ALCOHOL

Teacher:
FERNANDO PUENTES CRUZ
 ALCOHOL

It is an organic chemical compound that is

obtained from the fermentation of
carbohydrates.
 ALCOHOL:
The word Alcohol comes from
the Arabic term «al-kukhol»,
which means spirit.
Spirit of Wine = Ethanol
Spirit of Wood = Methanol
BACKGROUND
ANCIENT AGE: Expansion of the Roman
Empire
MIDDLE AGES: The Arabs created the
distillation technique
INDUSTRIAL AGE: Alcohol as a condition of
social integration (Social Problem)
 C
H
ALCOHOL A
R
A
C

• Alcohol is the oldest T

E
R
known drug I
S
T

• It is considered a drug I
C
S
because it changes the
way people perceive the
• Colorless and volatil liquid
world.
• Flammable liquid
• Miscible in water
• Alcohol has a great
• Boiling point 78°C
social acceptance
• This is obtained from the
fermentation of
carbohydrates in the
presence of yeast
 ALCOHOL TOXICOKINETICS

• Absorption: Stomach
and Small intestinte
• Metabolism: Liver
• Elimination: Exhaled air,
urine and sweat

 Feeling of joy
 Motor incoordination
(Ataxia)
 Blurry vision
 Unconsciousness due to
excessive consumption
 Death due to extreme
consumption
METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL)

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
(ISOPROPANOLOL)

BUTYL ALCOHOL
(BUTANOL)
 METHYL ALCOHOL
(METHANOL)

Not suitable for human consumption

Boliling point 65°C
Flammable liquid
Miscible in water
TOXIC
35 mL cause death

Applications:
 Solvent
Efects:  Preparation of
Damages the optic adulterated drinks
nerve (blindness)  Formaldehyde
manufacturing
Can cause coma  Cadaver
and death conservation
 Refrigerant
 Biofuels
 ETHYL ALCOHOL
(ETHANOL)

Only alcohol suitable for human consumption

Is obtained by fermentation of plant matter
Boiling point 78°C
Miscible in water
Flammable liquid

Effects: Applications:
States of Euphoria  Preparation of
Disinhibition alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine, brandy,
Dizziness aguardiente and others
Drowsiness spirits)
Confusion  It is used in culinary
 Excipients of some
Delusions medications (Elixir)
Low response in
Reflexes
 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
(ISOPROPANOLOL)
Not suitable for human consumption
Boiling point 82°C
Nice Smell
Flammable liquid
Moderately TOXIC
Very miscible with water
Applications:
 Used as an
antiseptic
Effects:  Optical glass
• Nervous cleaning (lenses)
system  Acetone
depression production
• It has an (remover)
anesthetic  Cleaning products
effect  Chemistry
• Can induce laboratories
coma
 BUTYL ALCOHOL (BUTANOL)

Not suitable for human consumption

Boiling point 118°C
Strong character smell
Flammable liquid
Slightly TOXIC
Very miscible in water Applications:
 Manufacture of
perfumes, lotions
Effects: and colognes
• Respiratory  Manufacture of
and eye fruit essences
irritation  Textile and
• Neurotoxic Leather industry
effect  Dyes
 TYPES OF BEVERAGES

FERMENTED DISTILLED
(Natural) (Chemical)
 FERMENTED BEVERAGES

Fermentation is a natural process

that occurs when the juice of
fruits and cereals is exposed to the
enviroment for a certain time.

Process:
Due to the effect
of yeasts, the
sugar it contains
is transformed
into fermented
alcohol.
 DISTILLED BEVERAGES

Distillation consists in boiling the

fermented alcohol. The vapor is
condensed and passes through a
cooling tube to become a liquid
with a higher concentration of
alcohol.

Process:
In this process
the water is
eliminated,
which makes it
more
concentrated.
 ALCOHOL GRADUATION
Alcohol Graduation is calculated
based on the law of Gay-Lussac :

It is used to determine the

measure of alcohol contained in a
volume.

The neurotoxic effect

of alcohol starts
from alcoholism of
50 mg/dL
 Use the
G.A. = Vol Total mL * [ ]° /
following
formula 100
 Use the
when the percentage is
following
formula known

% de la presentación ------------ 100%

X --------------- Volumen (mL)

 INFORMACION PARA HACER LOS CALCULOS.
• 1 g de etanol = 7,1 Kcal
• Volumen de distribución = 0,53 L/Kg
• Gravedad Específica = 0,7939 g/mL
Nota: 1 mL/kg de etanol al 100% produce un nivel de aproximadamente
100 mg/dL
Utilidad:
1. Calcular la equivalencia en gramos
2. Determinar el contenido calórico
3. Medir el nivel de Alcoholemia
 EXCERCISE

