Lovely Professional Unversity

Term paper

Name : Digvijay Chaudhary

Section : F4901

Roll No. : B - 55

Subject Code : MEC-202

Reg.No-10902942

Mr. Sandip budhe

ACKNOWLEGMENT

Myself ,DIGVIJAY CHAUDHARY, Student of

B.Tech(ME) ; is very thankful to my KINEMATICS OF
MECHANICS lecturer MR. SANDIP BHUHE for suggesting
me this topic :-

Topic:-Study the cam profiles used in various

internal combustion engines.

I am also very thankful to the various books, educational sites and

specially to our teacher from which I came to know much about my
topic .

THANKING YOU
Table of contents:-

1. Introduction
2. Cam concept and definitions
3. Cam profiles
4. Application of cam and follower
5. Uses
6. Camshaft
7. Types of internal combustion engines
8. Explanation of 4- stroke engine
9. Refrences

INTRODUCTION

How do cams make life easier?

Cams turn rotary motion into up-and-down motions.
Cams allow machines to apply pressure at particular moments in the cam’s
cycle. They are used in sewing machines to push the needle and thread through
material in regular patterns.
When many cams are threaded together on a camshaft, they allow you to control
the up and down movements of followers in particular sequences. Camshafts are
used in car engines to open and close valves in sequence and control the flow of
air, fuel and exhaust running through the engine.

Everyday uses of cams

Cams come in lots of amazing shapes! When you visit the Factory, check out
the cams in the Toying with Cams exhibit. Their varied shapes are what cause
the toy dog to ‘jump’ and the toy caterpillar to ‘wriggle’.

CAM CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS

  Cams can be shaped in any number of ways and this is

determined by the way the follower is to move. The shape of
the cam is called the PROFILE.
 OR
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives
reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known
as follower. The cam and follower has a point
or line contact constitute a higher pair.
OR 

A cam is a mechanical component of a machine that is used to

transmit motion to another component, called the follower,
through a prescribed motion program by direct contact.

Three elements of the cam

CAM PROFILES
  PEAR

The follower remains motionless for about half of the cycle of the
cam and during the second half it rises and falls.  For example,
They are used on motor car camshafts to operate the engine
valves.

 CIRCULAR

Circular cams or eccentric cams produce a smooth motion fitted off-

centre onto the driving shaft. These cams used to generate a wave-like
motion in the follower. They are often used in mechanical toys to
produce a smooth, recurring motion.. These cams are used in steam
engines.

 HEART

Heart shaped cams allow the follower to rise and fall with ‘uniform’
velocity and therefore provide a very steady motion. They are used in
sewing machines to wind thread onto the bobbin.

Above you see pear shaped, heart shaped and circular cams

 Applications of Cam and Follower:-

•Cam and follower are widely used for operating inlet
and exhaust valve of I C engine.

•These are used in wall clock.

•These are used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe Machine.

•These are used in paper cutting machine.

•Used in weaving textile machineries.

USES :-
I. The cam mechanism is a versatile one. It can be designed to
produce almost unlimited types of motioning the follower.

II. It is used to transform a rotary motion into a translating or

oscillating motion.

III. On certain occasions, it is also used to transform one

translating or oscillating motion into a different translating
or oscillating motion. Cams are used in a wide variety of
automatic machines and instruments.

IV. Typical examples of their usage include textile machineries,

computers, printing presses, food processing machines,
internal combustion engines, and countless other automatic
machines, control systems and devices. The cam mechanism
is indeed a very important component in modern
mechanization.
  Camshaft

A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam

forms an integral part.

 Camshaft Basics
The key parts of any camshaft are the lobes. As the camshaft spins,
the lobes open and close the intake and exhaust valves in time with
the motion of the piston. It turns out that there is a direct relationship
between the shape of the cam lobes and the way the engine performs
in different speed ranges.

The camshaft uses lobes (called cams) that push against the valves to
open them as the camshaft rotates; springs on the valves return them
to their closed position. This is a critical job, and can have a great
impact on an engine's performance at different speeds.

