fesitan coves Hotplate bot watetand bot glassware can catse burns. [Never touck: hot objects with your bare hands. ‘Usean oven mito ther hand protection, 6) {25 Pecks and ios ce ing and pat on safety goggles before using tourer. Fllow instructions fre your teacher for lighting and extinguishing burners. [No Fines tt lammable materials are present, make sue thete are no ames, ‘when the equipment or your hands are wet. Use only sockets that acept a three-prong plog, Be sure cords are untangled and cao trip anyone, Disconnect equipment that isnot in use, GBB [ate ctosware Han ae gore such as thermometers est tubes, and beakers, with care: Do not touch broken glass. Noy your teacher if glassware breaks. Never ue chipped or cracked gassare BB Comesive Chemical avid geting ‘corrosive chemicals on your skin or eothing, ‘orn your eyes. Do not inhale the vapor. Wash your hands aftr competing the activity. Poison Do not letiny poisonous chemical get on your ski, and do not inhale ie vapor. ‘Wash yor hands after completing the asvity. BY furres When wortng wih poisonous or tating vapors, work in a well-ventilated ares, Never tet foram odor unless nstracted to do ‘0 by your teacher. Avoid inhaling 2 vapor dre Use a wafting motion to dicet vapor toward your nose. Sharp Object Use sharp instruments AD only as directed. Scissors, sealpels ping and lenves ae sharp and can ext or punctate your ‘skin. Always direct sharp edges and points away ‘rom yourself and others. Disposal All chemicals and other material tied inthe laboratory must be disposed of safely, Follow your teacher’ instructions. Fj i204 Washing stor ening he ab wash your hands thoroughly with soap or Altergen, and warm water Lather both sides of sparks oF exposed sources of he, your hands and between your fingers Rinse wellHuman Biology and Health Book-Specific Resources ‘student Edition ‘StudentEnpress™ with Interactive Textbook Teachers dition ‘Allin-One Teaching Resources ‘Color Transparencies {Guided Reading aud Study Workbook Stdent Edition o1 Audio CD Discovery Chane School Video Lab Activity Video (Consumable and Nonepasumable Materials Kits Program Print Resources Iniegrted Science Laboratory Mansa ‘Computer Microzope Lab Manal Inquiry Skls Activity Books Progeess Monitorng Assessments “Test Preparation Workbook “Text Taking Tips With Transparencies ‘Teacher's FLI-Llandbook Reading Strategies for Science Content Differentiated Instruction Resources ‘Adapted Reading and Study Workbook ‘Adapiod Tests Differentiated Instruction Guide for Labs and Activities Program Technology Resources “TeacherEspress™ CD-ROM Ineractive Textbooks Online PresentationE xpress CD-ROM ExaView®, Computer Test Bank CD-ROM. {Lah zone™ Easy Planner CD-ROM. Prebeware Las Mani With CD-ROM Computer Microscope and Lab Manual ‘Materials Ordering CD-ROM Discovery Chanel School® DVD Library Lab Activity DVD Library ‘Web Site at PHSchooL.com ‘Spanish Print Resources ‘Spanish Student Pition Spanish Guided Reading and Study Workbook Spanish Teaching Gute With Tests Aconedgmentsappearon 9.292, which consti an extension of this copsibr pase ee ete copy 02007 by Berson cto, ne, pbling Peron Prentise ‘eho Mon saadnets 026A igh ore he Und ‘itso amr Ts plo pte capri tl pein SRA bane bom the pub por tay peed eet, “Ringe n arrester tannin ay fe or bya aah (ton mechani ptcnping ead, or Weve For ners eet peminiono wae tr Rpts and PermisonsDepartment ve Lae ‘Seek Upper Serer Nee ony O78, Peron Prt alia deat of Peaon Eds Parone oie radeon Pesan ps Pree Halt ated adem of aon cin abner of Haron Beton. ct Diary eit As Wes ong. ‘icovery Channel hol area waderaskf Dery omarion esd under me. The Dicom Chanel eal gps ‘Strdenef Dicey Commenctions, ‘Scns ira dena ofthe toa Sine Tenders scion The ‘Sin servi ind copyried materials and owned amd proved by ‘he Natl Sons Tair Asxaton. A gis ered. ‘Scene New sa uted adem See Srv In cam a enn Sa tet ay cover ‘Seamer (top) anda dosep oft Clio Xray of Band (otto) fam 'san 0-3-2011076, 345678910 1110090807‘Michal. Paile PRD, ProfesrofSence ation Unive of Georgia “athens Georgi Micaela sarin ile ‘shoal dence elaine ay ‘ervedasan thors ted ier for iheNavonal Since aches Aocion andasa writer of he Sosonl Scene Elution tnd Aslead author of Steve Fuplors Dike has inpied bee sn dcp ing program thtmetsthe nes ‘fide raes tales promotes since lng an eight tbe ‘tinal Sen luton Sandals Program Authors y anni Misoai, Ph.D. Pesce Museum of Science oso, Masachueets Original ein a mechanical ‘eer oni Miso the fini ofthe national oneme Increase chology. A ae, ‘ofthe Ts erty School fg ‘ering Dr Mao peateded te Intodicion afepnesing inte the Mascinsets curl Cure ‘els wsking wih schoo oems othe county engage ses inengnceng attest ner sducusionsanthe input of sence ‘nd chology on sod Book Author Elizabeth Coolidge Stl, 0, Medi! Wier orth Reading, Masichusts 4 4 Martha Gy PAD. Diet of 18 Ocak Worcester Pci ntate Worcester, Masschusts Marta Cyr noted expert in ‘ting outro Ss we fine year exprence mith oo ‘rams and ats ta cpa these of engineering prince, {igh neon poke ce snd motte dens nd eae ‘of matberts an ins poder erga telat ‘Sofie eee in scence nd mathemati thougeginceig Contributing Writers Douglas Bowman Pavia M. Doran Jorie Harken Heatseal Euction Teacher Ssence InsertioalAsiant Science Constant Wolches Middle Scoe! Sate Univerty of New Yorkat Ulster Woodsncs Comecicut Wlces, Oregon Stone Rg, New York Consultants ‘Reading Consultant Mathematics Consultant Nancy Romance PD. ‘yatta Te, Profeworf Sen ProfessorafEdueation and Biestion Applied Statins ond orate Univesity Corps Fort Lauderdale Honda, Washington University St Tous Miss DeiUTE [Tarte University Content Reviewers tier Aimedom, Ph. Sequrmentat Bie aye Chad PD Dependant agents John -Duran PhD. Defer of heaves rae Beprtmonto io dent books, avi Kaplan PD. apart ml Egineesing Samo! Kounaes PRD. Bape Cesty Davi tes PD Deparment of Chin Devs Maen, PRD. Bepttent af Mecaniol Esincing, Pause Pa. Deparment of ic neat of Colao aslo et dan PD, (Ghoti Cotepe Naas ows Misha! Caste PhD. cme of Chem Noha ie Nonngo Wet Vig agen Ching PAD. Bepurmento Astron Urey a cam Berkey te Cb Cher €-Carin PO. ‘Stqurmenta sc ‘aso Ano anil Kid Dai PhD. epee Neto) aes of Mara (Coogee re Diane Dosen PD Dagon Gel Sines (hers att Fa Hen toa RE Duboné Ph Daptanen loy ap Une ‘Wen Teas ich cher ae Cts "feces Lier dara Une Hempsiea SeYoke Misha! WHambure: PLD. Bernt ef Gospel Ses Tans erty Boson. nae wen ‘le Kala PD. eaomay S01 ‘Mant ores Donald Chon PhD. ‘Deane ef ka armas, Pyoloy &Basehneagy own ner Prove, ode and Jerih are PD. ‘paren gal Sees ‘ows coor Davita PD. Depart Pape ‘Wacvigils Uae Mort, We aii ey Manel, PD. ‘apart Cope hostesses ‘Caan Ob. zat Mtn MS Pestana ond Bchemssey (Caegeot Cason ‘Carn, Sout cares Joe MCallowgh PRD. Dept Srl and ppl Senees| cat Cotes ‘po calens Robert aor PRD. Deparnert a slp Sens Sago sae Unser Sen ia Calona Jose iets ero olga Soci ‘ashing, DC. Dav Moree, PAD. Bayete Chem Nidhi Se Urs at Lasng igen acy om Ts ‘eloped Sion vest in Mord Massachusetts, ir haper projec and reviewed the Karon Punta PhD. Deport ctrl Eginering 0 ‘ampur Soene amd. Bcheit MD. Biperenr Bey Jon Ridge PRP. Dope Gece ‘win Waller Deparment Arnon itp A Reed PhD. Depart of Oepna Ti Codes ‘oe Domi Univesity Sone Vain Seth M Rocha PhD Depurmenf heathens ‘leaner af New os Cole a ose. Proskp Nowe rk arene Roenbin PD- Depart se Chas Indians Sat Unter “Torti, na Ronald See PD, Deparment akg and Chensty Reruns corgeScas PRD. Boputenof Chenisey ents Une Brann io Sorenges PD. ‘pen caton of sng Nation, DC ohert Thornton PRD. ‘arson Mae Slog rei oF cor Denmcaisria Joba Rill PD ‘Steg! Ss od Eonering Se ses of Tas Pan A Minbar se Kenneth Wey PD. Seca Baad Zh, PD. parent of logy Binsiu otege Cle ts‘ata gd ‘Mon Mathes Jone Caley ‘rohit Mie Soot ost Hand Coat etsy Cook alin is Fag Sot oh asd James Fai te ie St ‘Ande, na an Gat Hoover de Schad ose Maryn Wayne Goats mows Md Sto (oir Samar ‘Case Sth Cann ics ibe ces Rose hare Botting Brad Coany hk ‘et aude He Katherine Bay Geter “Min HTM hot ‘hao North Cain Dac Hampton Bahn ih School ‘Wane, ren Ky ReoweMil hol ‘Wet ian David elo Manchester High School Cw Mncteser Ni Hampsie Bexign Lope te Slap Hl le Sto ‘alsin ode Angle. Matson PhD. Ath Canshing as uth tathovm PhD, etaway Conng ye Gran doa Fou Soon Fymoutt Commi incense Sto oat Mahe Mary ino Hymouth Comma ines Saee Pou Nawab James MaeNai PD. Cine Muchos owen aga Steels Crony Day Socal Noor bide and Jeanne Macon ‘Ast Peart Shoo) Resting Vacs ‘i MeCatam Cron Mid Sho ‘Gharetotios Bee A Mata Broke Sa ont adore Mischa aay Perit Seance Schot ‘Btn Maryland elm A Fea Tour Ke i Scho ‘eon New nk Kater Poe recherMiide Shol Isom Hein sine Rone evisand Chek Mie Sch Tila, Olson Douglas Mand o.. Sane Eatin Comat Egret sign Joanne ahs Pelle ‘Ninna nn ig hol ‘Wirwck Moe nd Pmt Pt Shoe Pymesth tsb orate ale tte shot Son Maat Kathleen Hoe Patber le Shot Jnsovile oe Cathie ‘Nfl Pati Sos ‘eth Vigne nda Sanden Glo Schoo ‘en Wisma acy Sl Shes Me Sot ‘Ghatoue Nr alin Mary Stews avery ofan Ths, Oeshorse Pea Seis lig We High Schoo Filings Nona “Thorne Vanghn Ang i eho! ‘Aegon Maha San Zl) ana emery Simson Cornett Ame Sean ones del Cons Newtons Kaze ley Sievers (lenan iad Shot Deshi wa Bere hod ‘Alera, eae eee alan Soot Messy nosHuman Biology and Health Chapter 1 foot} 1 os vy Chapter 2 Chapter 3 = = 4 Careers in Science A Steely Athletic Trainer Bones, Muscles, and Skin 41 Body Organization and Homeostasis 2 The Skeletal System 3 Tech & Design Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries 4 ‘The Muscular System 7 5. TheSkin Food and Digestion 1. Food and Energy 2. Integrating Health Healthy Eating 3 The Digestive Process Begins 4 Final Digestion and Absorption Gireulation 1 The Body's Transport System 2 A Closer Look at Blood Vessels 3 Blood and Lymph 4 Integrating Health Cardiovascular Health Respiration and Excretion 1 The Respiratory System 2 Integrating Health Smoking na Your Heath 3 The Bxcretory System xii 4 2 20 laa 30 42 44 55 60 68 16 78 85 9 98 110 az m2 7Chapter 5 (Seco) Yy om . ¢- A een 4) chapter 6 (a a) =m Chapter 7 Fighting Disease Infectious Disease ‘The Body’s Defenses Preventing Infectious Disease infectious Disease Integrating Environmental Science Cancer and the Environment a 5 The Nervous System 1) How the Nervous System Works 2. Divisions ofthe Nervous System 3. The Senses : 4 Integrating Health Alcohol and Other Drugs The Endocrine System and Reproduction 1. The Endocrine System 2 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems 3 Integrating Health The Human Life Cyele Interdisciplinary Exploration The Olympic Games Reference Section Skills Handbook Think Like a Scientist Making Measurements Conducting a Scientific Investigation ‘Technology Design Skills Creating Data Tables and Graphs Math Review eats Reading Comprehension Skills “Appendix A Laboratory Safety English and Spanish Glossary Index ve Acknowledgments 138 140 45, 154 1159 166, 174 176 182 12 201 214 L216 24 232 246 252 252 254 256 1258 260 263 268, 22 274 286 292Ces TR ‘Design and Build a Hand Prosthesis ......5 Stop the Invasion! «+++. 29 What's for Lunch? 43. Tricksand Mlusons ..... ve 178 Travels of Red Blood Cell 77 APrecious Bundle newer) Get the Message Out uu See “How Does Your Body Respond? 6 How Docs Fiteringa Liquid Hardas Rock? «+++ 12 Change the Liquid? eevee DT ‘What Do X-ray Images Show? 2p How Doesa Disease Spread? 40 How Dottueres Work? sssvssccscscc.24 Which Pieces Fit Together? ns Meee eyan bere About Skin? _,.,,30 What Substances Can Kill Pathogens? 154 Food Claims-—Factor Fiction? .........44 What Happens When Do Snack Foods Contain Fa 35 Airflow Is Restricted? 159 ae cel UpDigetiont (40 What Does Sunight Dot the Beads 166 Which Surface IsLarger? « © How Simple is Simple Task? 176 How Herd Docs Your Heart World ......78 HowDoes Your Knee Retc 182 How Docs Pressure fect Blood Flow? ..85_ Whatsin che Bast : 92 What Kinds of Cals Are in Blood? «.....91 How Gan You Bes Say No? 201 Which Foods Are“Heart Healy"? ....-98 Whats the Signal “216 How Bigcan You Blow UpaHaloon? «112 Whats he Big iflesence 24 What Avethe Dangers of Smoking? ....122, HO Mame a Try This Activity Reinforcement of key concepts How Isa Book Organized? Soft Bones? Geta Grip ‘Sweaty Skin ‘Modeling eristalsis - Break Up! (Caught in the Web Blocking the Flow What Do You Exhale? Stuck Together You Blirked! ‘Working Together Way to Grow! ‘Teenagers in AdsSE a ETS Classijing Predicting . Graphing Creating Data Tables Caleulaing Classifjing Posing Questions Drawing Conclusions Controlling Variables Designing Experiments Commenicating Making Models Calenlating Sar ‘Skills Lab A Look Beneath the Skin .....29 Skills Lab The Skin asa Barrier .,.....152 Design Your Own tab Sun Safety .....36 Skis Lab Canssof Dec, Consumer Lab Raisin’ the Raisin Thenand Now». sss 14 Quetion een 34 Design Your Own tab Skis Lab Asthe Seomach Chums 01 46 Rey oo Not : ‘Skills Lab Heart Beat, Health Beat 90 one With Caffeine ne Skills Lab Do You Know or Without? ... Youabos 103 Technology tab’ Modeling Skills Lab A Breath of Fresh Air br gative Feedback 222 ‘Skills Lao. Clues About Health wees 132 Skills Lab Growing Up eons el yy Soe Model Jats 19 Warning abel Ls Safer Fst TITS G3 Wacinaton titory 158 Protection From the Sn 35 Family History of lori 163 Mena Planning 59 Warning Tabet 169 First Aid for Choking [es pas the Sale Please iso Whats Year Blood Type 97 Medicine Labs 207 Heart Hay Activites. s.s-o00 102 Penn Sil 20 DewErma Technology Chapter Project Design and Build a Hand Prosthesis . ‘Tech and Design in History ‘Advances in Cardiovascular Medicine 100 Technology and Sodety Heart-Lung Machines coer lO ‘Analyzing Data Sunsereer Ratings «.-- Mu Protein Digestion 64 Blood Type Distribution 96 The Air You Breathe 13 Skin Cancer =... 168 ‘Movable Joints . ‘The Foo Guide Pyramid 536 “The Heart : 80 “The Breathing Process : us “The Immune Response pees 49 “The Nervous System 5 183 Negative Feedback . 221 Career Path «sees 3 Summary eer Comparison Paragraph... a) Descriptive Paragraph 39 Sequence of Events n Information Sheet B Comparison Paragraph =. Mt Research and Write : 01 Letter sees 2107 Explanation «.-.. ' BI ‘Science and History Fighting Infectious Disease Science and Society Should People Be Required to Wear Bicycle Helmets? ‘Technology Lab “Modeling Negative Feedback Sound Intensity Hormone Levels Math stalls Percentage Calculating a Rate Surface Area Informational Brochure Speech Explanation Research and Write Newspaper Article Comparison Paragraph Gaune-and- Effet Paragraph Descriptive Paragraph (Canse-and.-ffect Paragraph Creative Writing 190 m2 196 230 1s 144 151 157 WL 189) 200 au 21 243WSU Tor Links on Body Systems For Links on Medical Technology For Links on the Skin For Links on Foods and Energy For Links on Digestion .. For Links on Cardiovascular Problems For Lincs on Respiratory Disorders For Lincs on Organs of Excretion For Lines on Noninectious Disease For Links on Cancer For Links on the Senses For Links on Addiction For Links on the Reproductive System For Links on Before Birth ' Dgovery won Enhancs ‘hough Preview Get motivated with Feld Tip Explore a real-world soy related to the chapter fd take an sessment 34 50 61 100 16 130 161 168 197 202 236 | [comnaine | [o5 J | Web Links ‘resources ncvary leone SINS Fira inks on tops vlan f every sect Active Art Interact wth Selected vals rom every hapter online Planet Dian? Explore news sand natural phenomena ‘ough week report J Lo Experience the complete tex bok onine and on CORON Activites Practice sil and team content Videos expire content and Iearnmpartan ab sls Auto Suppor. Hear key terms Spoken 300 defined Self-Assessment Use instant ‘ecack toe you track Your progres Scones town Keep up to date with the ats sconceA Steely Athletic Trainer “When 1 was young in Japan, I wanted to bea professional athlete.” says National Football League athletic trainer riko Iso.