INDEX

1 CHAPTER1...INTRODUCTION OF INDIA

2 CHAPTER2..."PESTEL"OF INDIA

2.1 What is PESTEL analysis

2.2 Political

2.3 Economic

2.4 Social

2.5 Technological

2.6 Legal and Enviromental

3 CHAPTER3...STEEPLE OF IRAQ

3.1 Socio- culture

3.2 Technological

3.3 Economic

3.4 Ecological

3.5 Polotical

3.6 Legal

3.7 Ethical

4 CHAPTER4...CONSULTANCY OF INDIA

4.1 Business consultancy

 4.2 Training consultancy

4.3 Placement consultancy

5 CHAPTER5...COMPARISON

6 CHAPTER6...REFERENCES

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CHAPTER:- 1 INTRODUCTION OF INDIA

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India is the largest country in South Asia. The word "Indian" comes from Sindhu, a local name
for the Indus River. Indians also call their country "Bharat," the name of a legendary emperor.

POLITICS

India is the largest democracy in the world. India has the biggest number of people with
franchise rights and the largest number of political parties, which take part in election campaign.
In the 1996 national elections, almost 600 million people voted and an average of 26 candidates
competed for each of the 543 territorial constituency seats.

Elections are held at different levels. The two major election levels are at national level, after
which the national government is established and at state level after which the state government
is established. Elections are also held for city, town and village councils.

There are different political issues in Indian politics. Some are national level and some regional
level. Some communities just demand more economical and social rights for their communities.
While others demand more autonomy for their cultures within the Indian states. Some demanded
autonomous states within the Indian Union, while the others demanded to be independent from
India.

With all its problems India survives as a single state with democratic character. But a number of
political problems still exist and remain unsolved in India.
ECONOMY

India is a developing country and our economy is a mixed economy where the public sector co-
exists with the private sector.

India is likely to be the third largest economy with a GDP size of $15 trillion by 2030.The
economy of India is currently the world’s fourth largest in terms of real GDP (purchasing power
parity) after the USA, China and Japan and the second fastest growing major economy in the
world after China.

Indian economy growth rate is estimated to be around seven to eight percent by year 2015-16

SOCIAL

One of the great themes pervading Indian life is social interdependence. People are born into
groups—families, clans, subcastes, castes, and religious communities—and feel a deep sense of
inseparability from these groups. People are deeply involved with others, and for many, the
greatest fear is the possibility of being left alone, without social support. Psychologically, family
members typically experience intense emotional interdependence.

TECHNOLOGY

India ranks third among the most attractive investment destinations for technology transactions
in the world.Modern India has had a strong focus on science and technology, realising that it is a
key element of economic growth. India is among the topmost countries in the world in the field
of scientific research, positioned as one of the top five nations in the field of space exploration.

CHAPTER:- 2 "PESTLE" OF INDIA

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2.1 What is Pestle Analysis?

It’s basically a framework used for scanning and analyzing an organization’s external macro
environment by considering factors which include political, economic, socio-cultural,
technological, legal and environmental. Read more about PESTLE analysis here.

2.2. Political Factors:-

Being one of the largest democracies in the world, India runs on a federal form of government.
The political environment is greatly influenced by factors such as government’s policies,
politician’s interests, and the ideologies of several political parties. As a result, the business
environment in India is affected by multivariate political factors. The taxation system is well-
developed and several taxes, such as income tax, services tax and sales tax are imposed by the
Union Government. Other taxes, such as octroi and utilities, are taken care of by local bodies.
Privatization is also influenced and the government encourages free business through a variety of
programs.

2.3. Economic Factors

The economy of India has been significantly stable, since the introduction of the industrial
reform policies in 1991. As per the policy, reductions in industrial licensing, liberalization of
foreign capital, formation of FIBP and so on, has resulted in a constant improvement of India’s
economic environment. The country registered a GDP of $5.07 trillion in 2013 following a
further improved GDP growth rate of 5% in 2014 as compared to 4.35% in 2013.

2.4. Social Factors

The social factors refer to any changes in trends which would impact a business environment.
For instance, the rise in India’s ageing population is resulting in a considerable rise in pension
costs and increase in the employment of older workers. India has a population of more than 1.2
billion people with about 70% between the ages of 15 and 65. Therefore, there are structures
with percentages according to age. These structures contain varying flexibility, in education,
work attitudes, income distribution, and so on.