Determine mediante la fórmula de Graduación Alcohólica el volumen de alcohol

contenido en 1 litro de aguardiente tapa roja al 35%, y determine su contenido
calórico, teniendo en cuenta que 1 g de alcohol = 7,1 Kcal/g de energía y tiene una
Gravedad Específica de 0,7939 g/mL, posteriormente calcule el nivel sanguíneo de
licor si la persona ha ingerido 70 mL de aguardiente y finalmente determine el
volumen de distribución teniendo en cuenta que esta persona pesa 75 Kg, teniendo
en cuenta que el volumen de distribución promedio del alcohol es de 0,53 L/Kg.
 EXCERCISE

Para el siguiente caso determine la tasa de alcoholemia (Alcoholemia = cantidad de

alcohol en la sangre), si una persona ingiere una lata de cerveza Poker de 330 mL con
una concentración de 4%, y el peso del bebedor es de 60 Kg; para este punto es
necesario tener en cuenta que la cantidad de sangre que contiene el cuerpo humano
corresponde al 8% del peso corporal y la cantidad de alcohol ingerido que pasa a la
sangre es del 15% el resto se evapora en el aliento y se distribuye en los órganos
internos, se debe tener en cuenta que 1 mL = 1 gramo, además tenga en cuenta que
la tasa de alcohol de sangre permitida para conducir en Colombia es MENOR a 40
mg/dL, ¿usted considera que esta persona está en condiciones de conducir un
vehículo?.
 BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS
LEVELS (GRADES) OBSERVACIONES

the test should be considered negative (normal in

0 abstainers).
(0,0 - 1,0 mg/dL)

the test indicates that the person has ingested alcohol,

I without being able to say that he is really drunk.
(1,0 – 10,0 mg/dL)

the person cannot yet be considered with certainty

II compromised in his psychosomatic capacity by
(10,0 – 150,0 mg/dL)
drunkenness (breathalyzer).
The person should be considered with clear effects of
III drunkenness, with evident symptomatic symptoms.
(150,0 – 200,0 mg/dL)

drunkenness can be positively diagnosed.

IV
(Mayor a 200,0 mg/dL)
TEST DE CAGE
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH

Mallamby Effect

Abstinence Syndrome

Marchiafava-Bignami
Disease

Antabuse-like reaction
 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH

MALLAMBY EFFECT: The alcoholic

person remains sober with abnormal
and even fatal levels due to the high
level of tolerance to alcohol.
 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH

ABSTINENCE SYNDROME: Consuming

large amounts of ethanol in a few days
or small amounts consumed frequently
for long periods induce physical
dependence.
 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH

MARCHIAFAVA-BIGNAMI DISEASE: the

alcoholic presents symptoms of
dementia, dysarthria and inability to
walk due to necrosis of the corpus
callosum.
 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH

ANTABUSE-LIKE REACTION: After

alcohol intake, facial redness, itching,
sweating, vertigo, headache, nausea,
and neurological disorders occur.
 ETHYL
INTOXICACION
1. Excitation Phase

2. Drunkenness Phase

3. Comatose Phase

4. Bulbar or Death Phase

 EXCITATION PHASE

ALCOHOLISM  Slight motor incoordination

(50 – 74 mg/dL)  Emotional state changes
 Anxiety effect
 Feeling or relaxation
 Driving is considered dangerous

ALCOHOLISM  Subjective tendency to communicate with others

(75 – 100 mg/dL)  Driving is definitely dangerous

ALCOHOLISM  Obvious change in mood and behavior

(101 – 149 mg/dL)  Loss of motor coordination (Ataxia)
 Involuntary eye movement (Nystagmus)
 Decrease self-criticism (disinhibition)
ALCOHOLISM  Manifestation of deep personality traits
(150 – 200 mg/dL)  Sociability fun, aggressive or inhibition
 Difficulty speaking (Dysarthria)
 Ataxia
 Thought disturbance
 DRUNKENNESS COMATOSE BULBAR OR DEATH
PHASE PHASE PHASE

ALCOHOLISM ALCOHOLISM ALCOHOLISM

(201 – 300 mg/dL) (> of 300 mg/dL) (Up to 500 mg/dL)
 Growing stupor
 Incoherent and  Cardio respiratory
 Speak intelligible
chappy speech arrest
 Inability to stand
 Inability to walk  Respiratory center
 Hypothermia
 Inappropriate inhibition
 Bradycardia
behavior  Death
 Hypotension
 Vertigo
 Evolution to Coma
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 TREATMENT

PREVENT ABSORPTION:
• Gastric lavage
• Intestinal lavage (Enema)
• Activated Carbon

FAVOR
ELIMINATION:
• Administer oral and
intravenous fluids
• Use diurectics
 TREATMENT

Ethyl therapy: fomepizole is the antidote to toxic

alcohols, and its mechanism of action is the
inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase. Ethanol is
used therapeutically to inhibit alcohol
dehydrogenase when fomepizole is not available.