CHAPTER Solutions Key

11 Circles
ARE YOU READY? PAGE 743 3. 1 Understand the Problem
The answer will be the length of an imaginary
1. C 2. E segment from the summit of Mt. Kilimanjaro to
3. B 4. A the Earth’s horizon.
2 Make a Plan
5. total # of students = 192 + 208 + 216 + 184 = 800
Let C be the center
( )
¶
____
192 · 100% = 24%
of the Earth, E be 
800 
the summit of
6. ____
216 · 100% = 27% Mt. Kilimanjaro, and
{äääʓˆ
800 H be a point on the

_________
+ 216 · 100% = 53% horizon. Find the length
7. 208 −−
of EH, which is tangent
800
to circle C at H. By
8. 11%(400,000) = 44,000 −− −−
Thm. 11-1-1, EH ⊥ CH.
9. 27%(400,000) = 108,000 So CHE is a right .
10. 19% + 13% = 32% 3 Solve
ED = 19,340 ft
11. 32%(400,000) = 128,000
= ______ ≈ 3.66 mi
19,340
12. 11y - 8 = 8y + 1 13. 12x + 32 = 10 + x 5280
3y - 8 = 1 11x + 32 = 10 EC = CD + ED
3y = 9 11x = -22 ≈ 4000 + 3.66 = 4003.66 mi
2 2 2
y=3 x = -2 EC ≈ EH + CH
14. z + 30 = 10z - 15 15. 4y + 18 = 10y + 15 4003.66 ≈ EH + 4000 2
2 2

30 = 9z - 15 18 = 6y + 15 29,293.40 ≈ EH 2
45 = 9z 3 = 6y 171 mi ≈ EH
y = __
z=5 1 4 Look Back
2 The problem asks for the distance to the nearest
16. -2x - 16 = x + 6 17. -2x - 11 = -3x - 1 mile. Check that the answer is reasonable by using
-16 = 3x + 6 x - 11 = -1 the Pythagorean Thm. Is 171 2 + 4000 2 ≈ 4004 2?
-22 = 3x x = 10 Yes, 16,029,241 ≈ 16,032,016.
x = - ___
22 4a. By Thm. 11-1-3, b. By Thm.11-1-3,
3 RS = RT RS = RT
__x = x - 6.3 n + 3 = 2n - 1
18. 17 = x 2 - 32 2
19. 2 + y = 18 4
49 = x 2 y 2 = 16 x = 4x - 25.2 3=n-1
x = ±7 y = ±4 -3x = -25.2 4=n
x = 8.4 RS = (4) + 3 = 7
20. 4x 2 + 12 = 7x 2 21. 188 - 6x 2 = 38
RS = ____ = 2.1
(8.4)
12 = 3x 2 -6x 2 = -150 2
4 = x2 x 2 = 25
x = ±2 x = ±5
THINK AND DISCUSS
1. 4 lines
11-1 LINES THAT INTERSECT CIRCLES,
A
PAGES 746–754
B

CHECK IT OUT!
−− −−
; radii: PQ, PS, PT;
1. chords: QR, ST; tangent: UV
−−
secant: ; diameter: ST
ST
2. radius of circle C: 3 - 2 = 1
radius of circle D: 5 - 2 = 3
point of tangency: (2, -1)
equation of tangent line: y = -1
−− −− −−
2. No; if line is tangent to the circle with the larger
radius, it will not intersect the circle with the smaller
radius. If the line is tangent tothe circle with the
smaller radius, it will intersect the circle with the
larger radius at 2 points.
3. No; a circle consists only of those points which are
a given distance from the center.
4. By Thm. 11-1-1, m∠PQR = 90°. So by Triangle
Sum Theorem m∠PRQ = 180 - (90 + 59) = 31°.

259 Holt McDougal Geometry

 5. #ONGRUENT #ONCENTRIC
9. By Thm. 11-1-3, 10. By Thm. 11-1-3,
ʕSWITHɁRADII ʕSWITHTHESAMECENTER JK = JL ST = SU
4x - 1 = 2x + 9 y - 4 = _3 y
4
2x - 1 = 9 4y - 16 = 3y
2x = 10 y - 16 = 0
#IRCLES
)NTERNALLYTANGENT %XTERNALLYTANGENT x=5 y = 16
INTERSECTATEXACTLYPT INTERSECTATEXACTLYPT JK = 4(5) - 1 = 19 ST = (16) - 4 = 12
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
−− −−− −− −−−
11. chords: RS, VW; tangent: ; radii: PV, PW;
−−−
; diameter: VW
secant: VW
EXERCISES −− −− −− −−
; radii: BA, BC;
12. chords: AC, DE; tangent: CF
−−
GUIDED PRACTICE ; diameter: AC
secant: DE
1. secant 2. concentric 13. radius of circle C: 2 - 0 = 2
3. congruent radius of circle D: 4 - 0 = 4
−− −− −− point of tangency: (-4, 0)
4. chord: EF; tangent: m; radii: DE, DF; secant: ; equation of tangent line: x = -4
−−
diameter: EF
−− −− −− −− 14. radius of circle M: 3 - 2 = 1
5. chord: QS; tangent: ; radii: PQ, PR, PS;
ST radius of circle N: 5 - 2 = 3
−−
; diameter: QS
secant: QS point of tangency: (2, 1)
equation of tangent line: y = 1
6. radius of circle A: 4 - 1 = 3
radius of circle B: 4 - 2 = 2 15. 1 Understand the Problem
point of tangency: (-1, 4) The answer will be the length of an imaginary
equation of tangent line: y = 4 segment from the summit of Olympus Mons
to Mars’ horizon.
7. radius of circle R: 4 - 2 = 2
2 Make a Plan
radius of circle S: 4 - 2 = 2
Let C be the center of ¶
point of tangency: (1, 2)
Mars, let E be summit  
equation of tangent line: x = 1
of Olympus Mons, and
8. 1 Understand the Problem let H be a point on the
The answer will be the length of an imaginary {äääʓˆ
horizon. Find the length

segment from the ISS to the Earth’s horizon. −−

of EH, which is tangent
2 Make a Plan to circle C at H. By
Let C be the center of ¶
−− −−
Thm. 11-1-1, EH ⊥ CH.
the Earth, let E be ISS,   So triangle CHE is a
and let H be the point right triangle.
on the horizon. Find 3 Solve
−− {äääʓˆ
the length of EH, which
EC = CD + ED
is tangent to circle C ≈ 3397 + 25 = 3422 km
at H. By Thm. 11-1-1, EC 2 ≈ EH 2 + CH 2
−− −−
EH ⊥ CH. So CHE is 3422 2 ≈ EH 2 + 3397 2
a right . 170,475 ≈ EH 2
3 Solve 413 km ≈ EH
EC = CD + ED 4 Look Back
≈ 4000 + 240 = 4240 mi The problem asks for the distance to the nearest
EC 2 ≈ EH 2 + CH 2 km. Check that the answer is reasonable by using
4240 2 ≈ EH 2 + 4000 2 the Pythagorean Thm. Is 413 2 + 3397 2 ≈ 3422 2?
1,977,60 ≈ EH 2 Yes, 11,710,178 ≈ 11,710,084.
1406 mi ≈ EH 16. By Thm. 11-1-3, 17. By Thm. 11-1-3,
4 Look Back AB = AC RS = RT
The problem asks for the distance to the nearest 2x 2 = 8x y2
mile. Check that answer is reasonable by using Since x ≠ 0, y = ___
7
the Pythagorean Thm. Is 1406 2 + 4000 2 ≈ 4240 2? 2x = 8 2
7y = y
Yes, 17,976,836 ≈ 17,977,600. x=4 Since y ≠ 0,
AB = 2(4) 2 = 32 7=y
2
RT = ____ = 7
(7)
7
18. S (true if circles are identical)

260 Holt McDougal Geometry

19. N 20. N 34. Point of tangency must be (x, 2), where
21. A x - 2 = ±3
x = 5 or -1.
22. S (if chord passes through center) Possible points of tangency are (5, 2) and (-1, 2).
−− −− −− −− −−
23. AC 24. PA, PB, PC, PD 35a. BCDE is a rectangle; by Thm. 11-1-1, ∠BCD and
−− ∠EDC are right . It is given that ∠DEB is a right
25. AC
∠. ∠CBE must also be a right by Quad. Sum Thm.
26. By Thm. 11-1-1, Thm 11-1-3, the definition of a Thus, BCDE has 4 right  and is a rectangle.
circle, and SAS, PQR  PQS; so PQ  bisects
∠RPS. Therefore, m∠QPR = _1 (42) = 21°. b. BE = CE = 17 in.
2 AE = AD - DE = AD - BC = 5 - 3 = 2 in.
By Thm 11-1-1, PQR is a right . By the Sum,
m∠PQR + m∠PRQ + m∠QPR = 180 c. AB 2 = AE 2 + BE 2
m∠PQR + 90 + 21 = 180 = 2 2 + 17 2
m∠PQR = 180 - (90 + 21) = 69° 2
AB = 293
m∠PQS = 2m∠PQR = 2(69) = 138° AB = √ 293 ≈ 17.1 in.
27. By Thm 11-1-1, m∠R = m∠S = 90°. 36. Not possible; if it were possible, XBC would
By Quad. Sum Thm., contain 2 right . which contradicts  Sum Thm.
m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R + m∠S = 360
x + 3x + 90 + 90 = 360 37. By Thm 11-1-1, ∠R and ∠S are right . By Quad.
4x + 180 = 360 Sum Thm.,
4x = 180 ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R + ∠S = 360
x = 45 ∠P + ∠Q + 90 + 90 = 360
m∠P = 45° ∠P + ∠Q = 180
By definition, ∠P and ∠Q are supplementary angles.
28a. The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is
the shortest segment from the point to the line. TEST PREP

b. B c. radius 38. C
−− AD 2 = AB 2 + BD 2
d. line  ⊥ AB
= 10 2 + 3 2 = 109
29. Let E be any point on the line m other than D. It is
−− AD = √ 109 ≈ 10.4 cm
given that line m ⊥ CD. So CDE is a right  with
−− −− 39. G
hypotenuse CE. Therefore, CE > CD. Since CD is
-2 - (-4) = 2. So, (3, -4) lies on circle P;
a radius, E must lie in exterior of circle C. Thus D is
y = -4 meets circle P only at (3, -4). So it is
only a point on the line m that is also on circle C. So
tangent to circle P.
the line m is tangent to circle C.
40. B 2
30. Since 2 points determine a line, draw auxiliary
−− −− −− −− −−
segments PA, PB, and PC. Since AB and AC are
_____
π(5)
= ____
25π = ___
25
−− −− −− −− π(6) 2 36π 36
tangents to circle P, AB ⊥ PB and AC ⊥ PC. So
−− −−
ABP and ACP are right
. PB  PC since they
−− −− CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
are both radii of circle P, and PA  PA by Reflex.
Prop. of . Therefore, ABP   ACP by HL  41. Since 2 points determine a line, draw auxiliary
−− −− −− −− −− −−
and AB  AC by CPCTC. segments GJ and GK. It is given that GH ⊥ JK, so,
∠GHJ and ∠GHK are right . Therefore, GHJ
31. QR = QS = 5 −− −−
and GHK are right . GH  GH by Reflex. Prop.
QT 2 = QR 2 + RT 2 −− −−
of , and GJ  GK because they are radii of circle
(ST + 5) 2 = 5 2 + 12 2 −− −−
G. Thus GHJ  GHK by HL, and JH  KH by
ST + 5 = 13
CPCTC.
ST = 8
42. By Thm. 11-1-1, ∠C and ∠D are right . So BCDE
32. AB = AD
is a rectangle, CE = DB = 2, and BE = DC = 12.
23 = x
Therefore, ABE is a right with leg lengths
AC = AE
5 - 2 = 3 and 12. So
23 + x - 5 = x + DE
23 + 23 - 5 = 23 + DE AB = √
AE 2 + BE 2 = √
3 2 + 12 2 = √
153 = 3 √
17
41 = 23 + DE 43. Draw a segment from X to the center C
DE = 18 of the wheel. ∠XYC is a right angle and
33. JK = JL and JL = JM, so, JK = JM m∠YXC = _1 (70) = 35°. So
2
JK = JM
6y - 2 = 30 - 2y tan 35° = ___
13
XY
XY = ______
8y = 32 13 ≈ 18.6 in.
y=4 tan 35°
JL = JM = 30 - 2(4) = 22

