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3.0 Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you should be to create a design of flexural
members such as singly-reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams, and slabs.

3.1 Introduction
The flexural members such as beams and slabs are the center of the
discussion in this Learning Packet 3 (LP 3). The beam has the following sections
rectangular and T-beam which will be designed as singly-reinforced and doubly
reinforced beams. The slabs are classified as one-way slab and two-way slabs.
This LP 3 is a self-directed learning materials for students in CE 515
Reinforced Concrete Design. This is supported by the books, videos and other
references found in SSU LMS via ssuonline.net. In case, my dear students you
cannot download these materials from the SSU LMS, please let me know, and
a hard or soft copy will be provided to you through any means of
communication like messenger or call via mobile phone.

3.2 Strength Analysis and Design of Flexural Members

In 1900 up to early 1960, the Working Stress Design (WSD) also called
allowable stress design or straight-line design) was widely used (McCormac &
Brown, 2014). ACI Code included Ultimate-Strength Design (USD) as an
appendix. Year 1963, ACI Code had main provisions of USD equally stated as
the WSD. From 1971 to 1999, ACI code permitted to use WSD, but the code have
USD provisions for considerations. It was in 2002, the code did not include
provisions for WSD.
The recent practice of design is ultimate strength design which is known
in ACI Code and NSCP 2015 as strength design. The word ultimate was
removed, because the true ultimate strength in reinforced concrete is not
actually used in design. Instead, the certain value of the strength of the member
is used in the design of beam, column, and others.

Student Task 3-01

From page 66, Chapter 3 of the Book of Design of Reinforced Concrete,
McCormac and Brown (2014), Explain the Five (5) advantages of strength
design for reinforced concrete.

The deadline of submission is on Sept 11, 2020 via ssuonline.net

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3.2.1 Structural Safety

There are two approaches or methods in calculation of structural

safety:

 The first approach involves calculation of the stresses caused by

working loads or service loads and their comparison with certain
allowable stresses; and

f’c, fy, fs, or fc

 The second approach to structural safety is the one used in strength

design in which uncertainty is considered. In this approach, the load
factors are multiplied to the working loads. The loads now are called
factored loads.

Example: U = 1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.6 H

Load factors

Important
concept in
design

The uncertainties in material strengths, dimensions, and workmanships

are considered in the design by multiplying strength design factors Ø
like shown in the equations above and the theoretical ultimate strength
called nominal strength, Sn is multiplied by the ∅. The values general
vary 0.90 for bending and 0.65 for some columns.
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Now, Let us compute the nominal moment strength!!!

3.2.2 Computation of Nominal Bending-Moment (Mn) Strength

and Ultimate moment capacity (Mu)

Whitney
stress block

NSCP 2015, the factor β shall be taken as follows:

1) β = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 28 MPa

0.05 (f′ c−28)

2) β = 0.85 - but not less than 0.65
7

3) β = 0.65 for f’c > 56 MPa

From the figure:

C=T Where: C = compressive force of concrete

0.85 f’c a b = As fy T = tensile force of steel

Solve for a:

As fy As
a = 0.85b f′ Let ρ = and ρ = steel concrete ratio
c bd

ρ bd fy ρ fy d
a = o.85b f′ As = ρbd; Finally, a = o.85 f′
c c
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From the figure above, compute Mn:

𝐚 𝐚
Mn = T ( d - ) = As fy ( d - )
𝟐 𝟐

Mn = nominal bending-moment

Let us compute ultimate bending-moment

Mu = ∅ Mn
𝐚
Mu = ∅ As fy ( d - )
𝟐

ρf d
Substitute a = o.85yf′ to Mu:
c

ρ fy d
Mu = ∅ As fy [ d - ]
o.85 f′c (2 )

ρfy As
Let 𝜔 = ρ= so that As = ρ bd
f′c bd

ωd
Mu = ∅ ρbd fy [ d - ]
1.7

Mu = ∅ ρbd fy d [ 1 - 0.59 𝜔 ]

ωf′c
Also ρ = , so that Ultimate bending moment capacity becomes:
fy

ωf′c
Mu = ∅ bd fy d [ 1 - 0.59 𝜔 ]
fy

Mu = ∅ bd2 𝜔 f’c [ 1 - 0.59 𝜔 ]

Let Rn = f’c 𝜔[ 1 - 0.59 𝜔 ] where Rn = coefficient of Resistance

So that , Mu = ∅ bd2 Rn

Mu
Also, Rn =
∅ bd2

Mu = ∅ bd2 Rn
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Student Task 3-02

Solve:

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a total depth of 500
mm. It is reinforced with 6-28 mm diameter bars as indicated in the figure.
f’c =27.6 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa.

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

Deadline of submission via ssuonline.net on or before Sept 14, 2020.

3.2.3 Three types of reinforced concrete beams sections

1. Balanced section

2. Over reinforced section

3. Under reinforced section

civilengineering.blog
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Let us discuss the balanced section

Steel starts yielding when the concrete just reaches its ultimate
strain capacity and commences to crush.

0.003 εy
=
cb d − cb

0.003 εy
= 0.003
cb d − cb

cb

d
d- cb
0-c
fy
𝜀𝑦 =
Es
c b fy
0.003 (d-cb) =
Es

cbfy
0.003 (d-cb) =
200000

600 (d-cb) = cbfy

600 d
cb =
600+fy
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Let us discuss the over reinforced section

In over reinforced section failure occurs by initial crushing of the

concrete. The steel strain Ɛs will be lower than the yield strain (Ɛy > Ɛs ).
Hence, the steel stress fs will be lower than its yield strength fy.
This condition occurs when there are more reinforcement at the
tension side than that required for balanced condition.
Concrete crushes before steel yields and concrete failure is sudden
since it is brittle material (Besavilla, 2013).

Balanced condition
Over reinforced
condition

Ɛs
Ɛy

Over reinforced condition occurs when Ɛy > Ɛs

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Let us discuss the under reinforced section

Failure occurs by yielding of the steel. The steel continues to stretch

as the steel strain increases beyond the yield strain ( Ɛs > Ɛy).
This condition occurs when the area of tension reinforcement used
in the beam is less than that required for the balanced strain condition.
Under reinforced condition

Ɛs = 0.003

Balanced condition

Ɛy

Ɛs

Under reinforced occurs when Ɛs > Ɛy

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Student Task 3-03

In page 62 of the book Design Reinforced Concrete by McCormac and Brown

(2014), Solve the following Problems:

Problems 2.45, 2.46, and 2.47, compute the flexural stresses in the concrete and
steel for the beam using the transformed area method.

Deadline: September 14, 2020 via ssuonline.net

Student Task 3-04

In page 63 of the book Design Reinforced Concrete by McCormac and Brown

(2014).

Solve the following Problems:

Problems 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.51, 2.52, 2.53, 2.54 , and 2.55, compute the nominal
moment values.

Deadline: September 20, 2020 via ssuonline.net

2.3 References

Besavilla, V. I. (2013). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete. Volume 3. Cebu

City, Philippines: VIB Publisher.

McCormac, J.C. and Brown, R. H. (2014). Design Reinforced Concrete, 7 th

Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015.

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2.4 Acknowledgement

The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were
taken from the references cited above.