“I was hoping to play sports forever” But all of that changed in one fateful moment on the basketball court. “| was playing junior high basketball, when I tore the anterior cruciate ligament (AC}.) in my knee. I was 14.” ‘riko gives fluidsto a Pittsburgh Steeler at ‘ene out (above). A Steelers player hurdles fan opponent (ig) “1 was in the hospital for about seven weeks for recovery and rehabilitation. It was nearly a year before I played basketball again. I did play, but I was never the same as before. I was never as fast or as quick” “The experience changed Ariko’s career plans. “I decided if I couldn't play sports, I would choose a profession where I could help athletes.” Today, Ariko is the assistant athletic trainer for the Pittsburgh Steclers. ‘Ariko is neither big nor tall, but she plays a vital role on the team. It’s her job to help 200-300-pound athletes stay in the best condition possible, For Ariko, its a dream job.a Talking With Ariko Iso What brought you to the United States? ‘Twenty yeats ago in Japan, athletic training was, faicly new. There was no four-year college degree {nathletic traning. Furthermore, the techniques ae from the West. I wanted to learn the science Also, I had always wanted to goto a new country and learn a new language. My parents told me they would suppert my going overseas. So I ended ‘up at Oregon State University. What science courses should a trainer take? First, you have to learn about the human body. Anatomy and physiology are key courses to our education. In anatomy class, learned all the bones and muscles in the body. also learned tne other parts ofthe body, But to an athletic trainer, the bone and muscle structures are the most important, ‘Aiko applies electriestimulation toa mresourgh Steelers’ knee. ‘The technology helps contro! swelling and reduce pain ater surgery. eee) ‘riko so Arik 10 grew up in Japan. She came to the United States to attend Oregon state Univesity where she received a bachelors degree In Exercise and Sport Science. She earned! ¢ mas ters degree from San Jose State University in California. riko was an assistant athletic trainee for Portland State University in Oregon for sb years. Currenty, she ste assistant trainer for the NL’ Pittsburgh Steelers, I studied physiology to learn how the diferent parts of the body function, Later, I studied kinesiology, or body movemer Kinesiology involves physics as well as anatomy and physiology Why is kinesiology important? ‘When you throw a ball fr instance, you want to know the most efficient way todo it. That means you nsed to know the best ange ofthe shoulder and which muscles move the shoulder ina {throwing motion. You ako need to know and Understand the intemal rotation ofthe shoulder. 1S helpfal to analyze each joint its motion, and the muscles that make a movement happen ‘Then you know which muscles to trainin order toimprove that motion,y= How did you get the job with the Steelers? J started out at Portland State University in (Oregon as the women’s basketball assistant athletic trainer Late, when I became the football athlete trainer, [attended an NEL footballinjury conference. There met the head athletic trainer fr the Pittsburgh Stecles. Fe told me to appy to the Steelers’ summer internship program for athletic trainers. ended up workingat the Steelers’ training camp for two summers. Then inthe spring of 2002, the Steelers called and asked if} would be interested ina full-time job. In the Stealers’ waining center riko monitors the recovery of injured players [A Steelers player exercises, tsing a machine. The computer graphs how much force ha ie using (above. What do you do as an athletic trainer? 1 do litle bit of everything. 1 will tape up ankles before a practice ora game. If someone needs help loosening up his muscles, Tend a hand. 1 make sue thatthe players drink plenty of fluids, If someone gets a small cut, Tl close it up. Whea someon is injured on the field, is my job 10 ‘evaluate the injury and to perform whatever temergency treatment is appropriate also need tobe able to tell when to cal fora doctor oF ‘other specialist. ‘Off the field, my duties include helping the athletes avoid injury. But ifa player does get Jnjured, make sure that his rehabilitation goes swell as possible. An athlete recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, for instance, can take up toa year to be completely healthy les my job to monitor his progress and make sue he is doing everything he can to speed his recovery. Recovering fom Shoulder surgery. this player exercises and stretches to | build strenath.What rehabilitation do you re for an ACL injury? Tearing the anterior cracate ligament isa big injury. Ifyou spain your ankle, there is usually no need to operate. But if you tear your anterior ‘cruciate ligament in your knee, reconstruction is recommended. With my athletes, the focus during the ftst 24 to 48 hoursaer the surgery is on controlling the pain and swelling with compression an ice. As soon asthe pain is bearable, the paient is expected to exercise t0 regain a range of motion in the knee. The player is walking with crutches within about three days and without crutches within two weeks. ‘The tissue needs certain time to heal before beginning rehabilitation. [would probably tart ‘with really light weights as soon as the pain and swelling go down and then watch the knee carefully. You begin with no weight, work up to a five-pound weigit, and increase the amount of weight from there, ‘a ‘This Steelers player is exercising with weights Inthe whirpoo. What's the best part of your job? ‘ike working with athletes over a long time. can tend to their aches and pains, monitor their training, and oversee their rehabilitation. Itsa ‘mentally challenging job, too. It demands a detailed knowiedge of how the body works and how best to take care oft. Pd choose this job again’ Certara ae (Go @nlin: Woereoodon Wb coe 0Yea Ue Ce and Skin @ Body Organization and Homeostasis Discover How Does Your Body Respond? Ty This How is 9 Book Organized? ‘The Skeletal System Discover Hard 352 Rock? [Active Art Movable Joints ‘Skills Activity Classifying ‘iy This Soft Bones? Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries Discover What Do Xray ages show? The Muscular System Discover How Do Muscles work? Ty This Geta Grip Skills tab A Look Beneath the Skin The Skin Discover What Can You Observe About Skin? Sry This Sweaty Skin [Analyzing Data SPF Ratings Design You Own Lab Sun Safety 2 ‘interactive rextbook err es Batre oe Tt)‘overy OOL Ss can ned Design and Build a Hand Prosthesis A prosthesis isan artifical device that replaces a human body part. Designing artificial replacements, such as prosthetic hhands, can be a challenging task. Tiss because even a simple act, such as Picking up a pen, involves a complex interaction of body parts, Your Goal To design, build, and testa replace- ment fer a human hand Your prosthesis must © grasp and life a varity of objects «be activated by pulling a cord or string ‘spring back when the cord is released «be built following the safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan Itt Before you design your prosthetic hand, study the human hand, Watch how the fingers move to pik up objects: Make 3 list of devices that mimic the ability ofthe hand to pick Up objects. Examples include tongs, tweezers, pliers, and chopsticks. Then, choose material for your hand and sketch your design. When your teacher has approved your design, build and test your prosthetic hand, Chapter D 65Reading Preview Key Concepts + What are the level of ‘organization in the body? ‘= What is homeostasis” Key Terms ‘cal coll memtrane = nudeus. + ertonbsm stisue + muscle sue * nervous tssue * connective tisue epithelial tse Sorgen organ stem homeostasis + sess © Target Reading Skill ‘outlining An ourtine shows the felationship between main (eas fn supporting ideas. AS you ead make an outline bout body ‘rganization na homeostasis. Use thered headings fo the main ideas and the blue headings forthe ‘supporting ideas. Body Organization and Homeostasis cells [A Structure feels Tues Body Organization and Homeostasis How Does Your Body Respond? 1. stack one book on top of ‘another one. 2, Lift the two stacked books in front of you so the lowest book is about level swith your shoulders. Hold the books inthis position for 30 seconds. While you are performing this activity, note how your body Fesponds. For example, how do your arms fee! atthe beginning and toward the end of the 30 seconds? '3. Balance one book on the top of your head. Walk a few steps with the book on your head. ‘Think tt over Inferring Lstall the parts of your body that worked together 35 {You performed the activities in Steps 1 through 3. “The bell rings—lunebtime! You hurry down the noisy halls to | the cafeteria, The unmistakable aroma of hot pizza makes your ‘mouth water At lst, you balance your tray of pizza and salad | we you py the cashes. Yu look around the cater or | Jour fiends. Then, you walk tothe table sit down, and bepin tocat. 1 e SThink about how many parts of your body were involved in | the simple act of getting and eating your lunch. Every minute of the day, whether you are cating, studying, walking, or even seo | Seeping, your body is bslyat work. Fach part of the body has | a specific job t0 do, And all the different parts of your body usually work together so smoothly that you don't even notice them. “This smooth functioning is due partly to the way in which the body is organized. The levels of orgenization in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The smallest unit of organization is the cel. The next largest unit is tissues then, organs. Finally, the organ system is the largest unit of organizationCells A call isthe basic unit of structure and function in a living thing. Complex organisms are composed of many cells in the same viny a brick building ie composed of many buichs, The hhuman body contains about 100 teilion cells. Cells are quite tiny,and most cannot be seen without a microscope. ‘Structures of Cells Most animal cells, including those in the human body, have a structure similar tothe cell in Figure 1. ‘The cell membrane forms the outside boundary of the cell. Inside the cell membrane is a large structure called the nucleus, ‘The nucteus isthe control center that directs the cell's activities and contains the information that determines the cell's form and function. When the cell divides, or reproduces, this infor. ‘mation js passed along to the newly formed cells. The material within a cell apart from the nucleus is called the cytoplasm (svr uh plaz um). The cytoplasm is made of a clear, jellylike substance conaining many cell structures called organelles. Functions of Cells Cells carry on the processes that keep ‘organisms alive. Inside cells, for example, molecules from digested food undergo chemical reactions that release energy for the bodys activities. Cells also grow and reproduce. And they get rid of waste products that result from these activities, GEE) wos te function of he nucleus? une Cell Structure mle How Is a Book Organized? In tis activity, you will ‘analyze the levels of ‘organization in a book, 1. Examine this textbook to see how iti subdivided — into chapters, sections, and s0 on, 2. Make @ concept map that shows this pattern of ‘organization. Pace the largest subdivision at the {0p of the map and the smallest atthe bottom, 3. Compare the levels of ‘organization in this textbook to thoze in the human body. ‘Making Models Which level ‘of organization in the textbook represents cells? Which represents tissues? ‘Organs? Organ systems? ‘Your body Is made of tilions of tiny structures Calied ces. interpreting Photographs What structure forms the outside boundary of the cel? Chapter 1D «7fount 2 ' ‘Types of Tissues | Your body contains “our kinds of issuer: muscle, nervous, connective, ‘Comparing and Contrasting How is the function of nervous tissue different from that of epitheial tissue? and epithet. | Muscle Tissue Every movernent you make depends on | muscle tissue. The | muscle tsue shown ows your body the brain cell shown | here, enables you > | ‘90, hear, and think | Connective Tissue Connective tissue, | suchas the bone | shown here, connects | ‘nd suppors partsof | your body | Epithella Tissue Epithelial tissue, such asthe skin calls shown here, covers ‘he surfaces of your body and lines your Internal organs Tissues “The next largest unit of organization in your body is a tissue tissue isa group of similar cells that perform the same function. The human body contains four basic types of tissue: muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue. To see examples of each of these tissues, look at Figure 2. Tike the muscle cells that form it, muscle tissue can contract, or shorten, By doing this, muscle tissue makes parts of your body move. While muscle tissue carries ‘out movement, nervous tissue directs and controls the process. Nervous tissue carries electrical messages back ‘and forth between the brain and other parts of the body. ‘Another type of tissue, connective tissue, provides sup- port for your body and connects all its parts. Bone tis sue and fat are connective tissues ‘The surfaces of your body; inside and out, are cov cred by epithelial tissue (ep uh THEE lee ul). Some epi- thelial tissue, such as your skin, protects the delicate structures that lie beneath it. The lining of your diges- re system consists of epithelial tissue that allows you to digest and absorb the nutrients in your food. Gin.) whatis the job of muscle sue? Organs and Organ Systems Your stomach, heart, brain, and lungs ate all organs. An ‘organ is a structure that is composed of different kinds fof tissue. Like a tissue, an organ performs a specific job. “The job of an organ, however, is generally more com- plex than that of tissue. The heart, for example, pumps blood throughout your body, over and over again. The heart contains all four Kinds of tissue—muscle, ner ‘ous, connective, and epithelial. Each typeof tissue con- Uuibutes to the organs overall job of pumping blood. Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, hich sa group of organs that work together to perform a tajr function. Your hearts pat of your circulatory ys- ‘tem, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout the body. Besides the heart, blood weoes are major strue- tures in the circulatory system. Figure 3 shows some of the major organ systems in the human body.Fecune 3 Organ Systems The human body is made up of eleven organ system. Eight ofthe systems are shown here Ierpreting Diagrams Which two systems work together to get ‘oxygen to your cele? ‘Skeletal System Supports and protects the body. Circulatery System Transpors materials to.and fom cll Digestive System Nervous System Breaks down Detects information from food and absorbs the environment and rutsients Controls body funetions, Endocrine System Controls many body processes by means of chemical. Respiratory System Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon clone Muscular system Enables movement of the body and Internal organs. xcretory system Removes wastes, Chapter 1 > #9(Go@nline “) Sis Forks nds ast osu eb Codes eure 4 Maintaining Homeostasis Regardless ofthe surrounding temperature, your body ‘temperature remains fatty fonstant at about 37°C. Sweating eft) and shivering (ight help fegulate your bocy temperature ‘Applying Concepts What isthe term forthe body's tendency to maintain a stable nternal ‘environment? wen | Homeostasis “The different organ systems work together and depend on one another. When you ride a bike, you use your muscular and Skeletal systems to steer and push the pedals. But you also need your nervous system to direct your arms andl legs to move. Your respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems work together to fuel your muscles with the energy they need. And your excretory system removes the wastes produced while your muscles are hard at work "All the systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis (hoh mee oh STAY sis), the body’s tendency to keep an internal balance. