how they perform their various roles in a
UCSP Reviewer
 Lesson 1
 Culture – Way of living
- Generally defined as the sum of an
individual’s way of life, ranging the food
he/she eats, the clothes he/she wears and
the house he/she lives.
- It is also includes the non-material and
material things that he/ she possesses or
acquires.
 Non-Material/ Intangible things – norms,
values, intangible aspects( music, dance,
poetry & other forms of expression), foods,
fashion trends, manners, scientific
knowledge.
 Material (tangible) – technology, food taboos,
architectural, engineering wonders,
advancement in medicine, breakthroughs in
transportation & communication.
 Society – group of independent people that has
same goal(survival)
- Generally defined as an organized group of
dependent people who share:
 Common territory
 Language
 Culture
 Politics – government, the art of governing
Power – status & function
- Refers to the theory, art & science(practice of
government)
- The political institution is a relatively stable
cluster of statuses, general norms and role
behavior which are involved in the acquisition
and exercise of power and decision-making in a
society.
- Philippine government has 3
branches/machineries:
 Executive department- the implementers
 Legislative department- the law makers
 Judiciary department – the interpreters
 Cultural Identity – refers to the identity or feeling
of belongingness of an individual to a group. It
pertains to one’s:
 Gender- socially constructed characteristics
 Serves as a guide or how male and
female think and act about themselves
and how they interact with others and
society.
 The level of masculinity and feminity
varies from culture to another especially
on how society dictates one’s productive
and reproductive roles.
 Sex – chiefly centers of biological
differences between male &
female.
 Socio-economic status- it is
categorized according to privileges
 Refers to the category of persons who
have more or less socio-economic
privileges in a society. There privileges on
the inherited wealth indicate the
occupational status of the
household/breadwinner.
 In the Philippines, 3 types of social classes
are identified:
oUpper class- consist of elite families
-considered as the most productive in
terms of resources generation and often
times very successful in their respective
field of interests and endeavor
-the elite has 2 types:
> the new rich- those who have humble
beginning and often experienced (rags-
to-riches of fortune)
> the traditional upper class – made up
descendant of powerful elite families
who acquired their wealth through
inheritance or birthright.
oMiddle class – composed of small
businesses and industry operates,
mostly managers and farm owners with
income sufficient enough to provide a
comfortable & decent living.
-OFWs are also included in this category.
oLower class - farm employees, skilled
& unskilled artisans, service workers.
-people who may be umemployed or
underemployed
-those who belong to indigent families or
informal sector fall on the lower calss
- this group is the longest in terms of
number and relatively earns their living
through substances.
-subtances lifestyle is manifested thorugh
the following conditions:
1. A family could hardly eat 3 decent
meals a day.
 2. The daily income of the Significance of studying society, culture and politics:
breadwinner could hardly feed the entire
1. It develops our knowledge, understanding,
family.
skills, values & attitudes to achieve social
3. The breadwinner does not have a
cultural and political literacy (AWARENESS).
permanent job.
2. It increases our knowledge & understanding
about personal and cultural identity would give
 Ethnicity - distinct indigenous people
us the impacts to initiate change (ACTION).
 the most potent cultural concept
3. It develops our skills to apply & evaluate social
 The expression f the set of cultural
and cultural research, investigate and engage
ideas held by a distinct ethnic/
in effective evaluation, analysis and synthesis
indigenous group.
of information from a variety of sources and
 An ethnic group refers to the people
ultimately be able to communicate information,
who collectively and publicly identify
ideas, and issues in appropriate forms to
themselves as distinct and unique
different audiences in a variety of contexts
based on distinguishtable cultural
(SHARING INFORMATION)
features that set them apart from other
4. It helps us be equipped w/ informed and
set, such as language, sahred
responsible values and attitudes towards just a
ancestry, common origin, customs and
society, intercultural understanding, informed
traditions.
and active citizenship, ethical research
practices and life long learning. (TO BE
 Religion – spiritual belief
KNOWLEDGEABLE)
 Organized system or ideas about the
 Norms – standards, rules , prescriptions
spiritual sphere or the supernatural ,
Types: Ideal tolerable
along with assiociated ceremonial or
Range of deviance
ritualistic practices by which people try
 Deviance – violations of norms
to interpret and/or influence aspects of
Types: formal
the universe otherwise beyond human
Informal
control
 Taboos – not following the law
 Hinduism – oldest religion