261 Holt McDougal Geometry

SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 754 THINK AND DISCUSS
44. 14 + 6.25h > 12.5 + 6.5h 1. The arc measures between 90° and 180°.
1.5 > 0.25h
2. if arcs are on 2 different circles with different radii
6>h
Since h is positive, 0 < h < 6. 3. !DJARCS #ONGRUENT
ARCS

45. P = ________ = _________________ = ___ 30 = __

LM + PR 10 + (16 + 4) ARCSOFTHESAMEʕTHAT ARCSTHATHAVETHE
3
INTERSECTATEXACTLYPT SAMEMEASURE
LR 10 + 6 + 4 + 16 + 4 40 4

46. P = ___
LP = __________
10 + 6 + 4 ___
= 20 = __
1
LR 40 40 2
!RCS
47. P = ________ = ___________ = ___26 = ___
MN + PR 6 + (16 + 4) 13
LR 40 40 20

48. P = ___
QR ___
= 4 = ___
1 -AJORARC -INORARC
LR 40 10 ARCDETERMINEDBYPTS ARCDETERMINEDBYPTS
ANDTHEEXTOFACENTRALȜ ANDTHEINTOFACENTRALȜ

11-2 ARCS AND CHORDS, PAGES 756–763

EXERCISES
CHECK IT OUT! GUIDED PRACTICE
1a. m∠FMC = (0.03 + 0.09 + 0.10 + 0.11)360° = 108° 1. semicircle 2. Vertex is the center of the circle.
b. m∠
AHB = (1 - 0.25)360° = 270° 3. major arc 4. minor arc
c. m∠EMD = (0.10)360° = 36° 5. m∠PAQ = 0.45(360) = 162°
2a. m∠JPK = 25° (Vert.  Thm.) 6. m∠VAU = 0.07(360) = 25.2°
m
JK = 25° 7. m∠SAQ = (0.06 + 0.11)360 = 61.2°
m∠KPL + m∠LPM + m∠MPN = 180°
m∠KPL + 40° + 25° = 180° 8. m
UT = m∠UAT = 0.1(360) = 36°
m∠KPL = 115° 9. m
RQ = m∠RAQ = 0.11(360) = 39.6°
mKL = 115°
 
mJKL = mJK + mKL 10. m
UPT = (1 - 0.1)360 = 324°
= 25° + 115° = 140° 11. m
DE = m∠DAE = 90°
b. m
LK = mKL = 115° m
EF = m∠EAF = m∠BAC = 90 - 51 = 39°
m∠KPN = 180° m
DF = m
DE + m
EF = 90 + 39 = 129°
m
KJN = 180° 12. m
DEB = m∠DAE + m∠EAB = 90 + 180 = 270°
m
LJN = mLK + mKJN
= 180° + 115° 13. m∠HGJ + m∠JGL = m∠HGL
72 + m∠JGL = 180
3a. m∠RPT = m∠SPT m∠JGL = 108°
RT = ST m
JL = 108°
6x = 20 - 4x
10x = 20 14. m
HLK = m∠HGL + m∠LGK = 180 + 30 = 210°
x=2 15. QR = RS (Thm. 11-2-2(1))
RT = 6(2) = 12 8y - 8 = 6y
b. m∠CAD = m∠EBF (11-2-2(3)) 2y = 8
mCD = mEF y=4
25y = 30y - 20 QR = 8(4) - 8 = 24
20 = 5y 16. m∠CAD = m∠EBF (Thm. 11-2-2(3))
y=4 45 - 6x = -9x
mCD = m∠CAD = 25(4) = 100° 3x = -45
−− x = -15
4. Step 1 Draw radius PQ.
PQ = 10 + 10 = 20 m∠EBF = -9(-15) = 135°
Step 2 Use Pythagorean and 11-2-3.
PT 2 + QT 2 = PQ 2
10 2 + QT 2 = 20 2
QT 2 = 300
QT = √ 
300 = 10 √3
Step 3 Find QR.
QR = 2(10 √3) = 20 √3
 ≈ 34.6

262 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −−
17. Step 1 Draw radius PR. 31. AC = AB = 2.4 + 1.7 = 4.1
−− −−
PR = 5 + 8 = 13 Let AB and CD meet at E.
Step 2 Use the Pythagorean Thm. and Thm. 11-2-3. AE + CE = AC 2
2 2
−− −−
Let the intersection of PQ and RS be T. 2.4 2 + CE 2 = 4.1 2
2 2 2
PT + RT = PR CE = √
11.05
5 2 + RT 2 = 13 2 CD = 2 √
11.05 ≈ 6.6
RT = 12
32. PR = PQ = 2(3) = 6
Step 3 Find RS. −− −−
Let PQ and RS meet at T.
RS = 2(12) = 24
PT + RT = PR 2
2 2
−−
18. Step 1 Draw radius CE. 3 2 + RT 2 = 6 2
CE = 50 + 20 = 70 RT = √ 27 = 3 √
3
Step 2 Use the Pythagorean Thm. and Thm. 11-2-3. RS = 2(3 √ 3 ) = 6 √
3 ≈ 10.4
−− −−
Let the intersection of CD and EF be G.
33. F; the ∠ measures between 0° and 180°. So it could
CG 2 + EG 2 = CE 2
be right or obtuse.
50 2 + EG 2 = 70 2
RG = √ 2400 = 20 √6  34. F; Endpts. of a diameter determine 2 arcs
Step 3 Find EF. measuring exactly 180°.
EF = 2(20 √ 6 ) = 40 √6
 ≈ 98.0 35. T (Thm. 11-2-4)
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 36. Check students’ graphs.

19. m∠ADB = ____________

35 (360) = ____
35 (360) ≈ 122.3° 37. Let m∠AEB = 3x, m∠BEC = 4x, and m∠CED = 5x.
35 + 39 + 29 103 m∠AEB + m∠BEC + m∠CED = 180
3x + 4x + 5x = 180
20. m∠ADC = ____
29 (360) = 101.4° 12x = 128
103
x = 15
21. m
AB = m∠ADB ≈ 122.3° m∠AEB = 3(15) = 45° m∠BEC = 4(15) = 60°
m∠CED = 5(15) = 75°
BC = m∠BDC = ____
22. m 39 (360) ≈ 136.3°
103 38. mJL + mJK + mKL = 360
7x - 18 + 4x - 2 + 6x + 6 = 360
23. m
ACB = 360 - m∠ADB ≈ 360 - 122.3 = 237.7°
17x = 374
24. m
CAB = 360 - m∠BDC ≈ 360 - 136.3 = 223.7° x = 22
mJL = 7(22) - 18 = 136°
25. m
MP = m∠MJP
= m∠MJQ - m∠PJQ 39. m∠QPR = 180
= 180 - 28 = 152° 10x = 180
x = 18
26. mQNL = mQNM + mML m∠SPT = 6(18) = 108°
= m∠QJM + m∠MJL
= 180 + 28 = 208° 40. Statements Reasons
−− −−
WT = m
27. m WS + m
ST 1. BC DE 1. Given.
= m∠WXS + m∠SXT −− −−
2. AB AD and 2. All radii of a circle
= 55 + 100 = 155° −− −−
AC AE are .
28. m WS + m
WTV = m STV 3.
BAC
DAE 3. SSS
= m∠WXS + m∠SXV 4. ∠BAC ∠DAE 4. CPCTC
= 55 + 180 = 235° 5. m∠BAC = m∠DAE 5.
6. m
BC = mDE 6. Definition of arc
29. m∠CAD = m∠EBF (Thm. 11-2-2(3))
measures
10x - 63 = 7x
3x = 63 7. 
BC 
DE 7. Definition of arcs
x = 21
m∠CAD = 10(21) - 63 = 147° 41. Statements Reasons

30. m
JK = m LM (Thm. 11-2-2(2)) 1. 
BC 
DE 1. Given
4y + y = y + 68 2. m
BC = mDE 2. Definition of arcs
y = 17 3. m∠BAC = m∠DAE 3. Definition of arc
mJK = 4(17) + 17 = 85° measures
4. ∠BAC ∠DAE 4.

263 Holt McDougal Geometry

42. Statements Reasons 50. 90
−− −−
−− −− AP is a horizontal radius, and BP is a vertical
1. CD ⊥ EF 1. Given
radius. So mAB = m∠APB = 90°.
−−
2. Draw radii CE 2. 2 points determine
−− CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
and CF. a line.
−− −− 51. AD = AB = 4 + 2 = 6
cos BAD = _4 = _2
3. CE  CF 3. All radii of a circle
are congruent. 6 3
−−− −−−
4. CM  CM 4. Reflex. Prop. of  m
BD = m∠BAD = cos (_) ≈ 48.2°
-1 2
3
5. ∠CMF and ∠CME 5. Def. of ⊥ 52. 2 points determine 2 distinct arcs.
are rt. . 3 points determine 6 arcs.
6. CMF and 6. Def. of a rt.  4 points determine 12 arcs.
CME are rt. . 5 points determine 20 arcs.
7. CMF  CME 7. HL Steps 3, 4 
−− −−
8. FM  EM 8. CPCTC n points determine n(n - 1) arcs.
−− −−
9. CD bisects EF 9. Def. of a bisector 53a. π → 180°. So __π → 90°, __π → 60°, and __
π → 45°
10. ∠FCD  ∠ECD 10. CPCTC 2 3 4
11. m∠FCD = m∠ECD 11. Def. of   b. 135° → ____
135 (π) = ___
3π
12. m FD = m ED 12. Def. of arc measures 180 4
13. FD 
ED 13. Def. of arcs 270° → ____
270 (π) = ___
3π
−− 180 2
14. CD bisects EF . 14. Def. of a bisector
SPIRAL REVIEW

54. (3x) 3(2y 2)(3 -2y 2) 55. a b (-2a) -4

43. Statements Reasons 4 3
−−
1. JK is the ⊥ bis.
−−
1. Given (27x 3)(2y 2)(_1 y 2) 4 3
a b (__a )
1 -4
16
of GH 6x 3y 4
9
__1 b 3
2. A is equidistant from 2. Def. of the center 16

56. (-2r 3s 2)(3ts )

G and H. of circle 2 2
57. 3 = 1 + 2
3. A lies on the ⊥ bis. 3. Perpendicular
−−
of GH. Bisector Theorem
3 2
-2t s (9t 2s 4) 7=3+4
−− 13 = 7 + 6
4. JK is a diameter of 4. Def. of diam. -18t 5s 6
21 = 13 + 8
circle A.
21 + 10 = 31
44. The circle is divided into eight  sectors, each with 58. C, E, G, I, K, M 59. 6 = 1 + 5
central ∠ measure 45°. So possible measures of 15 = 6 + 9
the central congruent are multiples of 45° between 15 + 13 = 28
0(45) = 0° and 8(45) = 360°. So there are three
60. ∠NPQ and ∠NMQ are right  (Thm. 11-1-2).
different sizes of angles: 135°, 90°, and 45°.
So ∠NMQ = 90°.
45. Solution A is incorrect because it assumes that
∠BGC is a right ∠. 61. PQ = MQ (Thm. 11-1-3)
2x = 4x - 9
46. To make a circle graph, draw a circle and then draw
9 = 2x
central  that measure 0.4(360) = 144°, 0.35(360)
x = 4.5
= 126°, 0.15(360) = 54°, and 0.1(360) = 36°.
MQ = 4(4.5) - 9 = 9
47a. AC = _1 (27) = 13.5 in.
2
AD = AB - DB = 13.5 - 7 = 6.5 in. CONSTRUCTION
2 2 2 −−
b. CD + AD = AC 1. O is on the ⊥ bisector of PQ. So by Conv. of ⊥
CD 2 + 6.5 2 = 13.5 2 Bisector, OP = OQ. Similarly, O is on ⊥ bisector
−− −− −−− −−
CD = √
140 = 2 √35 ≈ 11.8 in. of QR. So OQ = OR. Thus, OP, OQ, and OR are
−− −− radii of circle O, and circle O contains Q and R.
c. By Theorem 11-2-3, AB bisects CE. So
CE = 2CD = 4 √ 35 ≈ 23.7 in.
TEST PREP
48. D
m WT = 90 + 18 = 108° m
VR = 180 - 41 = 139°
m UW = 90° m
TV = 180 - 18 = 162°
49. F
CE = _1 (10) = 5
2
2 2 2
AE + 5 = 6
AE = √11 ≈ 3.3