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of | changes in the external environment. Homeostasis in Action To see homeostasis in action, all you have to do is take your temperature when the air is cold ‘Then, take it again in an overheated room. No matter what the | temperature ofthe air around you, your internal body temper~ ature willbe close to 37°C. Of course, if you become sick, your body temperature may rise. But when you are well again, it returns to 37°C. | maintaining Homeostasis Your body has various ways of ‘maintaining homeostasis, For example, when you are too warm, you sweat. Sweating helps to cool your body. On the other hand, {when you are cold, you shiver. Shivering occurs when your mus- cles rapidly contract and relax. This action produces heat that hheips Keep you warm. Both of these processes help your body ‘maintain homeostasis by regulating your temperature.Stress and Homeostasis. Sometimes, things can hap pen to disrupt homeostasis. As a result, your heart may beat more rapidly or your breathing may increase. These reactions of your circulatory and respiratary «ystems are signs of stress Stress isthe reaction of your body to poten. tally threatening, challenging, or disturbing events. Think about what happens when you leave the stating line ina bike rice. As you pedal, your heartbeats faster and your breathing increases, What is happening in your body? First, your endocrine system releases a chemical called adrenaline into your bloodstream, Adrenaline gives you a burst of energy and prepares your body to take action. As you pedal, your muscles work harder and require more ‘oxygen. Oxygen is carried by the circulatory system, so your heart beats even faster to move more blood to yout ‘muscles. Your breath comes faster and faster, too, so that ‘more oxygen can get into your body. Your body is experi- encing tres. Lf stress is over quicty, your body soon returns to its ‘normal state. Think about the bike race again. After you cross the finish line you continue to breathe hard for the next few mimites. Soon, however, your breathing, and hear rate ret to normal, The evel of adrenaline in your blood returns to normal, Thus, homeostasis is restored afer just afew minutes of rest. Gn.) wnat seen Fours Stress Your body reacts to stress, such asthe start of a bike race, by releasing adrenaline and ‘carrying more oxygen to body cal Eau ya hs {© Target Reading Skill outtining Use the 2... Defining What is homeostasis? {information inyour outline to hep you '. Explaining How does stress affect homeostasis? answer the ution below © Relating Cause and Effect Describe what Reviewing Key Concepts 1. Kdentifying List the four levels of happens inside your body as you give an oral report in front of your class. Comparing and Contrasting Whatisthe | SMM Wt paragraph that explains diffrence bron rane and organe? sigh boy ost areimaied wien ou © Applying Concepts What ystems of the | sit down 0 do your homework, Be sure to body are irvolsed when you prepare a begin your paragraph with atopic sandwich and then eat it? ‘sentence and include supporting details. Chapter 1D 611Reading Preview Key Concepts «= what are the funations of the skeleton? + What role do joins play in the boay? + What are the characteristics of bone and how en you keep your bones strong and healthy? Key Terms 4 aleton + vrei + joint ‘gament + eariege {compact bone «spongy bone Srraron + oxeopross {@ Target Reading Skill [Asking Questions Before you feod, previo the red heags. 0 {graphic organza ke the one below, aka what > how question foreach heading. As you 644 aver your questions. “Te Slot system ‘Question | answer ‘whatdoes the The seta Seieton do? provides open eee neo The Skeletal System Hard as a Rock? 4, Your teacher wil give you a rock and a leg bone from a - cooked turkey or chicken. 2, Use a hand lens to examine ‘both the rock and the bone. 3. Gently tap both the rock and ‘the bone on alhard surface. ‘4. Pick up each object to feel how heavy itis. '5. Wash your hands, Then make notes of your observations Think ttOver Observing Based on your observations, why do you think bones Gre sometimes compared to rock? List some ways in which bones and rocks are similar and different. [Ahhigh rise construction sites a busy place. After workers have prepared the building’s foundation, they begin to assemble Thousands of stec! pieces into a frame forthe building, People watch as the steel pieces are joined to create a rigid frame that Climbs toward the sky. By the time the building is finished, hhowever, the building’ framework will no longer be visible. Tike a building, you also have an inner framework, but it jsatt made up of steel. Your framework, or skeleton, is made up of all the bones in your body. The number of bones in your Skeleton, or skeletal system, depends on your age. A newborn hhas about 275 bones. An adult, however, has about 206 bones. UAs a baby grows, some of the bones in the body fuse together For example, as you grew, some of the bones in your skull fused together What the Skeletal System Does Just asa building could not stand without its frame, you would collapse without your skeleton, Your skeleton has five major Functions. It provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and other materials until your body needs them.Shape and Support Your skeleton determines the shape of Your body, much asa steel frame determines the shape of 2 Building. The backbone, or vertebral column, is the center of the skeleton. Locate the backbone in Figure 6. Notice that the bones in the skeleton are in some way connected to this col, lumn. If you move your fingers down the center of your back, you can feel the 26 small bones, or vertebrae (VUR tuh bray) (Singular: vertebra), that make up your backbone. Bend for. ward at the waist and feel the bones adjust as you move. You can think ofeach individual vertebra as a bead on a string, Just as beaded necklace i flexible and able to bend, so too is your vertebral column. If your backbone were just one bone, you ‘would not beable to bend or twist. escing |) Why i the vertebra column © checkpoint) considered the cnt’ of the skeleton? Faure 6 The Skeleton ‘The skeleton provides a framework that supports and protects many ather body parts. Comparing and Contrasting in what ways 5 the skeleton ike the steel framewerk ofa building? in Uina what ways sit diferent? Skull Cavice (colar bone) Scaoula (shoulder blade) Phalanges— Metacsrpals-¢} Sternum oreastbone) Vertebral column ‘ackbone) Pluie girdle Chapter 1 0913| Movement and Protection Your stlton allows You to doe Mtoe ofthe body's bones are associated. with muscles. Th savacles pull on the bones to make the body move. ones |b protect tany f the ong fn your body or eae sesur kal protects your brain and your breastbone and ribs | Farm protective cage around your heart and lunes = Go @nline | production and Storage of Substances Some of your ctive art, bones produce substances that ‘your body needs. You can think ACEIVE GATE, | | the long bones of your arms and legs a factories that make fa mobi is ty | certain blood cel, Bones als store ‘minerals such as calcium tc iSchool com | ghd phosphorus. Whea the body needs these minerals, the eee | bones release smal amounts of them int the ‘blood. Fecure 7 | Joints of the Skeleton Movable Joints Suppose that a single long bone ran the length of your les wraut owbielens yar ane? | How would yougetout of bor for the school bus? Lack ra They, yu body contains many smal bons rather than eet Hom Your | |e one, A joint ia place in the body where two bones come Rody 20 move erg Mow | together Joints allow bones to move in different ways: Tere 's the movement of hinge fort are two is of joints—immove joints and movat ints. stator ofc ee, | se twokiniset pies rable joints and movable joints Socket joint? iifferent kinds of jo body to move in var Hinge Joint Ih hinge joint allows forward or ‘ackword motion. Your knee is a hinge joint that allows you to Bend and straighten your lea Your elbow is also a hinge joint. Balland-Socket Joint Ball-and socket joints flow the greatest range of motion, The ball-and-socket joint in your shoulder Slows you to swing your frm freely n a circle ‘Your hips also have palland:socket joins, wep &Immovable Joints Some joints in the body connect bones in a way that allows litte or no movement. These joints are called immovable joints. The bones of the skull are held together by immovable joints Movable Joints Most of the joints in the body are movable joints. Movable joints allow the body to make a wide range of ‘movements, Look at Figure 7 to see the variety of movements that these joints make possible. The bones in movable joints are held together by strong connective tissues called ligaments. Most joints have a second {ype of connective tissue, called cartilage (KAHR tuh lif), which is more flexible than bone. Cartilage covers the ends of the bones and keeps them from rubbing against each other. For example, in the knee, cartilage acts asa cushion that keeps your femur (thighbone) from rubbing against the bones of your lower leg. In addition, a fluid lubricates the ends of the bones, allowing them to move smoothly over each other, GE) How ae movati fins tad topethart Classifying Perform these activities. + Move your arm in a circle + Push open a door + Lifta b00k from a desk, + Knee! down, + Wave your hand, + Twist your head from side to side Determine which type of ‘movable joint or joint is Involved in performing each ‘activity. Give a reason to Support your classifications. Gliding Joint Wa Aalising oi allows fone bone te side over another the gliding as Jeintin your wrist or ankle A pivot int ations fone bone to rote tenables you to bend and ‘ex as well as make limited around another. side-toside motions The pivot joint in yourneck allows you to turn your heed from side toside.Fun 8 Bone Structure Femur ‘The most obvious feature af a long bone, Such a5 the fem sits long shaft. Running rough the compact bone tse within the Shoftis a system of nals. The canals bring materials tothe living bore cells Interpreting Diagrams What different ‘issues make up the femur? Soft Bones? Inthis activity, you wil ‘explore the role that calcium plays in bones. 1, Puton protetive gloves. Soak one clean chicken ‘bone in ajarfilled with ‘water, Soak a second clean chicken bone in ajar filled ‘with vinegar. (Vinegar ‘uses calelum to dissolve ‘out of bone) 2, After one week, pution protective goves and Temove the bones from the jars. 3, Compare hew the two bones look and feel. Note any differences between the two bones. Drawing Condusions Based ‘on your results, explain why itis important to consume a det that is high in calcium. woo | Bones—Strong and Living | When you think ofa skeleton you may think of the pape ut | ene tare used as decorations at Halloween. Many people aan ee skeletons with death, The ancient Greeks did t00. The | Stord skeleton actually comes from a Greek word meaning “a tried body? The bones of your skeleton, however are not dead ses Bees are complex living structures that undergo growthand development. | Bone Structure Figure 8 shows the structure ofthe fem, for thighbone, The fernur, which is the body’s longest bone, Connects the pelvic bones to the lower leg bones. Notice that @ thin, tough membrane covers all of the bone except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane, Beneath the bone's outer membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. As you | Gan see in Figure8, small canals run through the compact bone, These canals carry blood vessels and nerves from the ‘one’s surface tothe living cells within the bone. Just inside the femur’s compact bone is a layer of spongy bone. Like a sponge, spongy bone has many small spaces within it, This structure makes spongy bone tissne lightweight ‘ut strong. Spongy bone is also found at the ends ofthe bone. “The spaces in many bones contain a soft, connective tissue called marrow. There are two types of marrow—red and yel- tow. Red bone marrow produces most ofthe body’s blood cells ‘Ava dild, most of your bones contained red bone marrow. As a teenager, only the ends of your femurs, skull, hip bones, and treenum (breastbone) contain red marrow. Your other bones } Contain yellow marrow. This marrow stores fat that can serve | asam energy reserve. | kek) wher tery of bone aro?Bone Strength The structure of bone makes it both strong and lightweight In fact, bones are so strong that they can absorb ‘more force without breaking than can concrete or granite rock. Yet, bones are much lighter than these materials. n fact, only about 20 percent of an average adult's body weight is bone. Have you ever heard the phrase “as hard as a rock"? Most rock is hard because i is made up of minerals that are packed tightly together: In a similar way, bones are hard because they ‘contain minerab—primarily phosphorus and calcium, Bone Growth Hones are alive—they contain cells and tis- sues, such as blood and nerves. Because they are alive, bones also form new bone tissue as you grow, Even after you are Brown, however, bone tissue continues to form within your bones. For example, every time you play soceer of basketball, some of your bones absorb the force of your weight. They respond by makng new bone tissue. Sometimes, new bone tissue forms after an accident. you. break. bone, for example, new bone tissue forms to fill the gap between the broken ends of the bone. In fact, the healed region of new bone maybe stronger than the original bone! Faure 9 ‘Bone Strength Yu can jump up and down or tum cartwheels without breaking bones Chapter 1 D617Bone Development ‘Try this activity: Move the tip of your DISCOVEPY nose from side to side with your fingers Notice that the tip of | Your nose is not stiff. That is because it contains cartilage. As SCHOOL | minis mo your stone cag Orr time | most of the cartilage was replaced with hard bone tissue. | The replacement of cartilage by bone tissue usually is com- plete by the time you stop growing, You've seen, however, that hot all of your body’s cartilage is replaced by bone, Fven in FpvideoFieleTip | ‘adults, many joints contain cartilage that protects the ends of the bones, Taking Care of Your Bones Because your skeleton performs so many necessary functions, itis important to keep it healthy. A combination of a balanced, diet and regular exercise are important for a lifetime of healthy bones. Diet One way to help ensure healthy bones is to eat a well- balanced diet. A well-balanced diet includes enough calcium and phosphorus to keep your bones strong while they are jrowing. Meas, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables are all {good sources of both calcium and phosphorus. Dairy products, including yogurt, are good sources of calcium. Exercise Another way to build and maintain strong bones isto tet plenty of exercise, During activites such as running, skating, Gr dancing, your bones support the weight of your entire boy ‘These weight-bearing activities help your bones grow stronger and denser. To prevent injuries while exercising, be sure to wear appropriate safety equipment, such aa helmet and pads, (Gea) won eo ways ey your bones stn? Rune 10 Caring for Your Bones Exerching regularly and tcoting = balanced dit help {fo keep your bones strong and heathy, wedHealtly Spine Spine with Osteoporosis w une 11 Osteoporosis Without enough calcium inthe diet, 8 person's bones weaken, These Bhotos show how the shape and Structure of vertebrae in a healthy Spine compare with those in @ Person with osteoporosis, Relating Cause and Effect What can _you de to prevent osteoporosis? Osteoporosis As people become older, their bones begin tolose some of the minerals they contain, Mineral loss can lead 0 osteoporosis (ahs tee oh puh ROH sis), condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily. You can sce the «effect of osteoporosis in Figure 11. Osteoporosis is more com. ‘mon in women than in men, Evidence indicates that regular exercise throughout life can help prevent osteoporosis. A diet with enough calcium can also help prevent osteoporosis. Ifyou cat enough calcium-rich foods now, during your teenage years, you may help prevent osteoporosis later in life rE Assessment {© Terget Readirg Skill Asking Questions Work with« Partner o check the answers in your graphic onguze, Reviewing Key Concepts 18. Usting Wiat are five functions ofthe skeleton? Explaining How does the skeleton protect the body? « Pricing How wold your ibe dfeenifyour | ASK famly member to perform backbone consisted of just one long bonce ona olitandtie tia an te 2.2. Naming What are four types of movable joints? ‘rawings to represent the joins . Comparing and Contrasting Compare immovable and bora weed eects joints with movable joints, ‘movement. Use the drawings to © Cezatving Which of yourmovableoinsarebal-and+ | Gwsintayourtecin ena socket joints? ‘motions of the two joint lifter 3. Describing Describe the structure uf the fem, b. Relating Cause and Effect How does the structure of ‘bones make them both strong and lightweight? © Applying Concepts How do a well-balanced diet ‘weight-bearing exercise help keep bones strong? Model Joints Choose two examples ‘of movable joins from Figure 7 ‘Ask a family member to perform and Chapter 1D ¢ 19Prat) pce r aie Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries Reading Preview Key Concepts + what ae some iejris ofthe skeletal system, and how can ‘hey be idotiied? + How ean bone ad joint injuries be tested? Key Terms fracture * disotation sprain + Kay + magnetic esonance imaging ‘artis + erthroscope {@ target Reading Skill Comparing and Contrasting {When you compare and contrast things, you expat how they are alike ond diferent. As you read, Compare and coniastX aR completing a table ike the ‘one below. ren What Do X-ray Images Show? 1. Examine the photo of an X-ay image. 