2.5. Technological Factors

Technology significantly influences product development and also introduces fresh cost-cutting
processes. India is served with both 3G and 4G technology which has facilitated several of their
technological projects. Furthermore, the country also possesses one of the strongest IT sectors in
the world, promoting constant IT development, software upgrades and other technological
advancements. Recently, India has also attempted to launch their satellites into space.

2.6. Legal & Environmental Factors

In the recent past, a number of legal changes have been implemented in India, such as recycling,
minimum wage increase and disability discrimination, which has directly affected businesses
there. However, when it comes to environment, the quality of air in India has been adversely
affected by industrialization and urbanization, also resulting in health problems. As a result, there
have been establishments of environmental pressure groups, noise controls, and regulations on
waste control and disposal.

So, here is the PESTLE analysis of India, which is provided with a detailed analysis of the four
significant factors that affect its external macro environment.

CHAPTER:- 3 "STEEPLED" OF IRAQ

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STEEPLE stands for:-

S - socio-culture
T -technological

E - economic

E - ecological

P -political

L - legal

E - ethical

3.1.SOCIO-CULTURE:-

Since achieving independence in 1932, sociopolitical volatility typified the modern history of
Iraq, thus redirecting its focus away from activities that could have contributed to economic
development.

According to The World Fact Book of the Central Intelligence Agency, previous leaders had only
brought armed conflicts in the country. The most notable of them was Saddam Hussein who
waged a costly and devastating war with Iran from 1980 to 1988, First Persian Gulf War, and
subsequently followed it with another high-profile international conflict after annexing Kuwait in
1991,Gulf War.

Hussein remained in power until 2003 when a US-led force invaded Iraq for failure to dispose
alleged weapons of mass destructions and long-range missiles, in addition to suspicion of global
terrorism support. However, the ouster of the former Iraqi ruler, his subsequent death, and the
American pull back in 2011 did not lead to substantial change. Domestic conflict ensued due to
prevailing militant activities.
Today, the emergence of ISIS or the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the subsequent
occupation of several Iraqi territories threatens ongoing efforts aimed at jumpstarting the Iraqi
economy.

Considering this series of events, it is not hard to imagine why Iraq did not progress the way its
counterparts did. Local and international armed conflicts were costly, in addition to the fact that
whenever a county pursues armed campaigns, it tends to direct its attention away from economic
development.

3.2.TECHNOLOGICAL:-

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are now universally recognized as the drivers of
national economic development and key contributors to poverty reduction, disease prevention
and environmental conservation. Once among the strongest in the region in STI, Iraq has
suffered substantial setbacks in its intellectual infrastructure following years of isolation,
diminishing resources and infrastructure damage. A large number of Iraqi scientists and
engineers are believed to have left the country. Most of the country´s higher education and
research institutions are not fully operational. Technology across most economic sectors,
including the oil sector, is outdated. While the updating of technology has been a national
priority, the transfer of scientific knowledge and technology has been hampered, negatively
impacting the quality of life in almost every sphere, and limiting the country from harnessing the
fruits of its scientific discoveries.

The Government will need to respond with a comprehensive assessment of the science and
technology sector, backed up with policies, programmes, institutions and partnerships which
foster economic opportunities. The need for strengthening capacity in science for sustainable
development and harnessing innovation can only be addressed within a comprehensive
framework of science and technology.
In 2005, UNESCO commissioned a preliminary assessment of science and technology in Iraq as
a driver for economic development. It concluded that a more robust science and technology
sector is vital for reviving the national economy in the aftermath of the

3.3.ECONOMIC:-

In comparison with many other developing countries, Iraq has unprecedented economic
possibilities. It has enormous agricultural potential, thanks to the water and the fertile silt
deposits from the Tigris and Euphrates. The size of the population (estimated at around 30
million in 2010) guarantees an ample supply of labour. Also very important are Iraq’s extensive
oil reserves (about 10 percent of the proven world reserves) and gas reserves (Iraq ranks eleventh
in the world), on the income from which the nation is almost totally dependent. In 1989, the year
before the United Nations trade embargo was established during the Kuwait crisis, crude oil
generated 98 percent of the export revenues and covered 90 percent of the government’s budget.
On paper, the great strength of Iraq’s economy lies in the combination of these factors. With the
exception of Iran, no other country in the Middle East can be said to have this potential.