264 Holt McDougal Geometry

11-3 SECTOR AREA AND ARC LENGTH, 6. Step 1 Find area of sector ABC.
PAGES 764–769 ( )
A = πr ____
2 m
360 ( )
= π(3) 2 ____
90 = __
360
9 π in.2
4
Step 2 Find area of ABC.
CHECK IT OUT! A = _1 bh = _1 (3)(3) = _9 in.2
2 2 2

( )
Step 3
( )
1a. A = πr 2 ____
m = π(1) 2 ____
360
90 = __
360
1 π m 2 ≈ 0.79 m 2
4 area of segment = area of sector ABC - area of
ABC
b. A = πr ( ____
360 )
2
( 360
m = π(16) ____
)
36 = 25.6π in. ≈ 80.42 in.
2 2 2
= _9 π - _9 ≈ 2.57 in.2
4 2

2. A = πr ( ____
360 )
m 2 7. Step 1 Find the area of sector DEF.
( )
A = πr ____
2 m
( )
= π(20) 2 ____
60 = ____
200 π m 2
= π(360) 2 ____
180
360 ( ) 360 360
Step 2 Find the area of DEF.
3

≈ 203,575 ft 2 A = _1 bh = _1 (20)(10 √
3 ) = 100 √
3 m2
2 2
3. Step 1 Find the area of sector RST. Step 3
A = πr ____
2 m
360 ( )
= π(4) 2 ____
90 = 4π m 2
360 ( ) area of segment = area of sector DEF - area of
DEF
Step 2 Find the area of RST. = ___
200
π - 100 √3 ≈ 36.23 m 2
A = _1 bh = _1 (4)(4) = 8 m 2
3
2 2 8. Step 1 Find the area of sector ABC.
Step 3
area of segment = area of sector RST - area of ( )
A = πr ____
2 m
360 ( )
= π(6) 2 ____
45 = __
360
9 π cm 2
2
RST Step 2 Find the area of ABC.
= 4π - 8 ≈ 4.57 m 2 A = _1 bh = _1 (6 )(3 √
2 ) = 9 √
2 cm 2

( )
2 2
4a. L = 2πr ( ) ____
m
360
= 2π(6) ____
40 = __
360
4 π m ≈ 4.19 m
3
Step 3
area of segment = area of sector ABC - area of
b. L = 2πr ( ____
360 ) ( 135
360 )
m = 2π(4) ____ = 3π cm ≈ 9.42 cm ABC
= __
9 π - 9 √
2 ≈ 1.41 cm 2
2
THINK AND DISCUSS
1. An arc measure is measured in degrees. An arc
(____
9. L = 2πr
360 ) ( 360
m = 2π(16) ____
)
45 = 4π ft ≈ 12.57 ft

length is measured in linear units.

2. the radius and central ∠ of the sector
10. L = 2πr ( ____
360 ) ( 120
360 )
m = 2π(9) ____ = 6π m ≈ 18.85 m

3. &ORMULA $IAGRAM
11. L = 2πr ( ____
360 ) ( 360
m = 2π(6) ____
) 23 π in. ≈ 2.09 in.
20 = __

!REAOFA3ECTOR
mo PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
?

Aû
r mo




A

( )
À
12. A = π(20) 2 ____
150 = ____
o
500 π m2 ≈ 523.60 m2
360 3
!REAOFA3EGMENT !REAOFSEGAREAOF

13. A = π(9) ( ____

360 )
SECTORAREAOF̱  
100 = ___
2 45 π in ≈ 70.69 in.
2 2
2
!RC,ENGTH

14. A = π(2) ( ____

360 ) 90
47 = ___
mo
@

Lûr mo





o r
2 47 π ft ≈ 1.64 ft
2 2

15. A = π(20) ( ____

360 )
180 = 200π ≈ 628 in.
2 2
EXERCISES

GUIDED PRACTICE
16. ABC is a 45°-45°-90° triangle. So central angle
measures 90°.
1. segment area of segment = area of sector ABC - area of
2. A = πr 2 ____
m
( ) = π(6) (____
360 )
90 = 9π m ≈ 28.27 m
2 2 2 ABC
360
= π(10) ____
2 90
( ) - __
1 (10)(10)
3. A = πr ____
2 m
360 ( ) = π(8) (____
360 )
135 = 24π cm ≈ 75.40 cm
2 2 2 360
= 25π - 50 ≈ 28.54 m
2
2

2 ____
4. A = πr m
360 ( ) = π(2) (____
360 ) 9
20 = __
2 2 π ft ≈ 0.70 ft
2 2 17. m∠KLM = m KM = 120°
area of segment = area of sector KLM - area of
2 ____
5. A = πr m ( ) = π(3) (____
360 )
150 = ___
2 15 π mi ≈ 12 mi 2 2 KLM
360 4 = π(5) 2 ____
360 ( ) ()
120 - __1 __
5 (5 √3
2 2
)

= ___
25 π - ___
25 √
3 ≈ 15.35 in.2
3 4

265 Holt McDougal Geometry

18. area of segment = area of sector RST - area of TEST PREP
RST
( )
32. B 33. G
= π(1) ____
2 60
360( )- __
1 (1) ___
2
√3
2

( )
A = π(8) 2 ____
90 = 16π
360
A = 2π(8) ____
90 = 4π
360 ( )
= __
1 π - __
1 √3 ≈ 0.09 ft.2 34. 43.98
( )
6 4
A = π(12) ____
2 35
≈ 43.98
( )
19. L = 2π(5) ____
50 = ___
360
25 π mm ≈ 4.36 mm
18
360

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

20. L = 2π(1.5)( ____
360 ) 3
160 = __4 π m ≈ 4.19 m
( )
35. A = π(5) 2 ____
40 - π(2) 2 ____
360 360 ( )
40 = ___
25 π - __
9
4 π = __
9
7π
3
21. L = 2π(2)(____
360 ) 10
9 = ___
( ( ))
1 π ft ≈ 0.31 ft
36a. V = Bh = π(4) 2 ____
30 (3) = 4π ≈ 12.6 in.3
360
22. P = 2π(3)( ____
360 ) ( ( 180 360 ))
180 + 3 2π(1) ____ = 6π ≈ 18.8 in.
( (____)) __
b. B = 2 π(4) 2 30
360
= 8π
3
23. never
24. sometimes (if radii of arcs are equal) ( (____))
L = 2(3)(4) + 2 π(4) 30 (3) = 24 + π
__
360
A = 8 π + 24 + 2π ≈ 38.7 in.2
25. always 3
26. A = πr
2
(____
360 )
m 27. L = 2πr (____
360 )
m 2
37a. A() = π(2) = 4π

( )
9π = πr 2 ____
90
360 ( )
8π = 2πr ____
120
360 _1 π
( )
A(red) = 4π(1) ____
2 45
360
= __
1π
2
2
36 = r 24π = 2πr
P(red) = ___
2
= __
1
r=6 r = 12 4π 8

( ) ( )
28a. L ≈ 2 ___
22 (7) ____
7
90 = 11 in.
360 ( ( )
b. A(blue) = 4 π(2) ____
2 45
360
- π(1) 2 ____
45
360 ( )) = __32 π
_3 π
b. L = 2π(7)( ____
360 ) 2
90 = __
P(blue) = 2 = __
___
7 π ≈ 10.99557429 in. 3
4π 8
c. overestimate, since L < 10.996 < 11 _1 π + _3 π
________ = __
1
( )
2 2
29a. L = 2π(2.5) ____
90 = __
5 π ≈ 3.9 ft c. P(red or blue) =
4π 2
360 4
SPIRAL REVIEW
b. 4.5 = 2π(2.5) ____
____
9 = ____
m
m
360 ( ) 38. 8x - 2y = 6 39. slope = ______
2-0 =2
10π 360 2y = 8x - 6 1 _1 - _1
2 2
m = ____
324 ≈ 103°
π
y = 4x - 3 The line is neither 
The line is . nor ⊥.
30. The area of sector BAC is ____
45 = __
1 area of circle A.
40. y = mx + 1 41. V = _4 π(3) 3 = 36π cm 3
360 8 3
0 = m(4) + 1
So if area of circle A is 24 in 2, the area of the
m = - __
1
sector will automatically be __1 (24) = 3 in.2 4
8 The line is ⊥.
So we need only to solve πr 2 = 24 for r. 42. S = 4π = 4πr 2
πr 2 = 24 r2 = 1
r = ___24
2
r = 1 cm
π
C = 2π(1) = 2π cm
r = ___

√ 24 ≈ 2.76 in.
π 43. m∠KLJ = m∠KLH - (m∠GLJ - m∠GLH)
10x - 28 = 180 - (90 - (2x + 2))
31. If the length of the arc is L and its degree measure
10x - 28 = 90 + 2x + 2
is m, then
( )
L = 2πr ____m 8x = 120
360 x = 15
360L = 2πrm m∠KLJ = 10(15) - 28 = 122°
r = _____
360L = _____
180L .
44. m
KJ = m∠KLJ = 122°
2πm πm
45. m JF + m
JFH = m FG + m GH
= m∠JLF + m∠FLG + m∠GLH
= 180 + 90 + 2(15) + 2 = 302°

266 Holt McDougal Geometry

11A READY TO GO ON? PAGE 771 2. m∠ABD = _1 m
AD = _1 (86) = 43°
2 2
−− −− −− −−
1. chord: PR; tangent: m; radii: QP, QR, QS; m∠BAC = _1 m
BC
2
−− _
1 
; diameter: PR
secant: PR 60 = mBC
2
−− −− −− −−
; radii: AB, AE;
2. chords: BD, BE; tangent: BC m
BC = 120°
−−
; diameter: BE
secant: BD 3a. ∠ABC is a right angle b. m∠EDF = m∠EGF
3. Let x be the distance to the horizon. The building m∠ABC = 90 2x + 3 = 75 - 2x
forms a right  with leg lengths x mi and 4000 mi, 8z - 6 = 90 4x = 72
and hypotenuse length 8z = 96 x = 18
(
4000 + ____
732
5280
mi.) z = 12 m∠EDF = 2(18) + 3
= 39°
2 2
x + (4000) = 4000 +
2
( ____
5280 )
732 2
4. Step 1 Find the value of x.
x ≈ 1109.11 m∠K + m∠M = 180
x ≈ 33 mi 33 + 6x + 4x - 13 = 180
4. m
BC + m
CD = m
BD 10x = 160

mBD + m∠CAD = m∠BAD x = 16
m
BD + 49 = 90 Step 2 Find the measure of each ∠.
m
BD = 41° m∠K = 33 + 6(16) = 129°
m∠L = ____ = 72°
9(16)

5. m
BED = m
BFE + m ED 2
m∠M = 4(16) - 13 = 51°
= m∠BAE + m∠EAD
m∠J + m∠L = 180
= 180 + 90 = 270°
m∠J + 72 = 180
6. m
SR + m
RQ = m
SQ m∠J = 108°

mSR + m∠RPQ = m∠SPQ
m
SR + 71 = 180 THINK AND DISCUSS
m
SR = 109°
1. No; a quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle if
7. m UT + m
SQU + m TS = 360 and only if its opposite are supplementary.