2. Ty to identity what part of the human body the X-ray shows. 3. Locate the breakin a bone. ‘Think t Over ‘Observing What types of structures are seen clearly in the X-ray? What types of structures cannot be seen? ‘You're walking home from school on a winter day. Its cold out- | il, and the ground is icy. Suddenly, you slip. As you lose your balance, you put out your arms to break your fallThe next thing | you know, you're on the ground. Your hands stings and you Notice they are scraped. One wrist is starting to swell, and it | hart! If you try to move your wrist, it hurts even more. You need to get to a doctor—and fast. | Common Skeletal System Injuries Cathe ray to th dato, you might be wondering, “Is my | wrist broken?” Your. “swollen wrist could be broken, or it could ay Thee common skeletal tem | Sharer dents end pras Fracture A fracture, or a break in a bone, can occur when | you fallin such a way that all of your weight is placed on only « | Few bones. There ate two kinds of fractures—simple and com- | pound. In a simple fracture, the bone may be cracked or com | pletely broken into two or more pieces. In a compound Fracture, the broken ends ofthe bone stick out through the skin. | pistocation A second injury ofthe skeletal system isa dislo- ertun: a dislocation occurs when the end ofa bone comes out | iit otne Sometimes a doctor can put back dislocated bone |e tr tes surgery neededSprain A sprain occurs when ligaments are stretched too far and tear in plies. If you have ever stumbled and turned an ankle, you may have felt a sharp pain, The pain probably ‘occurred because the ligaments on the outside of your ankle stretched too iar and partially tore. Sprains, especially of the ankle, are the most common joint injuries. Both sprains and fractures can cause swelling around the injured area Beading What isthe ference between a snp fracture Ges Ie ctmecaence be Identifying Injuries When you se the doctor she loka your wrist and decides she need to look inside your wrist o determine whats wrong, Two ways to identify njaries ofthe skeletal sytem are Xero en magnetic resonance maging Xerays: X-ray images can determine whether bones have been broken, X-rays are a form of energy that travels in waves, ike the light that yeur eyes can see Before an X-ray image is taken, a lead apron is placed on your body to protect you from unnecessary exposure to X-rays, Photographic film is placed under the area to be viewed. Then, machine that emits a beam of X-rays is aimed at the area. The X-rays pass through soft tissue but not through bone. The X- rays absorbed by the bone do not reach the film. After the film is developed, it shows bones as clearly defined white areas. One limitation of X-rays is that they cannot be used directly to view injuries to soft tissues, such as muscle and internal organs.tn addition, the energy in X-rays can damage your body cells. This is why you should not have unnecessary X-ray images taken. Faure 12 X-ray Diagnosis Xerays can be used to ‘determine whether or not you have broken 2 bore or dislocated 2 Joint. Applying Concepts What aresome limitations of X-rays? (eal (Go On line see For: inks on meal ehnoasy Vist wiv Sins or Web Code sen.une 13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging ‘Magnetic resonarce imaging can produce images cf muscles and ‘ther sof datuesin the body. The Image on the right was produced ‘sing magnetic resonance imaging neo | Magnetic Resonance Imaging A method for taking dese Iinage of bath the bones and soft tissues ofthe body is called | Minette resonance imaging, or MR. An MRI scanner isa Tnrge machine tht contains clecromagnes. The person is | ced on lara hat sins the fd of the magnet. The sent is then exposed to shot bursts of magnetic energy. This Mhagnetic energy couses atoms within the body to vibrate, oF [om Aste hn hen patterns and produces an image of the area. MRI images are amazingly sharp and cleat. MRI can pro- | auceinages of body tue any angle In aden, MRI cn Show aclear image of muscles and ether soft issues that an Xray image cannot show. Another advantage of MRI is that thera is no evidence that it can damage calls. Because MRD tnachines are very expensive to buy and use, this technique is ftorcommonly used to identify posible broken bones PG ee8ny) Whats one advantage that MRI has over an Xray? Treating Injuries “The doctor determines that your wrist is broken and puts a cast | omit. You must wear the cast for six weeks until the bone heals. | Tp addition to wearing a cast, two other ways to treat skeletal | Sytem injuries inl sural procedures such a8 joint | replacement and arthroscopy.Joint Replacement Not all injuries to the skeleton involve broken bones. Sometimes, the joints are injured or diseased and require treatment. This is often true for people who have artaritis. Arthritis is a disease of the joints that makes movement painful. When movement. becomes extremely painful or impossible, the joint may need to be replaced with an artificial one made of metals or plastic. Doctors can replace Knees, hips, shoulders, fingers, and ‘wrists. During surgery, the natural joint is removed and an artificial one is cemented in its place, Arthroscopy Joint injuries can also be treated by artheo- scopic surgery Doctors make a small incision and insert a slim tube-shaped instrument called an arthroseope {AHR thrah skokp) into the joint. Attached tothe arthroscope isa camera that pojects the image from inside the joint onto a monitor. This allows doctors to look inside the joint to see ‘What is wrong, After the problem is diagnosed, tiny instru- ‘ments are inserted through one or more additional small incisions to make the necessary repairs, The arthroscope has helped to diaguose and repair many joint problems, Gees) What is arthritis? Errata Beng © Target Reading Skill Comparing and Contrasting Use ‘he information in your table about X-rays and MRI to help you answer Question 1 below. Reviewing Key Concepts 4. Listing What are three common skeletal system injuriest ‘Comparing and Contrasting How might each of the different sheletal system injuries be diagnosed? © Applying Concepts Suppose that an X-ray of your injured wrist did not show a fracture. But after a ‘month, your wrist is till painful and stiff Why might your doctor order an MRI? 2.a. identifying What are two ways to treat bone and joint injures urgially? . Summarizing Which joints c and how ist done? ‘© Making Judgments How has arthroscopic surgery improved the methods for treating skeletal injarig? be replaced surgically Fours 14 ‘Arthroscopic Surgery To diagnose and treata knee injury, this surgeon has ineerted an arthroscope into the patient’ knee. Safety First List the types of ‘exercise you and your family ‘members do. With your family, brainstorm a lst of safety gear and Precautions to use foreach activity in order to prevent skeletal system injuries. (For example, for bicycling, Yyou might list wearing a heimet, Stretching before riding, and avoiding busy streets and nighttime Fiding.) How can you put these safety measures inta practice? Chapter 1 D6 23Reading Preview Key Concepts + what types of muscles are found inthe body? + Why do skeletal muscles workin pis? Key Terms ‘involuntary musde ‘voluntary muse 4 skeletal muscle tendon 1 trinted muscle + smooth muscle *carslac muse When you preview, you lookahead atthe ‘material to be read Preview Figure 15.Then,ina graphic || frganizr like theone below, write two questions that you have about the dagram, As you read, answer ST sypes of Muscle | @ How does seietal mscle | help my bed move? x a meo The Muscular System How Do Muscles Work? 4. Grip a spring-type clothespin with the thumb and index finger of your writing hand. Squeeze the clothespin open and shut as quickly as possible For two minutes. Count how many times you can squeeze the clothespin before your muscles tre. 2. Rest for one minute. Then, repeat Step 1 ‘Think it Over Predicting, What do you think would happen if you repeated Steps 1 and 2 with your other hand? Give a reason for your prediction, Then, test your prediction. 'A rabbit becomes still when it sonses danget. The rabbit sits 0 Still that it doesnt seem to move a muscle. Could you sit with- Sut moving any muscles? Saliva builds up in your mouth. You Swallow. You need to breathe. Your chest expands to let air in. ‘Allof these actions involve muscles. tis impossible to sit abso- Iutely sil without muscle movement. “There are about 600 muscles in your body. Muscles have ‘many functions. For example, they keep your heart beating, pull {your mouth into a smile, and move the bones of your skeleton. ‘The girl doing karate on the next page uses many of her muscles to move her arms, legs, hands, fet, and head. Other muscles fexpand and contract her chest and allow her to breathe. Types of Muscle Some of your body's movements, such as smiling, are easy to ‘control. Other movements, such as the beating of your heart, gre impossible to control completely. That is because some of our muscles are not winder your conscious control. Those Thuscles ae called involuntary muscles. Involuntary muscles ihe responsible for such essential activities as breathing and digesting food.The muscles that are under your conscious control are called voluntary muscles. Smiling, turning a page in a book, and getting out of your chair when the bell rings are all actions controlled by voluntary muscles. ‘Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal ‘muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, Some of these ‘muscle tissues are involuntary, and some are voluntary. In Figure 15, you see a magnified view of each type of muscle in the body. Bothskeletal and smooth muscles are found in many places in the body. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart Bach muscle type performs specific functions in the body. Corde muscle Skeletal muscle eure 15 “ypes of Muscle ‘Your body has three types of muscle tsue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Classifying Which ype of ‘muscles found only in the heart? Smooth muscle Chapter 1D ¢ 25‘Skeletal Muscle Every time you walk across a room, you are using skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton and provide the force that moves your ones. Ateieh end of a skeletal muscle isa tendon, tendon isa strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Skeletal ‘muscle cells appear banded, or strated. For this reason, skeletal ‘muscles sometimes called striated (sta ay tid) muscle, ‘Because you have conscious control of skeletal muscles, they are classified as voluntary muscles. One characteristic of skeletal muscles is that they react very quickly. Think about what happens during a swim meet. Immediately after the start ing gun sounds, a swimmer’s leg muscles push the swimmer off the block into the pool. However, another characteristic of ‘skeletal muscles is that they tire quickly. By the end of the race, the swimimer’s muscles are tired and need a rest. Geta Grip ‘Are skeletal muscles at work ‘wen you're not moving? 1 lold a stirrer front of ‘you, parallel 0 a table top, Do not touch the table. 2, Have a partner place 2 hairpin on the stirrer. 3. Rake the ster unt the "legs" of the hairpin just ‘touch the table. Tne “head” of the hairpin should rest on the stirrer. 4 Hold the stirrer steady for 20 seconds. Observe what hhappens to tre hairpin, 5. Grip the stirrer tighter and, repeat Step 4, Observe. ‘Smooth Muscle The inside of many internal organs, such as the stomach and blood vessels, contain smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. They work automat ically to contzol certain movements inside your body, such 2s those involved in digestion. For example, as the smooth mus- des of your stomach contract, they produce a churning action. ‘The churning mixes the food with chemicals, and helps to digest the food. ‘Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscle cells are not sti- ated. Smooth muscles behave differently than skeletal muscles, too. Smooth muscles react more slowly and tie more slowly. Inferring Are the skeletal Azada tmuscesin yourhand at work ‘when you hole your hand $i? cpa, ‘Whereis smooth muscle found? wedrun wih bah apni naa ane cate | Go @nline For: ocean mace types Visit PrShetcam Wb Code: eats Muscles at Work | Has anyone ewer asked you to “make a muscle" Iso, you prob- ably tightened your fs bent your armat the elbow and made peyg 4g the muscles in your upper arm bulge, Like other skeletal mus: | RaW 'S ck the mann your sm do thle work by contacting | MUSE Pals || becoming shorter and thicker. Muscle cells contract when they | Sesruremuslscan ony cont receive messages from the nervous system, Because muscle | pum toben'he am erne cal can ony contrac not extend, skeletal muscles mast _ Sb he eps crac ie workin pairs. While one muscle contract the other muscle {Me cept retusa in the pair relaxes to its original length. Whet happens to each muse to straighten the arm? action involvec in bending the arm at the elbow. First, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbovs lifting the forearm and hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of the upper arm relaxes [EPS 1 and returns to its original length. Then, to straighten the original contacts Triceps elbow, the triceps muscle contracts. As the triceps contracts nth to extend the arm, the biceps relaxes and retums to its origi- nal length, Another example of muscles that work in pairs are those in your thigh that bend and straighten the knee joint, Biceps returns ‘original length Chapter 1D ¢ 27Muscular Strength and Flexibility Regular exer- cise is important for maintaining both muscular ‘Strength and flexibility. Exercise makes individual mus- Ce cells grow i size. As a result, the whole muscle becomes thicker, The thicker a muscle is, the stronger the muscle is, When you warm up thoroughly before « exercising, the blood flow to your muscles increases and they become more flexible. Stretching after you warm up helps prepare your muscles for the more vigorous exercise or play ahead. ‘Sometimes, despite taking proper precautions, mus: cles can become injured. A muscle strain, or pulled mus- cle, can occur when muscles are overworked or overstretched. Tendons can also be overstretched or par tally tor. After along period of exercise, skeletal mus~ cle can cramp. When a muscle cramps, the entire muscle Contracts strongly and stays contracted. If you injure @ muscle or tendon, it is important to follow medical instructions and to rest the injured area soit can heal. cure 17 Preventing Muscle Injuries \When you warm up before exercsing, you increase the flexibly of your muscles Reading _) What are two ways to prepare the muscles Eeckpoint ) for exercise? Pee ek ‘Target Reading Skil Previewing Visuals Refer to your ‘© target Reading sil peewee oer ERD CQuatiea bees Comparison Paragraph Write a Reviewing Key Concepts paragraph cmparnasmocth tea. ldentfying What ae the three types of muscle tssuet | Mussa Use andl ksletel muscle E-comparingand Contrasting How do voluntary and (eau SRolantaty muscles differ Give an example of cach Ue Ae Ua Spe ofa ountany wre they a found «. Predicting The muscles that move your fingers are Bn pram are Itschel othe bone in your ings enon dation, descive what you might Siti creaftbendossinapecorsindes ing ra saps. te iitafiec movementin the finger? (has . Kdentifying Where might you find muscle past ee b. Describing Describe how the muscles in your upper frm work together to bend and straighten your arm «Applying Concopts When exercising to build musculae Strength ly i timportant to exercise both muscles ina anusee pai equally? wepSkills Lab A Look Beneath the Skin Problem What are some characteristic of skeletal muscles? How do skeletal muscles work? Skills Focus ‘observing, inferring, classifying Materials water * uncooked chicken * paper towels Wing, treated with ‘scissors bleach + dissecting tray Procedure Bf) (G3 & Sli 1. Puton goggles, an apron, and protective gloves. CAUTION: Wear gloves whenever ‘you handle the chicken, Your teacher will give you a chicken wing, Rinse it well with water, cry it with paper towels, andplace it ina dissecting tray 3. Carefully extend the wing to find out how many major parts it has, Draw a diagram of the external structure. Label the upper arm, elbow, lower arm, and hand (wing tp) 4, Use scis0r5 "0 remove the skin. Cut only through theskin. CAUTION: Cut away from your body and your classmates. Examine the muscles, which are the bundles of pink tissue around the bones. Find the ‘wo groups of muscles in the upper arm, Hold the arm down atthe shoulder, and alternately ull on each muscle group. (Observe what happens. 