But the Iraqi economy also has vulnerabilities. For instance, both the Tigris and Euphrates rise in
Turkey, and before the Euphrates reaches Iraq it also runs through Syria. Since the mid-1970s
both Turkey and Syria have been building large dams on the upper reaches of the Euphrates, with
the intention, among others, of making more land arable through irrigation. This has resulted in
decreased water flow downstream, which harms Iraqi farmers. Iraq depends almost entirely on
neighbouring countries for the transport of goods in and out; it has a coastline of only 58
kilometres (on the Persian Gulf).

Under stable political circumstances, these problems could be dealt with. The water problem
could, for example, be solved by digging canals and entering into agreements with Syria and
Turkey. (To date, negotiations on the basis of international regulations have not produced a
satisfactory result.) The supply of water could then be regulated as far as possible in order to
make optimal use of it. The problems that arise from Iraq’s landlocked situation could be
overcome by being on good terms with its neighbours and by developing alternative
transportation routes (roads, pipelines, railway lines). The dependence on income from the oil
sector could be reduced by broadening the economic base. Although past attempts to overcome
these economic limitations have been made with varying success, Iraq remains extremely
sensitive to external developments. That the Iraqi economy is presently in such difficulties can be
attributed primarily to the penchant of the regime of Saddam Hussein for seeking violent
solutions, resulting in three devastating wars within twenty-five years.

The Iraqi economy is facing in the last years several great challenges, such as the receding of oil
prices in the years 2015 and 2016 and the emerging of ISIS organization. The Iraqi government
is facing numerous challenges; among which is preserving the macro-economy of the country;
conducting structural reforms to improve the level of public services; restructuring the
infrastructure in the areas which were liberated from ISIS; and providing aid for about 3.4
million Iraqis who are internally-displaced from the areas of the conflict with ISIS organization.

As a result of the extreme challenges which Iraq is facing and its need for large funds, the
International Monetary Fund had agreed in July 2016 to provide Stand-by Arrangement (SBA);
its period is three years and with a value of 5.34 billion US dollars, simultaneously with the
World Bank providing a series of three loans for the purposes of development with the value of
3.2 billions dollars between the years 2015 and 2017. As well the Ira donor conference pledges in
July 2016 to provide 2.1 billion dollars between the years 2016 and 2018, with the aim to secure
financial support for the difficult humanitarian situation in Iraq.

The gross domestic product (GDP) in the year 2015 had reached 180.07 billion US dollars, in
comparison with 228.73 and 324.65 billion dollars in the years 2014 and 2013 respectively. In
the year 2015, the GDP per capita had reached 5820 US dollars, in comparison with 6560 and
6840 dollars in the years 2014 and 2013. According to the International Monetary Fund, the
inflation rate in the years 2015 and 2014 had reached 2%, in comparison with 1.4% in the year
2013. It is predicted that the Iraqi economy will grow in the year 2016 by a rate of 4.8% due to
the increase in oil production.

3.4.ECOLOGICAL:-

Environmental pollution is one of the main factors that stand as an obstacle in the development
of the tourism sector. In Iraq, within the last three decades, this issue has had significant impacts
on the ecological, economic and social sectors, particularly on the tourism sector. Within the
context of a structural adjustment, our first purpose is to look at how the relationship between the
economic development, the environmental protection and tourism progresses , while reviewing
key elements of the relationship between tourism and the environment, with particular reference
to the environmental impacts of tourism in Iraq. Following a general overview of the importance
of the environment for tourism, a brief review concerning the difficulties of monitoring
environmental changes and managing tourism effects in destination areas is presented. Finally,
several key questions and research subjects needing further consideration have been identified.

Between 1970 and 2004, Iraq’s annual mean temperature increased by 1-2oC (World Bank,
2017). Precipitation in Iraq is limited and the majority of the country is arid to semiarid. There
have been variable changes in annual rainfall for the period 1951–2000, with both increases
(northeast Iraq) and decreases (southeast and west Iraq). Future expectations, suggest that Iraq
will suffer from higher temperatures, intense heat waves, a decrease in mean annual rainfall but
an increase in intensity, a decrease inrunoff and sea level rise in the Gulf (World Bank, n.d.).
These changes are expected to have adverse impacts on the agricultural sector, water resources,
human health, the energy sector and infrastructure in Iraq (USAID, 2017).