2. An arc that is _1 of a circle measures 90°. If the arc
mSQU + m∠UPT + m∠TPS = 360
m
SQU + 40 + 71 = 360 4
m
SQU = 249° measures 90°, then the measure of the inscribed ∠ is
_1 (90) = 45°.
8. Let JK = 2x; then 9. Let XY = 2x; then 2
x 2 + 4 2 = (4 + 3) 2 x2 + 42 = 82 3. $EF
x 2 = 33 x 2 = 48
0ROP
ANȜ
WHOSEVERTEXISON 4HEMEASUREOFANINSCRIBED
x = √33 x = 4 √3 THEʕ
ANDWHOSESIDES ȜISHALFTHEMEASUREOFITS
JK = 2 √33 ≈ 11.5 XY = 8 √ 3 ≈ 13.9 CONTAINCHORDSOFTHEʕ INTERCEPTEDARC)FINSCRIIBED
ȜSINTERCEPTTHESAMEARC
( )
10. A = π(22) 2 ____
80 = ____
360
968 π ≈ 338 cm 2
9
THEYAREɁ!NINSCRIBEDȜ
THATINTERCEPTSASEMICIRCLE
ISART°ÊȜ
11. AB = 2π(4)( ____
360 )
 150 = ___10 π ft ≈ 10.47 ft )NSCRIBED
3 !NGLES
%XAMPLE .ONEXAMPLES
12. EF = 2π(2.4)( ____
360 )
 75 = π cm ≈ 3.14 cm

13. arc length = 2π(5)( ____

360 )
44 = ___ 11 π in. ≈ 3.84 in.
9

11. arc length = 2π(46)( ____

360 )
180 = 46π m ≈ 144.51 m EXERCISES

GUIDED PRACTICE
11-4 INSCRIBED ANGLES, PAGES 772–779 1. inscribed
2. m∠DEF = _1 m
DF 3. m∠EFG = _1 m
EG
2 2
CHECK IT OUT! =_ 1
(78) = 39° 29 = _1 m
EG
1a. m∠ABC = _1 m b. m∠DAE = _1 mDE
2 2
ADC
2 2 m
EG = 58°
135 = _
1 
mADC =_ 1
(72) = 36° 4. m∠JNL = _1 m
JKL 5. m∠LKM = _1 m
LM
2 2 2 2
m
102 = _ = _1 (52) = 26°
ADC = 270° 1 
mJKL
2 2
m
JKL = 204°

267 Holt McDougal Geometry

 6. m∠QTR + m∠Q + m∠R = 180 17. m∠SRT = 90 18. JKL is a 30°-60°-90°
m∠QTR + _1 m
RS + m∠S = 180 3y 2 - 18 = 90 6z - 4 = 60
2
m∠QTR + _1 (90) + 25 = 180 3y 2 = 108 6z = 64
2 y 2 = 36 z = __
64
= 10 _2
m∠QTR + 70 = 180 y = ±6 6 3
m∠QTR = 110°
19. m∠ADB = m∠ACB
7. ∠DEF is a right ∠ 2x 2 = 10x
___
4x = 90
2x = 10 (x ≠ 0)
5
4x = 450 x=5
x = 112.5 m∠ADB = _1 mAB
2
2(5) = _1 m
2
8. ∠FHG is a right ∠. So FGH is a 45°-45°-90° AB
2
triangle. 50 = _1 m
AB
m∠GFH = 45 2
3y + 6 = 45 m
AB = 2(50) = 100°
3y = 39 20. ∠MPN and ∠MNP are complementary.
y = 13 m∠MPN + m∠MNP = 90
9. m∠XYZ = m∠XWZ
___
11x + 3x - 10 = 90
3
7y - 3 = 4 + 6y 20x - 30 = 270
y=7 20x = 300
m∠XYZ = 7(7) - 3 = 46° x = 15
10. Step 1 Find the value of x. m∠MPN = ______
11(15)
= 55°
3
m∠P + m∠R = 180
5x + 20 + 7x - 8 = 180 21. Step 1 Find the value of x.
12x = 168 m∠B + m∠D = 180
x = 14
__x + __x + 30 = 180
2 4 ___ 3x = 150
Step 2 Find the measures.
m∠P = 5(14) + 20 = 90° 4
3x = 600
m∠Q = 10(14) = 140°
x = 200
m∠R = 7(14) - 8 = 90°
Step 2 Find the measures.
m∠B = ___
m∠S + m∠Q = 180 200
m∠S + 140 = 180 = 100°
2
m∠S = 40° m∠D = ___
200
+ 30 = 80°
4
11. Step 1 Find the value of z. m∠E = 200 - 59 = 141°
m∠A + m∠C = 180 m∠C + m∠E = 180
4z - 10 + 10 + 5z = 180 m∠C + 141 = 180
9z = 180 m∠C = 39°
z = 20
22. Step 1 Find the value of x.
Step 2 Find the measures.
m∠U + m∠W = 180
m∠A = 4(20) - 10 = 70°
14 + 4x + 6x - 14 = 180
m∠B = 6(20) - 5 = 115°
10x = 180
m∠C = 10 + 5(20) = 110°
x = 18
m∠B + m∠D = 180
Step 2 Find the value of y.
115 + m∠D = 180
m∠T + m∠V = 180
m∠D = 65°
12y - 5 + 15y - 4 = 180
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 27y = 189

12. m∠MNL = _1 m 13. m∠KMN = _1 m

y=7
ML KN Step 3 Find the measures.
2 2
43 = _
1 
mML = _1 (95) m∠T = 12(7) - 5 = 79°
2 2
m
ML = 86° = 47.5° m∠U = 14 + 4(18) = 86°
m∠V = 15(7) - 4 = 101°
14. m∠EJH = _1 m
EGH 15. m∠GFH = _1 m
GH m∠W = 6(18) - 14 = 94°
2 2
139 = _ 1 
mEGH = _1 (95.2) 23. always 24. never
2 2
m
EGH = 278° = 47.6° 25. sometimes (if opposite  are supplementary)
16. m∠ADC = m∠ADB + m∠BDC 26. m∠ABC = _1 m
AC = _1 m∠ADC = _1 (112) = 56°
= _1 mAB + m∠BEC
2 2 2
2
= _
1
(44) + 40 = 62°
2

268 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −−
27. Let S be any point on the major arc from P to R. 34. PR is a diag. of PQRS. ∠Q is an inscribed right
m∠PQR + m∠PSR = 180 angle. So its intercepted arc is a semicircle.
m∠PQR + _1 m
−−
PQR = 180 Thus, PR is a diameter of the circle.
2
m∠PQR + _1 (130) = 180 35a. AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2, so by Conv. of Pythag. Thm.,
2
m∠PQR = 180 - 65 = 115° ABC is a right  with right ∠A. Since ∠A is an
28. By the definition of an arc measure, m JK = m∠JHK. inscribed right ∠, it intercepts a semicircle. This
−−
Also, the measure of an ∠ inscribed in a circle is means that BC is a diameter.
half the measure of the intercepted arc. So
m∠JLK = _1 m JK . Multiplying both sides of equation
b. m∠ABC = sin - ___
-1
18 ( )
14 ≈ 51.1°.

2 Since m∠ABC = _1 m AC , m
AC = 102°.
by 2 gives 2m∠JLK = m
JK . By substitution, 2
m∠JHK = 2m∠JLK. 36.
29a. m∠BAC = _1 m
BC = _1 (_1 (360)) = 30°
2 2 6 
b. m∠CDE = _1 mCAE = _1 ( _4 (360)) = 120°


2 2 6
 
c. ∠FBC is inscribed in a semicircle. So it must be a right

∠; therefore, FBC is a right ∠. (Also, m∠CFD =

Draw a diagram through D and A. Label the
30°. So, FBC is a 30°-60°-90° .) −− −−
intersection of BC and DE as F and the intersection
−− −−
30. A  and BE as G. Since BC is a diameter of the
of DA
−− −− −−
D circle, it is a bisector of chord DE. Thus, DF  EF,
−− −−
and ∠BFD and ∠BFE are  right . BF  BF
X
B C by Reflex. Prop. of . Thus, BFD  BFE by
−− −−
SAS. BD  BE by CPCTC. By Trans. Prop. of ,
Since any 2 points determine a line, draw BX. −− −−
BE  ED. Thus, by definition, DBE is equilateral.
 intercepts 
Let D be a point where BX AC . By Case 1
37. Agree; the opposite  of a quadrilateral are
of the Inscribed ∠ Thm., m∠ABD = _1 m
AD and congruent. So the ∠ opposite the 30° ∠ also
2
m∠DBC = _1 m
DC . By Add., Distrib., and Trans. measures 30°. Since this pair of the opposite 
2
Props. of =, m∠ABD + m∠DBC = _1 m
AD + _1 m
DC are not supplementary, the quadrilateral cannot
2 2
= _1 (m
be inscribed in a circle.
AD + m
DC ). Thus, by ∠ Add. Post. and Arc
2
Add. Post., m∠ABC = _1 mAC.
38. Check students’ constructions.
2
TEST PREP
31. A
C 39. D
m∠BAC + m∠ABC + m∠ACB = 180
D m∠BAC + _1 mAC + m∠ACB = 180
X 2
m∠BAC + _1 (76) + 61 = 180
B
2
.
Since any 2 points determine a line, draw BX m∠BAC + 38 + 61 = 180
Let D be pt. where BX 
 intercepts ACB . By Case 1 m∠BAC = 81°
of Inscribed ∠ Thm., m∠ABD = _1 m
AD and m∠CBD 40. H
= _1 m
2
CD . By Subtr., Distrib., and Trans. Props.
_1 m
XY = m∠XCY = _1 m∠XCZ
2 2 2
of =, m∠ABD - m∠CBD = _1 m AD - _1 m CD m
XY = m∠XCZ = 60°
2 2
_
1  
= (mAD - mCD ). Thus by ∠ Add. Post. and Arc 41. C
2
Add. Post., m∠ABC = _1 mAC.
Let m∠A = 4x and m∠C = 5x.
2 m∠A + m∠C = 180
32. By the Inscribed ∠ Thm., m∠ACD = _1 m AB 4x + 5x = 180
2
_
1 
and m∠ADB = mAB . By Substitution, m∠ACD =
9x = 180
2 x = 20
m∠ADB, and therefore, ∠ACD  ∠ADB. m∠A = 4(20) = 80°
33. m∠J = _1 m
KLM = _1 (216) = 108° 42. F
2 2
m∠J + m∠L = 180 m∠STR = 180 - (m∠TRS + m∠TSR)
108 + m∠L = 180
m∠L = 72°
= 180 - (_m
1
2 2
QR )
PS + _ m
1

m∠M = _1 m
JKL = _1 (198) = 99°
= 180 - (42 + 56) = 82°
2 2 m∠QPR = _1 m
QR = 56°
m∠K + m∠M = 180 2

m∠K + 99 = 180 m∠QPR = _1 m

QR = 56°
2
m∠K = 81° m∠PQS = _1 m
PS = 42°
2

269 Holt McDougal Geometry

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND 52. By Vert.  Thm., ∠RWV  ∠SWT. So by
43. If an ∠ is inscribed in a semicircle, the measure Thm. 11-2-2 (1),
of the intercepted arc is 180°. The measure of RV = ST
∠ is _1 (180) = 90°. So the angle is a right ∠. 2z + 15 = 9z + 1
2 14 = 7z
Conversely, if an inscribed angle is a right angle,
then it measures 90° and its intercepted arc z=2
measures 2(90) = 180°. An arc that measures 180° RV  
 ST and RS  
VT . So by substitution,

