ES 12 Lecture 11

WORK AND ENERGY

METHOD FOR
PARTICLES
 Introduction

Kinetics of
Rigid Bodies

Force-Inertia
Impulse-
(Newton’s 2nd Work-Energy
Momentum
Law of Motion)
 Lesson Objectives

At the end of the lecture, you are expected to:

1. Calculate the work done on the particle by various commonly

encountered forces such as gravity, spring force, friction and other
applied forces
2. Identify forces that do zero work
3. Use the principle of work and energy to solve problems involving
speeds, distances and forces
4. Evaluate the kinetic energy of the particle given its mass and speed
5. Identify situations where conservative forces are acting on the
particle
6. Calculate the potential energy associated with each of the
conservative forces
7. Use the principle of conservation of energy to solve problems
involving speeds, distances and conservative forces
 Work of a Force
The work of a force is

 
dU = F • dr
= F ds cos 
= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz

Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and sign but

not direction.
Dimensions of work are length x force
Units are 1 J ( joule ) = (1 N )(1 m ) 1ft  lb = 1.356 J
 Work of a Force
The work of a force during a finite displacement is given by,
A2 

U1→2 =  F • dr
A1
s2 s2
=  ( F cos  )ds =  Ft ds
s1 s1
A2
=  (Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz )
A1

Work is represented by the area under the curve of Ft

plotted against s.
 Work of a Force
Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion,

U1→2 = (F cos  ) x

Work of the force of gravity,

dU = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
= −W dy
y2
U1→2 = −  W dy
y1
= −W ( y 2 − y1 ) = −W y
 Work of a Force
Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is proportional to
deflection, F = kx
k = spring constant (N/m or lb/in.)

Work of the force exerted by spring,

dU = − F dx = −kx dx
x2
U1→2 = −  kx dx = 12 kx12 − 12 kx22
x1
 Work of a Force
Work of the force exerted by spring,

Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to negative

of area under curve of F plotted against x,

U1→2 = − 2 (F1 + F2 ) x
1
 Work done by friction

𝑈𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝜇𝑘 𝑁𝑑
 Work of a Force
Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos a = 0):
- reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body

- reaction at frictionless surface when body in contact

moves along surface

- reaction at a roller moving along its track

- weight of a body when its center of gravity moves

horizontally
Principle of Work & Energy: Kinetic Energy
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by a force

dv
Ft = mat = m
dt
dv ds dv
=m = mv
ds dt ds
F t ds = mv dv

Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
 Ft ds = m  v dv = 12 mv2 − 12 mv1
2 2
s1 v1

U1→2 = T2 − T1 T = 12 mv 2 = kinetic energy

 
Work-Energy Method
The work of the force F is equal to the change in kinetic
energy of the particle.

T 1 + U1→2 = T2 T = 12 mv2 = kineticenergy

Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:

2
m  m
T = 2 mv = kg   =  kg 2 m = N  m = J
1 2
s  s 
 Work-Energy Method
Consider the pendulum bob shown. The task is to
determine the velocity of the pendulum bob at A2. Consider
 kinetic energy.
work and
Force P acts normal to path and does no work.
T1 + U1→2 = T2
1W 2
0 + Wl = v2
2 g
v2 = 2 gl

NOTES:
The velocity is found without determining an expression for acceleration.
All quantities are scalar quantities and can be added directly.
Forces which do no work are eliminated from the problem.
 Work-Energy Method
The principle of work and energy cannot be applied to directly determine
the acceleration of the pendulum bob.