Hameed et al (2018) found significant drought exacerbation over Iraq during the period of
1998–2009, and identified two significant drought periods of 1998–1999 and 2007–2008.
Drought has become more intense at the central and southwestern parts of Iraq, and more
frequent but shorter drought has been experienced. Prolonged drought has taken a toll on rain-fed
crops in the north of Iraq (USAID, 2017). Water resources. Water demand is increasing in Iraq
due to population growth, environmental considerations, and economic development (Danboos et
al, 2017). Iraq is very dependent on the surface water (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) crossing its
borders from neighbouring countries. All basin countries (Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey) have
developed large-scale projects, most often unilaterally without consultation with the other
riparians.

Iraq currently faces a significant threat of water shortages due to internal and externalchallenges
that include poor water resource management, internal political conflicts, lack of local policies,
climate change, international development laws, and unstable relationships with neighbouring
countries (Al-Muqdadi et al, 2016). Fawzi and Mahdi (2014) found that a change in the quantity
and quality of water in the Tigris, Euphrates and the Shatt Al-Arab River due to the effects of
upstream damming has significantly reduced the water flow to Iraq. There has been a severe
decline in water quantity and escalating levels of salinity in the Shatt al Arab River (Abdullah et
al, 2015;2016). Climate variability and continued surface water shortages are raising the
importance of groundwater as a strategic water source, however, groundwater resources and use
is poorly studied in Iraq.

Al-Muqdadi et al (2016) highlight that Iraq could also fall below the water poverty line, which
has been defined as less than 1000 m³ per year per person.3 Biodiversity loss There has been
severe degradation of Iraq’s biodiversity due to a number of factors, including unregulated
hunting and harvesting of threatened species, trade in endangered species, high salinity and
ecological pollution, uncontrolled development and a lack of protection in many of Iraq’s most
important biodiverse sites (Nature Iraq, n.d.). The Mesopotamian Marshes were greatly degraded
through the drainage and diversion of water supplies for agriculture, oil exploration, and military
purposes since the 1980s. International efforts were made to restore the wetlands, but restoration
is patchy because of high soil and water salinities and the Marshes have become fragmented,
affecting the survival of many species and the health of the Marshes (Fawzi and Mahdi, 2014).

3.5.POLITICAL:-

Iraq’s sectarian and ethnic divisions—muted toward the end of the 2003-2011 U.S. military
intervention in Iraq—are fueling a major challenge to Iraq’s stability and to U.S. policy in Iraq
and the broader Middle East region. The resentment of Iraq’s Sunni Arabs toward the
Shiitedominated central government facilitated the capture in 2014 of nearly one-third of Iraqi
territory by the Sunni Islamist extremist group called the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIL,
ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh). Iraq’s Kurds are separately embroiled in political,
territorial, and economic disputes with Baghdad, but those differences have been at least
temporarily subordinated to the common struggle against the Islamic State. U.S. officials assert
that the Iraqi government must work to gain the loyalty of more of Iraq’s Sunnis—and to resolve
differences with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)—if an eventual defeat of the
Islamic State is to result in long-term stability. Prospects for greater intercommunal unity
appeared to increase in 2014 with the replacement of former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki with
the current Prime Minister, Haydar al-Abbadi. Although both men are from the Shiite Islamist
Da’wa Party, Abbadi has taken some steps to try to compromise with Sunnis and with the KRG.
However, a significant point of contention with the KRG remains the KRG’s marketing of crude
oil exports separately from Baghdad. Achieving political consensus has been hindered in part by
divisions within the major communities. Iraq’s Sunnis remain divided between those who accept
Islamic State rule and those who actively work to help the government defeat it. Within the
majority Shiite community, Abbadi continues to struggle politically against the growing
influence of Shiite militia commanders who operate independently of the official military chain
of command, have close ties to Iranian leaders, and question the Abbadi government’s alliance
with the United States. The government has needed to rely on the militias in some battles against
the Islamic State. Some of the Shiite militia leaders seek to combat the Islamic State without the
participation of Sunni fighters, who many experts assert are key to completely defeating Islamic
State forces. Divisions within the KRG have been widened by a dispute over the position of
KRG President Masoud Barzani, whose term has expired but who his supporters insist should
stay on in the interests of stability. More broadly, the economic strains of fighting the Islamic
State have caused economic austerity and a deterioration of services that has produced some
popular unrest even in areas not directly affected by combat. Protests in Baghdad in the summer
of 2014 prompted Abbadi to push for significant restructuring of the Iraqi government, and to
counter corruption and excessive government spending. These efforts were supported by Iraq’s
highest Shiite leadership based in Najaf, but have been blunted by Iraqi politicians whose
positions are threatened by reform and by many citizens who do not want their salaries cut.
Factions supporting reform, including Shiites loyal to cleric Moqtada Al Sadr, have mobilized to
pressure Abbadi to push forward despite the entrenched resistance.