2mST + 2m VT = 360
is a semicircle.
mST + m VT = 180
44. Suppose the quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a 
mST + 31(2) + 2 = 180
circle. Then m∠A = _1 m
BCD and m∠C = _1 m DAB . mST + 64 = 180
2 2
By Add., Distrib., and Trans. Prop. of =, m∠A + mST = 116°
m∠C = _1 mBCD + _1 m DAB = _1 (mBCD + mDAB ). 53. Let BD = 2x; then
2 2 2
mBCD + m DAB = 360°. So by subst., m∠A + m∠C 1.5 2 + x 2 = (1 + 1.5) 2
2.25 + x 2 = 6.25
= _1 (360) = 180°. Thus, ∠A and ∠C are
2 x2 = 4
supplementary. A similar proof shows that ∠B and x = 2.
∠D are supplementary. ABD has base 2(2) = 4 m and height 1.5 m.
So A = _1 bh = _1 (4)(1.5) = 3 m 2.
−−
45. RQ is a diameter. So ∠P is a right ∠. 2 2
mPQ = 2m∠R = 2 tan -1 _7 ≈ 134°
(3)
−− −− CONSTRUCTION
46. Draw AC and DE. −−
_1 −−
m mCE = 19° 1. Yes; CR is a radius of circle C. If a line is tangent
m∠ACD = _1 m
2
AD = 36° to a circle, then it is ⊥ to the radius at the point
2 of tangency.
m∠ABC + 19 + 36 = 180
m∠ABC = 125°
m∠ABD + 125 = 180 11-5 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS IN
m∠ABD = 55° CIRCLES, PAGES 782–789
47. Check students’ constructions.
SPIRAL REVIEW CHECK IT OUT!
⎧ a + b + c = 12 (1) 1a. m∠STU = _1 m
ST b. m∠QSR = _1 m
SR
 2 2
48. ⎨ 30a + 22.5b + 15c = 255 (2) = _
1
(166) = 83° 71 = _1 m
SR
 2 2
⎩ 30a = 15c (3) m
SR = 142°
Substitute (3) in (2):
15c + 22.5b + 15c = 255 2a. m∠ABD = _1 (m
AD + m
CE )
2
3b + 4c = 34 (4) = _1 (65 + 37)
Substitute __
1
(3) in 2(1): 2
15 = _1 (102) = 51°
c + 2b + 2c = 24 2

b. m∠RNP = _1 (m
2b + 3c= 24 (5)
MQ + m
RP )
3(5) - 2(4): 2
6b + 9c - 6b - 8c = 72 - 68 = _1 (91 + 225)
2
= _1 (316) = 158°
c=4
Substitute in (3): 2
30a = 15(4) = 60 m∠RNM + m∠RNP = 180
a=2 m∠RNM + 158 = 180
Substitute in (5): m∠RNM = 22°
2b + 3(4) = 24 3. m∠L = _1 (m
JN - m
KN )
2
25 = _1 (83 - x)
2b = 12
b=6 2
_1 - (-6) 6_1 50 = 83 - x
________
49. m = 2 = ___
2
= ___
13 x = 33
_ _
4. m∠ACB = _1 (m
8-4 1 1 7
2
3
2 AEB - m
AB )
2
= _1 (225 - 135) = 45°
50. m = _________ = __
6 = __
-2 - (-8) 2 2
0 - (-9) 9 3

51. m = _________
6 - (-14) ___
= 20 = __
5
11 - 3 8 2

270 Holt McDougal Geometry

 5. Step 1 Find m
PR . 10. 27 = _1 (x - 40)
m∠Q = _1 (m
2
MS - mPR) 54 = x - 40
2
26 = _1 (80 - m
PR ) x = 94°
2
52 = 80 - mPR 11. m∠S = _1 (m
ACB - m
AB )
2
38 = _1 ((360 - x) - x)

mPR = 28°
Step 2 Find m
LP . 2
76 = 360 - 2x
m
LP + m PR = mLR 2x = 360 - 76 = 284
mLP + 28 = 100 x = 142°
mLP = 72°
12. m∠E = _1 (m
BF - m
DF )
2
THINK AND DISCUSS 50 = _1 (150 - mDF)
2
1. For both chords and secants that intersect in the 100 = 150 - m
DF
interior of a circle, the measure of ∠ formed is half 
mDF = 50°
the sum of the measures of their intercepted arcs.
13. m
BC + m
CD + m
DF + m BF = 360
2. 
!NGLES6ERTEX 64 + mCD + 50 + 150 = 360
m
CD + 264 = 360
/N )NSIDE /UTSIDE m
CD = 96°

)FATANGENTANDA )FTWOSECANTSOR )FATANGENTANDA 14. m∠NPQ = _1 (m

JK + m
PN )
2
79 = _1 (48 + m
SECANTORCHORD CHORDSINTERSECTINTHE SECANTTANGENTSOR
INTERSECTONAʕAT INTOFAʕTHENTHE SECANTSINTERSECTIN PN )
THEPTOFTANGENCY 2
158 = 48 + m
MEASUREOFEACHȜ THEEXTOFAʕTHEN
THENTHEMEASUREOF
FORMEDISHALFTHESUM THEMEASUREOFTHEȜ PN
THEȜ
FORMEDISHALF
THEMEASUREOFITS OFTHEMEASURESOFITS FORMEDISHALFTHE m
PN = 110°
INTERCEPTEDARCÊ INTERCEPTEDARCSÊ DIFFERENCEOFTHE
MEASURESOFITS
INTERCEPTEDARCS°Ê
KN + m
15. m PN + mJP + mJL = 360

mKN + 110 + 86 + 48 = 360
mKN + 244 = 360
m
KN = 116°
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
EXERCISES 16. m∠BCD = _1 m
BC = _1 (112) = 56°
2 2

17. m∠ABC = _1 (360 - 112) = _1 (248) = 124°

GUIDED PRACTICE

1. m∠DAB = _1 m 27 = _1 m
2 2
AB 2. AC
18. m∠XZW = _1 m
XZ = _1 (180) = 90°
2 2
= _
1
(140) = 70° m
AC = 54° 2 2
2
19. m
XZV = m
XZ + m
61 = _1 m 4. m∠MNP = _1 (238)
ZV
3. PN
2 2 = 180 + 2m∠VXZ
m
PN = 122° = 119° = 180 + 2(40) = 260°
5. m∠STU = _1 (m
SU + m
VW ) 20. m∠QPR = _1 (m ST ) = _1 (31 + 98) = 64.5°
QR + m
2 2 2
= _1 (104 + 30)
2 21. m∠ABC = 180 - m∠ABD
= _1 (134) = 67° = 180 - _1 (m
AD + m
CE )
2 2

6. m∠HFG = _1 (m
EJ + m
GH ) = 180 - _1 (100 + 45) = 107.5°
2 2
= _1 (59 + 23) 22. m∠MKJ = 180 - m∠MKL
2
= _1 (82) = 41° = 180 - _1 (m
JN + m
ML )
2 2

_ = 180 - _1 (38.5 + 51.5) = 135°

7. m∠NPL = 1
(m
KM + m NL ) 2
2
=_ 1
(61 + 111) 23. x = _1 (170 - (360 - (170 + 135)))
2 2
=_ 1
(172) = 86° = _1 (170 - 55) = 57.5°
2 2
m∠NPK + m∠NPL = 180
m∠NPK + 86 = 180 24. x = _1 (220 - 140) = 40°
2
m∠NPK = 94°
25. x = _1 ((180 - (20 + 104)) - 20)
8. x = _1 (161 - 67) = _1 (94) = 47 2
2 2 = _1 (56 - 20) = 18°
2
9. x = _1 (238 - 122) = _1 (116) = 58
2 2

271 Holt McDougal Geometry

26. m∠ABV = _1 (180 - m
AB ) = _1 (180 - 48) = 66° 35.
2 2
% (
27. m∠DJH = _1 (m
DH + m
EG )
2
180 - 89 = _ 1
(137 + m
EG )
2 &
91 = _ 1
(137 + m
EG )
2 '
182 = 137 + m
EG −−
 Since 2 points determine a line, draw EG. By
mEG = 45°
Ext. ∠ Thm., m∠DEG = m∠F + m∠EGF. So
28. m∠DJE = _1 (m
DE + m
GH ) m∠F = m∠DEG - m∠EGF. m∠DEG = _1 mEHG 
2 2
89 = _1 (m
DE + 61) and m∠EGF = _1 m EG by Theorem 11-5-1. By
2 2
178 = m
DE + 61 substitution, m∠F = _1 mEHG
 - _1 m
EG . Thus, by

mDE = 117° 2 2
Distrib. Prop. of =, m∠F = _1 (m
EHF - m
EG ).
29. Step 1 Find m∠P. 2

m∠P = _1 m
LR = _1 (170) = 85° 36. J
2 2
K
Step 2 Find m∠QPR.
L
m∠QPR + 50 + 85 = 180
M
m∠QPR = 45° N
−−
Step 3 Find m
PR . Since 2 points determine a line, draw JM. By
m∠QPR = _1 mPR Ext. ∠ Thm., m∠JMN = m∠L + m∠KJM. So
m∠L = m∠JMN - m∠KJM. m∠JMN = _1 m
2
45 = _1 m
PR JN
2
and m∠KJM = _1 m
2
m
PR = 90° KM by Inscribed ∠ Thm. By
2

30. 50 = _1 (m
PS - m
ML ) substitution, m∠F = _1 m
JN - _1 m
KM . Thus, by
2 2
Distrib. Prop. of =, m∠F = _1 (m
2
_  JN - m
KM ).
= (mPM - m
1
ML ) 2
2
_1 
= mLP 37. m∠1 > m∠2 because m∠1 = _1 (m
AB + m
CD )
2
and m∠2 = _1 (m
2
m
LP = 100° AB - m
CD ). Since m
CD > 0,
2

31. m∠ABC = _1 m
AB the expression for m∠1 is greater.
2
x= _ 1 
mAB
38. When a tangent and secant intersect on the circle,
2 the measure of ∠ formed is half the measure of the
m
AB = 2x ° intercepted arc.
32. m∠ABD + m∠ABC = 180 When 2 secants intersect inside the circle, the
m∠ABD + x = 180 measure of each ∠ formed is half the sum of the
m∠ABD = (180 - x)° measures of the intercepted arcs, or _1 (90° + 90°).
2

33. m
AEB + m
AB = 360 When 2 secants intersect inside the circle, the
 + 2x = 360 measure of each ∠ formed is half the difference
mAEB of the measures of the intercepted arcs, or
m
AEB = (360 - 2x)° _1 (270° - 90°).
2

34. ! 39. mAC + m AD + mCD = 360

2x - 10 + x + 160 = 360
" 3x = 210
# x = 70
$ m∠B = _1 (m
AC - mAD ) = _1 (2(70) - 10 - 70) = 30°
−− 2 2
Since 2 points determine a line, draw BD. By m∠C = _1 m
AD = _1 (70) = 35°
2 2
Ext. ∠ Thm., m∠ABD = m∠C + m∠BDC. So
m∠A = 180 - (m∠B + m∠C)
m∠C = m∠ABD - m∠BDC. m∠ABD = _1 m
AD by = 180 - (30 + 35) = 115°
2
Inscribed ∠ Thm., and m∠BDC = _1 m
BD by Thm.
2
11-5-1. By substitution, m∠C = _1 m
AD - _1 m
BD .
2 2
Thus, by Distrib. Prop. of =, m∠C = _1 (m
AD
2
- m
BD ).

