Chemistry Chapter 1: Rate of Reaction

1. How does a reaction happen? (Collision Theory)

条件 1: Collision
According to kinetic theory of matter, all matter are made up of tiny, discrete particles.
They continuously move and collide with each other.

条件 2: Sufficient energy
The particles must possess energy >= activation energy.
Activation energy = the minimum energy required for a reaction to happen.

条件 3: Correct orientation

2. What factors affect rate of reaction?

*Size of solid reactant*

Factor 1: Total surface area (solid reactants)
Eg: marble chips, marble clumps
Higher frequency of collision
Higher frequency of effective collision

Factor 2: Concentration of solute (aqueous reactants)

Higher number of solute particles per unit volume
Higher frequency of collision
Higher frequency of effective collision

Factor 3: Pressure (gas reactants)

Higher number of gas particles per unit volume
Higher frequency of collision
Higher frequency of effective collision

Factor 4: Temperature
More heat energy absorbed by particles
Higher kinetic energy possessed by particles
Higher frequency of collision
Higher frequency of effective collision

Factor 5: Presence or amount of positive catalyst

Catalyst = substance that changes the activation energy of the reaction / rate of reaction
Provides an alternative reaction route with lower activation energy
More particles have sufficient energy for effective collision
Higher frequency of effective collision

3. What factor affects the amount of final product?

Amount of reactant particles (mass, volume, concentration)

Number of moles = mass * molar mass OR volume * molar volume OR molarity * volume / 1000
Higher number of moles of reactant particles
Higher number of moles of product particles
4. Observing and explaining graphs on rate of reaction

Gradient => Rate of reaction

Average: Total products / Total time
Instantaneous: Draw tangent, determine Δy and Δx, calculate Δy / Δx
Height of graph => Amount of product / Amount of reactant
**Look at the label of y-axis**
Amount of product gained
Amount of reactant left
Amount of reactant lost

5. Explaining the change of rate of reaction throughout the whole reaction

Why does the gradient of the graph decrease as the reaction continues?
The rate of reaction decreases as the reaction continues.
(Solid reactants) The total surface area of reactant decreases.
(Aqueous reactants) The concentration of reactant decreases.

**refer to amali for experiment details**