 Exceptionality - a disability
 Refers to the state of being intellectually
gifted and/or having physically or
mentally challenged conditions
concerning personality/ behavior,
communication, intellect, physical
appearance or combination of more
than one specific exceptionality or
disability.
 Nationality – relationship of a person to the
country
 Legal relationship that binds a persona
and a country. It allows the state to
protect and have jurisdiction over a
person.
 Lesson 2
“ Social, Politics and Cultural behavior
and Phenomenon”
 Lesson 3
“ Social, Cultural and Political
Changes”
 Social change – modification/variations in the
patterns of social organization within a society.
Causes of social change
1. Invention – new combination/use of existing
knowledge
- Material & social inventions
2. Discovery - people recognize existing elements of
the world they had not noticed before
3. Diffusion – spread of culture traits from one group
to another through trade, migration and mass
communication
- Culture spreads through the process of
a. Enculturation - culture spreads to
another through learning
b. Socializaition – learning through
constant exposure and experience
to culture
 c. Association - establishing
connection with the culture,
thereby bridging areas of
convergence & cultural symbolism
d. Integration – total assinilation of
culture and manifested by change
of worldviews, attitude, behavior &
perspective on looking things.
 Political change
 Cultural change
Factors:
1. Physical environment
2. Population
3. War
4. Random acts of man
 Lesson 5
5. Technology
“Anthropology”
- Study of human being and ancestors
Types of Anthropology
 Physical – human beings
 Cultural - how culture differs from each other
 Biological
 Linguists – more on language and communication
 Lesson 4
“Society and Culture”
 Society – group of people sharing of common
culture
- An organized group or groups of people who
generally share a common territory, language,
culture and who act together for collective
survival and well being
- Human society is characterized by a
territorially localized populations the members
of which interacts in a network of relationships
- Society only arises when individuals are knit
together in a network of mutual stimulus and
response
- The most important characteristics that
distinguishes human from non-human
societies lies in the specific ways in people
strive to meet their basic needs.
- Interdependence- they have to be dependent
with one another to survive
 Culture – complex whole which encompasses
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artificial, symbol, knowledge and everything that a
person learns and share us a member of society.
- THREE CHARACTERISTICS THAT GO
TOGETHER THAT MAKE UP CULTURE
a. Ideas – thoughts, beliefs, feelings ad
rules
b. Activities – dynamic component of
culture, it is what people do as opposed
on what they believe or feel
c. Artifacts – man-made products of ideas
and activities
d.
Culture is SYMBOLIC, LEARNED AND SHARED
“ Aspect of culture”
1. Dynamic, flexible and adaptive
2. Shared and contested
3. Learning through socialization and
enculturation
4. Patterned social interaction
5. Integrated through socialization and
enculturation
6. Transmitted through socialization and
enculturation
7. Requires languages and other forms of
communication
“Ethnocentrism and Culture Relativism”
Ethnocentrism – the view that one group is superior
compared to another.
- Tendency to evaluate other culture in terms of
one’s own and to conclude that the other
cultures are inferior, barbaric and immoral.
- Collectivism develops cultural pride and
identity, the most important in nation building
- Ethnocentrism in excess, considered inferior
or, in a situation in which one group is more
powerful than other, to oppression and
sometimes genoside.
- Ethnocentric mentality cultivates helplessness
and hopelessness.
- White ethnocentrism may develop solidarity of
a group. It also restricts interaction between
the group and when accomplished by
antagonism and hostility may lead to conflict.
- To mitigate ethnocentrism, it has been
suggested that culture relativity be popularize.
- Advocates of culture relativism asserts that
cultures must be viewed and analyzed on their
own terms in the context of their own societal
selling.
 - This approach proposes that one must - Violations of norms
suspend judgement on other people’s
The social consequences of deviance
practices in order to better understand them in
their own cultural terms. 1. Unifying the group
- Through cultural relativism, one can gain a 2. Endorsing conformity
meaningful view of the values and beliefs that 3. Providing safety value
underlie the behavior and institutions of other 4. Supplying a warning signal
people and societies.
Disfunction of social order

 Disrupting social order

 Lesson 6  Making life unpredictable & tense
“Socializaton”  Undermining trust
- Interact with other people
Models of deviance
- Communicate
 Moral
Theories of socialization
- Decision making
1. Formation of self- (nagsisimula sa sarili then sa  Medical
ibang tao) - Prescription
2. Social self- ( iba’t iba ang ipinapakita depende sa  Sociological
lugar)
3. Looking glass self- (ikaw nagrereflect kung sino ka
talaga o nagrereflect mula sa naririnig sa ibang tao) Sociological theories of deviance
a. Understanding people how they look us  Anomie – what are the social conditions
b. our view how to make judgement that produce deviance?
c. how can we say a thing is important  Limited access to
4. Mead and self-process resources
5. Goffman and presentation of self  Differential Association – how do people
learn deviant norms, values and behavior?
Types of socialization
 Influence of the society
 Primary socialization o Intensity
- Develop language o Age
 Anticipating o Frequency
- Anticipate your culture o Duration
 Development socialization  Labeling – what happens to a person who
- Socialize to achieve your goal in future is labeled a deviant?
 Resocialization  Two part process
- Adult o Primary- label that can
Agencies of Socialization hide
o Secondary – the
 Family society is the one who
 Peer group label you
 Mass media  Conflict – What is the primary motivation
 Social/society behind a society’s definition of deviance?
 Wealth & Power

 Lesson#?
“Deviance”