272 Holt McDougal Geometry

40. m∠B = _1 (m
AD - m
DE ) 47. m∠V = _1 (x - 21) = _1 (124 - 50)
2 2 2
4x = _
1
(18x - 15 - (8x + 1)) x - 21 = 124 - 50 = 74
2 x = 74 + 21 = 95°
8x = 10x - 16
16 = 2x 48. Step 1 Find m∠CED.
x=8 m∠DCE + m∠ECJ = 180
m∠B = 4(8) = 32° m∠DCE + 135 = 180
m∠DCE = 45°
m
AD = 18(8) - 15 = 129°
m∠CDE = m∠FDG = 82°
m∠C = _1 (mAED
 - m AD ) = _1 (231 - 129) = 51° m∠CED + m∠DCE + m∠CDE = 180
2 2
m∠A = 180 - (m∠B - m∠C) m∠CED + 45 + 82 = 180
= 180 - (32 + 51) = 97° m∠CED = 53°
Step 2 Find m
GH .
BC = _1 (360) = 60°
41a. m∠BHC = m m∠CED = _1 (m
GH + mKL)
6 2

b. m∠EGD = _1 (m
DE - m
DAE ) 53 = _1 (m
GH + 27)
2 2
_1 106 = m
GH + 27
= (60 + 3(60)) = 120° 
2 mGH = 79°
c. m∠CED = m∠EDF = _1 (60) = 30° and
2 SPIRAL REVIEW
m∠EGD > 90°, so EGD is an obtuse isosceles.
49. g(7) = 2(7)2 - 15(7) - 1 = 98 - 105 - 1 = -8; yes
TEST PREP
50. f(7) = 29 - 3(7) = 29 - 21 = 8; no
42. C
m∠DCE = _1 (m 51. - __
7 (7) = - ___ 52. V = _1 Bh
49
AF + m
DE ) 8 8
; no
3
2
_
1 = _1 (_1 aP)h
= (58 + 100) = 79° 3 2
2

43. J = _1 ( _1 (2 √

3 )(24))(7)
3 2
3
44. 56° = 56 √

3 ≈ 97.0 m
m∠JLK = _1 (m
MN - m
JK ) 53. L = πr
2
45 = _1 (146 - m
JK ) 60π = π(6)
2  = 10 cm
90 = 146 - m
JK r 2 + h2 = 2

mJK = 56° 6 2 + h 2 = 10 2
h = 8 cm
V = _1 πr 2h
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
−− 3
= _1 π(6) (8) = 96π cm
45. Case 1: Assume AB is a diameter of the circle. 2 3

Then mAB = 180° and ∠ABC is a right ∠. Thus, 3
m∠ABC = _1 m
3
AB . ≈ 310.6 cm
2
S = _1 P + s 2
−−
Case 2: Assume AB is not a diameter of the circle. 54.
−− 2
1200 = _1 (96) + 576
Let X be the center of the circle and draw radii XA
−− −− −−
and XB. XA  XB. So AXB is isosceles. Thus, 2
∠XAB  ∠XBA, and 2m∠XBA + m∠AXB = 180. 624 = 48
This means that m∠XBA = 90 - _1 m∠AXB. By  = 13 in.
2 _1 s 2 + h 2 =  2
(2 )
Thm. 11-1-1, ∠XBC is a right ∠. So m∠XBA +
2 2 2
m∠ABC = 90 or m∠ABC = 90 - m∠XBA. By 12 + h = 13
substituting, m∠ABC = 90 - (90 - _1 m∠AXB) h = 5 in.
V = _1 Bh = _1 (576)(5) = 960 in. 3
2
= _1 m∠AXB. m∠AXB = m
AB because ∠AXB is 3 3
2
a central ∠. Thus, m∠ABC = _1 m
55. m∠BCA = _1 m
BA = _1 (74) = 37°
AB .
2
2 2
46. Since m
56. m∠DCB = _1 m
WY = 90°, m∠YXW = 90° because it is
a central ∠. By Thm. 11-1-1, ∠XYZ and ∠XWZ DB = m∠DAB = 67°
2
are right . The sum of measures of the  of a m∠BDC = 90° (
BC is a diam.)
quadrilateral is 360°. So m∠WZY = 90°. Thus, all m∠DBC = 180 - (90 + 67) = 23°
57. m∠ADC = _1 m
AC = _1 (180 - 74) = 53°
4  of WXYZ are right . So WXYZ is a rectangle.
XY  XW because they are radii. By Thm. 6-5-3, 2 2
WXYZ is a rhombus. Since WXYZ is a rectangle
and a rhombus, it must also be a square by
Theorem 6-5-6.

273 Holt McDougal Geometry

11-6 SEGMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN EXERCISES
CIRCLES, PAGES 792–798
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. tangent segment
CHECK IT OUT!
2. HK · KJ = LK · KM 3. AE · EB = CE · ED
1. AE · EB = CE · ED 8(3) = 4(y) x(4) = 6(6)
6(5) = x(8) 24 = 4y 4x = 36
30 = 8x y=6 x=9
x = 3.75 LM = 4 + (6) = 10 AB = (9) + 4 = 13
AB = 6 + 5 = 11 HJ = 8 + 3 = 11 CD = 6 + 6 = 12
CD = (3.75) + 8 = 11.75
4. PS · SQ = RS · ST 5. Let the diameter be d ft.
2. original disk: PR = 11 _1 in. z(10) = 6(8) GF · FH = EF · (d - EF)
3
New disk: 10z = 48 25(25) = 20(d - 20)
AQ · QB = PQ · QR z = 4.8 625 = 20d - 400
6(6) = 3(QR) PQ = 10 + (4.8) = 14.8 225 = 20d
36 = 3QR RT = 6 + 8 = 14 d = 51 _1 ft
4
QR = 12 in.
PR = 12 + 3 = 15 in. 6. AC · BC = EC · DC
change in PR = 15 - 11 _1 = 3 _2 in. (x + 7.2)7.2 = (9 + 7.2)7.2
3 3
x + 7.2 = 9 + 7.2
3. GH · GJ = GK · GL x=9
13(13 + z) = 9(9 + 30) AC = (9) + 7.2 = 16.2
169 + 13z = 81 + 270 EC = 9 + 7.2 = 16.2
13z = 182
7. PQ · PR = PS · PT
z = 14
5(5 + y) = 6(6 + 7)
GJ = 13 + (14) = 27
25 + 5y = 78
GL = 9 + 30 = 39
5y = 53
4. DE · DF = DG 2 y = 10.6
7(7 + y) = 10 2 PR = 5 + (10.6) = 15.6
49 + 7y = 100 PT = 6 + 7 = 13
7y = 51 8. GH · GJ = GK · GL
y = 7 _2 10(10 + 10.7) = 11.5(11.5 + x)
7
207 = 132.25 + 11.5x
THINK AND DISCUSS 74.75 = 11.5x
x = 6.5
1. Yes; in this case, chords intersect at center of the
GJ = 10 + 10.7 = 20.7
circle. So segments of the chords are all radii, and
GL = 11.5 + (6.5) = 18
theorem simplifies to r 2 = r 2.
2. 2 9. AB · AC = AD 2
2(2 + 6) = x 2
3. 4HEOREM $IAGRAM %XAMPLE 16 = x 2
x = 4 (since x > 0)
#HORD #HORD )FCHORDSINTERSECTIN C B u
u


THEINTOFAʕTHEN
THEPRODUCTSOFTHE

E  10. MP · MQ = MN 2
LENGTHSOFTHESEGS A
 D
3(3 + y) = 4 2
OFTHECHORDSAREÊ°
9 + 3y = 16
3ECANT 3ECANT )FSECANTSINTERSECT u
u
 3y = 7
INTHEEXTOFAʕ y = 2 _1
THENTHEPRODUCTOF A 3
THELENGTHSOF B

SECANTSEGANDITS  11. RT · RU= RS 2
EXTERNALSEGTHE
PRODUCTOFTHELENGTHS
C
 D 
E
3(3 + 8) = x 2
OFTHEOTHERSECANTSEG 33 = x 2
ANDITSEXTERNALSEG°Ê x = √
33 (since x > 0)
3ECANT 4ANGENT )FASECANTANDA u
Ê
TANGENTINTERSECTIN PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
THEEXTOFAʕTHEN A
THEPRODUCTOFTHE B
12. DH · HE = FH · HG 13. JK · KL = MN · KN
 
LENGTHSOFTHESECANT
C
3(4) = 2(y) 10(x) = 6(7)
SEGANDITSEXT
SEG°ÊTHELENGTH  12 = 2y 10x = 42
D
OFTHETANGENT y=6 x = 4.2
SEGSQUARED
DE = 3 + 4 = 7 JL = 10 + (4.2) = 14.2
FG = 2 + (6) = 8 MN = 6 + 7 = 13

274 Holt McDougal Geometry

14. UY · YV = WY · YZ 25. Step 1 Find x.
8(5) = x(11) NQ · QM = PQ · QR
40 = 11x 4(x) = 3.2(10) = 32
x = 3 __
7
x=8
11
UV = 8 +5 = 13 Step 2 Find y.
WZ = 3 __
7
+ 11 = 14 __
7 KM · KN = KL 2
11 11 6(6 + (8) + 4) = y 2
15. 590(590) = 225.4(d - 225.4) 108 = y 2
348,100 = 225.4d - 50,805.16 y = √
108 = 6 √
3
398,905.16 = 225.4d 26. SP 2 = SE · (SE + d)
d ≈ 1770 ft = 6000(14,000) = 84,000,000
16. AB · AC = AD · AE 17. HL · JL = NL · ML 84,000,000 = 2000 √
SP = √ 21 ≈ 9165 mi
5(5 + x) = 6(6 + 6) (y + 10)10 = (18 + 9)9
27. Solution B is incorrect. The first step should be
25 + 5x = 72 10y + 100 = 243
AC · BC = DC 2, not AB · BC = DC 2.
5x = 47 10y = 143
x = 9.4 y = 14.3 28. C
B
AC = 5 + (9.4) = 14.4 HL = (14.3) + 10 = 24.3
AE = 6 + 6 = 12 NL = 18 + 9 = 27 E
A
D
18. PQ · PR = PS · PT −− −−
Since 2 points determine a line, draw AC and BD.
3(3 + 6) = 2(2 + x)
∠ACD  ∠DBA because they both intercept AD .
27 = 4 + 2x
∠CEA  ∠BED by Vert.
Thm. Therefore, ECA
23 = 2x
∼ EBD by AA ∼. Corresponding sides are
x = 11.5
PR = 3 + 6 = 9 proportional. So ___
AE
= ___
CE
. By Cross Products
ED EB
PT = 2 + (11.5) = 13.5 Property, AE · EB = CE · ED.
19. UW · UX = UV 2 29.
A
6(6 + 8) = z 2 B
84 = z 2 C
 = 2√21
z = √84  (since z > 0)
D
20. BC · BD = BA 2 −− −−
Since 2 points determine a line, draw AD and BD.
2(2 + x) = 5 2 _
1
m∠CAD = mBD by Inscribed ∠ Thm. m∠BDC =
4 + 2x = 25 _1 m 2
2x = 21 BD by Thm. 11-5-1. Thus, ∠CAD  ∠BDC. Also,
2
x = 10.5 ∠C  ∠C by Reflex. Prop. of . Therefore, CAD
∼ CDB by AA ∼. Corresponding sides are
21. GE · GF = GH 2
proportional. So ___
AC ___ . By Cross Products
= DC
8(8 + 12) = y 2 DC BC
160 = y 2 2
Property, AC · BC = DC .
y = 4 √
10 (since y > 0) 30. Yes; PR · PQ = PT · PS, and it is given that PQ = PS.
22a. RM · MS = PM · MQ So PR = PT. Subtracting the  segments from each
−− −−
10(MS) = 12(12) = 144 of these shows that QR  ST.
MS = 14.4 cm
31. Method 1: By Secant-Tangent Product Theorem,
b. RS = RM + MS = 10 + 14.4 = 24.4 cm BC 2 = 12(4) = 48, and so BC = √48 = 4 √ 3.
23a. PM · MQ = RM · MS Method 2: By Thm. 11-1-1, ∠ABC is a right ∠.
PM 2 = 4(13 - 4) = 36 By Pythagorean Thm., BC 2 + 4 2 = 8 2. Thus
PM = 6 in. BC 2 = 64 - 16 = 48, and BC = 4 √ 3.
b. PQ = 2PM = 2(6) = 12 in. 32a. AE · EC = BE · DE
5.2(4) = 3(DE)
24. Step 1 Find x. 20.8 = 3DE
AB · AC = AD · AE DE ≈ 6.9 cm
5(5 + 5.4) = 4(4 + x)
52 = 16 + 4x b. diameter = BD = BE + DE ≈ 3 + 6.9 ≈ 9.9 cm
36 = 4x c. OE = OB - BE ≈ _1 (9.933) - 3 ≈ 1.97 cm
x=9 2