Calculating the tension in the cord requires supplementing the method

of work and energy with an application of Newton’s second law. As the
bob passes through A2 ,
 Fn = m an
W v22
P −W =
g l
W 2 gl
P =W + = 3W
g l
 Sample Problem 1
A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package which is sliding on
a horizontal surface. The spring has a constant k = 20
kN/m and is held by cables so that it is initially compressed
120 mm. The package has a velocity of 2.5 m/s in the
position shown and the maximum additional deflection of
the spring is 40 mm. Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the package and surface and (b) the
velocity of the package as it passes again through the
position shown.
Sample Problem 1
 Sample Problem 2
Packages are thrown down an incline at A with a velocity of
1 m/s. The packages slide along the surface ABC to a
conveyor belt which moves with a velocity of 2 m/s.
Knowing that 𝜇𝑘 = 0.25 between the packages and the
surface ABC, determine the distance d if the packages are
to arrive at C with a velocity of 2 m/s.
Sample Problem 2
Principle of Work & Energy: Potential Energy

Work of the force of gravity, W

U1→2 = W y1 − W y 2

Work is independent of the path followed.

It depends only on the initial and final values
of the product Wy.
V g = Wy
= potential energy of the body with
respect to force of gravity
U1→2 = Vg ( )1 − (Vg )2
Units of work and potential energy are the same:
Vg = Wy = N  m = J
Principle of Work & Energy: Potential Energy
Work of the force exerted by a spring depends only on the initial and final
deflections of the spring,

U1→2 = 12 kx12 − 12 kx22

The potential energy of the body with respect to the elastic force,

Ve = 12 kx 2
U1→2 = (Ve )1 − (Ve )2
 Conservative Forces
The concept of potential energy can be applied if the work of the force is
independent of the path followed by its point of application. Such forces
are described as conservative forces.

U1→2 = V ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) − V ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )

For any conservative force applied on a closed path,

 
 F • dr = 0
 Conservation of Energy
Work of a conservative force,
U1→2 = V1 − V2
From the concept of work and energy,
U1→2 = T2 − T1
It then follows that
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
E = T + V = constant
When a particle moves under the action of conservative forces, the total
mechanical energy is constant and is said to be conserved.
Friction forces are not conservative. Total mechanical energy of a
system involving friction decreases.
Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction into thermal energy. Total
energy is constant.
 Work-Energy Method
From the initial basic equation of the work-energy method previously
discussed,
T 1 + U1→2 = T2
This can be expanded in the form distinguishing the work done by
conservative and non-conservative forces. This equation is given by,

T 1 + (U1→2 )C + (U1→2 ) NC = T2
If there is no work done by non-conservative forces (e.g. friction forces),
then the equation reduces to
T 1 + (U1→2 )C = T2

wherein the work done by conservative forces is equal to the difference

in potential energy T +V = T +V
1 1 2 2
 Seatwork
A smooth 2-kg collar fits loosely on the vertical shaft. If the
spring is unstretched when the collar is in the position A,
determine the speed at which the collar is moving when y =
1 m, if
(a) It is released from rest at A, and
(b) It is released at A with an upward
velocity vA = 2 m/s.
 Homework
The roller-coaster car has a mass of 800 kg, including its
passenger, and starts from the top of the hill A with a speed
of vA = 3 m/s. Determine the minimum height h of the hill so
that the car travels around both inside loops without leaving
the track. Neglect friction, the mass of the wheels, and the
size of the car. What is the normal reaction on the car when
the car is at B and at C?
 Homework
Critical Thinking
1. Two small balls A and B with masses 2m and m
respectively are released from rest at the same position, a
height h above the ground. Neglecting air resistance, which
ball will have the higher kinetic energy when they hit the
ground?
 Homework
Critical Thinking
2. Block A is traveling with a speed vo on a smooth
horizontal surface when the surface suddenly becomes
rough with a coefficient of friction of 𝜇 causing the block to
stop after a distance d. If block A were traveling twice as
fast, that is, at a speed 2vo, how far will it travel on the
rough surface before stopping? Express your answers in
terms of d.
 Homework
Critical Thinking
3. A 200-g package is projected upward with a velocity vo by
a spring at A; it moves around a frictionless loop and is
deposited at C. For each of the two loops shown, what
condition must be satisfied to determine the smallest
velocity vo for which the package will reach C. Match the
figure with the necessary condition.

Condition 1:
VB = 0
Figure A Figure B
Condition 2:
NB = 0