3.6.LEGAL

The Code itself consisted of 282 provisions, following a preamble thanking the gods and praising
Hammurabi.The legal system it outlined established a society divided into classes, with complex
social relations and harsh punishments. 10 It reflected a long experience with legal proceedings
and the problems they could entail, including the issues that could arise from false accusations,
which were dealt with in the first few articles. Anyone who brought an accusation of a capital
crime without proof could be put to death (article 3). There was a belief in the efficacy of an
ordeal for determining the truth. When an accusation was made, the accused might leap into the
river; if he sank, the accusation was considered to be true, and the accuser would take possession
of the accused’s house. If however the accused did not sink, he was considered not guilty. The
accuser would be put to death, and the accused would in turn receive his house (article 2).
Experience with the ups and downs of legal proceedings also showed in article 5, on judges,
which required that if a judge had made an error in a decision presented in writing that had
imposed a fine, then he must pay twelve times the amount in question, in addition to being
removed from the bench. The Code covered all aspects of law, reflecting the society of its time,
including marriage and family relations, property, robbery and other crimes, minimum daily
wage, purchase and sale of slaves and owner obligations to slaves, and even the fees charged by
doctors, lawyers, and accountants.

3.7.ETHICAL:-
Fifteen years following our experience in south Lebanon, few lessons appear to have been learnt
from the ‘embedded’ narratives of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ of the Iraq war. That this narrative was
orchestrated by a US-led coalition, to retain a monopoly on news of the human cost of the
invasion and on the polity and society of Iraq, is well documented. During the 2003 Iraq
invasion, ground realities affecting civilians were reported by journalists ‘embedded’ in the front
line, meaning all information was derived from the US-led coalition front. The global audience
rarely received information independent of the military. Since the war had caused a huge rift
between the public and political leaders in the Western world, there was need to control its
outputs. The false trigger for the war, that is, the Weapons of Mass Destruction, was unravelled
only afterwards, marking the Iraq war as one of the biggest Western follies of the 20th century,
for its human, economic, social and political consequences.16–22

Results of civilian deaths published by the Lancet in 2006 undermined official narrative on
‘precision’ bombing and ‘targeted’ warfare. Researchers in the USA and Europe challenged its
findings, mostly on methodological grounds; some led by coalition governments, others with
considerable chagrin.16 ,23 The credibility of authors, the methodology used and even the
possibility of a ‘conspiracy’ by the Lancet were raised due to the date of publication, prior to a
US election. While such challenges within and across scientific research are routinely part of
academic discourse, the systematic attempts at discrediting data from the study of Burnham and
colleagues in the Lancet, against embedded reporting, established an ominous trend: it
highlighted attempts to influence science with journalistic reporting and official discourse on the
war in Iraq. This kind of pressure is of concern because many reporters ‘embedded’ in Iraq have
since admitted they regretted not cross-checking evidence provided by the coalition forces.19–21
Despite this, however, had it not been for WikiLeaks (in 2010), we would probably never have
known of systematic abuse at Abu Ghraib prison, or of the executions of innocent civilians by
members of the US army and its subcontractors. Their mission to promote democracy was often
in total violation of the international laws guiding rules of engagement in conflict.

CHAPTER:- 4 CONSULTANCY OF INDIA

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Management consulting, often referred to as business consulting, is defined as “advisory and/or

implementation services to the (senior) management of organisations with the aim of improving
the effectiveness of their business strategy, organisational performance and operational
processes”. Management consulting is – due to the great diversity in disciplines and differences
in required capacities of advisors – the broadest area within the consulting industry, and covers
between 50% - 55% of the total consulting market.