6. Find the two groups of muscles in the lower ‘arm. Hold down the arm atthe elbow, and ‘akernately pull on each muscle group. Then, make a diagram af the wing's muscle 7. Find the tendons—shiny white tissue at the lends ofthe muscles. Notice what parts the tendons connect. Add.the tendons to your diagram, 8. Remove the muscles and tendons. Find the ligaments, which are the whitish ribbon- shaped structures between bones. Add them 10 your diagram, 9, Dispose of the chicken parts according to your teecher’s instructions. Wash your hands. Analyze and Conclude 1. Observing How does a chicken wing move at the elbow? How does the motion compare tohow your elbow moves? What type of Joints involved? 2. Inferring What happened wien you pulled ‘on one of the arm muscles? What muscle action does the pulling represent? 3. asifying Categorize the muscles you observed as smooth, cardiac or skeletal 4. Communicating Why iit valuable to record Your observations with acurate diagrams? ‘Write a paragraph in which you describe what your dlagrams show More to Explore Use the procedures from this lab to examine an ‘uncooked chicken thigh and leg. Compare how ‘the chicken leg and a human leg move. Obtain ‘your teacher's permission before carrying out {your investigation Chapter 10 @ 29{© target Reading Skill The Skin Reading Preview Key Concepts + What are the functions and the structures of sini + What habits cn Flp Keep your skin heathy? Key Terms. + epidermis * melanin dermis # pore + follicle \dentifying Main ideas As you read the section tied The Body's Tough Covering, wie the main igea—the biggest most important idea-—ina graphic frganize like the enebelow. Then, write fv supporting deal. The Supporting detallegve examples of the main iea, Maine “Te skin hs seve important fundions. ead elail etal ——_—etal is ec wooo Deut What Can You Observe About Skin? 4. Using a hand lens, examine the skin on your hand. Look for pores and hairs on both the palm and back of your hand. 2, Place a plastic glove on your hand. After five minutes, emove the glove. Then, ‘examine the skin on your hand with the hand lens. Think tt Over Inferring Compare your hand before and after wearing the love. What happened to the skin ven you wore the glove? Why did this happen? Here’s a question for you: What's the largest organ in the human body? IF your answer is the skin, you are right! If an adult’ skin were stretched out flat it would cover an area larger than 1.5 square meters—about the size of a mattress on aa twin bed. You may think of the skin as nothing more than a ‘covering that separates the inside of the body from the outside environment, Iso, you'll be surprised to learn about the many important roles that the skin plays. The Body's Tough Covering The skin performs several major functions in the body. The skin covers and protects the body from injury, infection, and ‘water loss. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, Climinate wastes, gather information about the environ- ment, and produce vitamin D. Protecting the Body The skin protects the body by form- ing a barrier that keeps disease-causing microorganisms and, Iainful substances outside the body. In acdition, the skin helps keep important substances inside the body. Like plastic wrap that Keeps food from drying out, the skin prevents the | toss of impoctant fluids such as water.Maintaining Temperature Another function of the skin is to help the body maintain a steady temperature. Many blood vessels run throughout the skin, When you become too warm, these blood vessels enlarge and the amount of blood that flows ‘Duval them increases. These changes allow heat to move from your body into the outside environment. In addition, ‘sweat glands in the skin respond to excess heat by producing perspiration. As perspiration evaporates from your skin, your skin is cooled. Eliminating Wastes Perspiration contains dissolved waste ‘materials that come from the breakdown of chemicals during, cellular procestes, Thus, your skin is also helping to eliminate Wastes whenever you perspire. For example, some of the wastes that come from the breakdown of proteins are eliminated in perspiration Gathering Information The skin also gathers information about the environment. To understand how the skin does this, place your fingertips on the skin of your arm and press down firmly. Then lightly pinch yourself. You have just tested some of the nerves in your skin. The nerves i skin provide informa- tion about such things as pressure, pain, and temperature. Pain ‘messages are important because they warn you that something in your surroundings may bave injured you. Producing Vitamin D Lastly, some of the skin cells pro duce vitamin D in the presence of sunlight. Vitamin D is important for healthy bones because it helps the cells in your Aigestive system to absorb the calcium in your food. Your skin cells need only a few minutes of sunlight to produce all the vitamin D you need in a day. escing_) How does your skin gather information about the Gein) soncese you Four 18 Eliminating Wastes ‘Sweat glands in the skin produce ‘perspiration, which leaves the body {through pores. The inset photo shows beads of sweat on skin, Relating Cause and Effect fn cnn to elminating wastes ‘that sanother inportant function of perspiration? Chapter 1 D6 31Chapter Chapter Preview @ Food and Energy Discover Fooa Claims—Fact for Fiction? ‘Skil Activity Predict Math Skil Percent Consumer Lab Ris Raisin Question Healthy Eating Distover Do Snack Foods Contain Fat? [Active Art Reading 2 Food Pyramid Skils Activity Graphing At Home Aetvity Menu Planning The Digestive Process Begins Discover How Con You Speed Digestion AAtHome Activity First Aid for Choking Skils Lab Ae the Stomach Chums Final Digestion and ‘Absorption Discover Which Surface s Larger? Try Ths Break Up! ee cs ee eedDiscovery SCHOOL zone” What's for Lunch? When you're hungry and grab a snack, what clo you choose? In this project, youl take a close look atthe foods you select each day ‘To compare your eating pattern to the recommendations in the USDA MyPyramid Plan To complete this project successfully, you must | @ keop an accurate record of everything you est and drink for three days ‘ # create graphs to compare your eating . pattern with the recommendations of —" the U.S. Department of Agriculture < (usoa) 1 take changes in your de, = needed, during another three-day Before you begin, study this chapter to understand how foods are grouped. Then, visit the USDA Web ste at wvew MyPyramid gov to get your recommended plan. Next decide how to keep an accurate, complete food log. How will you make sure you record everything you eat and drink? How will ou determine serving sizes? After your teacher approves your plan, start keeping your food lag. ERR: ‘Chapter 2D ° 43Food and Energy Reading Preview Discover Activity Key Concepts + wy does your body need food? + How do the sx rutrents needed by the body help carry out ets process? Food Claims—Fact or Fiction? 4. Examine the list of statements at the right, Copy the list onto a separate sheet of paper. 2. Next to each statement, write Fact or eAninesnesaroe bron nthe ee ‘fon otter pepe, The on sata Sie oda toresorcesgree,cvearenon |) sloodconatet carbohydrate *glucose * fat for your response. the salt that you * protein * amino acid 3, Discuss your responses with a small, hhave added to i Semin Sn at goupetdesmotes compare the. ASparot heaty Rasnsyou soveforagrecngor [set croyone Ghegreongwineechsttenent. [should tate vtamin {© target neacng sil ng as yo ete a itn oar es groupe a nuctensncded 9th body Ue Seve natn thane sou bee nena forthe sotto eat, ee supplements Posing Questions Ust some other ‘Statements about nutrition that you have heard, How could you find out whether the statements are true? Imagine a Thanksgiving dinner—roast turkey on a platter, delicious stuffing, and lots of vegetables—an abundance oF colors and aromas. Food is a central part of many celebrations, ‘of times shared with friends and family. Food is also essential Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Food ane Energy Why You Need Food Foods provide your body with materials for growing and for repairing tissues. Food also provides energy for everything you do. For examples running. playing « mosical instrament, Teading, and even sleeping require energy. Food alo helps your body maintain homeestass You readin Chapter that thes ‘tems of the body work together to help keep the body's internal environment stable By fling your energy needs food enables your body 0 keep ths balance during ll your activites : Nutrients Your body breaks down the foods you eat into nutrients, ‘Nutrients (NOO tree unts) are the substances. iin food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all its essential processes. There are six groups of | nutrients necessary for human health—carbohydrates, fats, | proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. asenEnergy When nutrients are used by the body for energy, the amount of energy they release can be measured in units called calories. One calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Most foods contain many thousands of calories of energy. Biolo- gists use the term Calorie, with a capital C, to measure the energy in foods. One Calorie is the same as I kilocalorie (kcal) oF 1,000 calories. For example, one serving of popcorn may contain 60 Calories (60 kcal), oF 60,000 calories, of energy. The more Caloriesa food has, the more energy it contains You need to cat a certain number of Calories each day to ‘meet your bocy’s energy needs. Your daily energy requirement depends on your level of physical activity. Your needs also change as you grow and age. As an infant and child, you grew very rapidly, so you likely had very high energy needs, Your ‘current growth and level of physical activity affect the number of Calories you need now. The more active you are, the greater your energy needs are, v Hows energy fod measured? Playing basketball Walking Fcuee 1 Burning Calories The numberof Calories you burn depends on your weight as well as your level of activity. The more {active you are, the more Calories you burn, Which activity 0 you think burns the most Calories per hour playing basketball, walking of reading? Reading Chapter2 0 ¢ 45feuee2 Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates, or sugars. are frult, milk, and some vegotabies. Su also added to cookles, candles, and soft drinks Complex carbohydrates are found in parta, and bread. Fruits, vegetables, ‘whole-grain foodsalso contain fiber. “ppying Concepts Why i fiber important in the det? 46D found in gas are rice, com, ruts, and. | Carbohydrates The nuttients called carbohydrates (kahr bob HY drayts), | which are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, are & Iajor source of energy. One gram of carbohytrate provides your body with four Calories of energy. In addition to providing ‘energy, carbohydrates provide the raw materials o make cell parts, Based on their chemical structure, carbohydrates are | SS oe lomo simple Carbohydrates Simple cbhyiracs ae lo Inova Ong ite ooh) the major ree of ene) br your ys als Hower ost foo do | etSoatnige enn gan Thebody camer oe ws ranch ho ound a at aso gcse Cores etm oes tbody cn mst cas Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are made up of many sugar molecules linked together in a chain, Starch isa ‘complex carbohydrate found in foods from plans, such as pota- toes, rice, wheat, and corn. ‘To use starch as an energy source; your body first breaks it down into smaller individual sugar molecules. ‘Only then can your body release the molocler’ energy. | Like starch, fiber is a complex carbohydrate found in plants. But unlike starch, fiber cannot be broken dovn into sugar miolecules by your body. Instead, ber passes through the body and is eliminatedComplex Carbohydrates Because your body cannot digest it fiber is not considered a nutrient. Fiberis an important part of the det, however, because ithelps keep the digestive system functioning propery Nutritionists’ Recommendations Nutritionists recom- ‘mend that 45 10 65 percent of the Calories in a diet come from carbohydrates It is better to eat more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, than simple carbohydrates. Foods made with whote grains usualy contain a variety of other nutrients Foods made with a lot of sugar, such as candy and soft drinks, have few valuable nutrients. Also, while sugars can give you a quick burst ofenergy starches provide a more even, long-term energy souree. Pea) Na eto arbohytaten Give an Bien Predicting You can doa test to see which foods contain starch, 1. Puton your apron. 2. Obtain food samples from your teacher. Predict whieh ‘ones contain staren. Write ‘down your predictions. 3. Use a plastic dropper to {add three drops of iodine 10 each food sample. CAUTION: iodine can stain skin and clothing. Handle Fearefully. the iodine turns blue-black, stare is present. Which foods contain starch? Were your predictions correct? Fats Like carbohydrates, fats are energy-containing nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. However, fats contain more than twice the energy of an equal amount of ~ carbohydrates One gram of fat provides your body with nine Calories of energy. In addition to providing energy fats have ther imporiant functions. Fats form part of the cell membrane, the structure that forms the boundary of a cell. Fatty tissue protects and supports your internal organs and sulates yous body. Chapter2 D6 47cure 3 See ete enon ‘Many foods containsaturated, ‘unsaturated, and trans fats. Unsaturated fas are considered to be more healthful than saturated fats and vans fats. Interpreting Graphs Which item thas the most unsaturated fat— butter, tub margerine, oF olive oil? Fat (grams) | key | w Saturated fat 1 Unsaturated fat STionstat | Kinds of Fats Fats may be classified as unsaturated or satu- rated based on their chemical structure. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature. Most cooking oils are unsaturated fats. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature, Meat and dairy products contain relatively large amounts of saturated fat. You may have heard about trans fat.Trans fats are made ‘when manufacturers add hydrogen to vegetable oils. Foods containing trans fats stay fresh longer than foods containing unsaturated fats. Trans fats are found in margarine, chips, and commercially baked goods. Both trans fats and saturated fats are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated fats. Cholesterol Cholesterol (kuh 135 tur awl) is a waxy, fatlike substance found only in animal products: Like fats, cholesterol, is an important part of your body’ cells. Your liver can make all ofthe cholesterol your body needs. Therefore, cholestrol is, not a necessary part of the det. | Nutritionists’ Recommendations Nutritionists recom- mend that no more than 30 percent ofthe Calories caten each | day come from fats. Extra fats and cholesteral in the diet can | lead to a buildup of fatty material in the blood vessels. This | fatty buildup can cause heart disease. How can you tel the difference between most Unsaturated fas and saturated fats? agedtrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are needed for tissue growth and repaiz. They also play an important part in chemical reactions within cells. Proteins can serve as a source of energy, but they are a less important source of energy than carbohy- drates of fats. About 10 to 35 percent of your daily Calorie intake should come from proteins Amino Acids Protcins are made up of small units called amino acids (uh MEE noh), which ate linked together chemi- cally to form large protein molecules. Thousands of different proteins are built from only about 20 different amino acids, Your body can make about half of the amino acids it needs, The others, called essential amino acids, must come from the foods you eat. Complete and incomplete Proteins Foods ftom animal sources, such as meat and eggs, are sources of complete pro- teins because these foods contain all the essential amino acids Proteins from plant sources, such as beans, grains, and nuts, are called incomplete proteins because they are missing one or more essential amino acid. Different plant sources lack differ- ent amino acice. Therefore, t0 obtain all the essential ain acids from plant sources alone, people need to eat a wide vari- ety of plant foods, GFeBine) What are the units that make up proteins? Foun 4 Complete and incomplete Proteins Animal products such 2s meats and 998 contain complete proteins. Incomplete proteins ae found in Deans, nus, and grains Percentage ‘A percentage (8) isa ratio that compares a number 10 100, For example, 30% means 30 out of 100. Suppose that a person eats 9 total of 2,000 Calories in one day. Of those Calories, 300 ‘come from protein. Follow these steps to caleulate the percentage of Calories that come from pratein, 1. Wiite the comparison as a fraction 300 2000 2. Multiply the fraction by 100% to express it asa percentage 3200 FMB, «100% ~ 15% Practice Problem Suppose that 540 Calories ofthe ‘eson’s 2,000 Calorie total come from fats. What percentage of the Calories comes trom fats? Chapter2 D6 49fe Ces cuieation cee {cesar ure 5 Eat Your Vegetables! Fresh vegetables ate fll of ‘taming an are fun to pick ‘vel! amins and Minerals 5 vi (Go @nline | tio kinds of nutrients—vtamins and minerals—are needed by the body in very small amounts. Unlike the other nutrients, ‘vitamins and minerals do not provide the body with energy 0: yaw materials. Instead, they help the body carry out various processes. Vitamins act as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in the body. Vitamin K, for example, helps your blood to cot when you get a cut ora scrape. Figure 6 lists the vitamins necessary for health. The body can make afew of these vitamins. For example, your skin can make vitamin D ‘when exposed to sunlight. Most vitamins, however, must be ‘obtained from foods. Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat, and they are stored in fatty tissues in the body. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. This fact makes it especially important to include sources of water-soluble vitamins—vitamin C and all of the B vitamins—in your diet every day. Importance of Vitamins Although vitamins are only needed in small amounts, a lack of certain vita- ‘mins inthe dict can lead to health problems. In the 1700s, sailors on long voyages survived on hard, dry biscuits, salted meat, and not much else. Because of this limited det, many sailors developed a serious disease called scurvy, Pople with scurvy suffer from bleeding gums, stiff joint, and sores that do not heal Some may even die. 'A Scotish doctor, James Lind, hypothesized that scurvy was the result of the sailors’ poor diet. Lind divided sailors with scurvy into groups and fed dif- ferent foods to each group. The sailors who were fed citrus fruits—oranges and lemons—recovered from the disease, Lind recommended that all sailors eat citrus fruits. When Lind’s recommendations were carried out, scurvy disappeared. Today scientists [know that scurvy is eaused by the lack of vitamin C, ‘which s found in citrs fruits G Be28 yy) Uo te fo sll tainsFecune 6 Essential Vitamins Both fat soluble vitamin and ‘water-soluble vitamins are necessary to maintain health. Interpreting Tales What 0008 provide supply of both vitamins E and k? en Dain products e995 Iver, yellow, erange, Maintains heathy skin, bones, eet, and dark green vegetables ute ‘na hair eg vision ini ight | Fortified day products fish; eggs Iver; | Malntans bones and eet; helps in | made by skin cel in presence of surlight the ue af calcu and phosphorus Vegetable oils margarin; green leafy Aids in maintenance of rd blood cells ‘vegetables whale grain foods seedy nuts ‘Green, leafy vegetables: milk; ver made | Aids in blood dotting bybacterain the intestines ‘Sources Funetion Bt (thiamin) Por Iver, whole-grain foods legumes: nuts | Needed for breakdown of earbohydrates| Sota) | Daly products ean wholegrain breads Neededorncrmal growth 7 and cereals; green, leaty vegetables: 83 (niacin) Many proteinsich foods: milk eggs; meat: Needed for release of energy “ish; whole grain foods: nuts; peanut butter 6 (oyridoxinel | Green, leafy vegetables; meats fish; “Helps in the breakdown of legumes; fruits: wholegrain foods proteins, fats, and carbohydrates a2 ‘Mest: fish: poultry daly products: eggs Maintains healthy nervous system; ‘needed for red blood cal formation Biotin Liver: meat: fish: eggs; legumes; bananas: | Aid in the release of energy ‘melons i Foutc acs Green, leaty vegetables legumes; sees; iver Needed for red blood cel foxmation Pantothenic add | Liver; meats; fish; eggs whole-grain foods | Needed forthe release of energy c Citrus fuits tomatoes; potatoes: dark green Needed to form connective tisue and vegetables: mangoes fight infection Chapter 2 0 ¢ 51cue 7 Eating 2 variety of foods tench day provides your body sath the minerals i needs. Interpreting Tables Which minerals play a rlein ‘regulating water levels in the body? ep eee Geicium Milk; cheese dark green, Helps build bones and eet | Teafy vegetables tofu | aids in blood clotting; muscle legumes {nd nerve function Fluorine Fluoridated drinking Helps form bones and teeth | water fish ron Red meats seafood; | Needed for red blood cell | green, teaty vegetables; | function | egumes; died fruits Phosphorus Meat; pouty eggs: fit; Helps produce healthy bones | dairy products and teeth Hels inthe release | | of eneray Sodium | Tablesalt soy sauce Helps maintain water balance; | nerve function Source of ‘ald Source of potassium souceot} | soaume| | Importance of Minerals Nutrients that are not made by | living things are called minerals.’Minerals are present in soil | and are absorbed by plant though te rot You obtain ‘minerals by eating plant foods or animals that have eaten plants, Figure 7 lists some minerals you need. You probably know that calcium is needed for strong bones and teeth. Iron is needed for the proper functioning of red blood cells. Both vitamins and minerals are needed by your body in small amounts to carry out chemical processes. If you eat @ ‘wide variety of foods, you probably will get enough vitamins and minerals. Most people who eat a balanced diet do not need to take vitamin or mineral supplements. OR.) Whee ar minersWater Imagine that a boat i sinking. The people on board are setting into a lifeboat. They have room for only one of these items: a tag of fruit, a can of meat, aloaf of bread, ‘or ajug of water. Which item should they choose? You might be surprised to lear thatthe lifeboat pas- sengers should choose the water. Although people can probably survite for weeks without food, they wil die ‘within days without fresh water. Water isthe most abun- dant substancein the body. It accounts for about 65 per- cent ofthe average person's body weight. ‘Water i the most important nutrient because the body’s vital processes—including chemical reactions such as the breakdown of nutrients—take place i water. Water makes up most of the body's fluid, inclu ing blood. Nutrients and other important substances are carried throughout the body dissolved in the watery part Of the blood. Year body aso needs water to produce per. REUE® spiration, which helps regulate body temperature andl Aiiing tangs need wer Without remove wastes ‘regular water intake, an organism ‘Under normal conditions, you need to take in about would not be abe to carry out the 2liters of water every day. You can do this by drinking — Proresses that keep it alive. water and other beverages and by eating foods with ot oF water such as fats andl vegetables. Ifthe weathers hot or you are exercising, you need to drink additional water to replace the water that you lose in sweat. cera n Oa {© Target Reading Skill Outlining. Use the information in your outline aout nutents to help you answer the Questions below Reviewing Kay Concepts 1a. Kentifying Name two ways in which foods ae used by the bod b. Defining Whats ealoriet How does it late to the amount o” energy in foods? € Inferring Why do young children and ative teenagers have high energy needs? 2. a Usting Li thes notions thar are needed by the body. by Summarizing For each nutrient you listed, brely describe the flee plays inthe body. «Applying Concepts Why sit especlly important that sepetarians eat a varied diet? 3, Percentage Suppose that @ person eats 2,500 Calories in one day. OF those Calories, 1,200 are from carbohydrates, 875 a ‘rom fat, and the rest are from protein. What percentages of the person's Calories are from ceabahyeratos from fats, and from proteins? Chapter2 0 @ 53Go @nline active art, For: Reading a Fos ami actty Vist Schoo om eb Code: cp-022 Stay Active Daily physical activity 'san important par tostaying heathy. now Your Calorie Needs Depending on physical ya 13 year ald girl needs 1600-2200 Calories per day. A 13,earold boy Reeds 1800-2800 Calories per day. ESS seen Guidelines for a Healthy In 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) introduced a new set of guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Unlike past plans, these new guidelines tiea person’ level of physical activity directly to a nutritional plan. The USDA guidelines provide a personalized way to help people make healthy food choices based on their age, sex, and amount of physical activity. une 10 Reading a Food Pyramid This food pyramid recommends the proportion of foods from each group that ‘make up a heathy cet now Your Food Groups The pyramid is alvided into sixcolored bands, representing the five food groups, pls ols. Balance Your Diet ‘The proportions of each {ood group you need daily fare shown by the width fof each band. FRUMTS EEEUnderstanding a MyPyramid Plan One part ofthe USDA guidelines isa set of diagrams called the “MyPyramid Plans.” In contrast to the older, single plan, the MyPyramid plans differ from one person to another. Look at Figure 10. It shows the basic parts of a food pyramid diagram. You can see that the pyramid is divided into six colored bands. Each band repre- sents one of five food groups plus oils. The differing widths of the bands tell you what proportion of your diet should come from each food group. Grains, vegetables, and milk (or milk products) shoald be eaten in greater amounts than protein: rich foods or ails. Limiting Sugars and Fats Are you surprised that sugar- rich foods, suchas candy bars, cokes, and soft drinks, are not even included in the pyramid? That's because added sugars contribute exta Calories to your diet but relatively few nutei- ents Similarly, foods heavy in hidden os—such as fried foods, cakes, and potato chips—pack many more Calories than they supply in nutrients, The USDA recommends that people limit their intake of added sugars and extra fats So, ice cream may be a tasty teat, but it should be eaten less often compared to drinking low-fat milk Getting MyPyramid Information You can get_more information about the USDA dietary guidelines by visiting its ‘Web site on the Internet. The site contains details about the dif- ferent foods in each group, suggestions for how to plan menus, Calorie counts based on physical activity, and other facts that can help you and your family make healthy food choices, The site isa helpful tool for designing your own MyPyramid Plan, aang) Which hee fod group should make up the (Geren) lryesprt of helay set? cure 1 Healthy Eating {A food pyramid con help you plan healthy meals. Cassitying. Which of the food groupsin the USDA ‘uidelines are contained inthis meal ‘of chicken, bears, rice, and salad? Disgovery | SCHOOL Bien Graphing You can graph the nutrient content in @ meal. The meal of chicken, beans, rie, and Selad has about 27 9 of aro- tein, 25g of carbonyarates, and &g of fat. Use this infor ‘motion to draw a bar graph showing protein, carbohy ate, an fat content for thismeal Chapter 2D ¢ 57The Digestive Process Begins Reading Preview Key Concepts + What functions ar carried out digestive sytem? + what cols do the mouth, ezopnagus, and stomach playin digestion? Key Terms + digestion + absorption Saliva enzyme epiglottis * esophagus * mucus * peristalis« stomach How Can You Speed Up Digestion? 1. Obtain two plastic ars with lds. Fill the jars with equal [amounts of water atthe some temperature. 2. Place a whole sugar cube into one jar, Place a crushed suger ‘aude into the othe 3. Fasten the lids on the jars. Holding one jar in each hand, Shake the two jars gently and for equal amounts of time, 4. Place the ats ona lat surface. Observe whether the whole cube or the crushed cube disolves faster ‘Think t Over Predicting Use the results ofthis activity to predict which would take longer to digest: large piece of food or one that has been {ut up into many small pieces. Explain your answer. {@ target Reading Skill tng Prior Krow'edge Bore 4 you read, look at the section wading and uss se what ——— this section is about. Then write smhatyoutromabaitine igeive Sears na epicorgonie tke Ge one bens ne youren | In 1822, a man named Alexis St, Martin was wounded in the stomach, De. Willa Beaumont saved St. Martins Fife. The round, however left an opening in St. Maris stomach that after naw Asuras neve healed completly, Beaumont realized that by looking learn through the opening in St. Martin's abdomen, he could ‘observe what was happening inside the stomach. What Yorke ‘Beaumont observed that food changed chemically inside 5 “sage | the stomach. He hypothesized that chemical reactions in the [foodie digeted nthesomcty | sxommach broke down foods into smaller particles. Beaumont [2 ~~ removed liquid from St. Martin’s stomach and analyzed it. The | stomach liquid contained an acid that played a role in the breakdown of foods into simpler substances. Wihat You learned 2 SS Functions of the Digestive System Beaumont’ observations helped scientists understand the role of the stomach in the digestive system. The digestive system has three main functions. Fist, it breaks down food into molecules the body can use. Then, the molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Finally, wastes are eliminated from the body. Figure 14 shows the organs ofthe digestive system, which is about 9 meters long, from beginning to end.Digestion The process by which your body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules i called digestion. There | { ‘Go @nline OS are two kinds of digestion—mechanical and- chemical. In mechanical digestion, foods are physically broken down into INKS, smalr pieces, Mechaniea digestion occurs when you ite into | thson deen «a sandwich and chew it into small pieces. Wee In chemical digestion, chemicals produced by the body break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks. F example, the starch in bread is broken down into individual sugar molecules Absorption and Elimination After your food is digested, the molecules are ready to be transported throughout your body. Absorption (ab sawn shun) is the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wal of your digestive sys tem into your blood. Materials that are not absorbed, such as are eliminated from the body as wastes OSs) wostis comical gestion? Froune 4 The Digestive System AS food moves through the digestive system, digestion, absorption, and elimination occur one after the other in an efficient continuous process, Interpreting Diagrams. Which organs oes Yood passthrough after leaving the mouth? — Esophagus Large intestine imestine Gallbladder Rectum Chapter2 D¢ 61The Mouth ave you ever walked pasta bakery or restaurant and noticed your mouth watering? Smelling or even just thinking about food when you're hungry is enough to start your mouth water ing. Ths response isnt accidental. When your mouth waters, your body is preparing forthe delicious meal it expects. Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth. The fluid released when your mouth waters is saliva (suh LY vuh). Saliva plays an important rle in both kinds of digestion, Mechanical Digestion in the Mouth Your teeth carry ‘out the first stage of mechanical digestion. Your center teeth, or incisors (in SY zur), cut the food into bite-sized pieces. On either side of the incisors there are sharp, pointy teeth called canines (KAY nynz), These teeth tear and slash the food into smaller pieces. Behind the canines are the premolars and ‘molars, which crush and grind the food. As the teeth do their ‘work, saliva moistens the pieces of food into one slippery mass. Chemical Digestion in the Mouth As mechanical diges- tion begins, o does chemical digestion. If you take a bite of a cracker and suck on it, the cracker begins to taste sweet. It tastes sweet because a chemical in the saliva has broken down the starch molecules in the cracker into sugar molecules. cure 15 Digastion In the Mouth Mechanical digestion beginsin the mouth, where the teeth cut and tear food into smaller pieces. Salivary glands release enzymes that begin ‘hemical digestion. Observing Which teeth are best suited for biting into 2 juicy apple? Molars Premolars onine Incisors:Foune 16 How Enzyines Work The shape of on enzyme molecule is spcifc to the shape ofthe food molecule it breaks down, ere ett enzyie breaks Govin a sareh into sugar | - - Ersyme starch Sugar suger 8 reshape oftne A chemical eaction occurs The starch molecule enzyme fs the between the enzyme and. has been broken down Sareh molecule starch mole into suger metecles. The chemical in saliva that digests starch is an enzyme, Enzymes are sroteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Your body produces many different enzymes, Each enzyme has a specific chemical shape. Its shape enables it t0 take part in only one kind of chemical reaction. An example of ‘enzyme action is shown in Figure 16. The Esophagus you've ever choked on food, your food may have “gone down the wrong way” That's because there are two openings atthe back of your mouth. One opening leads to your windpipe, Which carries ar into your lungs. AS you swallow, a flap of tis sue called the epiglottis (ep uh GLAHY i) seals off your wind Pipe, preventing the food from entering. The food goes into the esophagus (ih satir uh gus), a muscular tube that con- ects the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is lined with rucus, a thic, slippery substance produced by the body. Mucus makes food easier to swallow and move along Food remains in the esophagus for only about 10 seconds After food enters the esophagus, contractions of smooth ‘muscles push the food toward the stomach, These involun- tary waves of muscle contraction are called peristalsis (pchrih STAWL sis). Peristalis also occurs in the stomach and farther dlown the digestive sytem. These muscular waves Keep food movingin onedirsction Reading | How is food prevented from entering the Cheekpoine) windpipe? aie Modeling Peristalsis 1, Obtain a clear, flexible plasticstrave Hold the straw ver- tically and insert a small bead into th¢ top of ‘the straw The bead should fitsnugly into the straw. ‘CAUTION: Do not put the straw in your mouth or ‘low into the straw. 3. Pinch the straw above the bbead so the bead begins to ‘move down the length of the tubing. 4, Repeat Step 3 untl the bead exits the straw. ‘Making Models How does ‘this action compare with peristalsis? What do the bead and the straw represent? Chapter2 0 ¢ 63Protein Digestion ‘Ascent performed an expriment to “termine the anount of time needed to digest protein, He placed smal pices of hard-boiled ‘cog white (@ proven) in a test tube containing hydrochloric water, andthe enzyme pepsin He measure therate at which the egg white was digested over 3 24-hour period. His data are ‘ecorded in the graph 1. Reading Graphs What do the values on the rani teoresent? 2. Interpreting Data After about how many hours would you estimate that haf of the protein was digested? Percentage of Egg White Digested 3. Interpreting Data How much digestion ‘occurred in 16 hours? 4, Drawing Conclusions During which 4-hour period did the most digestion take place? | The Stomach When food leaves the esophagus, it enters the stomach, a J-shaped, muscular pouch located in the abdomen. As you eat, your stomach expands to hold all of the food that you swallow. ‘Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion ‘occur in the stomach. Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach) The process of mechanical digestion occurs as thre strong layers of smooth ‘muscle contract to produce a churning motion. This action mises the food with fluids in somewhat the same way that clothes and soapy water are mixed ina washing machine. amino acids. Chemical Digestion in the Stomach Chemical digestion ‘occurs as the churning food makes contact with digestive juice, a ‘uid produced by cells in the lining of the stomach. Digestive juice contains the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin chemically digests the | proteins in your food, breaking them down into short chains of Digestive juice also contains hydrochloric acid, a very strong acid. Without this strong acid, your stomach could not function, the acid kils many bacteria that you swallow with your food. ‘Why doesn’t stomach acid burn a hole in your stomach? | properly. First, pepsin works best in an acid environment. Second, ‘The reason is that cells in the stomach lining produce a thick coating of mucus, which protects the stomach lining. Also, the | cals that line the stomach ae quickly replaced as they are dam- | aged or worn owt. oseDStomach Lining Esophagus ie é Pera —f Small intestine S stomach muses feemansia the omach unialetesotdters has | Pm bbeen broken down into liquid form. A few hours after you finish The Stomact . eating the stomach completes mechanical digstion of the food. | TeseTuces ts ayer of By that time, most of the proteins have been chemically digested | foods mechanically. The inset into shore hn of amino acids The food ow asic quid, | photoOnorna acorn tewot isteleased into the next part of the digestivesytem. That iswhere | the ered ning, The yellow final chemical digestion and absorptton wl ke pace. ar rot does mc py face he Besalog) What s pepsin? stomach? raat Eee {© Torget Reading Skil ving ror knowledge Review your grophicaganiaer and reve rbased on what You jst Fearn inthe ten Rane Reviewing Key Concepts febepedeubi 1a Listing What are the functions of the digestive system? | people choke on food With your . Comparieg and'Contrasting Distinguish between family, find out how to recognize ‘mechanical and chemical digestion when a person is choking and Inferring Why must mechanical digestion start before | what to do to help the person. chemical digestion? Learn about the Heimiich 2. a. Reviewing What key chemicals do the mouth and ‘maneuver and how itis used to stomach containt help someone wha is choking, ». Descrfoing How do pepsin and hydrochloric acid ‘work together to digest food in the stomach? « Predicting What could happen if your stomach didn't produce enough macus? Explain, Chapter2 0 ¢ 65Skills Lab As the Stomach Churns Problem ‘What conditions are needed for the digestion of proteins in the stomach? Skills Focus Interpreting data, controlling variables, drawing conclusions Materials + testtube rack + pepsin + asses of blue limus paper * cubes of boiled egg white orm plastic graduated cylinder 14 test tubes withstoppers marking pencil + diluted hydrochloric acid + plasticstirers Procedure 3a) (253 68 41, In this lb, you will investigate how acidic conditions affect protein digestion. Read ‘ver the entie lab to see what materials you willbe testing Write a prediction stating which conditiens you think wil speed up protein digeston. Then, copy the data table into your notebook 2. Label four test tubes A, B,C and D, and place them in atest-tube rack In this lab, the protein you will testis boiled ‘egg white, which has been cut into cubes bout 1 cm on each side, Add 3 cubes to tach test tube, Note and record the size and overall appearance of the cubes in each test tube. CAUTION: Do not put any egg white Into your mouth sea graduated cylinder to add 10 mL of the enzyme pepsin to test tube A. Observe the ‘eg9 white cubes to determine whether an immediate reaction takes place. Record your ‘observations under Day 1 in your data table. If no changes occu, write "no immediate Use a clean graduated cylinder to add § mt ‘of pepsin to test tube B. Then rinse out the ‘graduated cinder and add 5 ml of water to ‘est tube B, Observe whether or not an immediate reaction takes place. Use a clean graduated cylinder to add 10 mL. (of hydrochloric acid to test tube C. Observe ‘whether or not an immediate reaction takes place. CAUTION: Hydrochloric acid can ‘burn skin and clothing. Avoid direct contact with it Wash any splashes or spills with plenty of water, and notify your teacher. i a Tosvtuve Eee We Appearonce ve coer | ve [Payt | Day byt Py? id cep10 Use 8 clean graduated cylinder to add 5 mk ‘of pepsin to test tude D. Then, rinse the ‘graduated cylinder and add 5 mL of hydro- Chloric ace to test tube D, Observe whether ‘or not an Inmediate reaction takes place Record your observations Obtain four strips of blue litmus paper. (Blue litmus paper turns pink inthe presence of an acid) Dip e clean plastic stierer into the solu ‘tion in each test tube, and then touch the stirrer to apiece of litmus paper. Observe ‘what happens to the litmus paper. Record your observations, Insert stoppers in the four test tubes and store the test tube rack as directed by your teacher, ‘The next day, examine the contents of each ‘est tube. ote any changes in the size and overall appearance of the egg white cubes, Then, test each solution with litmus paper, Record your observations in your data table. Analyze and Conclude 4. Interpreting Data Which materials were the best at digesting the egg waite? What obser- vations enabled you to determine this? 2. inferring isthe chemical digestion of protein in food a fast ora sow reaction? Explain. 3. Controling Variables Why was it important ‘that the cubes of egg white all be about the 4. Drawing Conclusions What did this lab show bout the abilty of pepsin to digest protein? - Communicating Write a paragraph in wich you describe the purpose of test tube A and test tube Cas they relate to the steps you fol- lowed in the procedure, Design an Experiment Design a way to test whether protein digestion is affected by the size ofthe food pieces. Write down your hypothesis and the procedure you will follow. Obtain your teacher's permission before carrying out your investigation.Final Digestion and Absorption Reading Preview + What digestive processes occur in the small intestine, and how ae other digestive organs involved? + Wat role does the large Intestine playin gestion? ‘small intestine sliver + bile + gallladaer * pancreas lls large intestine {@ target Reading Sk Idontiying ain ene Ayo tend thescton tied The sal Instn wt thera ea in Spon erantrike he one Bato Tn tees Stppoing taht farther boa fe main cen ‘Chemical digestion takes lace Drew. Which Surface Is Larger? 4. Work with a partner to carry out this Investigation. 2. Begin by placing your hand palm-side down on a table. Keep your thumb and fingers tightly together. Lay string along the outline of your hand. Have your partner help you determine hovr long a String you need to outline your hand 3. Use a metric ruler to measure the length of that string. Think tt Over Predicting How long would you expect your hand outline to be if you spread out your thumb and fingers? Use string to test ‘your prediction. Compare the two string lengths. Have you ever been part ofa huge crowd attending a concert or sports event? Barriers and passageways often guide people in the right direction. Ticket takers make sure that people enter in an orderly fashion, In some ways, the stomach can be thought of asthe “ticket | taker” of the digestive system. Once the food has been changed. into a thick liquid, the stomach releases alittle ofthe liquid at a time into the next part of the digestive system. This slow, \ smooth passage of food through the digestive system ensures that digestion and absorption can take place efficiently The Small Intestine [After the thick liquid leaves the stomach, it enters the small intestine, The small intestine isthe part of the digestive sys- tem where most chemical digestion takes place. You may ‘wonder how the small intestine got its name. Afterall, a about 6 meters—longer than come full-sized cars—it makes up two thirds of the length ofthe digestive system. The small intestine | was named for its small diameter. It is from 2 to 3 centimeters | wide, about half the diameter ofthe larg intestine.‘When food reaches the small intestine, it has already been ‘mechanically digested into a thick liquid. But chemical diges- tion has just kegun. Starches and proteins have been partially broken dowa, but fats haven't heen digested at all. Almost all chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the sinall intestine. As the liquid moves into the small intes- tine, it mixes with enzymes and secretions that are produced by the small intestine, the liver, and the pancreas. The liver and the pancreas deliver their substances to the small intestine through small tubes. The Liver A: you can seein Figure 18, the liver is located in the upper right portion ofthe abdomen. Its the largest organ inside the bocy. The liver is lke an extremely busy chemical factory and pliy a role in many body processes. For example, it breaks down medicines, and it helps eliminate nitrogen from the body. The role of the liver in the digestive system is to produce bile. Bile is a substance that breaks up fat particles, Bile flows from the liver into the gallbladder, the organ that stores bil After you eat bile passes through a tube from the gallbladder into the small intestine. Bile isnot an enzyme. It does not chemically digest foods. It does, however, physically break up large fat particles into smalier fat droplets You can compare the ation of bile on fats withthe action of soap om a greasy frying pan. Soap physically breaks up the grease into small droplets that can mix with the soapy water and be washed aw: Bile mixes with th fas in food to form small fat droplets. The droplets can then be chemically broken down by enzymes produced inthe pancreas ean Break Up! You can mode the breakup of fat particles inthe small intestine 1. Fil two plastic farshalt of water. Add a few drops of oil to each jar 2. Ad about | spoon of baking soda to one fo, 2. Stirthe contents ofboth Jars Record your observations. Observing In which jar did the oll begin to break up? What substance does the baking soda represent? Fours 18 ‘The Liver and Pancreas Substances produced by the liver and pancreas aid in digestion, Precicting, How wouls digestion be affected ifthe tube leading from the gallbladder to the small intestine become blocked? allbladder Pancreas Chapter? 