Types of internal combustion engines

I. Four stroke engine

II. Reciprocating engine also called as piston engine, is a heat engine

III. Motor vehicles

IV. Steam engines

EXPLANATION OF 4 – STROKE ENGINE

This is an one cylinder of the Wright brothers' 1903 aircraft engine. This
engine powered the first, heavier than air, self-propelled, maneuverable,
piloted aircraft; the Wright 1903 Flyer. The engine consisted of four
cylinders like the one shown above, with each piston connected to a
common crankshaft. The crankshaft was connected to two counter-
rotating propellers which produced the thrust necessary to overcome the
drag of the aircraft.
Intake Stroke

The engine cycle begins with the intake stroke as the piston is pulled towards
the crankshaft (to the left in the figure).

The cylinder and combustion chamber are full of the low pressure fuel/air
mixture and, as the piston begins to move to the right, the intake valve closes.
Compression Stroke

With both valves closed, the combination of the cylinder and combustion
chamber form a completely closed vessel containing the fuel/air mixture. As the
piston is pushed to the right, the volume is reduced and the fuel/air mixture is
compressed during the compression stroke.

During the compression, no heat is transferred to the fuel/air mixture. As the

volume is decreased because of the piston's motion, the pressure in the gas is
increased, as described by the laws of thermodynamics. In the figure, the
mixture has been colored yellow to denote a moderate increase in pressure. To
produce the increased pressure, we have to do work on the mixture, just as you
have to do work to inflate a bicycle tire using a pump. During the compression
stroke, the electrical contact is kept opened. When the volume is the smallest,
and the pressure the highest as shown in the figure, the contact is closed, and a
current of electricity flows through the plug.

Power Stroke

At the beginning of the power stroke, the electrical contact is opened. The
sudden opening of the contact produces a spark in the combustion chamber
which ignites the fuel/air mixture. Rapid combustion of the fuel releases heat,
and produces exhaust gases in the combustion chamber.
Because the intake and exhaust valves are closed, the combustion of the fuel
takes place in a totally enclosed (and nearly constant volume) vessel. The
combustion increases the temperature of the exhaust gases, any residual air in
the combustion chamber, and the combustion chamber itself. From the ideal gas
law, the increased temperature of the gases also produces an increased pressure
in the combustion chamber. We have colored the gases red in the figure to
denote the high pressure. The high pressure of the gases acting on the face of
the piston cause the piston to move to the left which initiates the power stroke.

Unlike the compression stroke, the hot gas does work on the piston during the
power stroke. The force on the piston is transmitted by the piston rod to the
crankshaft, where the linear motion of the piston is converted to angular motion
of the crankshaft. The work done on the piston is then used to turn the shaft, and
the propellers, and to compress the gases in the neighboring cylinder's
compression stroke. Having produced the igniting spark, the electrical contact
remains opened.

During the power stroke, the volume occupied by the gases is increased because
of the piston motion and no heat is transferred to the fuel/air mixture. As the
volume is increased because of the piston's motion, the pressure and
temperature of the gas are decreased. We have colored the exhaust "molecules"
yellow to denote a moderate amount of pressure at the end of the power stroke.

Exhaust Stroke

At the end of the power stroke, the piston is located at the far left. Heat that is
left over from the power stroke is now transferred to the water in the water
jacket until the pressure approaches atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve is
then opened by the cam pushing on the rocker arm to begin the exhaust stroke.
The purpose of the exhaust stroke is to clear the cylinder of the spent exhaust in
preparation for another ignition cycle. As the exhaust stroke begins, the cylinder
and combustion chamber are full of exhaust products at low pressure (colored
blue on the figure above.) Because the exhaust valve is open, the exhaust gas is
pushed past the valve and exits the engine. The intake valve is closed and the
electrical contact is open during this movement of the piston.

At the end of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve is closed and the engine
begins another intake stroke.
REFRENCES

I. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/camshaft.htm

II. http://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/engopt.html

III. http://www.technologystudent.com/cams/cam2.htm

IV. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/camshaft.htm