4.1BUSINESS SECTOR:-

The worldwide market for management consulting services is estimated to be worth more than
$130 billion, and represents just over half of the total global consulting market. In the past years,
expenditures on management consultancy grew on average with more than 4% per year, although
the percentages have in the the past years, in line with the economic recovery of mature markets,
been picking up. With a value of $70 billion, operations consulting forms the biggest segment
within the sector, while HR consulting and strategy consulting are more or less the same in size
with a value of just over $30 billion.

Management consultants are hired by decision makers for advise on, among others, strategy and
organisational matters. They can be asked to develop a new strategic plan to, for instance, realise
more growth, or commissioned to advise on innovation or cost reduction strategies.
Implementing the proposed solutions also belongs to their tasks, and in practice the execution
side of consulting forms the largest market for management consultants. Assignments can vary
from improving the efficiency of business processes, the implementation of new IT systems,
outsourcing of non-core tasks or optimising the supply chain. Management consultants typically
remain involved until change transitions are complete and new ways of working have become
part of 'business as usual' operations
4.2.TRAINING SECTOR:-

The education sector in India is poised to witness major growth in the years to come as India will
have world’s largest tertiary-age population and second largest graduate talent pipeline globally
by the end of 2020. The education market in India is currently valued at US$ 100 billion and is
expected to nearly double to US$ 180 billion by 2020.* Currently, the school segment is valued
at US$ 52 billion and contributes 52 per cent to the education market in India, higher education
contributes 15 per cent of the market size, text-book, e-learning and allied services contribute 28
per cent and vocational education in manufacturing and services contributes 5 per cent. Higher
education system in India has undergone rapid expansion. Currently, India’s higher education
system is the largest in the world enrolling over 70 million students while in less than two
decades, India has managed to create additional capacity for over 40 million students. It
witnesses spending of over Rs 46,200 crore (US$ 6.93 billion).

The total amount of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflow into the education sector in India
stood at US$ 1.64 billion from April 2000 to September 2017, according to data released by
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).

The education and training sector in India has witnessed some major investments and
developments in the recent past. Some of them are:

The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi has been ranked 145 in the Global University
Employability Ranking 2017, based on hiring by top companies.

India has signed a loan agreement with World Bank under 'Skills Acquisition and Knowledge
Awareness for Livelihood Promotion' (SANKALP) Project to enhance institutional mechanisms
for skills development.

Singapore is going to open its first skill development centre in Assam, which will provide
vocational training to youth in the region.

Dabur India Ltd has opened a skill development centre for women in Dhekidol village in the
state of Assam, that will provide rural women with improved employment and self-employment
opportunities.

4.3.PLACEMENT SECTOR:-

Placement firm is a human resources sourcing or a recruitment firm, which does the employee
hunting for their clients . It is also called manpower consulting, manpower recruitment agencies,
hr consultants or hr recruitment firms. For recruitment and selection almost all the big or small
companies these days do human resources outsourcing. These recruitment firms find the suitable
employee as per their client's requirements. The initial round of interview are either taken up in
these recruitment firms or can be scheduled at the company itself. Or the human resourcing
outsourcing firms can schedule the candidate's interview over the phone. The placement
consultant agencies not only work for Indian companies but also do the hiring for organizations
in abroad.

These placement consultant agencies are in contact with top MNCs, corporate firms, private
limited firms and other big & small companies in India and abroad. Companies, which are
commonly called client, tell their manpower requirements to these placement agencies which in
turn find the right candidate for them. Internationally India is a place that is the most sought after
for employees because they have right mind set, education and knowledge. Sincerity,
responsibility and dependability are other features that has led to the more demand of Indian
manpower. So with this placement consultant agencies are mounting in number.

CHAPTER:-5 COMPARISON
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The bilateral relations between the Republic of Iraq and the Republic of India have traditionally
been friendly and collaborative. Cultural interaction and economic trade between Indus Valley
and Mesopotamia date back to 1800 BCE. The 1952 Treaty of Friendship established and
strengthened ties between contemporary India and Iraq. By the 1970s, Iraq was regarded as one
of India's closest allies in the Middle East.