Step 2 Find y. TEST PREP

AB · AC = AF 2
52 = y 2 33. B
y = √
52 = 2 √
13 PQ 2 = PR · PS = 6(6 + 8) = 84
PQ = √
84 ≈ 9.2

275 Holt McDougal Geometry

34. F
PT · PU = PQ 2
46. L = 2π(12) ____
360 ( )
55 = 3 __
2 π ft ≈ 11.52 ft
3
7(7 + UT) = 84 2
7 + UT = 12 47. The area of sector YZX is 40π - 22π = 18π ft
UT = 5 A = πr ____
2 m
360 ( )
35. CE = ED = 6, and by Chord-Chord Product Thm.,
3(EF) = 6(6) = 36. So EF = 12, FB = 12 + 3 = 15,
18π = π(12) 2 ____
m
360 ( )
and radius AB = _1 (15) = 7.5. ____
m = ____
18 = __
1
2
360 144 8
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND __
1
m = (360) = 45°
8
36a. Step 1 Find the length y of the chord formed
−−
by KM.
2
KL = 144 = 8(8 + y) 11-7 CIRCLES IN THE COORDINATE
18 = 8 + y PLANE, PAGES 799–805
y = 10
Step 2 Find the value of x.
CHECK IT OUT!
6(6 + x) = 8(8 + (10))
36 + 6x = 144 1a. (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r 2
6x = 108 (x - 0) 2 + (y - (-3)) 2 = 8 2
x = 18 x 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 64
b. KL 2 + LM 2  KM 2
b. r = √
(2 - 2) 2 + (3 - (-1)) 2 = √
16 = 4
12 + (6 + 18) 2  (8 + 10 + 8) 2
2
2 2 2
720 > 676 (x - 2) + (y - (-1)) = 4
KLM is acute. (x - 2) 2 + (y + 1) 2 = 16
37. Let R be center of the circle; then PQR is 2a. Step 1 Make a table of values.
a right ∠. So Since the radius is √
9 = 3, use ±3 and values in
between for x-values.
PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2
= 6 2 + 4 2 = 52 x -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3
PR = √ 52 = 2 √
13 in. y 0 ±2.2 ±2.8 ±3 ±2.8 ±2.2 0
−−
Let S be the intersection of PR with circle R, Step 2 Plot points and connect them to form a circle.
so that SR = 4 in.; then the distance from
P to the circle = PS = 2 √
13 - 4 ≈ 3.2 in. y

38. By Chord-Chord Product Thm.,
(c + a)(c - a) = b · b x
c2 - a2 = b2   
c2 = a2 + b2
39. GJ · HJ = FJ 2 
(y + 6)y = 10 2 = 100
2
y + 6y - 100 = 0 b. The equation of given circle can be written as
-6 ± √
6 2 - 4(1)(-100) (x - 3) 2 + (y - (-2)) 2 = 2 2
y = ____________________
2 So h = 3, k = -2, and r = 2. The center is (3, -2)
and the radius is 2. Plot point (3, -2). Then graph
= __________ (since y > 0)
-6 + √
436
2 a circle having this center and radius 2.
= -3 + √109 ≈ 7.44 y

SPIRAL REVIEW

P = __________________
# favorable outcomes x
40.
# trials   
0.035 = ___
14
n
n = _____
14 = 400 
0.035

41. P = ___
36 = 0.72 = 72%
50
−−
42. BA

 and CD


43. CD 44. BC

( )
45. A = π(12) 2 ____
55 = 22π ft 2 ≈ 69.12 ft 2
360

276 Holt McDougal Geometry

 3. Step 1 Plot 3 given
points.
Step 2 Connect D, E,
and F to form a .
Step 3 Find a point
that is equidistant from
3 points by constructing
⊥ bisectors of 2 sides
of DEF.
The ⊥ bisectors of sides
of DEF intersect at a
point that is equidistant
from D, E, and F.
The intersection of the
⊥ bisectors is P(2, -1).
P is the center of circle
passing through D, E,
and F.
THINK AND DISCUSS
1. x 2 + y 2 = r 2
2. First find the center by finding the midpoint of the
diameter. By the Midpoint Formula, the center of
the circle is (-1, 4). The radius is half the length
of the diameter. So r = 2. The equation is
(x + 1) 2 + (y - 4) 2 = 4.
3. No; a radius represents length, and length cannot
be negative.
4.

y 3. r = √
(2 - 4) 2 + (0 - 0) 2 = √4
=2
(x - 2) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = 2 2
D
x (x - 2) 2 + y 2 = 4

 
4. r = √
(2 - (-1)) 2 + (-2 - 2) 2 = √
25 = 5
F
E (x - (-1)) 2 + (y - 2) 2 = 5 2

(x + 1) 2 + (y - 2) 2 = 25
y 5. The equation of given circle can be written as

(x - 3) 2 + (y - 3) 2 = 2 2
D So h = 3, k = 3, and r = 2. The center is (3, 3)
x and radius is 2. Plot point (3, 3). Then graph a
  P circle having this center and radius 2.
F
E y


x
  
6. The equation of given circle can be written as
(x - 1) 2 + (y - (-2)) 2 = 3 2
So h = 1, k = -2, and r = 3. The center is (1, -2)
and radius is 3. Plot point (1, -2). Then graph a
circle having this center and radius 3.
y
x
 
7. The equation of given circle can be written as
(x - (-3)) 2 + (y - (-4)) 2 = 1 2
So h = -3, k = -4, and r = 1. The center is (-3, -4)
and radius is 1. Plot point (-3, -4). Then graph a
circle having this center and radius 1.
#ENTER %QN y x
2ADIUS x
 y   




'RAPH
y
8. The equation of given circle can be written as

(x - 3) 2 + (y - (-4)) 2 = 2 2
So h = 3, k = -4, and r = 2. The center is (3, -4)
x
and radius is 4. Plot point (3, -4). Then graph a
 
circle having this center and radius 4.
 y x
 

EXERCISES

GUIDED PRACTICE

1. (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r 2
(x - 3) 2 + (y - (-5)) 2 = 12 2
(x - 3) 2 + (y + 5) 2 = 144
2. (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r 2
(x - (-4)) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = 7 2
(x + 4) 2 + y 2 = 49

277 Holt McDougal Geometry

9a. Step 1 Plot the 3 given y 15. The equation of given circle can be written as
C 
points. A (x - (-1)) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = 4 2.
Step 2 Connect A, B, So h = -1, k = 0, and r = 4. The center is (-1, 0)
and C to form a . x and radius is 4. Plot point (-1, 0). Then graph a
   circle having this center and radius 4.
B
y
 

Step 3 Find a point y x

C 
that is equidistant from   
A
3 points by constructing P

⊥ bisectors of 2 sides x
of ABC.   
B
The ⊥ bisectors of sides
16. The equation of given circle can be written as
of ABC intersect at a  (x - 0) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = 10 2.
point that is equidistant
So h = 0, k = 0, and r = 10. The center is (0, 0)
from A, B, and C.
and radius is 10. Then graph a circle having origin
The intersection of ⊥ as center and radius 10.
bisectors is P(-2, 3).
y
P is center of circle 
passing through A, B,
and C.
x
b. There are approximately 10 units across the circle.   
So the diameter is approximately 10 ft.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 

10. (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r 2
17. The equation of given circle can be written as
(x - (-12)) 2 + (y - (-10)) 2 = 8 2 (x - 0) 2 + (y - (-2)) 2 = 2 2.
(x + 12) 2 + (y + 10) 2 = 64 So h = 0, k = -2, and r = 2. The center is (0, -2)
11. (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r 2 and radius is 2. Plot point (0, -2). Then graph a
(x - 1.5) 2 + (y - (-2.5)) 2 = ( √3)
2 circle having this center and radius 2.
2 2 y
(x - 1.5) + (y + 2.5) = 3 

12. r = √
(2 - 1) 2 + (2 - 1) 2 = √2
(x - 1) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = ( √
2)
2 x
  
(x - 1) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = 2

13. r = √
(-5 - 1) 2 + (1 - (-2)) 2 = √
45 = 3 √
5
(x - 1) 2 + (y - (-2)) 2 = (3 √
5)
2

(x - 1) 2 + (y + 2) 2 = 45 18a. Step 1 Plot the 3 y


14. The equation of given circle can be written as given points.
(x - 0) 2 + (y - 2) 2 = 3 2. Step 2 Connect A, B,
A
So h = 0, k = 2, and r = 3. The center is (0, 2) and C to form a . x
  B 
and radius is 3. Plot point (0, 2). Then graph a C
circle having this center and radius 3.

y


x
 



278 Holt McDougal Geometry

 Step 3 Find a point

y 30. (x - 2) 2 + (x + 3) 2 = 81
that is equidistant (x - 2) 2 + (x - (-3)) 2 = 9 2
from the 3 points center (2, -3), radius 9
A
by constructing ⊥ x
bisectors of the 2   31. x 2 + (y + 15) 2 = 25
B
sides of ABC. C P (x - 0) + (y - (-15)) 2 = 5 2
2

center (0, -15), radius 5

The ⊥ bisectors
of sides of ABC
intersect at a point
that is equidistant
from A, B, and C.
The intersection of ⊥
bisectors is P(-1, -2).
P is center of the circle
passing through A, B,
and C.
b. There are approximately 10 units across the circle.
So the diameter is approximately 10 ft.
19. The circle has the center (1, -2) and radius 2.
(x - 1) 2 + (y - (-2)) 2 = 2 2
(x - 1) 2 + (y + 2) 2 = 4
20. The circle has the center (-1, 1) and radius 4.
(x - (-1)) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = 4 2
(x + 1) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = 16
21a. r = √
24 2 + 32 2 = 40
d = 2(40) = 80 units or 80 ft
b. x 2 + y 2 = 40 2
x 2 + y 2 = 1600

32. (x + 1) 2 + y 2 = 7
(x - (-1)) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = ( √
7)
2
center (-1, 0), radius √ 7
2
33. r = 3; A = π(3) = 9π; C = 2π(3) = 6π
7 ; A = π( √7
) = 9π; C = 2π( √
7 ) = 2 √
2
34. r = √ 7π
35. r = √
(2 - (-1)) 2 + (-1 - 3) 2 = 5
A = π(5) 2 = 25π; C = 2π(5) = 10π
36. Graph is a single point, (0, 0).
37. The epicenter (x, y) is a solution of the equations
of 3 circles.
Let 1 unit represent 100 mi.
seismograph A:
(x + 2) 2 + (y - 2) 2 = 3 2
x + 4x + 4 + y 2 - 4y + 4 = 9
2
x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 4y = 1 (1)
seismograph B:
(x - 4) 2 + (y + 1) 2 = 6 2
x - 8x + 16 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 36
2
x 2 - 8x + y 2 + 2y = 19 (2)
seismograph C:
(x - 1) 2 + (y + 5) 2 = 5 2
x - 2x + 1 + y 2 + 10y + 25 = 25
2

22. F; r = √
7 x 2 - 2x + y 2 + 10y = -1 (3)
(1) - (2):
23. T; (-1 - 2) 2 + (-3 + 3) 2 = 9
12x - 6y = -18
24. F; center is (6, -4), in fourth quadrant. 2x + 3 = y (4)
(1) - (3):
25. T; (0, 4 ± √3
) lie on y-axis and . 6x - 14y = 2
3x = 7y + 1 (5)
26. F; the equation is x 2 + y 2 = 3 2 = 9. (4) in (5):
27a. Possible answer: 28 units 2 3x = 7(2x + 3) + 1
3x = 14x + 22
b. r = 3, so A = π(3) 2 = 9π ≈ 28.3 units 2 -11x = 22
x = -2
c. Check students’ work.
y = 2(-2) + 3 = -1
28. slope of radius from center (4, -6) to pt. (1, -10) is The location of epicenter is (-200, -100).
m = __________ = ___ -4 = __
-10 - (-6) 4
38. The circle has a radius of 5. So 5 is tangent to
1-4 -3 3
x-axis if the center has y-coordinate k = ±5.
tangent has slope - __ , and eqn.
3
4
39. d = √
(5 - (-3)) 2 + (-2 - (-2)) 2 = 8; r = 4
y - (-10) = - __ (x - 1) or y + 10 = - __ (x - 1)
3 3

29a. r = 3
4 4
( 2 2 )
center = _______ , _________ = (1, -2)
-3 + 5 -2 + (-2)

2 2
E(-3, 5 - 2(3)) = E(-3, -1) equation is (x - 1) + (y + 2) = 16
G(0 - 2(3), 2) = G(-6, 2)
40. y The locus is a circle with a
b. d = 2(3) = 6 radius 3 centered at (2, 2).
c. center is (0 - 3, 2) = (-3, 2)
2 2 2 x
(x - (-3)) + (y - 2) = 3
2 2   
(x + 3) + (y - 2) = 9