0 ¢ 69for: more on ne ig syste Visi Psciootcom ‘We Code: cena cure 19 ‘The Smal intestine Tiny finger-shaped projections called vil line the sie of the ‘small intestine. Blood vessels in ‘he vill are covered by @ single layer of ces. Relating Ceuse andEffect How does the structure of the vill help them carty out ther function? Small intestine Afeld in the wall of ‘the smal intestine 704d between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine. Like the liver, the pancreas plays a role in many body processes. ‘As part of the digestive system, the pancreas produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine and help break down starches, proteins, and fats. Digestive enzymes do not break down all food substances. Recall that the fiber in food isn't broken down. Instead, fiber thickens the liquid material in the intestine. ‘This thickening -makes it easier for peristalsis to push the material forward. Absorption in the Small Intestine After chemical diges- tion takes place, the small nutrient molecules are ready to be absorbed by the body. The structure of the small intestine makes it well suited for absorption. The inner surface, or lin- ing, ofthe small intestine looks bumpy. Millions of tiny finger- shaped structures called villi (ViL. eye) (singular villus) cover the sueface. The villi absorb nutrient molecules, Notice in igure 19 that tiny blood vessels run through the center of exch villus, Nutrient molecules pass from cells on the surface of a villus into blood vessels. The blood carries the nutrients throughout the body for use by body eels Vill greatly inerease the surface area of the small intestine. If all the vill were laid out flat, the total surface area of the small intestine would be about as large as a tennis court. This increased surface enables digested food to be absorbed mach faster than if the walls ofthe small intestine were smooth. fag) How does the pancreas Sheelatint) aidin digestion? A Close-up of vil avisThe Large Intestine By the time material reaches the end of the small intestine, ‘most nutrients have been absorbed. The remaining, material ‘moves ffom the small intestine into the large intestine. "The large intestine isthe last section of the digestive system. Tis about 1.5 meters longabout as long asthe average bathtub. It runs up the right-hand side ofthe abdomen, across the upper abdomen, anc then down the lefi-hand side, The large intes- tine contains bacteria that feed on the material. passing through. These bacteria normally donot cause disease In fac, they are helpfil because they make certain vitamins, including vitamin K ‘The material entering the large intestine contains waterand undigested food, As the material moves through the large intestine, water is absorbed into the bloodstream. ‘The remaining material is readied for elimination from the body. ‘The large intestine ends in a shor tbe called the rectum. eee, waste material is compressed into a solid form. This vaste materials eliminated from the body through the anus, ‘muscular opening atthe end ofthe rectum Reading Bebe) What role do bacteria play inthe large intestine? Fore 20 ‘The Large Intestine AAs material passes through the large intestine, mostaf the water Is absorbed by the body. The remaining material willbe eliminated from the body Umeda 3 {© Torget Reading Skil b. Describing What happens as food moves Identifying Main ideas Use your graphic through the larg intestine? organizer (help you answer Question | below. Applying ConesptsDiartheasa contin in Reviewing Key Concepts 1a: Reviewing What two digestive processes ‘occur in the small intestine? b. Explaining Explain how bile produced by the liver and enzymes produced in the which waste material that iseliminated contains too much water. How might diarchea upset Ihomeostasis in the body? How could a person reduce the effects of diarhea on the body? pancreas function in the small intestine. Writing in Scier « Relating Cause and Effect Some people are allergic toa protein in wheat. When these Sequence of Events Describe the journey of people ea: foods made with wheat, a ‘ bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich reaction cestroys the vii in the small ‘through a person's digestive system, starting intestine. What problems would you expect | ithe mouth and ending with absorption these people to experience? Include where digestion of fats, carbohy- 2. a. identifying Which key nutrient absorbed | Fates, and proteins take place, Use words inthe large intestine? like frst, next, and finally in your writing. chapter2 0 #71ROMA (3) Food and Energy Key Concepts ' Foods provide the body with raw materials and energy «© Carbohydrates provide energy aswell asthe raw materials to-make cell part ¢¢ In addition to providing ‘energy fats form part of the cell membrane. Fatty tissue also protects and ‘supports internal organs and insulates the body. 1 Proteins are needed for tissue growth and repae. They als play fan important pat in chemical reactions withincells, ¢¢ Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts ta eatry out chemical processes. ‘6 Waters the mos important nutrient because the body's vital processes take place in wates Key Terms nutrient calorie carbohydrate slucose fat @ Healthy Eating Key Concepts ‘¢ The USDA guidelines provide a personalized sway to help people make heathy food choices based on their age sex, and amount of physical activity. «Food labels allow you to evaluate a single food as well as to compare the nutritional value of two different foods key Terms Percent Daly Vile Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) protein amino acid neo @ The Digestive Process Begins Key Concepts ‘© The digestive system breaks down food into smolecites the body can use. Then, the molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Finally, wastes are climinated. Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin inthe mouth. ¢ In the esophegus, contractions of smooth, :muscles posh the food toward the stomach, ‘# Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach, Key Terms. digestion ‘esophagus absorption mucus saliva peristalsis engyme stomach epiglotis @ Final Digestion and Absorption Key Concepts ‘Almost ll chemical digestion and absorption of rutrients takes place inthe small intestine. The liver produces bile, which breaks up fats. ‘¢ The pancreas produces enzymes that help break dwn starches, proteins, and fats. ‘In the large intestine, water is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining material is readied for elimination. Key Terms. ‘small intestine liver bile gallbladder pancreasCrEnenr iain) Sequencing Copy the flowchart about digestion onto a separate sheet of paper. Then, ‘complete it and add a tile. (For more on Sequencing, see the Skills Handbook.) Cm Cerra g (Go @nline Fer S soe Viste Pasco com Wie Code: ex-020 Peer ace Choose the letter of the best answer. 1, The butling blocks of proteins are b.minerals, € amino acids fats. 2, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are sidelines that show the 2. Calories ina specific food. b.nutrientsin a specific food. © proporticns of different food groups in a healthy dt. 4. amounts of nutrients needed every day. 3. The enzyme in saliva chemically beaks down fats. ». proteins & glucose starches. 4. Most mechanical digestion takes place in the a. liver. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, 5. Bilis produced by the liver, pancreas sinall intestine 4. large intestine, ifthe statements true, wit tue. it isfalse, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true 6. Proteins that come froh animal sources are snuomplte proteins” 7. Vitamins areiatrients that are not made by living things 8 To determine whch of two cereals supplies more iron check the Bercent Day Value on the food label. 9. Absorption moves food through the digestive system. 10, Most materials are absorbed into the bloodstream in the large intestine. Writing in Science Discovery SCHOOL Chapter2 D6 73Review and Assessment ren 114, How does a person's level of physical activity _affoct his or her daily energy needs? 12, Whyis fiber nesesary in a person's dict? 13, Why do the USDA MyPyramid plans difer from one persen to another? 14, Describe the funetion of the epiglotts. 45, Explain the rol: of peristalsis 46. Whats the furction of the pancreas inthe digestive proces? 17, What isthe function of villi? 18, Applying Concepts Before winter, animals that hibernate often prepare by eating foods hagh in ft, Hw is this behavior helpful? 18, Predicting Suppose a medicine Kile all the bacteria in your body. How might this affect vitamin production in your body? 20, Inferring Why sit important for people to chew their fo thoroughly before svallowing? 21, Relating Cause and Effect How does the condition illustrated inthe diagram below alfect the esophagus? Esophagus ‘Stomach acd stomach 22. Comporing and Contracting The digestive system is sometimes said tobe “an assembly Tine in reverse” Identify some similarities and ‘some differen:es between your digestive system and an assembly line. men 23, Percentage Your aunt eats 250 Calories of protein and 1,800 Calories total for the day. Did she get enough protein on that particular clay? Show your calculations ‘Applying Skills Use the table to answer Questions 24-27. Comparing Nutrient Data 24, Classifying To which group in a food pyramid do the foods in the chart belong? How does the body benefit from calcium in the diet 25, Interpreting Data How many cups of low-fat milk pravide 1008 ofthe day’s Daly Value for calcium? 26, Calculating Which ofthe foods meet the recommendation that no more than 30 percent ‘of food's Calories come rom ft? Explain. 27, Making Judgments Which ofthe foods would ‘be the most healthful choice for an afterschool snack? Explain your reasoning, tom Performance Accoxsmant Write asummary of ‘what you've learned from keeping food log. How ‘lose were your eating patterns to those recom- mended in your USDA MyPyramid Plan? How successful were you in making changes in your dct to match the MyPyramid Plan?Standardized Test Prep Test-Taking Tip Watching for Qualifiers You may be asked to answer a question that uses a uelifying wordsuch as most, least best, or except or For example, ou may be asked what the best ‘conclusion fsaccording to experimental data. When {you se this type of question, read the answer ‘choices vey crefull. More than one choice may be partially correc. Look fr the answer choice that ‘offers the best cr most complete answer. ‘Sample Question ‘According to the USDA guidelines, the most healthful diet includes limiting one’ intake of A sugar and fats. B water. © grains. D fruits and vegetables. Answer Qhoice A is correct because sugars and fats should be eaten sparinaly, as recommended by the USDA ‘uidelines. Choice B is incoract because the body ‘cannot function without water. Choices Cand D are incorrect because the USDA guidelines recommend ‘eating these foods more often. Choose the letier of the best answer 4. Which of following part ofthe digestive ‘ys is barpired wh fs fancton? 1 caophaguediges carbo, ® sotnach~aigent fe sal intenine—aborb water D liver—produw bl 2A food bel ona cereal box get you the fallowing ination: serene equal fonecup snd hee ae L10 lois pr serving. You measure the amount ocr fou plan stand find ht tmeatues 72 cupe Haw many Calorie wil ou consume? Peto Cares 6 168 Gores W220 Galore 1100 Cakes Use the table below and your knowledge of science to answer Questions 3 and 4 Prenton Mouth Less than 1 minute Esophagus Stomach Loss than t minute 1-3 hours Small Intestine 1-6 hours Large intestine 12-36 hours 3. Ifa meals eaten at noon, what is happening to the food at 1.2 A Salivais breaking doven starch into sugar. B_Proteinsare being digested into short chains of amino acids. © Fatsare being digested D Digested food is being absorbed into the blood. 4, For food eaten at noon, absorption cannot have begun by F lps G 7st H 9pat J noon the nextday. 5. Which of the following ongans is nor just digestive organ? A stomach B liver © small intestine D lange intestine Constructed Response 6. Compare the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion. How are they similar? How are they differen? In what parts of the digestive system do the two processes take place! How do the processes occur? Chapter 2 D6 753 CelteatlFetateya) Chapter Preview @ The Body's ‘Transport System Discover How Hard Does Your Heart Work ‘Active Art The Heart reting Data A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Discover How Does Affect Blood Flow? ‘Math Skil Sills Lab He Health Beat Blood and Lymph “ry This Caught in the Web ‘Analyzing Data Blood Type isrbution AAtHome Activity Whats Your Blood Type? Cardiovascular Health Discover Which Foods Are “Heart Healthy”? Try The Blocking tho Flow AtHiome Activity Heart Healthy Activ ‘Sills Lab Do You Know Your epee erentTravels of a Red Blood Cell Every day, you travel from home to Your travel it, ending blood aso travels in circuits plete journey of a red blood rough the human body Your display must red blood cell that leaves the heart and retuins to the 1 show where the exchange of ony gen ard carbon dioxide takes place «© provide written descriptions of the circuits made by the red blood cell ‘© be designed following the afety guidelines in Appendix A Pan rei he chapter anid Gras thaw te her ed blond ol athe phy of od rough he body Ten us te nase las You Cou ute cing toe dmesonl model pester ars of Sawing ap book ora aso aninaon Wt doom ayThe Body's Transport System Reading Preview Key Concepts + What are the functions ofthe | How Hard Does Your Heart Work? ‘cardiovascular system? 4. Every minute, your heart beats about 75 1085 times. With “= what the struire ane ‘each beat, it pumpe about 60 mililites of blood. Can you. unetion ofthe teart? ‘work as hard and fast as your heart does? + what path doesblood take 2. Cover a table or desk with newspapers. Pace two large plastic through the eardlovascular Containers side by side on the newspapers. Fill one with 2.5 stern? Iiters of water, which is about the volume of blood that your Keg arene heart pumps in 30 saconds. Leave the other container empty. 2. ay With aplastic that hols abou 0 ilies, ranser water as quickly as possible into the empty container, ‘tying not to spill any. CAUTION: Wipe up spilson the floor lmmediately. Have a partner time you for 30 seconds. As you ‘work, count how many transfers you make in 30 seconds, + cordiovescuar stern + heart ‘atrium ventrile * vale shpacemaker * ater) Sapillry # vein # aorta {© target Reading Skill ‘4 Multiply your results by 240 find the number of transfers in Sequencing Asyou read, make @ | 1 minute, Ste cngram ke the one below “Think over thatshows the path that blood || inferring Compare your performance withthe number ofsimes follows a it ereustes throughout} Your heart beats every minute, What do your resuits tll You the body Write each step of the ay ‘4 7 Ee een ‘bout the strength and speed of a heartbeat? Pathway of Blood a Lote at night a truck rolls through the darkness. Loaded with GS fresh fruits and vegetables, the truck is headed fora city super- (SON anarket The diver ster of the interstate and onto a smaller > | highway. Finally, after driving through narrow city streets, the (Gorm) | rach edition dv as, ore wore “180 Mad the argo At the same tine» gba rack removes yesterday's trash and drives off down the road. & \@p’ | ay | The Cardiovascular System Like the roads that link all parts of the country, your body has a “highway” network, called the cardiovascular system, that links al parts of your body. The cardiovascular system, also | called the circulatory system, consists of the heat, blood vex: | sand blood. The cardiovascular ystem caries newded substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells, In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease. weoDelivering Needed Materials Most substances that need to get from one part of the body to another are carried by blood. For example, blood carries axygen from your lungs to your other body cols. Blood ‘also transports the glucose your cells use to produce er Removing Waste Products ‘The cardiovascular system picks up wastes ftom cells. For example, when cells break down glucose, they produce carbon dioxide asa waste product. The carbon diox- ide passes ftom the cells into the blood. The cardiovascular system then carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, where itis exhaled: Fighting Disease ‘The cardiovascular system also transports cells that attack disease-causing microorganisms. This process ‘can help keep you from becoming sick. If you do get sick, these

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