PART 1

CHAPTER 1 MATTER AND ITS

COMPOSITION

• Definition:
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Examples: table, water, oil, air, phone, laptop, sofa etc
Give reason: Heat, electricity, light, sound, vacuum and
shadow are not considered matter.
Reason: This is because they have neither mass nor they
occupy space.

Characteristics of matter
1) Matter has mass
The amount (quantity) of matter contained in an object is
known as its mass
2) Matter occupies space
The amount of space occupied by matter is called its volume

• COMPOSITION OF MATTER
• History:
 Thousands of years ago, in Indian( Acharya Kanada) and
Greek (Democritus) texts, the belief that matter is
composed of tiny, indivisible particles appeared.
 Ancient Indians termed this particle as ‘anu’.
PART 1

 In 1803, John Dalton postulated this idea in his Atomic

Theory.
 In 20th century, scientific research has led to the
discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons.
 This further led to the discovery of quarks that make up
protons and neutrons.
 COMPOSITION OF MATTER continues:

• Matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms.

• Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
• Atoms are not visible to naked eye.
• An atom usually does not have an independent
existence.
• Atoms combine to form molecules.
• A molecule is the smallest particle of matter which has
an independent existence and can retain the physical
and chemical properties of matter.
• The atoms of an element combine to give a molecule,
which is called the molecule of the element.
• Example: Two hydrogen atoms combine chemically to
give one molecule of hydrogen.
PART 1

H H H H

Hydrogen molecule
Hydrogen atoms

• The atoms of DIFFERENT elements combine to give a

molecule, which is called the molecule of a compound.
• Example: Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen combine chemically to give one molecule of
water.

O O
H H

H H
1 H2O molecule
2H-atoms and 1 O-atom
PART 1

ARRANGEMENT OF MOLECULES
Key terms
• Intermolecular force of attraction:
• The molecules of a substance are held together by a
force of attraction, called Intermolecular force of
attraction.
• Intermolecular space:
• The space between molecules is known as
intermolecular space.