279 Holt McDougal Geometry

41. The point does not lie on circle P because it is not 50. 3(x + 3y) - 4(3x + 2y) - (x - 2y)
a solution to the equation (x - 2) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = 9. 3x + 9y - 12x - 8y - x + 2y
Since (3 - 2) 2 + ((-1) - 1) 2 < 9, the point lies in -10x + 3y
the interior of circle P.
51. By the Isosc.  Thm., 52. DE = EF
TEST PREP m∠D = m∠F 2y + 10 = 4y - 1
42. C 7x + 4 = 60 11 = 2y
(-2, 0) lies on the circle. 7x = 56 y = 5.5
43. H x=8
(x - (-3)) 2 + (y - 5) 2 = (1 - (-3)) 2 + (5 - 5) 2 53. 180 - 142 = 38 = _1 (m
LK + m
JQ )
(x + 3) 2 + (y - 5) 2 = 16 2
m
LKQ = m LK + m KJ + m JQ
44. A = 2(38) + 88 = 164°
distances from statues to fountain:
m
LNQ = 360 - 164 = 196°

√(4 - (-1)) 2 + (-2 - (-2)) 2 = 5
54. m∠NMP = _1 (m
LKQ - m
NP )

√(-1 - (-1)) 2 + (3 - (-2)) 2 = 5
2
= _1 (164 - 50) = 57°
2
√
(-5 - (-1)) 2 + (-5 - (-2)) 2 = 5
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
11B READY TO GO ON? PAGE 807
45a. r = √
(1 - 2) 2 + (-2 - (-4)) 2 + (-5 - 3) 2 = √
69
1. m∠BAC = _1 m
BC = _1 (102) = 51°
(x - 2) + (y - (-4)) + (z - 3) = ( √
69 )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
(x - 2) + (y + 4) + (z - 3) = 69 2. m
CD = 2m∠CAD = 2(38) = 76°
b. 15; if 2 segments are tangent to a circle or sphere 3. ∠FGH is inscribed in a semicircle.
from same exterior point, then segments are . So m∠FGH = 90°.
46. x + y = 5 4. m
JGF = 310°
y=5-x
Substitute in equation of a circle: 5. m∠RST = _1 mST = _1 (266) = 133°
2 2
2 2
6. m∠AEC = _1 (m BD ) = _1 (130 + 22) = 76°
x + (5 - x) = 25
2 2 AC + m
x + 25 - 10x + x = 25 2 2
2x 2 - 10x = 0
7. m∠MPN = _1 ((360 - 102) - 102) = 78°
2x(x - 5) = 0 2
x = 0 or 5 8. AE · EB = CE · ED 9. FH · GH = KH · JH
The point of intersection are (0, 5 - (0)) = (0, 5) 2(6) = x(3) (y + 3)3 = (3 + 4)4
and (5, 5 - (5)) = (5, 0). 12 = 3x 3y + 9 = 28
47. Given the line is ⊥ to a line through (3, 4) with slope x=4 3y = 19
-0.5. For point of tangency, AB = 2 + 6 = 8 y = 6 _1
3
FH = 6 _1 + 3 = 9 _1
( 3)
y = 2x + 3 (1) CD = (4) + 3 = 7
and 3
y - 4 = -0.5(x - 3) KH = 3 + 4 = 7
2(y - 4) = 3 - x 10. RU · (d - UR) = SU · UT
2y - 8 = 3 - x 3.9(d - 3.9) = 6.1(6.1)
x = 11 - 2y (2) 3.9d - 15.21 = 37.21
(2) in (1): 3.9d = 52.42
y = 2(11 - 2y) + 3 d ≈ 13.44 m
y = 25 - 4y
11. (x - (-2)) 2 + (y - (-3)) 2 = 3 2
5y = 25
(x + 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 9
y=5
x = 11 - 2(5) = 1 12. r = √
(1 - 4) 2 + (1 - 5) 2 = 5
Point of tangency is (1, 5). So (x - 4) 2 + (y - 5) 2 = 5 2
r 2 = (1 - 3) 2 + (5 - 4) 2 = 5. (x - 4) 2 + (y - 5) 2 = 25
The equation of the circle is
13. Step 1 Plot the 3 given
(x - 3) 2 + (y - 4) 2 = 5 
y
points.
SPIRAL REVIEW Step 2 Connect J, K, K J
2 2
and L to form a . x

48. _______________ 49. ______________

2x - 2(4x + 1) 18a + 4(9a + 3)   
2 6
x 2 - (4x 2 + 1) 3a + _2 (9a + 3)
3 
x 2 - 4x 2 - 1 3a + 6a + 2 L
-3x 2 - 1 9a + 2

280 Holt McDougal Geometry

 Step 3 Find a point that y LESSON 11-3


( )
is equidistant from the
3 points by constructing K J ( )
17. A = πr 2 ____
m = π(12) 2 ____
360
30 = 12π in.2 ≈ 37.70 in.2
360
⊥ bisectors of 2 sides x
of JKL.
The ⊥ bisectors of the

P
 18. A = πr ( ____
2
360 ) ( 360
m = π(1) ____
2
)
90 = _ π m = 0.79 m
1
4
2 2

sides of JKL intersect

at a point that is L

19. L = 2πr ( ____
360 ) ( 360
m = 2π(18) ____
)
160 = 16π cm ≈ 50.27 cm

equidistant from A, B,
and C. 20. L = 2πr ( ____
360 ) ( 270
360 )
m = 2π(2) ____ = 3π ft ≈ 9.42 ft
The intersection of the ⊥
bisectors is P(-1, -2).
P is the center of the LESSON 11-4
circle passing through 21. m
JL = 2m∠JNL = 2(82) = 164°
J, K, and L.
22. m∠MKL = _1 m
ML = _1 (64) = 32°
2 2
STUDY GUIDE: REVIEW, PAGES 810–813 23. ∠B is inscribed in a semicircle is and therefore,
a right ∠.
VOCABULARY 3x + 12 = 90
3x = 78
1. segment of a circle 2. central angle
x = 26
3. major arc 4. concentric circles
24. m∠RSP = _1 m
RP = m∠RQP
2
LESSON 11-1 3y + 3 = 5y - 21
−− −− −− −−
5. ;
chords: QS, UV; tangent: ; radii: PQ, PS; secant: UV 24 = 2y
−−
diameter: QS y = 12
−− −−− −− −− −− −− m∠RSP = 3(12) + 3 = 39°
6. chords: KH, MN; tangent:  ; radii: JH, JK, JM, JN;
KL
−− −−−
; diameters: KH, MN
secant: MN
LESSON 11-5
7. AB = BC 8. EF = EG
9x - 2 = 7x + 4 5y + 32 = 8 - y 25. m
MR = 2m∠PMR = 2(41) = 82°
26. m∠QMR = _1 m
QR = _1 (360 - 120 - 82) = 79°
2x = 6 6y = -24
x=3 y = -4 2 2

27. m∠GKH = _1 (m GH ) = _1 (41 + 93) = 67°

AB = 9(3) - 2 = 25 EG = 8 - (-4) = 12
FJ + m
9. JK = JL 10. WX = WY 2 2
8m - 5 = 2m + 4 0.8x + 1.2 = 2.4x 28. m∠BXC = _1 (m AD + m BC )
6m = 9 1.2 = 1.6x 2
m = 1.5 x = 0.75 = _1 ( __
2
(360) + __
6
(360)) = 90°
2 16 16
JK = 8(1.5) - 5 = 7 WY = 2.4(0.75) = 1.8

LESSON 11-2 LESSON 11-6

11. m
KM = m∠KGL + m∠LGM 29. BA · AC = DA · AE 30. QP · PR = SP · PT
= m∠KGL + m∠HGJ 3(y) = 7(5) z(10) = 15(8)
3y = 35 10z = 120
y = 11 _2
= 30 + 51 = 81°
z = 12

12. mHMK = m∠HGL + m∠LGK 3
BC = 3 + 11 _2 = 14 _2
( 3) QR = (12) + 10 = 22
= 180 + 30 = 210° 3 ST = 15 + 8 = 23
13. m
JK = m∠JGK DE = 7 + 5 = 12
= m∠HGL - m∠HGJ - m∠KGL 31. GJ · HJ = LJ · KJ 32. AB · AC = AD · AE
= 180 - 51 - 30 = 99° (4 + 6)6 = (x + 5)5 4(4 + y) = 5(5 + 5)
60 = 5x + 25 16 + 4y = 50
14. m
MJK = 360 - m
KM
35 = 5x 4y = 34
y = 8 _1
= 360 - 81 = 279°
x=7
2
15. Let ST = 2x. 16. Let CD = 2x.
AC = 4 + 8 _1 = 12 _1
( 2)
GJ = 4 + 6 = 10
2
x(x) = 4(7 + 11) x = 2.5(2.5 + 5) LJ = (7) + 5 = 12 2
x 2 = 72 x(x) = 18.75 AE = 5 + 5 = 10
x = √
72 = 6 √2 x = √
18.75 = 2.5 √3
ST = 2(6 √2 ) ≈ 17.0 CD = 2(2.5 √3 ) ≈ 8.7 LESSON 11-7
33. (x - (-4)) 2 + (y - (-3)) 2 = 3 2
(x + 4) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 9

281 Holt McDougal Geometry

34. r = √
(-2 - (-2)) 2 + (-2 - 0) 2 = 2 14. 4(4) = 2(d - 2)
16 = 2d - 4
(x - (-2)) 2 + (y - 0) 2 = 2 2
20 = 2d
(x + 2) 2 + y 2 = 4
d = 10 in.
2 2 2
35. (x - 1) + (y - (-1)) = 4
2 2
(x - 1) + (y + 1) = 16 15. r = √
(-2 - 1) 2 + (4 - (-2)) 2 = √
45 = 3 √
5
(x - 1) + (y - (-2)) = (3 √5
)
2 2 2
2 2
36. (x + 2) + (y - 2) = 1 Y 2 2
 (x - 1) + (y + 2) = 45
(x - (-2)) + (y - 2) 2 = 1 2
2

Graph a circle with center 16. Step 1 Plot the 3 given y


(-2, 2) and radius 1. X points.
 X
 Step 2 Connect X, Y,
and Z to form a . Y x
  



Z
CHAPTER TEST, PAGE 814 Step 3 Find a point y

−− −− −− that is equidistant from
1. chord: EC; tangent: AB ;
; radii: DE, DC; secant: EC 3 points by constructing
X
−−
diameter: EC ⊥ bisectors of the 2 Y x
2. Let x be distance to the horizon. sides of XYZ.   
2 2 2 P
(4000) + x = (4006.25) The ⊥ bisectors of sides
2
x = 50,039.0625 of XYZ intersect at a 
x ≈ 224 mi Z
point that is equidistant
3. m

JK = m∠JPK from X, Y, and Z.

= m∠JPL - m∠KPL The intersection of the
= m∠MPN - m∠KPL ⊥ bisectors is P(0, -2).
= 84 - 65 = 19° P is center of the circle
4. Let UV = 2x. passing through X, Y,
x(x) = 6(9 + 15) and Z.
x 2 = 144
x = 12 (since x > 0)
UV = 2(12) = 24

( )
5. A = π(8) 2 ____
135 = 24π cm 2 ≈ 75.40 cm 2
360

6. A = 2π(8)( ____
360 )
135 = 6π cm ≈ 18.85 cm

7. m

SR = 2m∠SPR = 2(47) = 94°

8. m∠PTQ = _1 (m
SR ) = _1 (58 + 94) = 76°
PQ + m

2 2
m∠QTR = 180 - m∠PTQ = 180 - 76 = 104°
9. m∠ABC = 180 - _1 m

AB = 180 - _1 (128) = 116°

2 2

10. m∠MKL = _1 (m
ML ) = _1 (118 + 58) = 88°
JN + m

2 2
m∠MKL = 180 - m∠MKL = 180 - 88 = 92°
11. m∠CSD = _1 (m

CD - m

AB )
2
42 = _1 (124 - m

AB )
2
84 = 124 - m

AB

mAB = 124 - 84 = 40°

12. z(2) = 6(4) 13. 6(6 + x) = 8(8 + 4)
2z = 24 36 + 6x = 96
z = 12 6x = 60
EF = (12) + 2 = 14 x = 10
GH = 4 + 6 = 10 PR = 8 + 4 = 12
PT = 6 + (10) = 16

282 Holt McDougal Geometry