Ties between India and Iraq were disrupted during the Iran–Iraq War, the 1991 Gulf War and the
2003 Iraq War. However, the bilateral relations normalised after the establishment of democratic
government in Iraq. India's ties with Iraq suffered due to the UN sanctions on Iraq, but India
soon developed trade within the Oil-for-Food programme, which permitted Iraq to export oil for
essential goods. However, a 2005 investigation of the programme revealed that the then-Indian
minister of external affairs Natwar Singh and the congress party had possibly received kickbacks
from the Baathist regime, leading to his resignation and at the request of Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh.

· In Iraq, 16.0% of adults are unemployed, Whereas, in India the number of aduts which
are unemployed is 8.8%.

· The literacy rate of iraq is 79.7% and the literacy rate of India is 71.2%.

· Iraq spends 5.5% of its total GDP on healthcare. Whereas India 4.7% of its total GDP in
health care.

· Iraq has a total of 58 km of coastline and India has 7,000 km of coastline.

· In Iraq, the average life expectancy is 75 years and in India the average life expectancy is
 69 years.

· Iraq has a top tax rate of 15.0%. Whereas the India has top tax rate of 35.5%.

· In Iraq, 98% of people have electricity access but in India only 79% of people on average
have access to electricity.

· Iraq has a GDP per capita of $17,000, while in India, the GDP per capita is $7,200.

India and Iraq have historical and civilizational ties. Iraqi port of Basra was not only the market
par excellence of the Indian merchandise including textiles, spices, food-grains and other
commodities for the Arab world but also of the famous pearl trade that flourished mainly through
the Indian traders and jewellers. Indian soldiers and railway workers from British India had
played major role in ensuring the security in this region during the colonial era and have left an
imprint in the region that many Iraqis still proudly claim their Indian ethnic descent. India and
Iraq have even shared agricultural practices. The breed of the southern Iraqi Jamus or the water
buffalo had been brought by Harun Al Rashid from India. The Iraqi Philosophers and Sufi saints
like Hasan al Basri, Junaid Al Baghdadi and Sheikh Behlul had such an impact on the spiritual
movements in India that Guru Dev Nanak Saheb came personally to Baghdad to deliberate on
the ontological and the epistemological questions with Sheikh Behlul who hosted him for nearly
three months. Iraqi spiritual leader Sheikh Syed Abdul QadirJeelani has enormous following in
India where he is referred to either as DastagirSaheb or Ghous-al-Azam. On the other hand,
Indians were among the foremost to patronize the Shrines and Sarai Khanas of the heritage of
Islam’s primeval martyrdom at Karbala. Thousands of Indians visit the shrines of Imam Hussein
and Imam Abbas in Karbala every year and also the shrine of Sheikh Abdul QadirJeelani in
Baghdad.

The economic and trade relations between India and Iraq slowed down after the invasion of Iraq
in 2003. However, the total bilateral trade has grown steadily since 2010, mainly due to
increasing crude oil imports. The value of total trade increased from US$ 5.7 billion in 2006-07
to US $ 20.52 billion in 2012-2013. Trade figures in the subsequent years declined largely due to
fall in the global oil prices, however bilateral trade has actually increased in quantity, both in
exports and imports. In FY 2016-17, bilateral trade with Iraq was valued at US$ 12.81 billion,
accounting for about 1.95% of our total foreign trade. Iraq was our 15th largest trading partner in
2016-17

Before the Gulf war in 1991, there were more than 80,000 Indian nationals in Iraq. Most of them
left Iraq before the war started. After the 2003 invasion, thousands of Indian workers were
recruited by contractors to provide various services to foreign military bases in Iraq. Many of
them left with the deteriorating security situation in the country. With the lifting of the
Government of India advisory against travel of Indians to Iraq which was in vogue from 2004 till
May 2010, the number of Indian workers had steadily increased in the more stable Kurdistan
region comprising Erbil, Sulaimaniya and Dohuk governorates, with better salaries and working
conditions in steel mills, oil companies and construction projects. When the ISIS took over large
parts of Iraq in 2014, Government of India evacuated thousands of Indian nationals from Iraq.

CHAPTER:-6 REFERENCES

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Countries and their cultures [Online] Available https://www.everyculture.com/,

Center for global education [Online] Available https://asiasociety.org,

India Brand Equity Foundation [Online] Available https://www.ibef.org/,

Consultancy India [Online] Available https://www.consultancy.in/,

PESTEL Analysis [Online] Available https://pestelanalysis.com/,

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